Towards an Integrated Framework for Coastal Eco-Cities:EU-Asia perspectives

Authors: P. Divarakan, V. Kapnopoulou, E. McMurtry, M. Seo, L. Yu

1/28

Contents

2/28

• Introduction• Main Aspects for Comparison• Transferability• Recommendations and Findings• Limitations and Future Works

Coastal Eco cities: guidance documentsEco-cities working towards international Development• UN Habitat Sustainable Cities Programme• Millennium Development Goals• Local Agenda 21

World Bank: Managing emerging cities that are under sever resource constraints • Natural • Physical• Administrative• Technical

• 1st January 2012-31st December 2014• Climate change diplomacy• Eco-cities• Migration Integration• Social Cohesion• Human trafficking• Maritime Piracy and security• Food security

4/28

Case studies: Helsingborg, Sweden• Population: 130,000• EU CONCERTO initiative• Eco-Dwellings, Eco-

Rehabiltation• Renewable Energy supply• Energy efficiency in

buildings• Polygeneration• Integration of energy

supply and demand• Technological innovation

5/30

Case studies: Tianjin Eco-City, China• New build project on a

deserted salt farm• 34sq Kilometres• 350,000 residential capacity • Estimated completion: 2020• Land use planning• Transport planning• Green (vegetation) and blue

(water) networks• Includes industrial districts,

public buildings and residential communities

6/28

Framework• Attributes successes

and failures to factors• Social, cultural,

financial, legal and environmental challenges are examined

• “Good practice and challenges”

• Identify key areas for recommendation

7/28

Contents

8/28

• Introduction• Main Aspects for Comparison

o Green Buildingso Transportationo Energy Supplyo Waste Managemento Coastal Infrastructureso Legislative Frameworko Financial Aspectso Key Performance Indicators

• Transferability• Recommendations and Findings• Limitations and Future Works

Green Building

　 GBES*EU

Green Building

Miljöbyggnad* BREEAM* LEED*

Energy O O O O O

Materials O 　 O O O

Indoor environment O 　 O O O

Water O 　 　 O O

Management O 　 　 O O

Building waste 　 　 　 O O Location and infrastructure O 　 　 O O

Innovation in design 　 　 　 O O

Regional priority 　 　 　 O O

* GBES: Evaluation Standard for Green Building* Miljöbyggnad: Environmental Building (Swedish)

* BREEAM: BRE Environmental Assessment Method* LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

• Comparison on green building certificationsTianjin Eco-City

Sweden

9/28

Helsingborg Tianjin Eco-City0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

37%30%

25%

60%

38%

10%

Walking & cycling public transportcar

Helsingborg Tianjin Eco-CityAims

(proportion

of green transport)

62% at 2035 90% at 2020

Green vehicle

Biogas vehicle-70 urban buses-30 regional buses

-25 refuse collection lorries

- gas transmission networks

Electricity vehicle-105 charge station

-electric bus will be introduced

• Comparison between transportation sectorTransportation

10/28

• Comparison between transportation sector

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

200

400

600

800

per-capita income ($ thousand)

Veh

icle

s per

100

0 pe

ople

Sweden

China

Helsingborg Tianjin Eco-CityAims (proportionof green transport)

62% at 2035 90% at 2020

Source: Dargay, et. al. (2007)

Transportation

11/28

Helsingborg Tianjin Eco-CityGreen vehicle Biogas vehicle Electricity vehicle

Diesel Natural gas Biogas Electric 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

CO

2 em

issi

on (g

/km

)

Source: Trendsetter (2003), USEPA (2013)

• Comparison between transportation sectorTransportation

o The European Commission proposed alternative fuels policy

o Biogas infrastructures are well established in Sweden, Helsingborg

o Air pollutant emissions of electric vehicles depend on region’s power plant mix.

o In Tianjin Eco-City, large portion of energy comes from the renewable energy (at least 20%).

12/28

Energy Supply

13/28

• Objective

o Prioritization of renewable energyo Biogas in Helsingborgo Wind and solar energy in Tianjin

• Heating Sourceo Tianjin Eco-City: 2% from distributed independent energy

sourceo Helsingborg: 19% from distributed independent energy

source

Energy Supply

14/28

• Renewable source: Biogas V.S. Solar and windo Solar energy: not applicable in

Helsingborg with short sunshine hours.

o Wind energy: most cost effective with lest GHG emissions.

o Biogas for Tianjin: enough organic waste supply.

o Ideal renewable energy source depends on local context.

Waste Management

15/28

• Helsingborg

Waste Sorting Combustible wasteBio-waste

Recyclable wasteKitchen wasteOther waste

Waste Composite food waste 40% food waste 52%

Food Waste treatment

Anaerobic digestion/Composting

Aerobic microbial

digestion

Collection System Truck based System Pneumatic System

• Tianjin Eco-City

Waste Management

16/28

• Waste Recycle and treatment

o Waste treatment methods: Recycling, biological treatment, waste incineration, landfill

o Waste Recycled:• 48% in Helsingborg• 60% in Tianjin

o Waste incineration:• 51.6% in Helsingborg• <40% in Tianjin

o Low landfill rate

Waste Management

17/28

• Truck V.S. Pneumatic collection systemo Less GHG emissions of Pneumatic

systemo Difficulty on Scale-out for Pneumatic

system

• Biological treatment techniqueso Helsingborg: Anaerobic digestion for biogaso Tianjin Eco-City: Aerobic digestion to digest organic waste

• Waste incineration and recyclingo Disadvantages of waste incinerationo Waste prevention and recycling is preferred to incineration

Coastal InfrastructuresHelsingborg

• Immediate threat by sea level rise

• Bears the highest risk from coastal flooding in China

• 100% of the population and urban area of Tianjin would be affected by coastal flooding

• No action were taken towards achieving coastal resilience

Tianjin Eco-City• No threat by sea level rise

• No actions were taken

18/28

• Tianjin Eco-City-Suggested Actions: coastal resilience

Risks& Vulnerabilit

y

• Tianjin is highly vulnerable to sea level rise. Studies claim 100% of the population and urban area affected

Identify Solutions

• Technical Engineering Solutions• In the case of Caofeidian Ecocity with similar risks they

constructed dykes in the coast

Take Action

• Implement Solution

Measure effectivene

ss

• Possible reduction of the risk

19/28

Coastal Infrastructures• Tianjin Eco City-Suggested Actions: exploitation of

the coastal offshore area

According to the Graph, the offshore wind farm has the largest total cost and lowest GHG emissions in all four renewable energy sources.

In order to reach the goal of 10% of electricity supply from wind power an offshore wind farm is proposed to Tianjin Eco-City.

20/28

Legislative Framework: Contract Arrangement

Helsingborg• Contract type: Integrated

Project• Describe projects with multi-

partners which are formed to support objective driven research.

• Necessary to have a series of well documented agreements–Increased bureaucracy

Tianjin Eco City• Contract type: Framework

Agreement• It is a “smarter way” to

purchase works or supplies.• In individual contracts (call-offs)

there is not need to repeat the procurement process again- Reduced bureaucracy

Regarding the “bureaucracy” element, the pre-existence of mutual trust among the contracting members is imperative.

In the case of the project being conceived as a research/development opportunity or simply as a “purchase of works”, lies completely in the perception of the contracting authorities 21/28

Financial AspectsHelsingborg

• Public (EU contribution)-Private funds

Tianjin Eco City

• Public (Chinese and Singapore resources)-Private funds

Funding Scheme

Financial Benefits• GDP per capita (in USD $) of

Helsingborg-comparison with Sweden

• GDP per capita (in USD $) of Tianjin- comparison with Shanghai and Beijing

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

45,540 47,773 49,44754,832 55,498

45,75349,662

28,400 29,800 32,20037,500 38,100 37,000 39,100

Helsingborg (US $) Sweden (US$)

Tianjin Shanghai Beijing11,80012,00012,20012,40012,60012,80013,00013,20013,400

13,392

12,784

12,447

22/28

Key Performance Indicators• Energy• Waste• Water• Transportation• Economic• Land use• Infrastructure• Social• Air Quality

o Renewable and Clean Energy

o Carbono Sectorial

Energy Useo Energy

Security

• Renewable power production / total power consumption

• Non fossil fuel in primary energy

• Reduction of fossil fuels for heating compared to 2005

• Renewable energy utilitarian rate

• Proportion of renewable energy (excluding transportation)

• Renewable/total energy (transportation)

• Utilization rate of clean energy

• Energy• Waste• Water• Transportation• Economic• Land use• Infrastructure• Social• Air Quality

o Renewable and Clean Energy

o Carbono Sectorial

Energy Useo Energy

Security

23/28

Contents

24/28

• Introduction• Main Aspects for Comparison• Transferability• Recommendations and Findings• Limitations and Future Works

Transferability

• Green Buildings• Energy Supply• Waste Management• Transportation• Coastal• Contract arrangement• Stakeholder engagement

25/28

Recommendations and Findings• For policymakers.

o Legislative framework of both the projects are very different.

o Opportunity for research and knowledge transfer.o Stakeholder engagement

• For developers.o Good understanding of local context

• Green building standards• Renewable energy sources• Current state transportation• State of the coastal sector

o Transferability of green technologies and practices.

26/28

Limitations and Future works

• Study is based on just one example from both Europe and Asia.o Limited resources to create firm guidelines and

standards for suitable city schemes across European and Asian borders.

• Findings of this project would be supported by a widening of the scope to include more cities from Europe and Asia.

27/28

Q&A

28/28