Tomato

1

,

'' o '' , , , ,

(Climate & Soil for tomato cultivation) :

20-25 43 13 35 ,

(Improved varieties):

, , 120, , , -120, , , (-7), 6, 101, 3, -152, , -1, , -32, -10

2

(Hybrid varieties) : , , , .1, .2, . . . 1; 2; 3, . . . - 606, 601, 20, -2, -6

(Tomato Nursery raising):

3 , 10 15 2 - 400 500 150 200 36 2 10-15

(Transplanting):

10 15 ( ) , 75 x 75 50 x 30 45 90 x 45 ()

:-

( - ) - - (-

) - -

- -

3

(Fertilizer application): 150 60 , 80 60 30 30 300 350 , 180 , 120 80

(Irrigation):

8 10 6 - 60-70 - 20-25 20 25 - -

(Picking):

(storage of tomato):

, - 12.5 30 4-5 10 85-90

(Insect management):

:- 10 3 20-25

4

:& - 1.5 20 25

, () :

30 50 15 20

:

- -

:

25 3

(Disease management):

:

3 3 4 5 4 6

5

() :

:

:

,

2 3 3

:

3 8 10 15 20 30 15 20 50

(Harvesting & Yield):

200 500 500 700

6

152 , , :

- :

:

: 3 .. 3.5 .. 30-40

7

: , , : - 50 .. 20-25 .. 25 30 :

, 50 .. 20 25 .. :

, 120 .. , 80 .. 80 .. 15 20 ..

8

:

15 10 12 50 .. ( 6 7 ) :

7 , 0.5 50 .. (Cizamin 50 w.p.) (Linuron) 700 :

300 , :

(Tubber Moth), , (Jassid) (Afid) 0.07 0.05

9

, 5 20 25 ( ): 0.07 0.05 (Root Knote Nematode) , 2-3 , 2 ,

11

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15

:

- 10x7 . 15x10 . 200-300 , 1:1:1 2-3 - (2 ) 3-4 (, , , , ), 6-8 (, , ), 10-12 (, ) 48 () 25-30 -

3-4 2-3 1-1.5 8-10 : 5000 9x3.5 31.5 400 2 1.80 75 . 2 1.50 1.25

16

13 :

1 = 25 x 7=175

2 = 30 x 7=210

3 = 30 x 7=210

4 = 30 x 16=480

5 = 30 x 8=240

5025 , ,

(/0)

.

(..)

4-5 2500-3000 5 20-30

5-6 7500-8000 5 28-30

2-3 7500-8000 5 28-30

4-5 2250-2500 5 28-30

5-6 6250-7000 3 29-32

17

3-4 5500-6250 3 28-32

, 4-5 3500-3600 4 26-28

0 0 0

:

200-500 - : 240 , 500 125 20- 25 40 30-40 , 80-100 40-50

:

'' ''( ) 45 30-40 . 2 (, ) 4 (,,, , ) 0.50 ( , ) 0.75 1.00 (, , ,) ,

18

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: 100-150 , 450-500 , 300-400 , 800-850 , 550-600 , , 250-300 200-250

20

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22

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23

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25

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26

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27

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F1-321 , 4 / -

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10

2-3 ,

5% 2 3

, , (2%) , 150 .. 17.8 . .

5 15-20

1-1.5 .

250 ( ) 25 60 30 .

(5% ) , 200 a.i. EC (0.005%) 3 50 WP 0.07% 35 EC

, -

30

, ,

( )

(NSKE)

3-4

31

2010-11 1.86 42.34 (22 /.) 40-50

(Aphids)

(Myzus persicae) (Aphis gossypii)

32

: , (PLRV) (PVY) 100 20 /100

1. 90 %

2. 50 3. ,

4. 100 20

: 10G 10 45 17.8 ., 3ml/10

: , 10-15 1-2

(White flies)

33

(Bemicia sps.)

:

1.

2. 3. 10 17.8 ..

2ml/10

(Cutworm)

, , 12-40

34

: (Caterpillar) , ,

1. ,

2. 20 2.5 76 1ml/

3. , ,

(white Grub)

, , , 10 80

35

:

1.

2. - ,

3. 4.

1. 20 2.5 ml/

36

2. 10 G 3 G 2.5 3.0

(Potato Tuber Moth)

: ( ), , (..), (), , (), (), () , , ,

: 60-70

PTM

37

PTM

1. 2. 10

3.

4. 5. 2.5

6. 2 5

1.5 125 /

7. (Bt) (GV) 300 /

8. (20 /)

9. , , ,

38

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39

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40

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41

, , - 5% (5 /) , 17.8 SL 150 ../

2 15-20

30-35 4-5 1-1.5 /. (5.3%) , 200 ../. 25 EC

- - , ,

17.8 SL, 150 ../ , 25 EC 200 ../ (0.005%) , 25 EC 0.05% 57 EC 0.1%

( )

42

3-4

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-

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- 400-500 2 , - 30-40 10-15 .. 60-70 60 ..

43

,

:

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44

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- :- - () :- , , ,

45

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- :- , ' ' : :- 0.1 100 ... - 212 - 1, 252-1-1 252-2-1

:- , 45-55 :- 25 12 3

46

. 300 1/9 . . . . , , 30% . :

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48

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61

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62

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63

1. -89 -213

2. () -29, -22, -28

3. -35, -40, 83

4. -2, -5, -7

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64

. 1. , , :

30 1.5 2.0 /

50 1.5 2.0 /

45 0.5 0.7 /

14.5 0.5 0.7 /

2. , ,

50 1.5 2.0 /

75 1.5 2.0 /

17.8 0.5 0.7 /

20 0.5 0.7 /

70 0.5 0.7 /

65

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66

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67

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69

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70

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71

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(Copper) -

,

(Zinc) -

* 2 1 400 2

(Iron)

*

( Manganese ) -

,

72

(Boron)

* 20

73

, , , , , , , ,

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74

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50

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0.2%, 0.5%, 0.2%

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75

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, 0.6:0.2:0.5 100

3.

76

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77

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78

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79

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80

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81

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2

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82

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(0.025%) (0.004%)

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83

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84

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85

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86

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87

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88

( ) - , , , -

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89

3.0 4.0 45 . . 30-40 .. 45-50 50-60 .. ( ) 2-3 , -

Plastic tray technology of vegetables saplings production

(Multi celled plastic tray) , 18-20 .. , , , , 8-10 ..

90

: (soil less media) , 3:1:1 ( )

91

20 25 10-12 ( ) (, ) (20:20:20 19:19:19 15:15:15) , 70-80ppm (Part per million) 140ppm (Fertigation) 25 30

92

1. 2. 3. 4. 5-6 5. 6. , 7. 8. 9. 25 30 10.

93

:

50 98 42 .. , 55 33

1970 9 . 1980 12 . 1990 2006 8.7 .. 3.9 .. 4.8 .. , 20 1345 .. 480 .. 0.7 .. 6.5 .. 80 . 660 .

94

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15-20

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95

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: 4 20 10

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96

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97

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99

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103

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150-200 , 25 .. , 40 .. 40 .. 35 .. 3-4 . . 8-10 . .

104

- 40-45 .. 15-20 .. 8-10 5-6 .. 5-7 .. - - , ( 45 + ) ( 30 + ) 1.0 .. 2 15-20 3-4

, 35-65 90-100

, 5-8 .. 150-200 , 25 .. , 40 .. 50 .. 25 .. 21 25 .. 60x 60 . . (), 60x 45 . . () 60x 30 . . () - 15-20

105

:

, -, - ( ) ,

: -

1600 1000 1000 800

: , , -

2-4

:

0.25 00 2.0 00 2.0 300 0 5000 2500 200 , 4 2

106

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800-1000 .., 600-800 ..

500-600 .. 7-8 , 0.1 0.5 2 ,

109

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111

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112

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( : : 1 : 3) -

114

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115

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116

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117

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118

: (Citrulus lanatus Thunb.) , , : - : 6.00 7.30 7.00

:

, - , , .. 295, , , ,

:

6.5-7.0

119

:

- , 1500 1000

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:

400 x 150

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1:3 1:4

:

300 x 100 60 x 60 x 45 , 4-5 3-4 2-3

:

120

15-20

: ,

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:

15-20 / , 60-80 , 40-60 60-80 / 3-4 35-40

:

,

121

6:00 7:30 2-4

:

, , 5-6 :

:

(Powdary mildew): 0.2% 0.1%

(Anthracnose): , 0.2-0.3% -50 -

(Damping Off): - , , 3

122

: , : 0.1% 7

:

35-55

:

,

:

7% 6%

:

123

-

:

, , 200-250

:

:

(%) 0.010 0.050 0.0 0.10 ( ) 0.0 0.0

:

() 98.0% 98.0% () 2.0% 2.0% () 0.0 0.0 () 0.0 0.0 () 0.0 0.0 () 5/ 10/ () 60.0% 60.0% () 7.0% 7.0%

124

()

Sowing time and Seed Rate of Oilseeds

(crop) (Sowing time)

(/) Seed rate (kg/ha)

(Rai/ Raya/ Indian mustard/ Brown mustard/ Laha)

30 15 5-6

/ / (Toria/ Lahi)

1 15 4-5

(, ) (Yellow sarson, Brown sarson)

25 15 5-6

(Taramira/ Rocket salad)

5-6

(Sesamum/ Sesame) - () 3-5

(Ground nut) - 70-75

(Linseed) 30-40

125

(Soybean) 70 75

(Castor) 15 15

(Sunflower) 6 7

(hybrid seed)

climate:

126

, (dry hot climate) , 25 35 . 22 25 .

Seed source:

Isolation: , , 1000 . 5 .

Flowral morphology:

, 5.30 9.30 : 7.30

Fertilizer:

25-30 25-30 50 , 50 (500 ) 30 20-25 30 50-55

Seed rate & sowing: 1.75 0.5

127

(2 ) 18-24 2 3 (1) (2) / /

Seperation: 2 ., 50 .. 50 1/5 4/5

Pollination:

(7.5x12 .) 5-6 8-10 4-5

Crop care:

128

, , ,

Harvesting: 28 30

Seed production: 15 18 25 28 4 6 15 18 30-45 150-180 1000 150 170

129

:

6.5-7.5

130

(season) :

,

(Seed source):

(Parents) (Foundation seed)

: (Sepearation)

- (cross polinated) ( ) , , 1000 - 5

(Floral biology):

: , 4 6 ( 1 4 )

(Fertilizers):

(10000 ) 25 30 , 15-20 ... 40:60:60 500 - 30-35 50-55

131

1%

(Sowing):

(Hill) 15 2-4

(Seed rate): (female parent) 1.5/ (nale parent) 0.5/ 3 0.5 2-3

- (Male-female ratio):

(1/4 ) (3/4) 18-24 , 2 ,

132

Male flower of Bottle gourd Female flower of Bottlegourd

(Pollination): , , 5-6 40-45 1-3 3 5

133

40-45

Fruits formation in bottle gourd

:

, , 0.05%

134

, : : 60-65 2-3 7-10

Ripe fruits of Bottle gourd

: 215.5 150 200 ../ 1000 157

135

, :

)

136

1.

,

:

1. 0.1 10-15 3

2.

3. 15-20

2. :

:

1. 0.2

137

2.

3.

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)

1. :

( )

:

-78 2 . 15

138

)

-

-

1. 200 500 2. (500 ) (2 .)

)

1-: :

:

1. 2. (0.1-0.2 ) (0.15

) 2 5

139

2- :

:

1. 2. 2 / 15

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:

1. 2. 0.3 3. - 150 250

140

, , ,, , , , ,

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141

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142

10x7 . 15x10 . 200-300 , 1:1:1 2-3 - (2 ) 3-4 (, , , , ), 6-8 (, , ), 10-12 (, ) 48 () 25-30 -

3-4 2-3 1-1.5 8-10 : 5000 9x3.5 31.5 400 2 1.80 75 . 2 1.50 1.25 13 :

1 = 25 x 7=175

2 = 30 x 7=210

143

3 = 30 x 7=210

4 = 30 x 16=480

5 = 30 x 8=240

5025 , ,

(/0)

.

(..)

4-5 2500-3000 5 20-30

5-6 7500-8000 5 28-30

2-3 7500-8000 5 28-30

4-5 2250-2500 5 28-30

5-6 6250-7000 3 29-32

3-4 5500-6250 3 28-32

, 4-5 3500-3600 4 26-28

144

0 0 0

:

200-500 - : 240 , 500 125 20- 25 40 30-40 , 80-100 40-50

:

'' ''( ) 45 30-40 . 2 (, ) 4 (,,, , ) 0.50 ( , ) 0.75 1.00 (, , ,) ,

145

4-6 ( , , ) 10-15 -

, :

3-7 3-4 -

2

146

- 4.50 5.50

:

: ( ),, , ( ) ( ) , , 2 2

(1-2 ) -45 (1.5 ) 15

: 100-150 , 450-500 , 300-400 , 800-850 , 550-600 , , 250-300 200-250

147

,

148

:

( 1.5 /)

:

, , () 0.2 %

:

(5%) 0.05%

149

: 0.2%

:

1. (light trapes) 2-3

2. 3. 6 4.5

4. 2

15-20

:

, (0.05%) 10

: (0.2%) (1 )

:

150

:

(0.05%)

151

, ,,

: , (0.1% ) 10 6. 10 . () 0.2% , 10 , 2-3

:

152

, , (0.3% ) -45 0.2% 10

: (0.2%)

: , , , (0.25% ) (0.1% ) 15

153

: 1.5 ./. (0.05%) 10

154

, , , , , , - 13.6 21.0 (i) (ii) (iii)

(), ( ) () 250-300 /

25-40 ,

8-10 24 2-3

155

2-3 0.2 ( -45) 10 - -, , ,

, 2-3 25-30

150 (3.25 7.50 ), 80 (5.00 ) 60 (1.0 ) 2/3 1/3

* /

156

/ /

* /

55 60

20-20

5-6 2-3

- 5-10 0.5 800 30-35 , 20-25 1/3 , , ( ) 40 5

()

157

40-50 0.2 10-12 0.2 (2 / ) + + + 0.3 (3 /) ( ) , - - / (12 /) 15

() 15-30 (200 ) 0.04 (4 /10 ) 10 (200 ) 0.03 (3 /10 ) 15 (25 ) 0.5 (50 /10 ) 1.5 800 25 1.5 800 10-10 () 18.5 1.2 20 500 2.5 800 20

158

-, , - , -

159

:

-

160

: 5 7 12 : 7 , 6.5-7.5 : : , 50 ... 25 ... () 5-7 50 , 30-35 , 1% ... : - (cross polinated) ( ) , , 1000 - 5

161

: (Parents) (Foundation seed) : 2 .. ( 1.5 0.5) 4 1.0 : , - 25 30 18-24 , 2 , , 2-3 15 2-4 15 - :

162

: : / 3:1 3 : / (1/4 ) (3/4) : 11 4 : , , 0.05% : : , 45

163

:

: 40-45

164

7 : 7 , 40-45

165

/(45) 1.78 3.27

/ 1.05 1.63

/(.) 46.00 83.66

/(.) 44.08 52.33

/ 345.33 392.41

/ 298.41 356.83

/ 46.91 35.58

166

1000 (.) 134.9 148.08

, : : 70-85 2-3 (0.25-0.5) 6-8 38 41 32 35 7% 6% : , , 44.08 52.33 . 83.66 . -1 1000 134.09 . 148.08 .

167

: | - | |

| |

| / | |

168

(... ) , |

| (/ ) | |

| | - |

169

| |

| |

|

|

| |

-

/

, (0.1%) 2 / 4-6 /

/

5-10 / ( )

- -

170

/

3 /

0.5% W.P. 10/

0.2% 6

- -

0.2%

- -

,

4 /

/

i) 4 / 7 /

/

/ / /

75% WP 75 % WP 2 DS 1.5 1.87 .. . 1.15 % WP 4 /

171

6 /

- -

48FS, 5-9 .. 70WS, 7

, ,

70 WS 10 15 ../

- - 100 FYM 2.5 5 - /

- -

+ 2/ 2/

9/ 1%WP - 0.2% , 0.2% 15-30 ../ 20 EC

172

75% WP, 1.5 1.87 ../ 75% WP

4 /

10 /

- -

4 /, 1 /100

- -

2 / , 10 / 75 WS 1.5 2.5 ../ ,

4 /

- -

10/

- -

2 / 100

- -

/ 3% (w/w)

/

2 / 100

- -

173

(-, , , -, )

( )

75% WS 1.5 2.5 ../

10/ ,

0.25% MEMC 3% WS 3% 20

1% WP, 1% WP @ 10 /

(/.)

, , , , ,

...

400-600 .

1-2 .

, ,

...

1-2 .

1-2 .

(, , )

...

1-2 .

1-2 .

174

,,, ,

,

...

1-2 .

1-2 .

2-3 .

, ,

...

200 .

500-800 .

1-2 .

...

600-1000 .

800-1000 .

4-5 .

2-3 .

1-2 .

,,

,, ,

, ,

...

4-5 .

1.5-2.0 .

400-400 .

200 .

1-2 .

/

175

. . - |

, .. , . . - . |

|

(. . ) ( ./ . ) ( ./ . ) - | |

176

- -

177

0.16 0.39 26.1 0.1 , -

- , 18-30 . . , , 25-30 . . .

178

|

: 9-10 ,, 75-80 , 18-20

: ; 60 - 80 6-8 . , , 6-14 90-100 , 20 , ,

, , - 10-15 2.3-3 6 5-7 6

179

, ,

- 300-400 ,

-

-

180

- 10-12

, - - , 6 - -

300-400 150 ,175 100 150

181

, 2 2

, -45 2

, 15 2 - , -1

182

2 . . .

80-90 18-20

Crops Sowing time Transplanting time

Harvest period

Seed rate(Kg/ha)

Amaranthus () Feb.-July -

April-Oct. 2-3

Beat Root Oct.-Nov. - Dec.- 10-12

183

() Feb.

Bitter Gourd ()

Feb.-March

June-July

-

May-July

Aug.-Oct.

4.5-6

Bottle Gourd ()

Feb.-March

June-July

-

April-June

Oct.-Dec.

3-6

Brinjal () Jan.-Feb.

May-June

Oct.-Nov.

Feb-Mar.

June-July

Jan.

April-June

Sept.-Nov.

March-May

0.4-0.5

Cabbage ( ) Sept.-Oct. Oct.-Nov.

Dec.-March 0.5-0.75

Capsicum ( )

Nov.-Jan.

June-July

Jan.-Feb.

July-aug.

April-May

Sept.-Oct.

0.2-0.3

Carrot () Aug-Oct. - Dec.-March 5-6

Cauliflower () - Early

Early June July Nov. 0.5-0.75

184

Cauliflower () -Mid season

July-Sept. Aug.-Oct. Nov.-Jan. 0.3-0.4

Cauliflower () - Late

Sept.-Oct. Oct.-Nov. Jan.-March 0.3-0.4

Chillies () Nov.-Jan.

May-June

Jan.-March

June-July

April-June

Sept.-Nov.

0.5-1.0

Cluster Bean ()

Feb.-March

June-July

-

April-June

Aug.-Oct.

15-25

Cowpea ()

June-July

Feb.-March

-

Aug-Oct.

April-June

12

20

Cucumber ()

Feb.-March

June-July

- May-July

Aug-Oct. 2.5-3.7

Dolichos Bean () June-July -

Oct.-Dec. 18-20

Fenu Greek () Sept.-Nov. -

Nov.-Feb. 30

French Bean ( ) Feb.March -

April-May 30-35

185

Knol-Knol (-) Sept.-Oct. Oct.-Nov.

Dec.-Feb. -

Lettuce Sept.-Oct. Oct.-Nov. Dec.-Feb. -

Muskmelon () Jan.-Feb. -

April-June 3.7

Okra () Feb.-March

June-July

-

March-June

Aug.-Nov.

18-22 ()

8-10 ( )

Onion () Oct.-Nov.

May-June

Dec.-Jan.

June-July

April-June

Oct.-Nov.

8-10

Peas Early ( )

Peas ()

Sept.-Oct.

Oct.-Nov

-

-

Nov.-Jan.

Jan.-March

75-80

Potato () Sept.-Nov.

Dec.-Feb.

-

- /td>

Jan-March

March-April

-

Radish () April-Aug.

Sept-Oct.

Nov.-Jan

-

May-Sept

Nov.-

5.5-11

186

Jan.

Dec.-March

Palak () Sept.-Nov.

Feb. -

Nov.-Feb.

March-April

20-25

Sponge Gourd ()

Feb.-March -

April-June 2.5-3.6

Ridge Gourd June-July - Aug.-Oct. -

Round melon ()

Feb.-March

June-July

-

May-June

Sept-Oct.

3.7-5

Tomato ()

June-Aug.

Nov.-Dec.

Aug.-Sept.

Dec.-Feb

Oct.-Dec.

April-June.

0.45-0.55

Turnip () Oct.-Nov. - Dec.-March. 2.5-3.5

Watermelon ()

Jan.-March -

May-June 3.7-5

187

:- -

- , - . .

| :-

-

| :-

( ) -

188

:-

:-

- |

:-

| :-

:-

- |

:- , , , -

| :-

.. .. -

| :-

:-

189

% - - - |

:

- ,,

.. . .. | :-

| :-

- - . .. . .

| :-

, - - ek , , , - ,

|

190

- ..

- | :-

- |

:- -

| :-

:

- |

:- . . -

| :-

|

:-

. . - |

:- :-

, |

191

:-

. . -

| :-

|

:-

. . - |

:-

| :--

. . -

| :-

- |

:- - -

| :-

:-

|

193

40-45%

:

.

1 /

2

3

4

5 /

1. -

,

194

:-

:-

( 1 : 350 ) ( 1 : 500 ) 0.1% 0.2%

2. :-

195

:-

,

:-

0.1% 0.15% 15 ..

. 0.1

3. :-

196

:-

,

:-

3 ..

4. :-

197

:-

:-

7:1 1.6 ../ 2 ../.

5. :-

:-

: , , , ,

:-

198

(0.31)% (0.7) %

Tomato

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