Tlhd Sxsh Nganh Tinh Bot San. Phien Ban Ngay 17-06-2008

8/14/2019 Tlhd Sxsh Nganh Tinh Bot San. Phien Ban Ngay 17-06-2008

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Ti liu hng dnSn xut sch hn

Ngnh: Sn xut tinh bt sn

Phin bn: 06.2008

C quan bin so n

BCNG THNGChng trnh hp tc pht trinVit Nam an Mch

vmi trngHp phn Sn xut sch hn

trong cng nghip

B GI O DC V O TOTrng i hc Bch khoa H Ni

Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit namVin Khoa hc v Cng ngh

Mi trng


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BNG CHVIT TT

Ch vit tt Ch vit y BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc)COD Chemical Oxygen Demand (Nhu c u oxy ho hc)CPI Hp phn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghipCPC Trung tm sn xut sch hnDCE Chng trnh Hp tc Vit Nam an Mch v Mi trng

EPRO Cng ty Cphn t vnFOCOCEV Cng ty C ph n Tinh bt s n FOCOCEV Qung Nam

HCN Axt XyanuahydricPP polypropylene

SBR Sequencing Batch ReactorSMB Chphm ty trng tinh btSS Suspense Solite (Cht rn l lng)

SXSH Cleaner Production (Sn xut sch hn)UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (X l ym kh dng chy ngc)


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Mc lc

TT Danh mc TrangBng ch vit tt 2Mc lc 3M u 5

1. Chng 1. Gii thiu chung 61.1. M tngnh sn xut tinh bt sn 61.1.1. Vqui m sn xut tinh bt sn 61.1.2. V c th sn xut 71.1.3. Cc thch thc 81.2. Qa trnh chbin tinh bt sn c bn 81.2.1. Tip nhn csn ti 101.2.2. Ra v lm sch 101.2.3. Bm v mi c 111.2.4. Ly tm tch b 111.2.5. Thu hi tinh bt th 121.2.6. Thu hi tinh bt tinh 121.2.7. Hon thin sn phm 131.2.8. ng bao sn phm 131.2.9. Cc bphn ph tr 142. Chng 2. S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng 142.1. Tiu thnguyn, nhin vt liu 142.2. Cc vn mi trng 152.2.1. Nc thi 152.2.2. Kh thi 182.2.3. Cht thi rn 192.3. Tim nng ca SXSH 203. Chng 3. C hi sn xut sch hn 213.1. C hi c th trin khai trong khu x l s b 213.1.1. Phn khu tng tr sn vo theo thi gian nhp 213.1.2. Bc vv ra 213.1.3. Tch bsi , t ct trc khi ra 223.1.4. Ci tin thit b khuy trn khi ra, iu ch nh thng s 223.1.5. Thu hi ti s dng nc ra 223.2. C hi SXSH c th trin khai giaion tch bt 223.2.1. Ci tin my cht, dao bm, my nghin 223.2.2. Tiu ho quy trnh vn hnh sng quay 233.2.3. Dng ly tm siu tc v lin tc 233.2.4. Thu hi tinh bt t b thi 233.2.5. Thu hi tinh bt v ti s dng nc lau lc th 233.2.6. S dng NaHSO3 hoc ch ph m SMB t y tr ng 23


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3.2.7. Tn dng b sn lm phn vi sinh 233.2.8. S dng m sn sn xut sn phm ph 233.2.9. Tn dng b sn lm c cht nui trng nm 243.2.10. Thu hi tinh bt bng lc ti 243.2.11 Thu h i tinh bt b ng thp ra kh 243.2.12. La chn mi cht truyn nhit l hi nc hay du 253.3. C hi SXSH trong khu vc cc thit b ph tr 253.3.1. Lm m m nc trc khi c p cho n i hi 253.3.2. Tn dng nhit khi thi t ni hi 253.3.3. Thu hi v ti s dng nc ngng 253.3.4. Tn thu kh biogas t h thng x l nc thi 263.3.5. Tn dng nc thi ti hsinh hc v sn xut phn hu c 264. Chng 4. Thc hin nh gi SXSH 264.1. Bc 1: Khi ng 274.1.1. Nhim v1: Thnh lp nhmnh gi SXSH 274.1.2. Nhim v2: Phn tch cc cngon v xcnh lng ph 30

4.2. Bc 2: Phn tch cc cngon sn xut 334.2.1. Nhim v3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut 334.2.2. Nhim v4: Cn bng nguyn, nhin vt liu 354.2.3. Nhim v5: Xcnh chi ph ca dng thi 364.2.4. Nhim v6: Xcnh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi 384.3. Bc 3: ra cc gii php SXSH 394.3.1. Nhim v7: xut cc c hi SXSH 404.3.2. Nhim v8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c 414.4. Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH 434.4.1. Nhim v9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v kthut 43

4.4.2. Nhim v10: Phn tch tnh kh thi vmt kinh t 444.4.3. Nhim v11: Tnh kh thi vmi trng 454.4.4. Nhim v12: La chn cc gii php thc hin 464.5. Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH 474.5.1. Nhim v13: Chun b thc hin. 474.5.2. Nhim v14: Thc hin cc gii php 484.5.3. Nhim v15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu 494.6. Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH 494.6.1. Nhim v16: Duy tr SXSH 504.6.2. SXS bn vng 504.6.3. Cc yu t ng gp cho s thnh cng ca chng trnh

SXSH51

5. Chng 5. X l mi trng 525.1. Nc thi 525.2. Kh thi 555.3. B thi rn 57


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M uSn xut sch hn (SXSH)c bit n nhmt tip cn gim thiu nhimti ngun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin vt liu c hiu qu hn. Vicp dng sn xut sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi phsn xut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi ph x l mi trng.

Ti liu hng dn SXSH trong ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn c bin sontrong khun kh hp tc gia Hp phn SXSH trong cng nghip (CPI), thucchng trnh Hp tc Vit Nam an Mch v Mi trng (DCE), B Cngthng v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam, thuc Vin Khoa hc v CngnghMi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni. Ti liu ny c ccchuyn gia chuyn ngnh trong nc bin son nhm cung cp cc kin thcc bn cng nh cc thng tin cng ngh nn tham kho v trnh t trin khaip dng SXSH.

Cc chuyn gia chuyn ngnh dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tinlin quan n hin trng sn xut tinh bt sn ca Vit Nam, cc vn linquan n SXSH v mi trng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th pdng c trongiu kin nc ta.

Mc d SXSH c gii hn trong vic thc hin gim thiu nhim tingun, ti liu hng dn SXSH ny cng bao gm thm mt chng vx lmi trng cc doanh nghip c th tham kho khi tch hp SXSH nhmp ng cc tiu chun mi trng.

Hp phn SXSH trong cng nghip v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam xinchn thnh cm n s ng gp ca TS. Ng Tin Hin, cc cn b ca Cngty C phn t vn EPRO v c bit l Chnh ph an Mch, thng qua t chc DANIDA, v Chnh ph Thy S , thng qua T chc Pht trin cngnghip Lin hp quc UNIDO h tr thc hin ti liu ny.

Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Vn Phng Hp phn SXSHtrong cng nghip, email:[email protected] Trung tm Sn xut sch VitNam, email:[email protected].
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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1. Chng 1. Gii thiu chung.

Ch ng ny cung c p thng tin v tnh hnh s n xu t, xu h ng pht tri n c a th tr ng,c ng nh thng tin c b n v quy trnh s n xu t tinh b t s n Vi t nam.

1.1. M tngnh s n xut tinh bt sn.Vit Nam l nc xut khu tinh bt sn ng th 3 trn th gii, sauIndonesia v Thi Lan. Nm 2006, din tcht trng sn t 475.000 ha, snlng tinh bt sn t 7.714.000 tn. Th trng xut khu chnh ca Vit Naml Trung Quc, i Loan. Cng vi din tch sn c nng ln, nng sut thuhoch sn cng nh sn lng tinh bt sn c sn xut cng tng ln theothi gian. Hnh 1 m t tc tng trng vdin tch trng sn, nng sut vsn lng tinh bt sn ca Vit nam. Theo hnh 1, tc pht trin ca sn

lng tinh bt sn cao hn gp nhiu ln so vi s gia tng ca din tch trngsn.

Hnh 1. Bi u t ng tr ng di n tch, n ng su t v s n l ng tinh b t s n n c ta.

050

100150200250300350

400450500550600650700750800

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Din tch (1.000 ha)Sn l-ng (10.000 tn)Nng sut (100 tn/ ha)

Ngoi tinh bt sn, cc sn phm c ch bin t sn gm cn, ru, btngt, axit glutamic, axit amin, cc loi si r maltoza, glucoza, fructoza, tinh btbin tnh, maltodextrin, cc loi ng chc nng, thc n gia sc, phn bnhu c

1.1.1. Vqui m sn xut tinh bt sn.

Vit Nam hin tn ti 3 loi quy m sn xut tinh bt sn in hnh sau:


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Qui m nh (h v lin h): y l quy m c cng sut 0,5 - 10 tn tinh btsn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m nh chim 70 - 74%. Cngngh th cng, thit b t to hoc do cc c s c kh a phng ch to.Hiu sut thu hi v cht lng tinh bt sn khng cao.

Qui m va: y l cc doanh nghip c cng sut di 50 tn tinh bt snphm/ ngy. S c s chbin sn quy m va chim 16- 20%. a phn ccc s u s dng thit b ch to trong nc nhng c kh nng hot ngn nh v cht lng sn phm khng thua km cc c s nhp thit b canc ngoi.

Qui m ln: Nhm ny gm cc doanh nghip c cng sut trn 50 tn tinh btsn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m ln chim khong 10% tngs cc c s chbin cnc vi cng ngh, thit b nhp t Chu u, TrungQuc, Thi Lan. l cng ngh tin tin hn, c hiu sut thu hi sn phmcao hn, t cht lng sn phm cao hn, v s dng t nc hn so vicng ngh trong nc.

Ti nay c nc c trn 60 nh my ch bin tinh bt sn qui m ln,cng sut 50 - 200 tn tinh bt sn/ ngy v trn 4.000 c s ch bin th cng. Hin ti tng cng sut ca cc nh my ch bin sn qui m cngnghip v ang xy dng c kh nng ch bin c 40% sn lng sncnc.

Theo s liu thng k cha y , khong 40 - 45% sn lng sn dnh choch bin quy m ln, hay cn gi l quy m cng nghip, 40 - 45% sn lngsn dnh cho chbin tinh bt qui m nhv va, dng sn xut cc snphm sn kh, ch bin thc n chn nui v 10 - 15% dng chon ti vcc nhu cu khc.

1.1.2. V c th sn xut.

C sn ti rt kh bo qun di ngy nn hu ht cc nh my ch bin snu hot ng theo thi v, ch yu l t cui thng 8 nm trc n uthng 4 nm sau. Vng ng Nam B c iu kin thun li v nhit chopht trin cy sn nn cc nh my ch bin tinh bt hin nay c th sn xutc 2 v. Ring cc nh my chbin ti Ty Ninh c thi gian chbin kodi 330 ngy/ nm. Thi gian sn xut trong nm ca cc nh my khckhong 200 ngy.

Theo cng sut thit k, nhu cu nguyn liu sn ti l: 5.360.000 tn snti/ nm, chim 69,48% sn lng sn hin c. Trong khi sn lng snhng nm dnh lm lng thc cho ngi v cho chn nui khong 3.000.000tn. V vy, vi sn lng sn 7.700.000 tn sn/ nm, nhiu nh my ch bin tinh bt sn b thiu nguyn liu.

Mt s kt qunghin cu, chuyn giao cng ngh, sn xut chbin cc snphm sau cng nghip tinh bt sn nh: sn xut tinh bt bin tnh,


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maltodextrin,ng glucoza, si r maltoza, lysin gp phn ko di thigian hot ng ca cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn sau ma v.

1.1.3. Cc thch thc.

Ngoi vn v nguyn liu, hin ti cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt snang i mt vi thch thc ln nht v nhim mi trng v suy thoittrng sn. BNng nghip v Pht trin nng thn a ra cc hng dnthc hin quy hoch pht trin vng nguyn liu sn xut sn v sn xut tinhbt sn nhm m bo pht trin bn vng trc mt v lu di.

1.2. Qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn c bn.Quy trnh chbin thcng.

C sn mua v c ra bng tay v gt v bng dao ri no th cng trnmt bn no/ mi trn tm thic hoc st mm c c l to g sc mt bn.Bt sau khi mic a vo mt tm vi lc buc bn gc v ra bng vinc. X sau khi ra c vt kh. Sa bt thu c cha trong x/ thngcha ch tinh bt lng xung. Thay nc nhiu ln loi b nha v tpcht v HCN. Bt t vt ln khay hoc vt qua vi lc tch nc ri csy kh t nhin.

Quy trnh chbin bn c gii:

Trong quy trnh ny, vic gt v thng vn c tin hnh th cng. Qutrnh no/ mi c tin hnh bng my mi. Lc quay trng c truynqua trc ng c in v dy curoa. Trng c ph tm kim loi c l cquay trong mt hp my c gn phu np cpha trn v bt sau khi mic

chy xung di. Qu trnh mic b sung mt lng nh nc. Lngtinh bt c gii phng v ho tan nh cch lm ny c th t hiu sut 70-90%. Bt nho thu c qua sng lc th, lc mn v lc tinh. C th b sungnc trong khi tch cc tp cht v b. Dch thu c squa giaion lng tch nc. Lng c tin hnh trong b lng hoc bn lng (lng trng lc).Qu trnh lng c th c b sung ha cht gip lng nhanh hoc ty trng.Tinh bt c tch ra bng tay. Sy kh tinh bt bng phng php t nhinhoc cng bc.

Quy trnh chbin hin i.

Yu t quan trng nht trong sn xut tinh bt sn cht lng cao l ton b qu trnh ch bin, t khi tip nhn c n khi sy hon thin sn phm phic tin hnh trong thi gian ngn nht c th c gim thiu qu trnhoxy ho, bin i hm lng tinh bt sau thu hoch v trong chbin. Tinh btsn c chbin t nguyn liu l c ti hoc kh (sn c, sn lt), vi ccquy m v trnh cng ngh khc nhau. Qui trnh chbin sn c thhin hnh 2.


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Hnh 2. Cng ngh s n xu t tinh b t s n.

Lu : Qu trnh sy kh sn phm s dng nhiu nhit. Cc qu trnh s dng nng lng khc nh: chy my, bng ti... u sinh ra kh nh knhCO2. Cc dng pht thi kh nh knh ny cha c m t c th trong s quy trnh cng nghny.

Theo s hnh 2, qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn gm 7 cngon chnh. Micng on li gm mt s cng on nh hn. Chi tit ca cc bc cngngh c m tc thdi y:

Nng lngBao gi

C sn ti

1. Ti p nhn c s n

2. Ra v lm sch- Ra s b - Tch v - Ra nc

3. Bm v mi c - Bm

- Mi- Nghin, xt

4. Ly tm tch b- Ty mu- Tch b ln 1,2,3

5. Thu h itinh bt th

6. Thu h i

tinh bt tinh- Cc- L tm tch nc

7. Hon thin- Lm ti- Sy kh- nh lng- ng gi

Tinh bt sn

V, t ctNc thi

u c, x snNcNng lng

SO2 Nng lng

Nc

NcNng lng Nc thi

Nc thiNc

Nng lng

Nhit thiVt liu bao gi hng

NcNng lng

Nc thiB thi rn


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1.2.3. Bm v mi c.

Mc ch ca qu trnh ny nhm lm v c, to thnh cc mnh nh, lm tngkhnng tinh bt ho tan trong nc v tch b.

C sn khi ra khi my ra, qua bng ti, c bm thnh nhng mnh nh khong 10 20 mm ti my bm. My bm c gn 2 b li, b th nht c

20 li c nh, theo cu trc chun ca khong cch khe, b th 2 gm 21li gn vi mt trc chnh 4 gc khc nhau. Trc chnh c chuyn ngbng m t in 240 vng/ pht. Sau khi bm, nguyn liu c chuyn vomy mi bng vt ti v bphn phn phi dm.

Vic mi cc hiu qu l yu t cn thit cho sn lng tinh bt cao. Mymi c mt rt c ch to bng thp khng r , c cc rnh gi cc limi, rt ny t trong hp v bmt mi to thnh vchng c th chac, i din vi mt mi l mt m chn cho phpiu ch nh kch thc btmi. Bng cch chn b m ny, c sn ti s c mi trn bmt limi. B sn c y ra t cc khe h y.

Trong qu trnh mi, nc c a vo phu nhm gim nhit lng sinh rav y b sn ra khi my. Trong qu trnh ny, HCN trong c sn trng thit do, ho tan dn trong nc n khi khng cn trong sn phm. S tip xcgia axit HCN vi st d hnh thnh cht ferocyanid lm cho dch tinh bt snc mu hi xanh l. Do vy cng on ny tt c cc bphn thit b c tipxc vi dch tinh bt sn cn c lm bng thp khng r .

Dch sa to thnh sau qu trnh nyc bm sang cng on tip theo.

1.2.4. Ly tm tch b.

Ly tmc thc hin nhm c c dch sa v loi b x.Ty mu c tinhnh ngay sau khi hnh thnh dch sa. Trong qu trnh ny, tinh bt c tchkhi si xenluloza, lm sch si mn trong bt sa v ty trng tinh bt trnh ln men v lm bin mu. Mc ch ly tm tch b l tch tinh bt ra khinc v b. ty trng tinh bt, c th dng cc hp cht SOx c tnh oxymnh (NaHSO3 38% hoc dung dch SO2) ty mu. C th s dng ch phm c tn thng mi SMB vi thnh phn chnh l nc v NaHSO3. SMBang c s dng ph bin ty trng trong sn xut tinh bt nhm thayth cng ngh s dng clo hoc t lu hunh to thnh SO2 trc y. uim ca SMB so vi clo v SO2 l gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh,nc v c bit d dng khng ch c lng SO42- trong tinh bt, p ngcht lng tinh bt theo tiu chun quc t xut khu.

Thng thng vic tch b c tin hnh 3 ln bng cng nghv thit b lytm lin tc. Dch sa c a vo b phn r hnh nn v c nhng viphun nc vo b trong sut qu trnh ra b v ho tan tinh bt. Phn x thuhi, sau khi qua giaion lc cui cng, c cha 90 - 95% hm lng ncv mt t l thp l tinh bt st. y l iu kin thun li tch b v tinh


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Phng php ly tm kh nc ny c thit k theo kiu r, lp b phnchu c c l, mt tm vi lc v mt tm li c l rt nh t bn trong.Tinh bt c chuyn vo dng lng. Trong sut qu trnh phn ly ncc loi b bi mng lc v tinh bt c gi li thnh chu to thnhbnh hnh tr. Chu k hot ng ca my bt u din ra t lc np tinh btsa 18 - 20 oBx vo b phn hnh r cho n khi t mc cho php thngng np. Sau khi hon tt chu k no bt th qu trnh np dch tinh bt mibt u hot ng tr li.

Sau ly tm tch nc, tinh bt tinh thuc t m 38%, c chuynsang cng on sau di dng bnh tinh bt.

1.2.7. Hon thin sn phm.

Bnh tinh bt sau khic tch ra t cng on trn c lm ti v sy kh tip tc tch nc nhm mc ch bo qun lu di.

Vic lm ti tinh btt l rt cn thit khi tng bmt tip xc ca ht tinh bt

vi khng kh nng trong qu trnh sy. lm ti, tinh bt t c dn nb phn vt ti lm ti v b phn ry bt t ng. Nhit b phn nyc gi n nh l 55 oC. Nu nhit trongng dn nhit gim, thp hn 55oC, c ngh a l hm m ca tinh bt cao, tn hiu c truyn n b phniu khin nhit v b phn bin tn s lm gim vn tc m t v tc trcvt, khi lng tinh bt t a vo my sy gim theo, chon khi nhit trongng dn t n tr s n nh.

Tinh bt c sy bng my sy nhanh. Tinh bt t c np vo my synhanh t hmm 10- 13%. Qu trnh sy do khng kh nngc to rat b phn trao i nhit vi mi cht l du nng. Lng khng khc sy

nng i qua b phn lc lm sch, kh bi, tp cht bn trong khng kh.Khng kh cp vo my sy nhit 180 200 oC. Trong qu trnh sy, tinhbt c chuyn i bng kh t y ln nh thp sy bng hi nng khong150 oC v sau ri xung. Qu trnh sy c hon tt trong thi gian rtngn (vi giy) bo m cho tinh bt khng b vn v khng b chy.

Vic gim nhit tinh bt ngay sau khi sy c ngh a quan trng. V vy mysy c lp bphn xoy gic bit hnhanh nhit sn phm.

1.2.8. ng bao s n phm.

Tinh bt sau khi sy kh c tch ra khi dng kh nng,c lm nguingay bi dng lc kh nng v hot ng ng thi ca van quay. Sau tinhbt ny c a qua ry ht bo m to thnh ht tinh bt ng nht,khng kt dnh vn cc, t tiu chun ng u v mn. Tinh bt sau khiqua ry c bao gi thnh phm.

Thit b dy chuyn sn xut tinh bt sn ch yu c nhp ca c, Nht,Php, i Loan, Trung quc, Thi Lan v mt phn c ch to trong nc.


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Trung bnh t 1.000 kg sn c ti thuc 250kg tinh bt, 20 kg tinh bt snth phm v 70 kg phph liu khc (b, m...)

1.2.9. Cc b phn ph tr.

Qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn s dng hi gin tip sy tinh bt hoc micht du c gia nhit. Hi c sinh ra t thit b l hi. Loi l hi ph

bin trong cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn l loi chy bng du, hocbng than, c cng sut ph hp lm nng mi cht l du.

Thay cho hi nc, du c gia nhit p lc cao c cung cp cho ccthit b s dng nhit, thit b sy kh.

Kh SO2 c th c to ra bng cch t lu hunh trong khun vin nhmy, c s dng ty trng nguyn liu hoc thnh phm.

C thnhp mua ho cht ty trng tinh bt c tn thng mi SMB vi thnhphn chnh l NaHSO3 38%.

2. Chng 2. S dng ti nguyn v nhi m mitrng.

Ch ng ny cung c p thng tin c th v tiu th nguyn, nhin, v t li u v tc ng c a qu trnh s n xu t n mi tr ng, c ng nh ti m n ng p d ng SXSH trong ngnh s n xu t tinh b t s n.

Qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn s dng lng ln nc v nng lng, ng

thi sinh ra cht thi di c ba dng rn, kh, lng c trnh by trong ccphn di y.

2.1. Tiu thnguyn, nhin, vt liu.Qu trnh chbin tinh bt sn s dng nguyn liu chnh l sn c ti, nc ra, nng lng in chy my, nhit nng sy (sinh ra t thit b lhi) cng nh ha cht ty trng. Nc s dng yu cu t pH trongkhong 5 - 6.

nh mc tiu thnguyn, nhin, vt liu ca mt s nh my sn xut tinh bt

sn ca Vit nam v cc nc trong khu vc c thhin trong bng sau:


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B ng 1. nh m c tiu th nguyn, nhin, v t li u s n xu t tinh b t s n

Nguyn nhin liu n v Vit Nam Cc nc khc Thc hnh t t

1. Sn c ti tn/ tn sn phm 3,67- 5.00 3,5 - 4 3,67- 4,52. Nc m3 / tn sn phm 30- 40 24- 30 24- 35

3. Phn chua Kg/ tn sn phm 0,08- 0,09 0,066 0,08 0,066- 0,084. Lu hunh Kg/ tn sn phm 2- 2,78 2,0 - 2,2 2,0- 2,55. Nng lng5.1. Du FO tn/ tn sn phm 0,03-0,05 0,03 - 0,04 0,03- 0,045.2.Than cm tn/ tn sn phm 0,6- 0,8 0,5 0,7 0,5- 0,65.3. in Kwh/ tn sn phm 175- 180 120-130 120- 150

Trung bnh t 100kg sn c ti c hm lng bt 25% tr ln s thu c tnht 25 kg tinh bt thng phm loi 1 c m 12%

2.2. Cc vn mi trng.Sn c hm lng nc khong 55,2%, tinh bt khong 25- 29%, hm lngprottein 0,4mg/ 100g cht kh, hm lng HCN 2,9 mg/100g sn ti, thayitheo ma v, iu kin cnh tc, ging sn, thi v, thi gian viu kin boqun.

Chnh cc thnh phn hu c nh tinh bt, protein, xenluloza, pectin,ng...c trong nguyn liu c sn ti l nguyn nhn gy nhim cao cho ccdng nc thi ca nh my sn xut tinh bt sn trong qu trnh sn xut.

Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh sn xut, HCN ho tan trong nc ra b, thot khidy chuyn sn xut cng gp phn gy nhim mi trng to mu sm canc thi.

Kh thi trong nh my sn xut tinh bt sn phi k n l cc hp cht SOx t qu trnh ty ra dng nc SO2, dung dch NaHSO3, CO2 t qu trnh lnmen, cc loi kh NH4, indon, scaton, H2S, CH4 t cc qu trnh ln men ymkh v hiu kh cc hp cht hu c nh tinh bt, ng, protein trong ncthi, b thi.

Cc cht thi rn nh v snh (v lp ngoi cng ca c sn), cc phn s, bthi rn cha nhiu xenluloza, b lc tmy lc, my ly tm.

2.2.1. Nc thi.

Nc sn xut c s dng nhiu nht cng on ra v ly tm tch b.Lng nc thi ra mi trng thng chim 80- 90 % nc s dng.

Nc thi sinh ra t dy chuyn sn xut tinh bt sn c cc thng s ctrng nh: pH thp, hm lng cht hu c v v c cao, th hin qua hmlng cht rn l lng (SS), cc cht dinh dng cha N, P,K, cc ch s v


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nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc (BOD), nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD),mu... vinng rt cao, vt nhiu ln so vi tiu chun mi trng. Nc thi csinh ra t cc cng on sn xut chnh sauy:

- Bc v, mi c, p b: cha mt hm lng ln cyanua, alcaloid, antoxian,protein, xenluloza, pectin,ng v tinh bt. y l ngun chnh gy nhim nc thi, thng dao ng trong khong 20-25m3 / tn nguyn liu,

c cha SS, BOD, COD rt cao.- Lng trch ly: cha tinh bt, xenluloza, protein thc vt, lignin v cyanua, do

c SS, BOD, COD rt cao, pH thp.

- Ra my mc, thit b, v sinh nh xng: c cha du my, SS, BOD.

- Nc thi sinh hot (nc thi t nh bp, nh tm, nh v sinh) cha cccht cn b, SS, BOD, COD, cc cht dinh dng (N, P) v vi sinh vt

- Nc ma chy trn ti nh my cun theo cc cht cn b, rc, bi.

Kt qu phn tch nc thi ti mt s doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn Vit Nam (Bng 2). Bng ny cho thy khong cch dao ng v cc ch tiunc thi cao hn nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php. Thnh phn ncthi ph thuc vo quy m sn xut, tng mc u t, trnh cng ngh vh thng thit b x l nc thi, quy trnh vn hnh v quan trc mi trng.

Tuy nhin, nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn cc quy m khc nhau, hu nh cha t c tiu chun nc thi cng nghip ca Vit Nam.

B ng 2. Ch t l ng n c th i c a t s n xu t tinh b t s n Cc ch

tiun

v Quy m

nh v vaQuy m

ln TCVN 5945:2005*

A B C

pH 4.0-5.6 3.8-5.7 6-9 5.5-9 5-9BOD mg/l 7.400-11.000 6.200-23.000 30 50 100

COD mg/l 13.000-17.800 7.000-41.000 50 80 400

SS mg/l 1.200-2.600 330-4.100 50 100 200

CN- mg/l 3,4-5,8 19-36 0,07 0,5 1

SO42- mg/l 79-99 10-73 0,2 0,5 1Ghi ch: * Cc thng squynh trong tiu chun, cha xt h s lin quann dung tch ngun

tip nhn v h s theo lu lng ngun thi, trong:A - Thi vo ngun tip nhn dng cho mc ch sinh hot.B - Ngun tip nhn khc, ngoi loi A.C - Ngun tip nhn c quynh.

Bng trn cho thy cht lng nc thi t quy trnh sn xut tinh bt snhon ton khngp ng c tiu chun mi trng. Ngoi tnh cht axit,nc thi cn cha lng cht rn, cc cht hu c, HCN cn c x l. Vihm lng BOD/ COD nh bng trn, nc thi ngnh sn xut tinh bt snc th c x l ym kh (UASB), hiu kh, h sinh hc, s dng chphm visinh vt p ng cc tiu chun mi trng (tham kho mc 5 trang 50).


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Tc ng ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi:

- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) l nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc xc nhmc nhim ca nc cp, nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot

- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) l nhu cu oxy ho hc oxy ho cccht hu c v v c cha trong nc thi cng nghip

S nhim ca cc cht hu c dn n suy gim nng xy ha tan (DO)nc. xy ha tan gim s tc ng nghim trng n h thy sinh,c bit lh vi sinh vt. Khi xy ra hin tng phn hy ym kh vi hm lng BODqu cao s gy thi ngun nc v git cht h thy sinh, gy nhim khngkh xung quanh v pht tn trn phm vi rng theo chiu gi.

Tc ng ca cht rn l lng (SS)

Cht rn l lng cng l tc nhn gynh hng tiu cc ti ti nguyn thysinh ng thi gy mt cm quan, bi lng lng h, sng sui...

Tc ng ca axt hu c xyanuahydric (HCN)

Axit HCN lc t c trong v sn. Khi cha o, trong c sn khng c HCNt do m dng lin kt glucozit gi l phazeolutanin c cng thc ha hc lC10H17NO6. Sau khi o, di tc dng ca enzym xyanoaza hoc trong mitrng axit th phazeolutanin phn hy to thnh glucoza, axeton v axitxyanuahydric. Axit ny gyc ton thn cho ngi. Xyanua dng Ing trongdung dch l cht linh hot, khi vo c th n kt hp vi enzym trongxitochrom lmc chkhnng cp xy cho hng cu. Do, cc c quan cac th b thiu xy. Nng HCN thp c th gy chng mt, ming ng,

bun nn. Nng HCN cao gy cm gic bng bnh, kh th, da hng, cogit, m man, bt t nh, hoa mt, ng t gin, au nhi vng tim, tim ngngp v gy t vong.

Trong sn xut sn, HCN tn ti trong nc thi, c phn ng vi st to thnhst xyanua c mu xm. Nu khng tch nhanh HCN s nh hng ti muca tinh bt v mu ca nc thi. Hm lng c tHCN trong csn 0,001-0,04 % chyu v.

Nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn quy m ln c BOD 6.200 -23.000 mg/ lt v khi lng nc thi kh ln 1.500m3 / ngym. Nu ncthi khng c x l trit , khng t tiu chun mi trng, s gy nhim nghim trng cho ngun nc, t v khng kh.

X l n c th i cho cc nh my s n xu t tinh b t s n t tiu chu n mi tr ng l i u b t bu c. Vi c x l c th p d ng cng ngh ln men y m kh t o biogas c thu h i v ti s dng cho qu trnh s n xu t (tham kh o thng tin ch ng 5).


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2.2.2. Kh thi.

Kh thi ca nh my sn xut tinh bt sn c mi hi. Mi hi hnh thnh dos phn hu ca tinh bt sn v cc cht hu c. Cc cht ny c trong bthi, lu ng trong thit b sn xut v khu vc nh xng. Nc thi lu tr trong h b phn huym kh cng gy mi hi v gy kh chu i vi cngnhn lao ng trc tip sn xut v dn c ln cn.

Cc ngun sinh ra kh thi gm:

- B thi rn, hx l nc thi ym kh, sinh kh H2S, NH4

- L hi, phng tin chuyn ch sinh kh NOx, SOx, CO, CO2, HC

- Khu vc sy vng bao c nhiu bi tinh bt sn.

- Kho bi cha nguyn liu c sn ti c bi, t, ct, sn ph liu, vi sinhvt.

- Bi nhp nguyn liu, than, dy chuyn np liu, kho cha nguyn liu c bit ct

- Gu ti, my xt trng, my bc v, my sy tinh bt, my phtin, qut gi,xe vn ti... gy tingn.

Tc ng ca cc cht nhim H2S, CH4 v NH4 n mi trng khng kh.

Mi hi sinh ra do qu trnh phn hy t nhin cc cht hu c, thnh phnch yu to ra mi hi l H2S v mt s cht hu c th kh. Cc loi kh nylm cho con ngi kh th v nh hng gin tip ti sc khe lu di.

Bi: Bi gy vim mi, hng, phqun ngi laong. Bnh bi phi gy tnthng chc nng phi cp tnh hoc mn tnh, to nn nhng khi u cungphi, gin phqun v cc khi u bn trong c ht bi.

Axit (SOx, NOx): Cc kh ny kch thch nim mc, to thnh cc axit H2SOx,HNOx nhim vo c th qua ng h hp hoc ha tan vo nc bt ri vong tiu ha sau phn tn vo mu, kh ny khi kt hp vi bi s tothnh cc ht bi axit l lng v i vo ph nang ph hy thc bo, dn nc ch thn kinh trungng v lm hhuyt p, kch thch nim mc lm chync mi, ho, gy tai bin phi.

Tu nng NO2 v thi gian tip xc t vi ngyn vi tun c thgy vimcung phi, vim mng phi n t vong.

i vi thc vt: Cc kh SOx, NOx khi b xy ha trong khng kh v kt hpvi nc ma to nn ma axit gynh hng ti s pht trin ca cy trngv thm thc vt

i vi vt liu: S c mt ca SOx, NOx trong khng kh nngm lm tng


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cng qu trnhn mn kim loi, ph hy vt liu btng, v cc cng trnhxy dng khc.

CO: Kh cacbon oxit khng mu, khng mi v, pht sinh t s t cc vt liutng hp c cha cacbon v chim t l ln trong nhim mi trng khngkh. CO khi vo c th kt hp vi Hb lm mt chc nng vn chuyn xy camu ti cc b phn c th, rt dgy t vong. Tcng ca CO i vi sckhe con ngi ph thuc hm lng HbCO (t 1 n 40%) trong mu, c th gy nh hng n h thn kinh trungng, gim khnng phn bit v thigian, gic quan km nhy cm, co git tng cn, gy hn m v dn ti t vong.

CO2: CO2 gy ri lon h hp phi v t bo do chim ch ca xy trongmu. CO2 cn l tc nhn gy hiu ng nh knh, dn n hin tng nng lnca tri t, bin i kh hu ton cu.

HC: HC l hp cht ha hc do hydro v cacbon to thnh, sinh ra do s tchy nhin liu s dng cho cc phng tin c gii, hoc do s t khnghon ton ca cc ng c t trong. i vi ngi, kh HC lm sng tymng nhy phi, lm thu hp cung phi v lm sng ty mt. HC cn lnguyn nhn gy ra ung th phi.

Ting n: Ting n cao hn tiu chun cho php s gy nh hng ti sckhe con ngi nhmt ng, mt mi, tm l kh chu, lm gim nng sut laong, km tp trung laong, dn n nguy c gy tai nn trong khi laong.

Cc bo co phn tch v mi tr ng trong s n xu t tinh b t s n cho th y v n kh th i c n quan tm nh t l cc kh c, mi v b i tinh b t s n. C ng nh cc ngnh cng nghi p khc, kh th i c a l h i c ng l v n c n quan tm. Kh th i l m t trong nh ng

n i dung c a ch ng 5.

2.2.3. Cht thi rn.

Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut chyu bao gm:

- Vgv vc, chim khong 2- 3 % lng sn c ti, c loi bngayt khu bc v. Ph liu ny c th c s dng lm thc n gia sc dng kh hoc t.

- X v b sn c thu nhn sau khi lc ht tinh bt. Loi cht thi rn

ny thng chim 15 - 20 % lng sn ti, gy nhim mi trng nukhngc x l kp thi. S v b sn sau khi trch lyc tch nc lmthc n gia sc.

- M: lng mkh chim khong 3,5 - 5 % sn c ti. M c tch ra t dch sa, c hm lng cht hu c cao (1.500- 2.000 mg/ 100g) v x (12.800-14.500 mg/ 100 g) nn gy mi rt kh chu do qu trnh phn hysinh hc, cn c lm kh ngay. Tuy nhin, thc hnh ti nhiu doanh


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nghip sn xut thng m di dng t. Lng tinh bt cha trongm l 51.800-63.000 mg/ 100 g, gp i lng tinh bt c trong vgv v c. M c s dng lm thc n gia sc.

- Bn lng sinh ta t h thng x l nc thi.

- Bao b ph thi.

B thi rn ca ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn thng c cc doanh nghipsn xut tn dng lm sn phm phdi dng thc n gia sc. Ngun thu t sn phm phny l khngng k, cn c cc bin php s dng v qun lb thi rn hiu quhn. (Tham kho mc 3, trang 20- 25).

Tc ng ca b thi rn

Cht thi rn c khi lng rt ln. Vi cng sut 60 tn tinh bt/ ngy, tilng phn vg chim khong 4 800 kg/ ngy, phn v c8 000 kg/ ngy, bsn nhiu nht 16 800 kg/ ngy. Nu khng thu gom v x l ngay trong ngy

th qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong cht thi rn sau 48 gi s to ra cc kh H2S, NH4 gy mi hi thi lm nhim mi trng.B th i r n c a qu trnh s n xu t tinh b t s n g m cc h p ch t h u c d b phn hu ,gy mi hi th i kh ch u, ng th i l mi tr ng t t cho cc lo i vi sinh v t c h i pht tri n v c kh n ng pht tn i xa theo chi u gi, gy nhi m mi tr ng khng kh khu v c xung quanh. Thng tin x l ch t th i r n c trnh b y ch ng 5.

2.3. Tim nng ca SXSH.Tham chiu bng nh mc tiu hao nguyn nhin vt liu trong qu trnh snxut tinh bt sn, cho thy nhu cu tiu th nguyn nhin vt liu ca cc

doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn trong nc c bin ln, ch yu ph thuc vo sn lng, cng nghv thit b sn xut.

tng tnh cnh tranh vi cc nc trong khu vc, cc doanh nghip ch bin tinh bt sn trong nc cn c nhng bin php tch cc gim thiuhn na mc tiu thcc nguyn nhin vt liu trn mt n v sn phm. Vicng ngh sn xut vi mc trung bnh Vit nam, vic p dng SXSH cthgim nh mc tiu hao i vi nguyn liu sn c ti l 20%, phn 10%,lu hunh 20%, du FO 20%, than 12%,in 25%. Lng nc s dng trnmt n v sn phm ca Vit Nam hin cn cao hn so vi cc nc khctrong khu vc. Tiu th nguyn nhin vt liu trn mt n v sn phm cao

hn so vi cc nc trong khu vc khng ch lm tng gi thnh sn xut snphm m cn lm tng chi ph x l mi trng.

Hiu sut thu hi tinh bt ca Vit Nam trung bnh ch t 70% trong khihiu sut thu hi tinh bt sn ca cc nc khc c thc hnh tt c th lnn 88%.

Ngoi k thut tch tinh bt, cht lng nguyn liu sn cng l vn cnquan tm.


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Thng tin v vc trin khai p dng SXSH trong ngnh sn xut tinh bt sntrong v ngoi nc cn hn ch. Ti liu ny cng trnh by mt s kt qu nghin cu khoa hc, pht trin cng ngh, mt s kinh nghim t c t thc tsn xut v c hi SXSH.

Ch ng ny d n ra m t s v d v gi i php SXSH c th p d ng thnh cng trong ngnh s n xu t tinh b t s n. N i dung ny s ti p t c c c p nh t khi c thm cc thngn tin m i t cc doanh nghi p p d ng SXSH .

Tht thot tinh bt lm gim hiu xut tng thu hi trong ngnh sn xut tinhbt sn. Tinh bt b mt trong tt c cc cng on sn xut, t x l s b (ch yu trong lu tr), tch bt (chyu trong k thut tch b, ra, ly tm vlc) v trong hon thin sn phm (ch yu trong sy). Lng tinh bt mt ikhng ch lmnh hng trc tip n gi thnh sn xut m cnnh hngn chi ph x l mi trng.

3. Chng 3. C hi sn xut sch hn.3.1. C hi c th trin khai trong khu x l s b.Khu x l s b bao gm cc cng on tip nhn c, ra v lm sch. Yucu ca khu ny l tip nhn v lm sch c sn chun b cho qu trnhtch tinh bt. Cc cht c tch ra ch yu l t ct bm vo b mt c.Mc d khu ny khng gy nhim mi trng nghim trng nhng trc tipnh hng n hiu qu ca vic tch tinh bt trong cc cngon sau .Vic s dng cc bin php qun l v x l nguyn liu u vo, tcng nvic tch t. S dng cc thit b ra hiu sut cao nn c p dng trongcng on ny nhm tng hiu qu s dng nng lng v nc trn mt n

v sn phm, ng thi rt ngn thi gian ch gia cc cng on sn xut.Yu cu thi gian lu ca sn c ti cng on ny cng ngn cng tt.

3.1.1. Phn khu tng tr sn theo thi gian nhp.

Sn mua v c nhp vo kho bi. Lu sp xp khu tng tr sn theo thigian nhp m bo sn nhp trc c sn xut trc. Bng cch ny, snkhng b mt tinh bt, ng thi gim ly nhim vi sinh vt. Thi giana snvo x lc khuyn co l khng qu 24 gi t khi thu hoch.

3.1.2. Bc v v ra.

Vgv v la c bc trc khi ra nhm loi bphn ln HCN l cht tomu cho tinh bt thnh phm. C ti 50% tinh bt cha trong lp v la. Tuynhin, cc nh my ln, ch c lp v g ngoi cng lc loi ra v c th thu hi c tinh bt t lp v la (8-15% trng lng c) v gim thiulng cht thi rn.


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3.2.2. Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh sng quay.

Hiu sut ca vic tch b ph thuc vo khi lng nc ra b, cht lngnguyn liu v tc vng quay ca my. Vic tng tc ly tm v lngnc b sung trong tch b s tng hiu qu tch b nhng li tiu tn thmnng lng v pha long thm hm lng tinh bt. Vic th nghim tm rathng s ti u hay quy trnh chun tch b c thc hin ti tng doanhnghip theo hng tiu tn nng lng thp nht v tn tht tinh bt t nht.

3.2.3. Dng ly tm siu tc v lin tc.

Tch tinh bt mn c thc hin bng ly tm siu tc v lin tc gp phngim lng hao ph tinh bt, gim thi gian tch tinh bt v gim c chuaca sn phm so vi ly tm thng, lc, p vt thcng.

3.2.4. Thu hi tinh bt t b thi.

B sn sau khi ly tm cn cha n 7% tinh bt. Dng nc sch thu hi litinh bt ny bng cch ra b v ly tm tch nc c th tng hiu sut thu hitinh bt sn phm, ng thi gim c lng cht hu c thi ra mi trng.Tuy nhin, cn phn tch hiu qukinh tkhi phi s dng nhiu nc hn, chiph nng lng cao hn.

3.2.5. Thu hi tinh bt v ti s dng nc sau lc th.Thu hi tinh bt c thc hin ngay trong qu trnh tch nc. Nc ctch ra cn cha mt lng tinh bt. Tinh bt ny cn c thu tch ra khidng thi trc khi thi vo mi trng lm thc n chn nui. Nc thuhi sau lc th c th ti s dng ra c.

3.2.6. S dng NaHSO3 hoc chphm SMB ty trng.

l gii php hu hiu gim gi thnh, gim nhim kh SOx v nng caocht lng sn phm thay cho SO2 bng cng ngh t lu hunh3.2.7. Tn dng b sn lm phn vi sinh.B sn c hm lng cht hu c cao, nu khng c vn chuyn ra khinh my v x l kp thi s to mi kh chu. Hin ti b sn thng ccc cng ty sn xut tinh bt sn k hp ng x l. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cugn y cho thy c th tn dng b sn c hm lng cht hu c v chts cao lm tng xp ln men lm phn vi sinh.

3.2.8. S dng m sn sn xut sn phm ph.

Nh trnh by trn, m sn sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn dng t, c mi kh chu do qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c. M sn cn c tch ra nhanh chng khi dy chuyn sn xut v lm kh gim thiu mi. C th s dng msn lm cc loi sn phm phsau:

- Lm phn bn: M sn c cha thnh phn N,P,K v cc cht khongkhc.


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3.2.12. La chn mi cht truyn nhit l hi nc hay du.

S la chn mi cht truyn nhit ph thuc vo thit b, cng ngh v snphm. Hu ht cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn sau cng on ly tm tchnc, phi sy kh tinh bt, c s dng mi cht truyn nhit l du. u imni tri l du sau khi truyn nhit c thu hi trit v ti s dng. Mi chtdu lm nng gin tip v khng tip xc trc tip vi nguyn liu v snphm.

Mt s nh my sn xut tinh bt sn v cc sn phm sau tinh bt sn cdng hi nc lm mi cht truyn nhit. Hi nc bo ho, nhit cao,p sut cao (8 kg/ cm2) c s dng tip xc trc tip hoc gin tip vi c cht l dch tinh bt nng nhit hoc lm bc hi nc khi sy kh. S dnghi nc trc tip vi nguyn liu trong cc thit b ni nu chu p lc (4- 5kg/ cm2) hoc ngay trongng ng chu p lc cao hn 8 kg/ cm2. S dnghi nc trc tip hay gin tip hiu sut truyn nhit thp, kh thu hi v tis dng nhit.

3.3. C

h

i SXSH trong khu v

c cc thi

t b

ph

tr

.Cc thit b ph tr chnh ca qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn l ni hi, bncha, bm, h thng in ng lc, in chiu sng, h thng x l cp ncsch v x l nc thi. y l b phn s dng nhiu nng lng vnhnh. Nn tham kho ti liu hng dn s dng tit kim nng lng cthng tiny hn. Sau y l mt s tng v SXSH c p dngthnh cng.

3.3.1. Lm mm nc cp cho ni hi.

Vic lm mm nc cp vo ni hi s gim lng cn, m bo hiu sut trao

i nhit cao hn, duy tr hiu sut sinh nhit trn mt n v nhin liu caohn. Vic lm mm nc cp cho ni hi cn gp phn ko di tui th nihi.

3.3.2. Tn dng nhit khi thi t ni hi.

Khi thi ni hi c nhit khong 200oC. Vic thu hi nhit thi c th thchin qua thit b trao i nhit lp ti ng ng thi. Nhit thu c dng un nc cp cho ni hi. Tuy nhin, cn cn i cc nh hng ca thit b trao i nhit c th lm gim cng sut v hiu sut l hi, lm tng chi phnng lng in dng tng cng cho qut gi.

3.3.3. Thu hi v ti s dng nc ngng.Nc ngng t qu trnh sy, t cc thit b s dng hi nc trc tip lnc mm, c nhit cao (trung bnh 80oC), nn c thu hi cp li choni hi. y cng l ngun nc sch c th tn dng trong cc cngonlc, li tm tinh bt .


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3.3.4. Tn thu kh biogas t h thng x l nc thi.

Nc thi ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn c cha hm lng cc cht hu c cao. C thp dng x l ym kh sinh ra kh biogas l CH4. Vic thu hi vs dng kh gas ny lm nhin liu cho l hi phc v qu trnh sn xut(sy kh tinh bt) l thc hnh ph bin nht. Kh gas cng c th cchuyn thnh in nng, khi d tha trong cngon sy.

3.3.5. Tn dng nc thi ti h sinh hc v sn xut phn hu c.

Sau x l ym kh thu hi kh biogas, BOD trong nc thi gim xung mc250 mg/ l v c th c x l tip h sinh hc, sau c s dng nui trng thu sn. Nc thi t b nui c sgim n mc p ng ctiu chun mi trng, ng thi bn s l ngun phn bn hu c cho cytrng.

4. Chng 4. Thc hin nh gi SXSH.

Ch ng ny s trnh by t ng b c ti n hnh nh gi SXSH t i doanh nghi p s n xu t tinh b t s n v i m c tiu tm ki m c y h n cc gi i php SXSH, ph h p h n v i i u ki n s n xu t c a doanh nghi p. Cc bi u m u i km c th c s d ng thu th p v x l thng tin.

Vic thc hin nh gi SXSH tun theo nguyn tc c bn l mi nguynnhin vt liu c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, nu khng nm li trongsn phm s b thi ra mi trng, di dng ny hoc dng khc. Vic trinkhai nh gi SXSH mt cch bi bn s h tr doanh nghip tip cn ccphng php gim thiu khi lng nguyn nhin vt liu s dng mt cchhu hiu nht, ng thi c th tng c nng sut lao ng, hiu sut, chtlng sn phm v tit kim chi ph x l mi trng. cng chnh l mctiu ca vic p dng SXSH.

Vic p dng SXSH yu cu thi gian v n lc ca cc b phn trong tondoanh nghip, trong s cam kt v h trmnh m ca Ban lnh o cngty s l yu t quyt nh cho thnh cng ca chng trnh. Chng ti khuynco p dng SXSH theo 6 bc bao gm 18 nhim v sau y:


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4.1. Bc 1: Khi ng.

M c ch c a b c ny nh m: - Thnh l p c nhm nh gi SXSH.- Thu th p s li u s n xu t lm c s d li u ban u.- Tm ki m cc bi n php c i ti n n gi n nh t, hi u qu nh t v c th h c hi n

ngay.

4.1.1. Nhim v1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH.

Vic thnh lp nhmnh gi SXSH l rt cn thit khi trin khai chng trnhnh gi SXSH. Cc thnh vin ca nhm l cn b ca doanh nghip trc tipthc hin nu qua o to v c th c s h tr trin khai ca chuyn giabn ngoi. Thnh phn ca nhm sph thuc vo quy m ca doanh nghip,bao gm i din Lnho, qun c, trng phng, ban v nhm cc chuyngia trin khai ph c thnh lp ty theo thi im. Vi doanh nghip nh,nhm c th ch gm i din lnh o v qun c ph trch cc cng vic

phn xng chnh sn xut tinh bt sn. Cc thnh vin trong nhm phi cphp hp nh k, trao i ci m, c tnh sng to, c php xem xt,nhgi li quy trnh cng ngh v qun l hin ti cng nh nng lc p dngtrin khai cc tng SXSH .

Vi cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn, nhm nh gi SXSH nn baogm i din lnh o ph trch k thut, qun c phn xng, i din b phn tip nhn nguyn nhin vt liu v khu ph tr. Vic mi thm cn b ph trch ti chnh, cn b t vn ngoi cng ty cng nn c xem xt cc kin a ra khch quan. Nhmnh gi SXSH s bt u qu trnhnh gibng vic thu thp cc thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip cng

phn tch vi cc thnh vin trong nhm. Vic thu thp thng tin c th s dng Phiu cng tc s1.


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Phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c bnTn v a ch doanh nghi p S ngy

lm victrong nm:

Nhm SXSHTn Chc v - b phn Nhim v

nhm

1234

5

Thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghipSn phm chnh Cng su t thit k

(tn/ nm)Cng sut thc hin

(tn/nm)

- Tinh bt sn

- Sn lt- Sn vin- Loi khc (ghi r)

Nguyn nhin liu s dng

N

g

u

y

n

u

c

h

n

T n/ nm

H

o

c

h

t

T n/ nm- Sn cti Lu hunh- Sn lt Vi- Khc (ghi r) Xt

ClorinPhnPolymeX phngKhc (ghi r)

N

c

v

n

n

g

l

n g

Kh i lng Cng su tNc cp m3 / nm

T h i

t

b

v

p

h

t r

Ni hi du 1 tn/ gi Nc t khai thc m3 / nm Ni hi du 2 tn/ gi Than t n/ nm N i hi than 1 t n/ gi D u cho n i hi t n/ nm N i hi than 2 t n/ gi D u cho my pht t n/ nm My pht in Kw/ gi in li Kwh/ nm in t sinh Kwh/ nmThan tn/ nm

L u : Doanh nghi p s n xu t tinh b t s n ho t ng theo ma v nn s ngy ho t ng trong n m c ng nh giai o n l y thng tin ph i l n i di n cho ma v n m . C th s d ng s li u c a n m li n k .

Sau y l v d c trch t bo co nh gi SXSH ti Cng ty c phnTinh bt sn FOCOCEV Qung Nam, l doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt snu tin thc hin nh gi SXSHVit nam.


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Phi u cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c b n Tn v a ch doanh nghi p: Nh my tinh b t s n FOCOCEV, thu c Cng ty C ph n Tinh b t s n Qu ng Nam 1

S ngy lm vi c trong n m:

Nhm SXSH Tn Ch c v - b ph n Nhi m v nhm

1 Nguy n V n Th ng Ph phng KT-KTS i tr ng 2 Tr n nh Chung Ph phng SX i ph 3 H c Tin T Nng v -phng t ng

h p i vin

4 inh V n Tuy T tr ng t i n i vin 5 Hu nh V n Tr Ph phng k ton i vin 6 Tr ong Cng L ng T tr ng KCS i vin 7 Hu nh Th Minh Tuy t T tr ng t o nguyn

li u i vin

8 Tr n Qu H ng KCS i vin 9 Nguy n V n Tu n T tr ng t c kh i vin 10 o V n Th nh Phng t ng h p i vin 11 Nguy n Thi Nguyn Tr ng ca i vin 12 Ng V n Th nh Tr ng ca i vin

Thng tin s n xu t c b n c a doanh nghi p S n ph m chnh CS thi t k (t n/ n m) Cng su t th c (t n/ n m)

S n b t 21.000 2 19.762

Nguyn nhin li u s d ng

N g u y n

l i

u

c

h

T n/ n m

H o

c h

t

T n/ n m S n c 75.459 L u hu nh 2.52

Vi 3,71Xt 6.57 Clorin 0.15 Phn 8.78 Polyme 0.04 X phng 0.32 Khc (ghi r)

N

c

v

n

n

g

l

n

g

L ng

T h i

t r

Cng su t N c c p m 3 / n m 367.011 N i h i d u 1 t n/ gi N/A

N c t khai thc m 3

/ n m N i h i d u 2 t n/ gi Than t n/ n m 117 N i h i than 1 t n/ gi D u cho n i h i t n/ n m 632.965 N i h i than 2 t n/ gi D u cho my pht t n/ n m My pht i n i n l i Mwh/ n m 3.510 i n t sinh Kwh/ n m

Nh n xt: Nhm SXSH c thnh l p v i i di n c a t t c cc phng ban. y l i u ng qu. Tuy nhin, nhm s ho t ng thu n l i h n khi c s tham gia c a i di n Lnh o Cng ty, ng th i c t gi m s l ng thnh vin v ch huy ng khi c ho t ng lin quan n b ph n trnh vi c v ng m t cc thnh vin khi th o lu n/ h p bn v SXSH.M t s thng tin cn thi u nh s ngy lm vi c. Cng su t thi t k v cng su t th c hi n nn quy v cng m t n v th i gian (n m) nh i v i ph n s li u tiu th nguyn nhin v t li u ph c v cho vi c tnh ton nh m c sau ny. Vi c nhi u thng tin nh (cng su t thi t k 130 t n/ ngy, cng su t th c 120 t n/ ngy, cng su t th c 19.762 t n/ n m d d n n kh s d ng d li u no dng nh gi so snh.

Vic tin hnh nh gi SXSH cn yu cu c thng tin nn, da trn mt s ti liu, h s, bo co ca doannh nghip hin c. Nu khng cy thngtin th cn x l, tnh ton hoc thng nht xy dng. Bng kim tra trong phiucng tc s2 sgip cho nhm xem xt v tnh sn c ca thng tin.

1 y l doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn u tin ca Vit nam thc hin nh gi SXSH2 S liu tnh ngc t bo co nh gi SXSH t cng sut thit k 130 tn/ ngy, cng sut thc 120 tn/ ngy, gi thit 165 ngy lm vic/ nm.


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Phiu cng tc s 2. Tnh sn c ca thng tinThng tin C/ khng Ngun v cch tip cn Ghi ch

S mt bng

Hs sn lng

Hs nguyn liu tiu th

Hs tiu thnc, nng lng

H s tiu thho ch t

S cng ngh

Cn b ng nng lng

Cn b ng nc

H s bo dng thi t b

H s hin trng mi trng

Cc thng tin cng ngh:

- T lnguyn liu/ sn phm,nhit , thi gian, pH mitrng, p lc hi nng, hinn, cc kt qu phn tchho, l, vi sinh vt, cc ch tiu cm quan

- Hm lng cht kh trongdch lc trc v sau khi sykh

- Cht lng sn phm

Nh n xt: R t nhi u doanh nghi p khng c thng tin ban u v cc thnh vin trong nhm s lm nhi m v th o lu n cch th c thu th p nh ng thng tin ny. Ch c

cc ti li u ph n nh hi n tr ng s n xu t m i c gi tr cao trong nh gi SXSH, hi u qu kinh t , k tu t v mi tr ng.

4.1.2. Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph

Khi c y thng tin c bn v doanh nghip, nhmnh gi SXSH nntin hnh thng nht quy trnh sn xut hin ti bng cch lit k li cc cngon sn xut chnh, c th l x l nguyn liu s b, tch bt v hon thinsn phm. Thc hin nhim v ny, nhm cn i kho st li thng tin cngnh tm ra cc c hi ci tin d thy, d lm lm im khi u cho nhgi. y l c hi r sot li quy trnh sn xut, thng nht ng i canguynnhin vt liu v nh gi li cc tn tht.

Vic kho st c tin hnh bng cch i tham quan cc phn xng snxut theo quy trnh cng ngh, t khu nhp sn c t-i n bao gi snphm, tham quan cc phn xng ph tr nh khu ni hi, h thng in...Vic quan trcny mang ngh a tch cc, khng phi l c hi nhm nhgi, soi xt, ph bnh. Cc kin a ra t vic tham quan nn mang tnh xydng v gi m thc hin.


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31

Trong qu trnh quantrc, nhm ghi li c cc thng tin chnh:

- u vo v u ra ca mi cngon (xem phiu cng tc 3). i vi ura, cn ghi r dng pht thi l rn (R), lng (L) hay kh (K).

- Cc quan st v lng ph nguyn vt liu ti mi cngon (phiu cng tc4). y l cc quan st ban u, nhm s tip tc khai thc cc c hi ci tin. i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn, vic qun l ni vich-a tt lmt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n tn tht nguyn nhinvtliu.

- Chi ph cho nguynvt liu c bn (phiu cng tc 5), ghi li gi nguynvtliu chnh s dng lm c s tnh ton tip theo.

-

Phiu cng tc s 3. Cng on sn xut vi cc dngnguyn nhin vt liu v pht th i

L u : Cc dng u vo v u ra c tnh cho t t c cc cng o n c a quy trnh s n xu t. Pht th i gin ti p nh pht th i kh nh knh do s d ng i n s khng li t k y m c tnh vo k t qu chung cu i cng.

CHUN B NGUYN LIUNc

Sn c Sn lt

Bn,t, v, u x (R)

TCH TINHBTLu hunh

Nc thi (L), B sn(R),Mi (K)

HON THINsn phmBao gi

Kh nng (K), Bi sn(K),Vbao gi (R)

THI T B PHTR

inKh nng, Kh thi (K), Tro(R), nc thi (L).

H THNGXL

Nc thiMi (K), Bn (R), Bi (R).

Than, Du

Nc thi (L)


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Phi u cng tc s 4. Hin trng qun l ni viKhu vc Quan st

Chun b nguyn liu - B tr mt bng tip nhn nguyn liu- Phn loi v vn chuyn nguyn liu- Cc ri vi nguyn liu

Tch tinh bt - B tr mt bng- Bo dng thit b

- Ri vi, tht thot tinh bt ho tntong nc.- S dng, ti s dng nc ra bHon thin sn phm - Phn bv s dng nhit

- Nhit mt mt- Thu hi bi tinh bt sn t h thng thit b sy kh

Ph tr - Nhit khi l thi ra- Kh thi trong bung my nn- Ting n

L u : Cc quan st nu ra khng mang tnh ph bnh (v d ch a ng vi n c sau khi s d ng xong) m c n th hi n i u quan st c (vi n c m sau khi s d ng).i u ny s h tr vi c a ra cc bi n php c i ti n c sng t o h n. V d khi nu ch a ng vi n c t ng ng v i gi i php ng vi n c l i sau khi s d ng. Tuy nhin khi nu vi n c m c th d n n gi i php ng vi t ng

Rt nhiu gii php SXSHc xut ngay t bc ny m cha cn s dng cc k thut phn tch tip theo. y l cc gii php hin th r rng mtrc y cha c lu tm khi vn hnh. Vic mi cc chuyn gia bnngoi tham gia, tham quan, kho st bc ny lc bit c hiu qu.

Qun l mt bng km l nguyn nhn quan trng sinh ra cht thi nh mysn xut tinh bt sn. iu thng b bqua v l phn n gin nht, hpdn nht bt u cc bc tip cn SXSH. Trong khi tin hnh nghin cu,nhm SXSH nn ch c bit ti cc nh hng do qu trnh qun l mtbng sn xut km.

Tip cn nh gi SXSH nh my ca nhm nh gi SXSHc bt ubng vic thm phn xng sn xut. Hn na, rt nhiu phng n SXSHc xc nh l nhng phng n c th thc hin trng thi gian ngn, chiph thp, ch cn nhng thay i nh v thit b hoc ci thin v duy tr bodng. Vic p dng nhng bin php ny chng minh l mt khi u ttcho cc c gng SXSH ca nh my, khuyn khch nh qun l cng nh cccn bcgng hn na khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH.


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Phiu cng tc s 5. Chi ph nguyn liu u voBphn/ nguyn liu n gi,

ng/tn

Lng s dngtn/ nm

Lng s dngtn/ tn bt sn

Chi ph ng/ tn bt

snChu n bnguyn liuSn c Sn ltSn vin

NcTch tinh btNcLu hunhHon thin sn ph m.Bao gi

L u : B ng trn ch bao g m chi ph cho nguyn li u chnh. y l c s dng nh gi hi u qu ch ng trnh, ng th i c ng ph n no ch ra t l t ng quan gi a cc lo i nguyn li u. B c tranh chi ph s n xu t t ng th cn c b sung b i chi ph lao ng,n ng l ng v v n hnh h th ng x l mi tr ng.

4.2. Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut.

M c ch c a b c ny c s nh gi th ng nh t chung c a nhm v : - Quy trnh s n xu t, cc thng s ki m sot - Xc nh cc t n th t quan tr ng trong dy chuy n s n xu t v chi ph t ng ng - Xc nh y cc nguyn nhn sinh ra t n th t

4.2.1. Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut.

Vic chun b s dy chuyn sn xut, s qui trnh cng ngh, l mtbc quan trng trong phn tchnh gi SXSH. S khi ca dy chuynsn xut bao gm cc cng on sn xut (khng theo tn thit b) vi cc

dng u vo, u ra, cht thi v pht thi. Mi nguyn nhin vt liu s dng, k c dng t cng cn c trong s ny, v cc nguyn nhin vt liu s hoc nm li trong sn phm hoc tht thot theo dng thi. C th phitin hnh tham quan kho st ni sn xut mt vi ln trc khi thng nhtc s dy chuyn sn xut dng s dng cho nh gi SXSH. Viquy m sn xut ln hoc trin khai SXSH mang tnh thim, dy chuyn snxut chi tit s c xy dng cho khu vc c chn trin khai. y phil khu vc gy nhim ln nht. Cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn cdy chuyn sn xut n gin, quy m khng ln, vic p dng SXSH thngc tin hnh trin khai trn ton b dy chuyn.

.L u : S cng ngh t t nh t c n t c cc i m sau: - Tn cng o n s n xu t c m t trong h p ch nh t gi a.- Li t k y cc dng u vo, u ra. Dng u vo ghi bn ph i, dng u ra ghi bn tri c a h p m t cng o n .- Bao g m cc dng tu n hon nguyn nhin v t li u, bao g m c ph n thu h i v ti s d ng.


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Trn y l s quy trnh cng ngh t i cng ty Tinh b t s n Qu ng Nam. S li t k chi ti t cc b c cng ngh . M t s dng th i c n c b sung, v d v i cng o n trch ly, ng gi. Vi c li t k y dng th i nhi m v ny s h tr cho nhi m v cn b ng v t li u c ng nh xc nh chi ph dng th i nhi m v ti p sau.

Nhp nguyn liu

Cht ci 1

Bc v

Ra

Cht ci 2

Bm

Mi

Trch ly th 1

Trch ly th 2

Trch ly tn dng B, bt sn

Trch ly tinh

Trch ly sng cong

Phn ly

Ly tm

Sy

Lm ngui

Ry

ng gi

Nhp kho

Nc, in

H2SO3

Nc, bt, t

V, t, nc, sn vn

V, t, nc, sn vn

Than

in

Kh thi, bi bt

Bt khngt


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4.2.2. Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn nhin v t liu.

Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu thc cht l cng c thng k ghi li mt cchnh lng nguyn nhin vt liu s dng ti mi cng on sn xut. Cnbng nguyn nhin vt liu tt ng vai tr quan trng trongnh gi SXSH vnh c th nh lng cc tiu hao, mt mt hoc pht tn cha bit. Cnbng nhin vt liu tt cn h tr vic nh gi li ch v chi ph ca gii phpSXSH. Nguyn tc c bn ca cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu l nguyn nhinvt liu i vo dy chuyn s phi ra khi dy chuyn sn xut mt thiim no , di mt dng no . Nguyn nhin vt liu c th c cnbng di mt trong hai hnh thc sau:

- Cn bng tng th: dng cho tt c cc dng nguyn nhin vt liu vo dychuyn sn xut. Cn bng c tin hnh qua tng cng on vi s bini ca tt ccc thnh phn tham gia vo dy chuyn sn xut.

- Cn bng cu t: ch dng mt loi nguyn nhin vt liu hoc cu t cgi tr. Theo di bin i ca cu t ny trn mi cngon.

i vi qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn, cng ngh s dng t nguyn nhin vtliu, c th p dng c hai phng php trn. Cn bng cu t c th tinhnh vi tinh bt thng qua nng cht kh hoc cn bng nc.

S dng phiu cng tc s 6 ghi li cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu. C haicch ghi th hin cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu: theo bng hoc theo s quy trnh cng ngh. Khi s dng s quy trnh cng ngh ghi li cnbng nguyn nhin vt liu cn ghi r thnh phn, nng ca tng loinguyn nhin vt liu vo v ra. Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu c th datrn o c, ghi chp ca mt m, mt ngy hoc mt nm sn xut. Tng chtrn l lng c s dng hin th thnh phn tinh bt trong nc thi.

Phiu cng tc s 6. Bng cn bng nguyn nhin v t liuCng on u vo u ra Dng th i

Loi Lng Loi Lng Lng R n KhTi p nhn c S n S n Bi

Ra, lm sch S nNc in

S n sch Nc

Bm, mi,nghin

S n schNc

in

S n bt NcTng s tinh

btLy tm tch b S n btNc in

S n bt NcTng s tinh

bt

B m

Tch bt th S n btNcLu hunh in

Bt th NcTng s tinh

bt

Tch bt mn Bt thNc

Bt mn NcTng s tinh


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Phi u cng tc s 6. B ng cn b ng nguyn nhin v t liuCng on u vo u ra Dng thi

Loi Lng Loi Lng Lng R n KhLu hunh in

bt

S y Bt mn in

Bt tyu cu

Bibt:

ng bao Bt tyu cuBao gi in

Bt s n

L u : khng c cn b ng no l hon thi n c . Khi ghp s li u c a t ng cng o n v s li u t ng th c a c dy chuy n s xu t hi n sai s do tnh chnh xc c a s li u, do t ng c a nhi u dng th i nh ch a c k n nh bay h i, r i vi.... M c ch c a cn b ng v t li u l tm ra cc dng th i lng ph l n nh t xu t v th c hi n cc bi n php gi m thi u.S li u dng trong cn b ng v t li u c th c thu th p t : s sch ghi chp ho c o c tr c ti p. Cc s li u s d ng c n quy i cho cng m t n v s n ph m. Ring i v i tinh b t ph i quy i d ng kh tuy t i trnh m nguyn li u th l khc nhau Trong cn b ng nguyn v t li u l t ng nh t l c km thm thng s v nguyn li u ho c d ng bi n i m i c a nguyn li u b m t theo dng th i ti n cho vi c xc nh chi ph dng th i b c ti p theo.M i dng th i nn c nh s (v d L1, L2, L3 cho dng th i l ng, K cho kh th i v R cho ch t th i r n) ti n cho vi c xc nh chi ph c ng nh phn tch nguyn nhn ti p theo.

V d v cn bng nguyn nhin v t liu ti Fococev(cho 1 tn tinh bt)

Cng on Vt liu u vo Vt liu u ra Dng thiTn S

lngTn S

lngLng Rn Kh

Bc v cht ci Sn c 3.75 tn V+ ci 0.15 tn XRa Sn

bc v 3.6 tn Nc thi

cha tinhbt

20 m3 X

Trch ly Nc btsn

B + nctinh bt

0.83 tn X

Nh n xt: Cn b ng v t li u nh trn ch t p trung vo m t s cng o n, ch a y i v i ton b quy trnh s n xu t c xc nh. Ph n dng th i ch a ch ra c thnh ph n t n th t l n nh t.V i cn b ng ny, vi c xc nh t ng quan t n th t gi a cc dng th i c ng nh nh l ng dng th i b ng ti n s kh kh n h n.

4.2.3. Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng th i.Mi dng thi thi ra mi trng u mang theo nguyn, nhin vt liu uvo, ng thi cn c chi ph x l trc khic php thi vo mi trng.Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi bao gm xcnh c tng hai chi ph ny.

Vic xc nh tn tht nguyn, nhin vt liu, bn thnh phm, sn phm ctrong dng thi da vo thng tin thuc t chi ph nguyn nhin vt liu(phiu cng tc s 5), bng cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu (phiu cng tc s 6). Vi cng ngh n gin sn xut tinh bt sn, nguyn nhin vt liu bmttheo dng thi chyu l nc v tinh bt.


37/57


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V d v nh gi dng th i ti Fococev Dng thi nh lng

dng thic tnh dng th i nh gi dng th i

N c th i 2400 m 3 /ngy

Cc ch tiu v mi tr ng (pH, BOD,COD, v.v...). Xem k t qu phn tch ch t l ng n c

Chi ph lin quan t i: - M t mt n c s ch; - Chi ph cho x l; - M t mt l ng kh biogas sinh ra n u xy d ng cng ngh UASB thu h i kh

V , ci th i

18 t n/ ngy Ch t th i r n ch a nhi u tinh b t v cc ch t h u c

10.800.000 ng Chi ph lin quan t i: - S n xu t phn h u c cung c p cho vng nguyn li u

B th i 100 t n/ngy Ch t th i ch a hm l ng m cao 86%,trong 10% l n c c ch a tinh b t

28.000.000 ng Chi ph lin quan t i: - S n xu t b kh bn cho cc c s sx th c n ch n nui

X than 300 kg/ngy X ch a nhi u than ch a chy h t

Nh n xt: - Ph n nh gi dng th i ch a c k t n i ch t ch v i k t qu c a cn b ng v t li u. Thm vo , n v s d ng (kh i l ng/ ngy) c ng ch a th ng nh t v i n v s d ng trong cn b ng (kh i l ng/ t n tinh b t s n) s d gy cho ng i c kh theo di v thuy t ph c.

- C t nh gi dng th i nn quy i nh l ng dng th i (c t 2) v thnh ph n dng th i (c t 3) thnh ti n. Ph n chi ph lin quan t i ch a c n li t k b c ny.

4.2.4. Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn c a dng thiC nhiu cch thc hin nhim vny mt cch c h thng thng qua vicr sot cc phm vi lin quann dng thi mt cch h thng. iu cn ch l lun ghi li cc nguyn nhn t thc t vn hnh hin ti m khng mang

tnh ch trch hoc ph phn.Nguyn nhn ca dng thi c xc nh mt cch c h thng v y nht khi s dng phng php tho lun nhm v biu Ishikawa (hay cngi l biu xng c). Biu Ishikawa l mt trong by loi biu kimsot cht lng, c coi l cng c ph bin nht thc hin phn tchnhn- qu. xy dng biu ny cn dng phng php xem xt 4M1E,bao gm con ngi (man), phng php thc hin (method), nguyn liu(material), my mc (machine) v mi trng (environment).

Cng c thxc nh nguyn nhn dng thi da trn cc cu hi c bn sau:bn cht ca cng on l g ? Dng thi sinh ra c phi p ng mcch ca cng on khng ? Ti sao sinh ra nhim nhiu nh th ? Cphi donh hng ca cng on trc hay do cngon ny dng lng phnguyn nhin vt liu ? C th lm g c vi dng thi ny ? V c thchin tun hon ti s dng c khng ?D thc hin bng cch ny hay cch khc, cn tin hnh phn tch nguynnhn cho mi dng thi trong cng mt h thng, tm cc nguyn nhn bngcu hi ti sao, ra gii php khc phc, x l bng cu hi nh thno ?


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L u : Cch r sot nguyn nhn y nh t l theo dng th i c nh s phi u cng tc 6. M i m t dng th i s c th c m t ho c m t vi nguyn nhn t ng ng. Cc nguyn nhn ny c ng s c nh s th t theo s th t c a dng th i. Trong m t s tr ng h p c n nh gi nhanh, nguyn nhn c xc nh theo nguyn nhin v t li u tiu th chnh (nh : s n, i n, n c).Vi c a ra cc nguyn nhn cng chi ti t th cc gi i php c xu t cng phong ph.

Phiu cng tc s 9 c th c dng ghi li cc nguyn nhn ca dngthi.

Phiu cng tc s 9. Phn tch nguyn nhn th t thottrong dng th iDng thi

s Cng on Nguyn nhn Chquan Khch

quan

L1

L2

V d vphn tch nguyn nhn t i Fococev Dng th i Nguyn nhn

1. N c th i r a c 1.1. C ch a nhi u t, ct 1.2. Khng ki m sot l ng n c

2. N c th i cng ngh 2.1. R r ng ng t b ph n r a c , trch ly (thi t b Trung Qu c).

3. V , ci th i 3.1. Sinh ra trong qu trnh bc v , ch t

4. B th i 4.1. B th i ch a hm l ng m cao v ch a c tinh b t

5. X than 5.1. Than c m cao

5.2. Than ch a chy h t

6. B i tinh b t 6.1. B i bay lm th t thot

7. i n 7.1. i n tiu th cao

Nh n xt : - Vi c nh s dng th i, s nguyn nhn t ng ng theo dng th i l c khoa h c, thu n ti n cho

vi c theo di.- Nguyn nhn c ch a nhi u t ct c a ra r t t t, mang tnh quan st.Nn phn tch nguyn nhn theo cng o n (dng th i c nh s xc nh cc b c trn)- C th phn tch ti p cc nguyn nhn g c r khc.- N u p d ng ph ng php Ishikawa, nhm s b t u t cu h i t i sao c n c th i r a c ny, t i sao nhi u n c th , c th lm g v i n c th i ny khng t cc kha c nh nh c ph i do nguyn li u, do ph ng php r a, do mi tr ng, do lo i thi t b ny, hay do con ng i hay khng (l n l t t ng ph m vi c a 4M1E). V i m i ph m vi, v d v i nguyn li u, nguyn nhn c xc nh l c ch a nhi u t ct, ti p t c h i t i sao c ch a nhi u t ct theo cc ph m vi trn (4M1E) khai thc nguyn nhn m c xa h n. Khi , cc nguyn nhn tm c s l s n o ln chuy n th ng n cng ty (nguyn li u) , s n c ki m tra hm l ng tinh b t v nh p th ng kho ch a (ph ng php).

4.3. Bc 3: ra cc gii php SXSHM c ch c a b c ny nh m thu c ki n ng gp v : - Cc c h i SXSH - Phn lo i s b cc c h i theo kh n ng th c hi n - Tri n khai cc c h i c th lm ngay


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4.3.1. Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH

Cc c hi SXSH khng nht thit phi l gii php SXSH. Vic xc nh ychi ph dng thi (phiu cng tc s8) v nguyn nhn sinh ra cc dng thi(phiu cng tc s 9) l c s xut cc c hi SXSH.

Cn c tho lun ca nhm SXSH khi thc hhin nhim v ny. Cng c th

mi thm cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia kin. c th l ccchuyn gia v sn xut tinh bt hoc v SXSH. Thc hin nhim v ny, cntip nhn tt c cc tng xut v coi l c hi SXSH m cha xt ntnh kh thi ca chng.

Phiu cng tc s10 ghi li cc c hi do nhm xut. Vi mi nguyn nhnc xc nh phiu cng tc s 9 c th khng c, c mt hoc nhiu c hi. Cc c hi nn c tip tc nh s theo s ca nguyn nhn/ dngthi tngng.

Phiu cng tc s 10. sut cc c hi SXSHCng on C hi QLNV NL QTCN TB CN TH TSD SP

Tip nhn c 1.1.1

1.1.2

TNGGhi ch: Qu n l n i vi (QLNV), thay i nguyn li u (NL), C i ti n qui trnh cng ngh (QTCN), c i ti n thi t b (TB), thay i cng ngh (CN), tu n hon (TH), ti s d ng (TSD),c i ti n s n ph m (SP).

L u : trong cc bo co nh gi SXSH, ph n nguyn nhn v c h i SXSH th ng c trnh by trong cng m t b ng. Ph n phn lo i cc c h i c ng nh kh n ng th c hi n c trnh by trong b ng khc. N i dung c a ph ng php lu n l nh nhau, ch khc bi t cch trnh by.

V d vphn tch nguyn nhn v xut c hi ti Fococev Dng th i Nguyn nhn Gi i php SXSH

1. N c th i r a s n c

1.1. C ch a nhi u t, ct.

1.1.1. Ki m sot l ng t p ch t: t, ct l n vo trong s n nguyn li u tr c khi nh p 1.1.2. Lo i b b t l ng t p ch t b n bm vo v c tr c khi cho vo h th ng r a, bc v

1.2. Khng ki m sot l ng n c

1.2.1. L p t cc ng h o n c t i cc v tr s n xu t 1.2.2. Ki m sot cc v tr r r c a ng ng n c 1.2.3. Khi ti n hnh r a thi t b ph i t ng p l c n c lm cho qu trnh r a t hi u qu nh ng ti t ki m n c

2. N c th i cng ngh

2.1. R r ng ng t b ph n r a c , trch ly (thi t b Trung Qu c).

2.1.1. S a l i cc v tr r r trnh th t thot b t n c 2.1.2. Xy d ng h th ng x l n c th i thu h i biogas pht i n, pht nhi t

3. V , ci th i 3.1. Sinh ra trong qu trnh bc v ,

3.1.1. S d ng l ng v v ci th i ny lm phn vi sinh cung c p cho vng nguyn li u v bn ra th tr ng


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ch t c

4. B th i 4.1. B th i ch a hm l ng m cao v ch a c tinh b t

4.1.1. Xem xt l i h th ng tch b h n ch l ng tinh b t st l n vo trong b 4.1.2. L p t thi t b tch b gi m hm l ng m xu ng 35% lm phn vi sinh 4.1.3. L p t thi t b tch b ng th i c h th ng s y gi m hm l ng m xu ng 14% bn cho cc c s ch bi n th c n gia sc

5. X than 5.1. Than c m cao

5.1.1. Ph i che ch n than trnh khi tr i m a lm m than v m t ch t b c 5.1.2. Ki m sot m c a than khi nh p nhin li u

5.2. Than ch a chy h t

5.2.1. L ng gi d trong l cao 5.2.2. Kch th c c a than khng ng u 5.2.3. T p ch t ch a trong than nhi u 5.2.4. C i t o l i l c qu trnh chy t hi u su t cao h n

6. B i tinh b t 6.1. B i bay lm th t thot

6.1.1. Ki m tra cc v tr r r 6.1.2. Thay h th ng ng bao c b ng h th ng m i

7. i n 7.1. i n tiu th cao

7.1.1. Thay ho c ch nh ch t l i cc dy curoa chng cc ng c 7.1.2. Vt ch t cc v tr ti p xc i n trnh hi n t ng nh l a gy th t thot i n v chy ng c 7.1.3. Thay d n bng n chi u sng b ng cc bng n ti t ki m i n n ng

7.1.4. Cc v tr khi k t thc bu i lm vi c ph i t t n Nh n xt: - Vi c nh s cc c h i SXSH l c n thi t theo di qu trnh ch n l a v th c hi n gi i

php SXSH.- S l ng cc nguyn nhn cng nhi u, c h i thu c nhi u ki n c i ti n cng l n. V d

v i nguyn nhn s n o ln chuy n th ng n cng ty (nguyn li u) , s n c ki m tra hm l ng tinh b t v nh p th ng kho ch a (ph ng php).. c xc nh khu phn tch nguyn nhn, c h i s n xu t s ch h n, t yu c u cc trang tr i lo i b t tr c khi bn,r a s b v nh p nguyn li u khng ch c n c vo l ng tinh b t c ch a trong s n m c l ng t ct (trong tr ng h p s phn ra s n r t b n, b n, v khng b n t nh gi cng v i ch tiu hm l ng tinh b t)...

4.3.2. Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c

Ngay sau khi c danh mc cc c hi SXSH, nhm SXSH s phn loi s b

cc c hi theo hng mc hoc c th thc hin ngay, hoc cn nghin cutip, hoc loi b. Ch thc hin nghin cu kh thi vi nhm c hi cn nghincu tip. Vi cc c hi b loi, cn nu l do. Phiu cng tc s11 ghi li ktqu ca vic phn loi ny.

Phiu cng tc s 11. Sng lc cc c hi SXSHC hi Thc hin ngay Nghin cu tip Loi b

1.1.11.1.2TNG CNG


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V dvvic sng lc cc c hi SXSH ti Fococev

Cc gi i php SXSH Phn lo i

Th c hi n ngay

C n phn tch thm

B lo i

Bnh lu n/ l do

1.1.1 Ki m sot l ng t p ch t: t, ct l n vo trong s n

nguyn li u tr c khi nh p

QLNV X

1.1.2 Lo i b b t l ng t p ch t b n bm vo v c tr c khi cho vo h th ng r a, bc v

QLNV X

1.2.1 L p t cc ng h o n c t i cc v tr s n xu t

TB X

1.2.2 Ki m sot cc v tr r r c a ng ng n c

QLNV X

1.2.3 Khi ti n hnh r a thi t b ph i t ng p l c n c lm cho qu trnh r a t hi u qu

nh ng ti t ki m n c

QLNV X

2.1.1 S a l i cc v tr r r trnh th t thot b t n c

QLNV X

2.1.2 Xy d ng h th ng x l n c th i thu h i biogas pht i n, pht nhi t

TH X Xy d ng d n h x l n c th i thu h i biogas theo c ch pht tri n s ch CDM

3.1.1 S d ng l ng v v ci th i ny lm phn vi sinh cung c p cho vng nguyn li u v bn ra th tr ng

TH X Xin h tr t d n

4.1.1 Xem xt l i h th ng tch b h n ch l ng tinh b t l n vo trong b

TB X

4.1.2 L p t thi t b tch b gi m hm l ng m xu ng 35% lm phn vi sinh

TB X

4.1.3 L p t thi t b tch b ng th i c h th ng s y gi m hm l ng m xu ng 14% bn cho cc c s ch bi n th c

n gia sc

TB X Xin h tr t d n

5.1.1 Ph i che ch n than trnh khi tr i m a lm m than v m t ch t b c

QLNV X

5.1.2 Ki m sot m c a than khi nh p nhin li u

QLNV X

5.2.1 L ng gi d trong l cao TB X


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V dvvic sng lc cc c hi SXSH ti Fococev

Cc gi i php SXSH Phn lo i

Th c hi n ngay

C n phn tch thm

B lo i

Bnh lu n/ l do

5.2.2 Kch th c c a than khng ng u

QLNV X

5.2.3 T p ch t ch a trong than nhi u

QLNV X

5.2.4 C i t o l i l c qu trnh chy t hi u su t cao h n

TB X

6.1.1 Ki m tra cc v tr r r QLNV X

6.1.2 Thay h th ng ng bao c b ng h th ng m i

TB X

7.1.1 Thay v vt ch t l i cc dy curoa chng cc ng c

QLNV X

7.1.2 Vt ch t cc v tr ti p xc

i n trnh hi n t ng nh l a gy th t thot i n v chy ng c

QLNV X

7.1.3 Thay d n bng n chi u sng b ng cc bng n ti t ki m i n n ng

QLNV X

7.1.4 Cc v tr khi k t thc bu i lm vi c ph i t t n

QLNV X

Nh n xt: b ng ny trnh by k t qu sng l c c tch h p phi u cng tc s 10 v s 11.Ghi ch: Qun l ni vi (QLNV), thit b (TB), tun hon (TH).

4.4. Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH

M c ch c a b c ny nh m x p th t u tin th c hi n cc gi i php SXSH d a trn c s : - Tnh kh thi v m t k thu t - Tnh kh thi v kinh t - Tnh kh thi v mi tr ng

Cc gii php SXSH khng ch n thun l kh thi vmt k thut, kinh t,m cn cn mang li li ch vmt mi trng.

4.4.1. Nhim v9: Phn tch tnh kh thi vk thut

Phn tch kh thi v k thut ca gii php SXSH l kim tra nh hng cagii php n qu trnh sn xut, cht lng sn phm, nng sut, anton... Trong trng hp vic thc hin gii php c thgy nh hng ngk ti sn xut, th cn kim tra v chy th quy m phng th nghim xc


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minh. Cc hng mc kim tra, nh gi k thut in hnh c a ra trongphiu cng tc s12.

Cc gii php c xc nh l kh thi vkthut s c xem xt nhim v tip theo (phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t). Cc gii php c xc nh lkhng kh thi v k thut do thiu cng ngh, thit b, din tch...cn c ghili tip tc nghin cu.

Phiu cng tc s 12. Phn tch kh thi vk thutTn gii php M tgii php

Kt lun: Kh thi/ Cn kim tra thm/ Loi b 1. Yu cu k thut

Ni dung Yu cu c snC Khng

u t phncng

Thit b

Cng c u t phmmm

Cng ngh

Din tchNhn lcThi gian dng hot ng

2. Tc ng k thutL nh vc Tc ng

Tch cc Tiu ccNng lc sn xut

Cht lng sn phmTit kim nng lng(Hi, than,in)Tit kin ncAn tonBo dngVn hnhKhcL u : M i phi u cng tc dng phn tch cho m t gi i php.

4.4.2. Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi vmt kinh t

Tnh kh thi vmt kinh t l mt thng squan trng i vi ngi qun l quyt nh chp nhn hay loi bgii php SXSH. Phn tch tnh kh thi vmtkinh t c th c thc hin bng cc thng s khc nhau. i vi u t thp, thi gian hon vn gin n l phng php nh gi v thng cp dng.

Phiu cng tc s 13 dng xc nh tnh kh thi v kinh t. Phiu cng tc


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ny cng c th sa i cho thch hp vi cc khnng khc nhau.

Khng nn loi b ngay cc gii php SXSH khng c tnh kh thi vmt kinht v nhng gii php c th c nhng nh hng tch cc ti mi trng,vn c th c trin khai thc hin mun hn.

Phi u cng tc s 13. Phn tch kh thi v kinh tTn gii php M tgii phpK t lun: Kh thi/ Khng kh thi

u t ph n cng VND Ti t kim VND

Thit b Nc

Phtr Hi

Lp t in

Vn chuy n Lu hunh

Khc Chi ph x l

Chi ph thi b

Khc

T NG T NG

Chi ph vn hnhnm

VND

LI THUN=

TIT KIM CHI PH VN HNH

THI GIAN HON VN=

(U T/ LI THUN) X 12 THNG

Kh u hao

Bo dng

Nhn s

Hi in

Nc

Ho ch t

Khc

TNG

L u : Vi c i n thng tin cho m i gi i php SXSH vo m t phi u cng tc l c n thi t tr c khi t ng h p v nh gi cc gi i php kh thi.

4.4.3. Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi vmi trng

Cc phng n SXSH phi c nh gi trn phng din nh hng cachng ti mi trng. Trong nhiu trng hp, u im vmi trng l hinnhin khi gim thiu cht c hi hoc ti lng cht thi. Phiu cng tc s14c th c s dng kim tra tcng tch cc vmi trng ca mt giiphp.


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Phiu cng tc s 14.Phn tch nh hng n mi trngTn gii php M tgii php

Kt lun: Tch cc / Tiu cc/ Khngi

Mi trng Thng s nh tnh nh lngKh Bi

Kh

Khc

Nc COD

BOD

TS

SS

Khc

Rn Cht thi rn

Bn ho cht

Bn hu c

Ngy nay, vi c tri n khai gi i php SXSH c tc ng tch c c n mi tr ng ngy cng c coi tr ng, th m ch c th c th c hi n ngay c khi g p kh kh n v m t kinh t .

4.4.4. Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin

Sau khi tin hnh nh gi vk thut, kinh tv mi trng, bc tip theo lla chn cc phng n thc hin. R rng rng nhng phng n hp dn

nht l nhng phng n c li v ti chnh v c tnh kh thi vk thut. Tuynhin, tu theo mi trng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip m tc ng mitrng c nh hng nhiu hay tn qu trnh ra quyt nh. Phiu cng tcs 15 h tr vic xem xt th t u tin ny.

Phi u cng tc s 15.La chn cc gii php SXSH thc hin

Giiphp

Kh thi k thut( x 25)

Kh thi kinh t( x 50)

Kh thi mitrng(x 25)

T ngim

X phng

L M H L M H L M H

1.1.1

im cho cc mc thp (L: 0-5), mc gia (M: 6-14), cao (H: 15-20)Trng s25 (kh thi k thut), 50 (kh thi kinh t), 25 (kh thi mi trng) ch l v d Hi n t i, cc doanh nghi p Vi t nam s d ng tr ng s theo th t 30, 40, 30 nh gi cho tnh kh thi v k thu t, kinh t v mi tr ng


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4.5. Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH.

M c ch c a b c ny nh m cung c p cng c , l p k ho ch, tri n khai v theo di k t qu c a vi c p d ng cc gi i php SXSH c xc nh

Cc gii php c la chn cn a vo thc hin. Song song vi ccgii php xc nh ny, c mt s cc gii php c chi ph thp hoc khngcn chi ph, c th c thc hin ngay sau khic xut (nh bt r r ,kho van khi khng s dng...). Vi cc gii php cn li, cn c mt khochthc hin mt cch c h thng.

4.5.1. Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin.

Phiu cng tc s16 sh tr lp khoch thc hin. Khoch ny bao gmc nhn hay mt nhm c trch nhim thc hin, tin thc hin v thi giancn phi hon thnh.

V d vkhoch thc hin ti Fococev Gii php Ngi chu trch

nhim i vi tnggii php

Thi gian thchin

Khoch quan trcci thin

3.1.1 S dng lng v v ci thi ny lmphn vi sinh cung cpcho vng nguyn liu vbn ra th trng

Nguyn Vn Thng,Trn nh Chung

Ngay sau khi ch tr kinh phtHp phn d n

Quan trc trc vsau khi thc hin giiphp

4.1.3 Lp t thit b tch b ng thi c h thng sy gim hmlngm xung 14%bn cho cc c s

chbin thc n gia sc

Nguyn Vn Thng,Trn nh Chung

Ngay sau khi ch tr kinh phtHp phn d n

Quan trc trc vsau khi thc hin giiphp

1.2.3 Khi tin hnh rathit bphi tng p lcnc lm cho qu trnhra t hiu qunhngtit kim nc

Nguyn Thi Nguyn,Ng Vn Thnh

Thng 1/2008 Kim tra, gim stthng xuyn

2.1.1 Sa li cc v tr rr trnh tht thot btnc

Nguyn Vn Tun Thng 1/2008 Kim tra, gim stthng xuyn

7.1.3 Thay dn bngn chiu sng bngcc bng n tit kimin nng

inh Vn Tuy Thc hin dnkhi c bngnc chy

Thng xuyn kimtra mc chiusng cng nh lngin tit kim c

5.1.1 Phi che chnthan trnh khi tri malmm than v mt chtbc

Nguyn Vn Thng Thng 1/2008 Kim sot thngxuyn

5.1.2 Kim sot mca than khi nhp nhinliu

Trn nh Chung Thng 1/2008 Kim sot thngxuyn

Nh n xt: Cch th c quan tr c, nh gi vi c th c hi n d n nn ghi c th h n (v d quan tr c thng s g, ch tiu g, t n su t bao nhiu)


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Phiu cng tc s 16. Khoch thc hin

Gii php cchn

Thi gian thchin

Ngi chu trchnhim

nh gi tin Phng php Giai on

4.5.2. Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php

Cc nhim vphi thc hin bao gm chun b cc bn vv b tr mt bng,tn dng hoc ch to cc thit b, lp t v vn hnh. Phi ng thi tuyndng v hun luyn nhn s sn sng s dng khi cn. Mt tnh ton c ttn u cng c th khng thnh cng nu thiu nhng ngi th lnh ngh,cha c hun luyn mt cch y .

Phiu cng tc s 17 c th c s dng ghi li kt qu trong qu trnhtrin khai cc gii phpc la chn.

Phiu cng tc s 17. Cc gii php thc hinGii php

c chnChi ph

thc hinLi ch k thut Li ch kinh t Li ch mi

trngD kin

Thitk

D kin

Thct

D kin

Thct

V dv cc gii php thc hin Fococev

Tn gii php Phnloi Cc chi ph thchin thc t Li ch kinh td kin

Ki m sot ch t l ng than v ch chy c a l

Qu n l n i vi t t

Khng c u t 360 tri u ng/n m

Tr c SXSH: 110 kg than/ t n sp

Sau SXSH: 100 kg than/ t n sp

Lp t ng h ki m sot l ng n c

Qu n l n i vi t t

5 tri u ng Ch a th ng k c

Thay d n cc bng n b ng cc bng n ti t ki m i n n ng

Qu n l n i vi t t

Thay th v ch nh l i cc dy curoa b chng

Qu n l n i vi t t

Trang b sng o nhi t ki m tra cc v tr ti p xc i n km

Qu n l n i vi t t

5 tri u ng


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4.5.3. Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc k t qu.

Cc gii php c thc hin cn c gim st vnh gi. Cc kt qu thu c c th gn ng vi nhng g c d tnh v phc tho trongnh gi k thut. Nu nh kt qu thc tkhng t c tt nh d tnh thnn tm hiu nguyn nhn v sao. C th s dng phiu cng tc 17 hoc tnghp kt qu thu c trong phiu cng tc 18 khi c nhiu gii php khngtch bit c cc li ch.

Phiu cng tc s 18. Kt qu nh gi SXSH. u vo n v Trc

SXSHSau

SXSHLi chkinh t

Li ch k thut

Li ch mi trng

V d v tng kt chng trnh ti FOCOCEV u vo n v Trc

SXSHSau SXSH Li ch kinh t Li ch mi

trng

Nc m3 / t n 20 18 57.6 triu ng/ nm

Gim phtthi 72.000

m3 / nm

Than kg/ t n 110 100 360 triu ng/ nm

Gim phtthi 1.000 tn

CO2 in Kwh/ t n 175 175 - -

417.600 triung/ nm

Nh n xt: Cch th c t ng k t ny s gip cho doanh nghi p c c s theo di v so snh trong nh ng n m sau

4.6. Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH.

M c ch c a b c ny nh m cung c p cc y u t nh h ng n vi c duy tr thnh cng t c.

Vic duy tr cng c chng trnh SXSH thc s l mt thch thc. Vic cnphi lm l hp nht chng trnh SXSH vi quy trnh sn xut bnh thngca doanh nghip. Cha kha cho thnh cng lu di l phi thu ht s thamgia ca cng nhiu nhn vin cng tt, cng nh c mt ch khen thngcho nhng ngi c bit xut sc, lm cho SXSH tr thnh mt vic cthc hin lin tc v thng xuyn ca nh my.


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4.6.1. Nhim v 16: Duy tr SXSH.

S c gng cho SXSH khng bao gi ngng. Lun lun c nhng c hi mi ci thin sn xut v cn phi thng xuyn t chc vic nh gi liSXSH.

Nhm nh gi SXSH ti nh my sn xut tinh bt sn cn la chn mt

chin lc to s pht trin sn xut bn vng v n nh cho nh my.Chin lc ny bao gm:

- B nhim mt nhm lm vic lu di v nh gi SXSH, trong c nhngngi ng u l cp lnh o ca nh my.

- Kt hp cc cgng SXSH vi khoch pht trin chung ca nh my.

- Phbin cc khoch SXSH ti cc phng ban ca nh my.

- To ra mt phng thc cn nhc tc ng ca cc d n mi v cc cngtc ci t v SXSH trong nh my. Cc d n v nhng thay i cng c th dn ti lm tng nhim hay gim hiu qu trong vic s dng nguyn nhinvt liu v nng lng in trong nh my.

- Khuyn khch nhn vin c nhng sng kin mi v nhng xut cho c hi SXSH.

- T chc tp hun cho cn bkc lnh o nh my.

Ngay sau khi trin khai thc hin cc gii php SXSH, nhm chng trnhSXSH nn quay tr li bc 2: Phn tch cc bc thc hin, xc nh v chnla cng on lng ph nht tip theo trong nh my. Chu k ny tip tc choti khi c nhng kt qukhng mongi, hoc khi tt c cc cng on chon thnh v sau bt u mt chu k mi.

4.6.2. Nhim v 17: SXSH bn vng.

Hu ht cc nh gi SXSHu dn n doanh thu tng, tc ng xu ti mitrng gim v c cc sn phm cht lng tt hn. Tuy nhin, nhng c gng SXSH c thb gim dn hoc bin mt sau giaion hng khi ban udo cc tc ng tiu cc l ro cn cho chng trnh SXSH, bao gm:

- Cc tr ngi v ti chnh nh khng c vn thc hin cc phng n

SXSH.- Trong qa trnh thc hin mt sni dungnh gi SXSH, c nhng thayiv t chc, thayi trch nhim ca thnh vin ca nhm, dn ti mt s ginon v mai mt kin thc ca nhm SXSH.

- Cc thnh vin ca nhm nh gi SXSHi lc sang cc nhim v khcm h cho l khn cp hn.


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- Tham vng qu nhiu dn ti vic la chn rt nhiu phng n cng cthc hin mt lc, lm mt mi nhm cng tc.

- Kh khn trong vic lm cn bng cc h s v kinh t ca cc phng nSXSH.

- Thiu chuyn nghip v kinh nghim.

4.6.3. Nhim v 18: Cc yu t ng gp cho s thnh cng c achng trnh SXSH.

- S hiu bit y v cam kt ca cc lnh o nh my trong vic thchin SXSH.

- C s ng thn ca cc cp trong cng ty vnhng mc tiu v li ch caSXSH.

- C chnh sch r rng ca cng ty v nhng u tin v u t cho SXSH vkim sot mi trng.

- Cn nng cao trch nhim thc hin SXSH, vi cc mc tiu khng thayi,lun xem xt li qu trnh tin hnh v phng thc thc hin, trn c s thchin chin lc pht trin cng ty.

- Mt trit l SXSH phi c cao trong ni b cng ty l s hp tc trongcc hot ng ca cng ng. Cho ti nay tt ccc chng trnh SXSH thnhcng u thc hin theo nguyn tc ny.


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5. Chng 5. X l mi trng.

M c ch c a ch ng ny nh m cung c p thng tin, tm t t cc nguyn t c x l ch t th i, cc v n b c xc nh t c a ngnh s n xu t tinh b t s n. l n c th i, mi v b i tinh b t.

Vic p dng SXSH l c s lm gim thiu ti lng nhim mi trng. Tuynhin, c th p ng c tiu chun cht thi v hot ng sn xut thnthin vi mi trng, cn c thm cc gii php x l cui ng ng, cm tdi y.

5.1. Nc thi. c trng cht lng nc thi trong cng nghip ng bt:

- Hm lng cc cht nhim hu c cao (ch tiu COD, BOD, SS cao).

- Khng c ha cht c trong nc thi.

Phn ln cc nh my chbin tinh bt sn min Trung v min Nam c h thng x l nc thi s dng cng nghx l sinh hc t nhin theo kiu lnmen ym kh h (tip nhn cng ngh ca Thi Lan). Cng nghny c chi phu t v vn hnh thp, ph hp vi cc khu vc c din tch rng. Ti cch thng ny nc t chy t h u tin n h cui cng sao cho thi gianlu phn hucht nhim trong nc thi trc khi chy vo thuvc.Tuy nhin, hu ht cc h thng x l nc thi theo cng ngh ny u hotng km hiu qu. Nng cc cht nhim hu c trong nc thi i voh thng cn qu cao lm cho h thng b qu ti. ng lu l cc hym khdng h, trong qu trnh phn huym kh pht sinh nhiu thnh phn kh c mi higy nhim khng kh nghim trng.

Ngoi vic p dng cng ngh phn hu sinh hc t nhin x l nc thinh trn, ti mt s nh my khc p dng cc h thng x l sinh hcnhn to, nh phng php bn hot tnh. Tuy nhin, hin nay h thng nych gii quyt c khong 30-50% lng nc thi ca nh my, h thngthng xuyn b s c qu ti. Ngoi ra ph vn hnh bao gm chi phinnng, ho cht cn qu cao.

Cng ngh x l nc thi c hiu qu nht v kinh tv mi trng hin nayl dng phng php sinh hc ln men ym kh dng chy ngc qua lp bnhot tnh (UASB). Kh biogas sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men,c thu hi vti s dng lm nng lng t l hi. S quy trnh cng ngh x l ncthi bao gm cc bc chnh sau y:

B iu ho, trn nhanh, to bng cn: Nc thi t cc cng on snxut c thu gom v y (hay cn gi l b iu ho) iu ho lu lng v pH. Cc cht rn c kch thc ln nh v khoai m, l cy,c loi b


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nh song chn rc trc . Khong 10% BOD b loi b ti cng on ny.Sau khi trung ho vc to bng cn, nc thi c a vo b lng. Vic minh chng l cht trung ha kim to bng ph hp nht. Thi gian luca nc thi cng on ny trung bnh l 12 gi. Qu trnh x l ha l nythng s dng lng vi 600mg/ l trung ha pH trong khong 5.4.

B lng, b cha trung gian: Ti y, cc cn rn l lng s c loi b nh trng lc. Lng vic a vo trong cngon trn c tc dng kh trn 35% BOD v 50% SS. Hai bc ny c coi l cngon tin quyttrong x l sinh hc.

B trn, b x l k kh UASB:Trong bUASB, nc thi chy t di lntrn qua mt lp m bn ym kh. Khong 70 - 80% BODc loi b tronggiai on ny. Vic tin hnh x l k kh cng c th c tin hnh 2 giaion nu nh din tcht lm h (b) x l ym kh khng. Nc thi saucng on ny c th tun hon mt phn quay li cngon trung ha ncthi khi bt u i vo h thng x l.

B x l sinh hc SBR: Mt lng oxy cn thit c cung cp cho bn hottnh. Ti qu trnh x l ny, ton b cht hu c nhim ti trng thp s c s dng nui dng vi sinh vt, lm tng sinh khi (hm lngbiomass trong nc thi c th ln n 4.000mg/ lit). Bn sn sinh ra trong qutrnh x l sinh hc s c s dng lm phn bn, mt phn c hi lu vti s dng. Khong 80 - 90% BOD cn li b loi b trong qu trnh ny.

B lm thong tng cng v h n nh: Bao gm chui h lm thongko di (vi mc cung cp nng lng ch cao). Trong cc h n nhny, BOD v cn l lng b loi b nh qu trnh lm thong t nhin. Ncthi sau khi x l t tiu chun loi Bc dn vo thuvc dng cho nuitrng thusn.

Bn lng y b lng s c thu gom vo h thu bn. Bn d s cbm vo b nn bn. Ti y, th tch bn s c lm gim i nh qu trnhnn. Qu trnh nyc tng cng nh thit b co bn tc chm. Ti b nn bn, hm lng cht kht 2,5%. Bn d c tip tc kh nc ti snphi hoc my lc p. Bn khc nng hm lng cht kh ln 25% v s dng lm phn bn.

Cng on ny cng c th c thay th bng qu trnh x l vi bn hottnh hoc hsinh hc.

S quy trnh x l nc thi c thhin trong hnh 2.


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Lu :

- Vic x l ha cht (phn, clorua st, sunphat st) cng t c hiusut kh BOD trong khong 38-40%. Tuy nhin, chi ph vn hnh viha cht ny cao, khng c kh nng thu hi li ha cht v qu trnhx l to bn kh thc hin. Do cc loi ha cht ny thng khngc xem xt l ha cht thay th trong vic x l nc thi.

- H thng x l nc thi ti u c khuyn ngh l h thng gm cccng on theo trnh t: iu ha, trung ha, h thng x l ym kh haicp (anaerobic two stage fixed film fixed bed reactor system) v h sinhhc. Gii php ny gim cc thng s nc thi n tiu chun chophp, thu hi kh biogas, c thm ngun thu t c v thm ch cphnbn hot tnh v bn t hnui c.

5.2. Kh thi. nhim bi ti kho tp kt nguyn liu.

Ti khu vc tp kt nguyn liu thng i hi phi c mt bng rng xexc nguyn liu ra vo d dng, a nguyn liu t bi cha n cng onx l nguyn liu. V vy, kh nng pht tn bi t, ct ti khu vc ny lthng xy ra. Doy l ngun nhim phn tn bi nn cn p dng binphp phun nc thng xuyn ti khu vc bi cha nguyn liu v khu vc xeti ra vo.

nhim bi ti cng on ng bao thnh ph m.

Cng vic ng bao thnh phm, tinh bt t sil cha bt thnh phm cchit rt vnh lng vo bao b s c thc hin bng cc thit b c b trh thng chp ht vng ht tinh bt, to p sut m thu hi khng kh ccha bt v a n thit b x l. Thit b x l bi y l thit b lc bi tivi c b tr bn ngoi phngng bao thnh phm. Dng kh c cha bitinh bt khii qua thit b kiu lc bi ti vi, bi s c gi li ti s dng,khng kh lm sch bi c thi ra mi trng qua ming thi v tr trncao ca thit b.

Do nng bi tinh bt cao, c bit trong phngng bao thnh phm, nncn hn ch ti a nh hng n mi trng khng kh cc khu vc lncn. Kh nng bi tinh bt thot ra mi trng bn ngoi ch xy ra khi h thng ht bi ngng hot ng. Hn ch ra vo i vi ngi khng c nhim

vcng l mt bin php hn ch nh hng ca ngun nhim ny.Qut ht c b tr ngay trc ng thi, c tc dng to lc ht trong ton b h thng, to lc y kh c lm sch bi qua ng thi thot ra mitrng ngoi.


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5.3. B thi rnNn p dng cc bin php sau khng chv gim thiu cht thi rn phtsinh t qu trnh sn xut gy nhim mi trng:

- B sn: B sn c bn hon ton cho cc c s ch bin thc n giasc ti khu vc v cc vng ln cn khc.

- V sn (v la). V la c bn lm phn bn. Mt s c s sn xut s dng phn v la thu hi tinh bt khi bm, nghin, mi cng vi phnli ca csn.

- Bn t h thng x l nc, b thi t h thng lc, sau khi c lmkh nc, lng bn cn ny c s dng lm phn bn cho cy sn.

- Bi bt sn thu hi t cc thit b lc ti s c thu gom v bn cho ccc s chbin thc n gia sc hoc ti s dng trong sn xut tinh bt sn.

- Bao PP b hng l ph liu c thu gom v ti ch.- Rc thi khc khng nhiu, cng c thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cngvi rc thi sinh hot theo quinh chung ca a phng.

Tlhd Sxsh Nganh Tinh Bot San. Phien Ban Ngay 17-06-2008

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Transcript of Tlhd Sxsh Nganh Tinh Bot San. Phien Ban Ngay 17-06-2008