toeic structure.doc

8/10/2019 toeic structure.doc

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TOEIC Khong Kho!!! www.facebook.com/groups/TOEICkhongkho/

GRAMMAR

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NOUN 1 Countable Noun >


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NOUN 2: Compound Nouns

'. Normall! the last word is made plural

boyfriends

travel agents

shop windows

hitch-hikers

traffic wardens

river banks

city streets

corner shops

street markets

spring flowers

November fogs

church bells

college

libraries

driving

licenses

(. )ut when man and woman is prefixed "oth parts are made plural

men drivers women drivers

*. $he first word is made plural with compounds formed of %er" + er or compounds

composed of noun + preposition + noun

lookers-on runners-up sisters-in-law

NOUN 3: Quantfers

1. Many/several/various/numerous/diverse >< Much

. ! number of/numbers of >< !n amount of/amounts of

". #!$ few >< #!$ little

%. &ewer/ the fewest >< 'ess/ the least

NOUN !: Numbers

1. a /two/three( hundred/thousand/million/billion/trillion ) Noun

. hundreds/thousands/millions/billions ) *&) Noun

". +ompound ad,ectives

A threeyearold "o!

A ',-pa"e"oo&

%. one/two/threepercent #no s$ of Noun; but a/the percentage of Noun

#$%B

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'0 Su"1ect 2 3er" Agreement

(0 $enses

*0 Acti%e 45 Passi%e

$ransiti%e 3 + 6"1 3 + No 6"1ect /Prepositional phrase "!- in- with70

80 9orm

a. &fter modal verb ' Bare nfcan- could- ma!- might- shall- should- must- will-

would- would rather- had "etter- ha%e to- ought to- "e to- "e supposed to0

#- n" acti%e/ continuous tenses0

".After (be)

*+ *passi%e0

c. &fter (,ave) ' *+ *perfect tenses0

d. erund >< .nfntvee. nte #erb >< *artcple Present Participle 45 Past participle0

*&%&00$0 %UCU%$

1+

2+ and

3+ but

!+ or

4+ et,er 5or

6+ net,er5 nor

7+ not onl85 but also

9+ bot, 5 and

+ rat,er t,an

1;+ ,et,er 5 or

11+ as ell as

*%ONOUN

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1+ *ronoun/Noun &"reement the! 45 it/he/she/we

their 45 its/his/her/our

them45 it/him/her/us

themsel%es45itself/himself/herself/oursel%es

who/whom45 whichthat of 0 45 those of0 plural0

2+ =,c, t8pe

a. Su"1ecti%e Pronouns I/:ou/;e/She/It/ < *ossessve &d?ectve

=x# @ssna&e is a reptile.

;e de%oted t,elife to science.

4+ Aouble sub?ect/ob?ect

=x# Blac .slandin >ong Island Sound tis surrounded "! cold- dangerous waters.

6+ Unnecessar8 relatve pronoun >< Necessar8 relatve pronoun

=x# ?ertain t!pes of turtles t,atma! li%e as long as ' !ears.

$he woman lvesnext door stoo nos!.

=O%A O%

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1+ &d?ectves

a. )efore nouns

$D# an mportantmeeting

b. After @"e and other lin&ing %er"s

- be/become

- look/seem/appear/sound

- taste/feel/smell

- stay/remain # continue to be$

- turn/get/grow/go # become$

- prove/find

=x# She loosangr!.

c. Some ad1ecti%es end in l!# friendly/costly/cowardly/lovely/lively/

lonely/likely/ugly/early/monthly/weekly/daily/hourly/nightly/year

ly/uarterly/timely/scholarly/womanly/manly/motherly/fatherly/

kindly

2+ &dverbs

a. Modif! %er"s# =x# Ann ea"erl8accepted the challenge.b. Modif! ad1ecti%es =x# $ed seemed eDtremel8curious a"out that topic.

c. Modif! participles =x# A rapdl8changing situation / A br",tl8colored dress.

d. Modif! prepositions/ clause mar&ers# soon after / mmedatel8 after/ lon" "efore/

s,ortl8"efore

e. Modif! ad%er"s# =x# $he accident occurred ncredbl8Buic&l!.

f. Modif! the whole sentence

general 45 generall!

"asic 45 "asicall!

particular 45 particularl!

possi"le 45 possi"l!

pro"a"le 45 pro"a"l!

usual 45 usuall!

original 45 originall! innate 45 innatel!

=x# Generall!- I li&e m! class

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3+ Note

a. fast ad10 fast ad%0

b. long ad10 long ad%0

c. hard ad10 hard 45 hardl!

d. high ad10 high 45 highl! figurati%e meaning0

e. earl! ad10 earl! ad%0

f. good ad10 well ad%0

#$%B NOUN &AE$C.#$ #$%B NOUN &AE$C.#$

Ciffer Cifference Cifferent Restrict Restriction Restricti%eIn%ent In%ention In%enti%e ?ulti%ate ?ulture ?ultural?ompete ?ompetition ?ompetiti%e Agriculture Agricultural9ertiliDe 9ertiliDer/fertilit! 9ertile =mpower Power PowerfulCecide Cecision Cecisi%e Importance ImportantProhi"it Prohi"ition Prohi"iti%e Significance SignificantPre%ent Pre%ention Pre%enti%e Anal!De Anal!sis Anal!tical)eautif! )eaut! )eautiful 9amiliariDe 9amiliarit! 9amiliar 6riginate 6rigin 6riginal PopulariDe Popularit! Popular

=mphasiDe =mphasis =mphatic ?lassif! ?lassification ?lassifia"leGlorif! Glor! Glorious ?ategoriDe categor! ?ategoricalM!stif! M!ster! M!sterious A"sent A"sence A"sentSocialiDe Societ! Social Interest Interest InterestingGeneraliDe GeneraliDation General )ore )oredom )oringSimplif! Simplicit! Simple 9ascinate 9ascination 9ascinating9ree 9reedom 9ree Produce Production Producti%e?onstruct ?onstruction ?onstructi%e Necessitate Necessit! Necessar!>i%e >ife >i%e/li%ing ?ollect ?ollection ?ollecti%e

.$0A *$%ON .$0A *$%ON .$0A *$%ONMusic Musician Surger! Surgeon Centistr! CentistPoetr! Poet Architecture Architect =ngineering =ngineer

Administration Administrator 9arming 9armer 9inance 9inancierPhotograph! Photographer )iolog! )iologist Ph!sics Ph!sicist

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Athletics Athlete $heor! $heorist Science ScientistPhilosoph! Philosopher ?hemistr! ?hemist In%ention In%entor ?reation ?reator Politics Politician ?rime/criminolog

!

?riminal

>aw >aw!er ;umor ;umorist Mathematics mathematician;istor! ;istorian )iograph! )iographer Manufacture Manufacturer

=diting =ditor ight >ighten >ightSoftness Soften Soft )rightness )righten )right/"rilliantCepth Ceepen Ceep $hic&ness $hic&en $hic&Ripeness Ripen Ripe Richness =nrich RichSolidit! Solidif! Solid ;umidit! ;umidif! ;umid>ength >engthen >ong 9latness/flat 9latten 9latShortness Shorten Short ;eight ;eighten ;igh


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!+ =ron" c,oce of because or because ofG alt,ou", or n spte

of /despteG ,en/,le or durn"

4+ =ron" c,oce of &NO@$% or O@$%

Another 6therAd1ecti%e another + Noun sn"ular0 other + Noun pluralH

Ceterminer It,e some an8

ever8 one noH+ other + Noun

Isn"0

Pronoun another an additional one0

=x# Gi%e me another.

the other/the others

=x# 6f the two teachers- one is

experienced- and the other is not.

Note: each other / one another

from one 7 to another

6+ Ot,er ord form problems

)= ?AR=9>


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1) no + noun 45 not 7 an!

2) no longer 45 not 7 an! longer/an! more

3) most + Noun

most of the Noun

almost all of the Noun/ almost no + Noun/almost e%er! + Noun

the most +ad1/ad% superlati%e0

) almost + Buantifier/ad1ecti%e/ad%er"


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2*) formall! Eofficiall!0 45 formerl! Epre%iousl!0

2+) hard 45 hardl!

2) imaginar! E not real/fictional0 45 imaginati%e Ecreati%e0

20) later 45 latter

2) la! laid laid la!ing +6"1ect E put/place0

lie la! lain l!ing E "e situated/located0

lie lied lied l!ing E not tell the truth0

3) loose ad10 45 lose %er"0

31) no45 not45 none

32) pass %er"0 45 past ad1/noun/preposition0

Note# pass E go/come past

33) Buiet ad10 45 Buite ad%0

3) raise + o"1ect/ "e raised passi%e0 45 rise without an o"1ect0

3*) set + o"1ect Eput/place0 45 sit without an o"1ect0

3+) thorough ad10 45 through ad%0

3) out 45 out of +Noun

30) awa!45 awa! from + Noun

3) out/in preposition0 45 outer/inner ad1ecti%e0

) listen to 45 hear

1) lone/li%e/sleeping + noun 45 "e alone/ ali%e/asleep

7+ %edundanc8

- connect together

- repeat again

- 1oin together

- proceed forward

- ad%ance forward

- onl! uniBue

- new inno%ations

- reread again

- return "ac&

- same identical

- sufficient enough

- separated awa! from

- incorrect mista&e

- progress forward

- important significant

- carefull! cautiousl!

- esta"lished founded

- protect guard

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- original first

- rarel! seldom

- transmit send out

- single onl!

- around

approximatel!

- chief main

- such as for example

- necessar! needed

.nverson

aH .nverson of t,e verb after certan adverbs

02 I ha%ent got a tic&et. Neither/Nor,aveI.

Never before,adI "een as&ed to accept a "ri"e.

Not onlydo the! ro" !ou- the! smash e%er!thing too

*n no accountmustthis switch "e touched

*nly byshouting ashe a"le to ma&e himself heard.

*nly in an emergencys,ould !ou use this exit.

3arelyddthis remed! fail

4o suspiciousddhe "ecome that 7

4o confusingasthe map that we had to as& a police officer for directions.

uc, s the popularit! of the place that the theater is li&el! to "e full e%er! night.

bH ,e sub?ect and verb of t,e second clause I not t,e frst clauseH are nverted

,en t,e follon" eDpressons occur at t,e be"nnn" of a sentence

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;ardl! e%er 6n no account

;ardl! 7 when 6nl! "!/in/ at/once/recentl!

In no circumstances 6nl! in this wa!

Neither/nor Rarel!

Ne%er Seldom

No sooner7 than Scarcel! e%er

Not onl! Scarcel! 7when

Nowhere IoH ' ad? or partcples

Iuc,H ' be ' Noun

Not until 6nl! if 6nl! until

6nl! when 6nl! "ecause 6nl! after


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0: Not until he got home ddhe realiDe that he had lost it.

*nly if you study hardcan !ou pass the final exam.

c0 In written =nglish adverb p,rases ntroduced b8 preposton down5 from5 in5 on5

over5 off5 out of5 round5 up .etc.0 can "e followed "! verbs ndcatn" poston

crouch5 hang5 lie sit5 stand5 be etc.0- "! verbs of moton.

02 &romthe rafters,un"strings of onions.

6n the door waystooda man with a gun.

*na perch beside himsata "lue parrot

*ver the wallcamea shower of stone.

6n front of the museumsa statue.

*ff the coast of +alifornialie the ?hannel Islands.

02 !cross the 7nited 4tates5 the general mo%ement of air masses is from west to east.

d0 .f ' ub?ect ' auDlar8can "e replaced in formal =nglish "! nverson of auDlar8

and sub?ect t, f omtted.

02 6f 6 werein his shoes 7 E 8ere 6in his shoes 7

6f you shouldreBuire an!thing7 E 4hould youreBuire an!thing 7

6f he had&nown 7 E 9ad he&nown7

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Note2 :repositional :hrase54 ) ;


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Common clause marers#

a+ me2 after % as% as long as% as soon as% before% by the time% now that%

once% since% until% when% while% whenever

b+ Concessons/Contrast# although% even though% though% even if%

whereas% while% despite the fact that% in spite of the fact that% e4cept

that/however

c+ %eason#as% because% since% in that% in case

d+ %esults# so that% so 5 that% such5 that

e+ anner# as if% as though

f+ *lace# wherever

"+ Condtons#if- e%en if- onl! if- pro%ided- unless

Con?unctons# and- "ut- !et- for- so- or

Con?unctve advs "esides- li&ewise- moreo%er- in addition- additionall!

- howe%er- ne%ertheless- on the other hand- in contrast- in spite of

this

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'. Clause marer IaH ' #IfH

IbH *resent * ' #

IcH *ast *

IdH &d?ectve

IH '0 Clause marer

(. S + 3 +6"1ect0 (0 Con?uncton ' 3 + 6"1ect0 G *0 con?unctve adverbs


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- therefore- as a result- accordingl!- conseBuentl!

- otherwise

- then- meanwhile

- similarl!- correspondingl!- li&ewise

- for example- for instance

&%.C0$

&/&N

1+ )efore singular counta"le nouns

=x# Australia is acontinent

2+$o introduce a su"1ect that has not mentioned "efore=x# I saw atiger.

3+


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3. )efore a singular noun representati%e of a class of things usuall! names of anmals plants

nventons muscal nstruments and parts of t,e bod80

=x# ,etiger is the largest cat

,eheart pumps "lood

$he


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,e6rient =xpress

,e )rowns

$%UNA &NA .N.N..#$

.+ #$%B ' O .N

$D: $om wants tobecomea doctor.Susan pretended tosleep.Ca%id promised not to belate again.

..+ #$%B ' OBE$C ' O .N.N..#$

$D: $he! "egged us to come+ I warn !ou not to drveso fast.

Note6 advise/allow/encourage/permit/recommend.1) ' obect ' to inf .2) ' (-ing

$D: ;e doesnt allow smon"in his house ;e doesnt allow an!one to smoein his house

No"od! is allowed to smoein his house

...+ #$%B ' #-.N

20

afford "eg expect manage pretend threatenagree care fail mean promise wantappear consent forget need refuse wish

arrange decide hesitate offer seem tr!as& desire hope plan struggle intendattempt deser%e learn prepare swear

advse challenge for"id order teach in%iteallo con%ince force permt tell recommendas& dare hire persuade urge ena"le"eg encoura"e instruct remind want leadcause expect in%ite reBuire warn moti%ate

use

admit dela! finish postpone resent missappreciate den! cant help practice resist toleratea%oid discuss &eep Buit ris& in%ol%ecomplete disli&e mention recall stop understand

consider en1o! mind recollect suggest include


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$D: I disli&e drvn"long distances I cant help orr8n"a"out it.


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$D: She is afraid of "ettn"married now. $o gets used to "ettn"up earl!.

#..+ *$C.&0 C&$1+ O*

;e stopped smon";e ga%e up smo&ingF he is not going to smo&e an! more.0;e stopped to smoe;e stopped doing something in order to smo&e0

2+ %K %K ' O .N# ma&e an effort to do something $D: I was %er! tire. I tried to eepm! e!es open- "ut I couldnt.

%K ' #-.N: do something as an experiment or test$D: I%e got a terri"le headache. I tried tan"an aspirin- "ut it did not help.

3+ %$$B$%%$$B$% ' O .N# :ou remem"er to do something "efore !ou do it

$D# Please remem"er to postthe letter. E Cont forget to post the letter0%$$B$% ' #-.N# :ou remem"er doing something after !ou do it

$D: I clearl! remem"er locn" the door "efore I left.!+ N$$A

N$$A ' O .NA?$I3=0$D: ohn needs to pantthe door. M! friend needed to learnSpanish

N$$A ' #-.N L N$$A ' O B$ AON$PASSI3=0$D: $he grass needs cuttn"/ to be cut. $he tele%ision needs fDn"/to be fDed.

4+ &F$/0$/@$ ' OBE$C ' B&%$ .N.N..#$$D: Sad mo%ies alwa!s ma&e me cr8+ I had the mechanic reparm! car. I had m! car repaired "! the mechanic M! parents do not let me "oout late at night.

6+ #$%B O *$%C$*.ON ' #-.N/ B&%$ .N.N..#$

$D: I saw m! frend runnn"/rundown the street.

7+ O ' #-.N

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see loo& at listen tonotice o"ser%e smellwatch hear feel

"oating dancing 1ogging shopping swimmingO "owling fishing clim"ing sightseeing

camping hi&ing running s&atingcanoeing hunting sailing s&iing


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=O%A $NA.N

&+ COON NOUN [email protected] $NA.N

1+ Msm :baptism- criticism- organism% heroism-patriotism- alcoholism-

barbarism- dwarfism-parallelism

2+ Mnce :importance% significance% dependence% arrogance% resistance-subsistence

3+ Mness :bitterness- conceitedness- darkness- hardness- kindheartedness

!+ Mon :e4cision- damnation-pollution-suggestion- a notion- an action-

ve4ation- concoction- completion.

4+ Mment :abridgement- accomplishment- banishment- commencement-embodiment- enhancement- e4citement- fragment- garment- ornament-

treatment

6+ MIHt8 :purity- authority- dubiety- maority- superiority- humidity% cruelty-faculty- honesty-plenty- safety- subtlety

7+ Ma"e : baggage- carriage- cartage- damage- dotage- hermitage- homagelanguage- luggage- marriage-passage- tillage- tonnage- vicarage-

village.

9+ s,p :ambassadorship- citi7enship- headship-professorship- chairmanship-

fellowship- scholarship- companionship- friendship- hardship-

relationship- craftsmanship- entrepreneurship- horsemanship-

membership- courtship

+ Mt, : bath- birth- death- oath- growth- stealth%filth- health- length- strength-

truth- depth- breadth- wealth.

1;+ Mdom : earldom- freedom- kingdom- officialdom- wisdom

11+ M,ood : childhood- falsehood% sisterhood% brotherhood% neighborhood%

likelihood%livelihood

12+ Mure : closure-picture- scripture- legislature- nature- failure-pleasure-treasure

13+ Mc8 : bankruptcy- captaincy- democracy% privacy% delicacy- advocacy-

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confederacy- accuracy- obstinacy-piracy%- aristocracy%e4pectancy- efficiency-presidency% sufficiency% deficiency

1!+ MItHr8 : rivalry- ancestry- carpentry- industry% greenery- machinery- scenery-bakery- brewery- bravery- slavery%archery

14+ Mlo"8 : archaeology- geology- sociology- theology- 7oology

16+ M"rap,8 : bibliography- biography

B+ COON NOUN I*$%ONH $NA.N

1+ M or :actor- creator- doctor- monitor- sculptor- successor- guarantor-

con8ueror- donor- governor- solicitor- tailor- visitor. bachelor

2+ M er : hatter- geographer- astrologer- cottager- foreigner- "ondoner-

New 9orker- northerner- villager- airliner- old-timer- sorcerer

3+ M ee : employee-payee- devotee- escapee- conferee- absentee- refugee.

!+ M st : chemist- dramatist- economist- geologistF dentist-pianist- tobacconistF

&uddhist- :arwinist- idealist- ar4ist- racist- optimist% pessimist

4+ M can :magician% physician% musician% electrician% beautician%politician- statistician% mathematician% mortician%

6+ M ant I1;H : assistant% accountant% consultant% contestant% inhabitant

C+ &AE$C.#$ $NA.N1+ M ent : independent% sufficient% absent% ambivalent% ancient% apparent%

ardent

2+ M ant : arrogant- e4pectant% important% significant % abundant% ignorant%brilliant%

3+ M ful : beautiful- graceful-powerful- grateful%forgetful- mournful-

$Dceptons: handful mouthful spoonful are nouns

!+ M c : civic- classic- historic- artistic- economic-

4+ M less : doubtless- fearless- hatless-powerless- countless- tireless% faceless%

legless% careless% helpless

6+ M ve : authoritative- demonstrative- figurative- imitative- 8ualitative-

talkative% active% passive% comparative% possessive

7+ M ous : dangerous- glorious- murderous- viscous- ferocious- hilarious-

9+ M able : charitable- separable%bearable- reliable- comfortable- suitable.

+ M ble : audible- compressible- edible- horrible- terrible

1;+ M al : central- general- oral- colossal- tropical- tidal

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$Dceptons:rival- arrival-proposal- withdrawal- survival are nouns

11+ M or8 : mandatory- compulsory-predatory- satisfactory

$Dceptons:dormitory-promontory- territoryare nouns

12+ M ar8 : arbitrary- budgetary- contrary-primary% temporary% necessary

13+ M 8 : angry- happy- icy- messy- milky- tidy- chilly- haughty- slippery%

1!+ M l8 : beastly- cowardly- 8ueenly- rascally

14+ M IrHate '0: temperate% accurate% considerate% immediate% literate

16+ M s, : boorish- boyish- foolish- womanish- bookish- feverish%bluish- reddish

A+ COON #$%B $NA.N

1+ M en/ en M : listen- happen- strengthen% lengthen% shorten% soften% ripen% deepen%

widen% entrust- enslave- enlighten- entangle- enlarge% encourage%

enable% enrich

2+ M ate : assassinate- associate- fascinate- felicitate- hydrate- separate-vaccinate% evacuate

3+ M e : characteri7e- idoli7e- agoni7e- apologi7e- sympathi7e- theori7e-

authori7e- e4tempori7e- fertili7e- fossili7e-eopardi7e- morali7e-

$mericani7e- carboni7e- o4idi7e

!+ M f8 :pacify- satisfy-petrify- solidify% horrify

$+ COON &A#$%B $NA.N

1+ M l8 :amusingly- deservedly- firstly- fully- greatly- happily- hourly- truly-firstly- secondly

2+ M se : crosswise- lengthwise- otherwise% clockwise

3+ M a8s : edgeways- endways- lengthways- sideways

!+ M ard : backward- homeward- inward- onward- skyward- eastward

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UBE$C M #$%B &%$$$N

&+ B&.C UBE$C M #$%B &%$$$N

'. Singular Su"1ect + Singular 3er"

(. Plural Su"1ect + Plural 3er"

=x# M! frendlvesin )oston.

ron" flowers sher ho""!.

M! frendslvein )oston.

B+ *$C.&0 C&$

1+

$D# $he actor and the singer are coming.

ean and Ca%id are coming "ac& to Australia.

Note# ;owe%er- phrases connected "! andcan "e followed "! singular %er"s if we thin& of them as

ma&ing up a single item.

$D: Meat pie and peas is $oms fa%orite at the moment

&ish and chips is m! fa%orite food

2+

27

Sing Su"1ect ' andSing Su"1ect ( + Plural 3er"

ofin addition towith

ub?ect 1+ together with + ub?ect 2 + #erbalong withas well asno less thanli&e/ unli&e


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$D: Oneofm! friends shere.

Koutogether with$om areresponsi"le for this failure.

3+

$D: Neither ohn nor ,s frendsaregoing to the "each

!+

$D: $here sa "oo& on the shelf

$here arethree "oo&s on the shelf

4+

$D# ;ere comes the Oueen.

;ere leman! un&nown soldiers.

6+

$D: =ach "o!/ each of the "o!s has a gift.

Note: =ach "o! and each girl sto do this exercise.

7+

$D: =%er!one ,ashis or herown idea.

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=ither or

+ ub?ect 1+ + ub?ect 2 + #erbNeither nor

$here + "e + Noun

$here/ ;ere + 3er" + Noun

=%er! Noun singular0=ach + + n"ular #erb=ither of the Noun plural0Neither

=%er!one Something No"od!=%er!"od! An!one Nothing=%er!thing An!"od! + n"ular #erbSomeone An!thingSome"od! No one


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9+ a+

$D: A num"er of refugees ,ave "een turned "ac& at the "order.

Plent! of potatoes are grown here.

None of the answers arecorrect.

b+

$D: $he num"er of "oo&s in the li"rar! has risen to o%er fi%e million.

c+

$D: &llthe furniture asdestro!ed in the fire.

+

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A/the ma1orit! ofA num"er ofA lot of + *lural Noun + *lural #erbPlent! ofSome ofNone of

;alf ofNo

,e number of + Plural Noun + n"ular #erb

&n8 ofNone of,e ma?ort8 of& lot of ' ncounta"le Noun ' n"ular #erb*lent8 of&ll IofHome IofH

council compan! go%ernment staff n"ular #erb if the!association crowd group team are referred to as a group0audience department 1ur! uni%ersit!class electorate orchestra facult!clu" enem! population choir college famil! press gang *lural #erb if the! are seencommittee firm pu"lic couple as a collection of indi%idual0communit! generation school ca"inet


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=x# $he team swinning. the team as a group0

$he team are going "ac& to their homes. meaning indi%idual mem"ers of the

team0

1;+

$D# $he pants arein the drawer.

A pair of pants sin the drawer0

11+

$D# $he police areloo&ing for the missing child.

12+

$D# Ph!sics sdifficult.

$he news salarming.

13+ $he ttles of boos pla8s movesetc.- alwa!s ta&e a sn"ular verb

$D: $he >os Angeles $imess on the des&.

Gulli%ers $ra%els sa well&nown childrens "oo&.

14. Nouns stating an amount of tme mone8 or measurementalwa!s ta&e a singular %er"

30

"elongings riches glassesclothes sa%ings plierscongratulations stairs pantsearnings surroundings + *lural #erbgoods than&s

outs&irts scissorsparticulars shortspremises 1eans

policepeople + *lural #erbcattlepoultr!

news measles ra"iesph!sics statistics dia"etespolitics mathematics g!mnastics + n"ular #erbmumps ph!sics athleticseconomics phonetics linguistics


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$D: 9i%e minutes snot enough to do this exercise.

$hirt!fi%e dollars stoo much for this shirt.

9our hundred miles stoo much to dri%e in one da!.

14+

$D: $he poor needhelp.

16+

luds

olds

ases

*artcles

&bstracton

&ctvtes

Naturalp,enomena

$D: Smo&ing is harmful to !our health.

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,e+ &d?ectve + *lural #erb

Uncountable Noun + n"ular #erb

"aggage clothing eBuipment food fruit furnituregar"age hardware 1ewelr! 1un& luggage machiner!mail ma&eup mone! cash change postage

water coffee tea mil& oil soupgasoline "lood

ice "read "utter cheese meat goldiron sil%er glass paper wood wool

steam air ox!gen nitrogen smo&e pollution

rice chal& corn dust grass hair pepper dirt salt sand flour wheat

"eaut! confidence courage education en1o!ment funhappiness health help honest! hospitalit! importanceintelligence 1ustice &nowledge laughter music luc&patience peace pride progress recreation sleeptruth %iolence wealth 7

ad%ice information news e%idence proof timespace energ! homewor& wor& grammar slang%oca"ular!

dri%ing swimming tra%eling wor&ing

"ase"all soccer tennis chess

weather dew fog hail heat humidit!lightning rain sleet snow thunder winddar&ness light sunshine electricit! fire gra%it!


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*%$*O..ON

1+ *%$*O..ON O .$

&+ .n

centur8 nthe twent!first centur!0

decade nthe 'sF in the nineties0

8earn (0

season nthe summer0

mont, n ul!0

parts of t,e da8 nthe morningF nthe afternoonF nthe e%ening0

t,e past/ future

amounts of tme n/t,nan hour0

B+ On

dateonSeptem"er ''0

da8onMonda!F onSunda! morning0

C+ &t

tme of da8at#(0

n",t/ mdn",t/ noon /dan/dus/sunrse/sunset/t,e moment/t,e same

tme/present/ frst/last

A+ Aurn"

uringis used with periods of time

It snows a lot in Montreal during the winter

;is compan! grew rapidl! duringthe 'Js

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uringis NO used with dates or da!s of the wee&.

$+ Untl

7ntil is used with points of time to indicate that an action continues up to that point

;elen practiced the piano untilnoon

$he! wont arri%e untiltomorrow

+ rom 5+ o/untl and beteen 5 and

$hese phrases are used with starting points and ending points

&rom 1== to/until 1=="- Mr. Nolan was in charge of the sales di%ision.

?etween 1== and 1=="- Mr. Nolan was in charge of the sales di%ision.

+ nce/ or

4ince and forare generall! used with a perfect tense


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8ithis used to express the idea of accompaniment or ownership

I went to the restaurant with !ndrea.

$he man with the briefcaseis the %icepresident.

8ithis also used to indicate the tool or instrumentused to complete something

;e opened the door with his &e!.

;e paid for the "ill with a credit car

$+ =t,out

8ithoutmeans Q not ha%ing- experiencing or showing somethingF Qnot in the compan!

of someone or Qnot doing the action mentioned

$he! had gone two da!s without food.

;e found the place without difficulty.

She spo&e without much enthusiasm.

ConKt go without me.

I donKt &now what IKd do without you.

$he rest of the group set off without him.

ConKt go out without your coat.

;e left without saying goodbye.

:ou canKt ma&e an omelet without breaking eggs.

Suddenl! and without any warning- the arm! opened fire.

;e had gone out without his parentsC permission.

+ =t,n

8ithincan mean Aduring a particular period of timeB


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Ad1ust the dri%erKs seat so that all the controls are within reachEclose enough to

touch0

=t,ncan also mean Q inside the range or limits of something


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%$&A.N CO*%$@$N.ON

%&$.$

%$&A.N %&$.$

1. O#$%#.$= QU$.ON

$he most common o%er%iew Buestion as&s a"out the purpose or man topcof the passage. 6ther

o%er%iew Buestions as& a"out the rter of t,e passa"e or t,e reader of t,e passa"e.

8hatdoes this article/the memo mainly discussC

8hat is this formC

Dhat is the purposeof this letter/announcement/notice5C

8hywas this notice/letter writtenC

6n what businessis the writer of the passageC

8hat kind of businessis r EEEEEEEE probably inC

8ho issued/wrotethis noticeC

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8hat is the authorFs opinionof EEEEEEC

8howere these instructions written forC

8ho would be most interestedin the information in this announcementC

&or whomis this advertisement/notice intendedG

- Cont answer the ntalo%er%iew Buestions until !ou ha%e answered the other

Buestions

- suall! focus on t,e ttle and t,e frst sentences0 of each paragraph for the

topic and main ideaF also focus on t,e last sentencefor the conclusion and a

possi"le restatement of the topic and main idea.

- S&im read %er! Buic&l!0 the rest of the passage for the &e! words that will

confirm the topic and main idea.

- Read the answer choices and eliminate the distractors which ma! ha%e one of

these characteristics#

a. too general

". too specific detailed0

c. incorrect

d. irrele%ant not mentioned0

..+ A$&.0 QU$.ON

1. .nformaton/actual Questons often "egin with the phrases QAccording to the

passage/the author- wh- uestions...

2. Ne"atve Questonscontain the words NO $PC$* or 0$&

- 9ocus on one or two &e! words in the Buestion

- Scan the passage loo&ing for the &e! words or related words s!non!ms- word

famil!0

- ?arefull! read the sentence in which the &e! words occur. :ou ma! ha%e to read

the sentence preceding or following that sentence as well.0

- ?hoose the correct answer

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...+ %$$%$NC$ QU$.ON

1. . A

- Initial position 4 usuall! read the pre%ious sentence and find the noun that the

referent replaces

2. A. A.

- Middle/9inal Position 4 usuall! read the whole sentence in which the referent

occurs

3. ,s/ ,atusuall! refer to the whole pre%ious sentence or phrase. So- read the pre%ious

sentence or phrase and summariDe it.

4. &not,er4 >oo& for One ' Noun

5. Ot,ers 4 >oo& for ome/an8 ' Noun

6.,e former/t,e later/ respectvel8

.#+ #OC&BU0&%K .N CON$P

1. 0oo for s8non8ms in the passage "ecause the author ma! a%oid repeating the

same word.

2. 0oo for eDamples

- for example, for instance, such as

3. 0oo for contrast

- but, yet, still- however, nevertheless, on the other hand,

in contrast, in spite of this

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- although, even though, though, even if,whereas, while, despite the fact that, inspite of the fact that, except that

- not- rather than, instead of

4. ocus on t,e "eneral conteDtand see if context clues in the sentence or in the

sentences "efore or after can help !ou guess the meaning

- 0teral eann" >< "uratve meann"

$Dample# ;e graspedm! hand firml!

I dont thin& !ou ha%e Buite graspedthe seriousness of the situation.

#+ .N$%$NC$ QU$.ON

Anference Fuestions usually include such words as Ginfer5 imply5 suggest5 guess5 probably5 or

likelyH or such phrases as G8hy ( mentionCH G8hat (. to do netCH G8hich of these (.. is

probably trueCH and G 8hat (..probably doGB

Answer choices to inference Buestions reBuire students to

1. understand what the Buestion is as&ing and &now where to find the answer in the

passage

2. relate the information in the answer choice to a s!non!m or paraphrase of information in

the passageF and

3. determine what is true and not true in the answer choices

Note#Answer choices that contain such words as ala8s never

all and onl8are usuall! NOcorrect.

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0.$N.N %&$.$

*&% 1: trate"es for sentences about p,oto"rap,s

'. Alwa!s complete each item as Buic&l! as possi"le so that you can preview the photograph

for the net item. Cont wait for the statement that sa!s- QNow loo& at photograph num"er

222222

(. If !ou are pre%iewing a photograph that in%ol%es a person or people- as& !ourself these

Buestions

8hat are the people doingG

8here are theyG

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8ho are theyGIs there a uniform or a piece of eBuipment or an!thing else that indicates

their profession or roleL0

8hat distinguishes themGIs there a hat- a mustache- a purse- a pair of glasses- a tie or

an!thing else that differentiates the peopleL0

8hat do the peopleFs epressions tell youGCo the! loo& happ!L nhapp!L =xcitedL

)oredL psetL0*. If !ou are pre%iewing a photograph of an o"1ect- as& !ourself these Buestions

8hat is itG

8hat is it made ofG

8hat is it used forG

8here is itG

8. I If !ou are pre%iewing a photograph of a scene- as& !ourself these Buestions

8here is itG

8hat is in the foregroundthe front of the picture0L

8hat if anything is happeningG

8hat is in the backgroundthe distant part of the picture0L

T. Cont mar& an answer until !ou ha%e heard all four choices. 8hen you hear a choice that

you think is correct5 rest your pencil on that oval on your answer sheet. If !ou change

!our mind and hear a sentence that !ou thin& is "etter- mo%e !our pencil to that choice. 6nce

!ou ha%e heard all four sentences- mar& the o%al that !our pencil is resting on. $his techniBue

helps !ou remem"er which choice !ou thin& is "est.0

,. $r! to eliminate choices with pro"lems in

4ound Meaning

4ound H Meaning

. Never leave any blanks.Alwa!s guess "efore going on to the next item.

J. As soon as !ou ha%e finished mar&ing the answer- stop loo&ing at and thin&ing a"out the

photograph and mo%e on to the next item.

*&% ..: trate"es for Questons/%esponses

1+ .dentf8n" tme


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3ing/ can ;ow long


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8hatwas that loud noiseI 1ust heardL 8hat kind of workdoes Ms. Garcia doL 8hat kind of novel do !ou li&eL 8hatFs the name of the tra%el agenc! this

compan! usesL 8hat are !our total production figures for this

factor!L

8hat do you plan to do when school isfinishedL

8hat do you estimate !our firms profit will"e in Cecem"erL

6 donFt know. Shes a computer programmer. I prefer adventure stories. I thin& itFs called !ll :oints Iravel.

*ver 1 units a week.

8ork for my father.

6ptimisticall! spea&ing- about percent.

!+ .dentf8n" an opnon


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Note:$he spea&er can offer a third option atel!- she has "een doing a lot ofpaintings.

In the morning- I thin&.

Neither one. 6h- come withmeplease.

0ither oneis fine with me.

Its scheduled for this"uilding.

6 thinkit loo&s good where it is.

6Fllta&e it.

6Fllha%e them read! for !ou in a minute.

6+ .dentf8n" an nvtaton offer reuest


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for Miss GuntherL . was wondering if youFd liketo 1oin us

for dinner this e%eningL +ouldnFt youstop at the post office

toda!L 8hat about%isiting the flower show o%er

the wee&endL

4orry5I ha%e other plans.

I might ha%e time after lunch.


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8hat are !our new cowor&ers likeG 8hatFsthe weather likehere in the winterL

$he! seem %er! pleasant Its cool and often rain!

+ .dentf8n" manner or a met,od


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@asthe director alread! leftL

Adn)tan!one train the new emplo!ee to use

the copierL

id youas& them what time their flight would

arri%eL

:our managing director resigned !esterda!-didnFt heG


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!our answers for the three Buestions and then pre%iew the next three Buestions and answer

choices. $he! tell !ou what to listen for.

(.


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Rolls/ca&e/"read Baer8

Stage/cast/scene/"ox office/ ,eater

?hain/ring/nec&lace/"racelet Eeelr8

store

Menu/terminal/&e!"oardComputer

store )ulldoDer/hard hat/crane

Constructon ste

Cr!er/hangars/detergent

0aundromat

Pen/en%elopes/letterhead/postcard

*ost offce

Account/"alance/statement /chec&"oo& /

deposit/credit/loan/ interest rates

Ban

Surf/towel/um"rella/wa%e/sun"athe

Beac,

>aw!er/1udge/witness/defendant/plaintiff/

1ur! Courtroom

Spectators/ cheer/ clap/ match/ pla!er

tadum

>ane/dri%er/exitreea8

Suite/front des&/reser%ation/ room/receptionist/room ser%ice/ house&eeper

@otel


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@o often5

&t ,at tme5

@o lon"5

A. Monda!

).


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