Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú...

12
Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開かれたか- 現代知性改善論序説のための断片- Author(s) 植原, 亮 Citation 哲学論叢 (2014), 41: 24-34 Issue Date 2014-11 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/200733 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University

Transcript of Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú...

Page 1: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開かれたか-現代知性改善論序説のための断片-

Author(s) 植原, 亮

Citation 哲学論叢 (2014), 41: 24-34

Issue Date 2014-11

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/200733

Right

Type Departmental Bulletin Paper

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University

Page 2: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

ǵÌĮȤ

- 24 -

ʀʈȌka�iz_t>7ʥ8ʶ�L)�

��ǻ�ȖŤƚĄʆňʃ7)D7ƣdz��

ǂç�

���������5,%��798�1)*'8�

� ɗǰÞ�L)ʀʈʆ08�ʀʈʆOȡĦ1ʠɃ!)ąB1ɩ3!�ŝǼĦFʀȖȡĦ3

2�ƒ¥#KȾ˓ȌȖɩFLJš7ij½4HJʀʈʆ�7ăːOÃĨŌ#K�10�'7ɮ

ǝ�ȏƄ�LKʆƠ�ɗǰ�ɋɎ8łʯ#K�7�0Vcbw�8�ʀʈʆ��7H�

3ɗǰÞOȾ)ř0E3�ʀʈʆ1þ?K78�:1-48'L�ȖŤƚĄʆ7LjŪ1�

�ʀʈʆ7�ɁȌʅːOō�ɂ�0�K�I*1�Ő!/�KȖŤƚĄʆ8��ʷ7ʀ

ʈ7ǵŤOŻƓ!)��0�'LOƚĄ#K)D7�ƥȅ strategy�OǵĨ!H�1#K

qTY}7 ƤǍʸ�FfU{g7 ȴȞƄij7ɪÐ�327ðÁȌɟ¢8�A�!�'

�!)ȖŤƚĄʆ7ɼB4@�3I3��­ˏŤ�ɋ reliabilism�7ɣǻO²JL9��

ʷ7­šœűp|`^(1)7­ˏŤ�#3N+'7p|`^�ȓ3K­šOǾBÇ#ÔõO

÷��%KƥȅOɩÇ#�1�ȖŤƚĄʆ7ʅː370�K �Ī˂4­ˏŤ7˔�­

šœűp|`^37�8��ʷ4��/ǻ4Ǿ"Kʀʈ7�JH�O-=�4ɩK�10

ƪI�43K��'7)D7Ʊɛ7Ȗɩ8ŝǼĦ32�ƒ¥!/�LK!)�,/ȖŤ

ƚĄʆ8�'�!)Ⱦ˓ȡĦ7ȖɩOȥdžȌ4èDZ#K�10LjŪ�L693I3��

7H�4ɍ�L9�ȖŤƚĄʆ8ȡĦ1ʠɃȌ3E71!/�ɗǰÞ�L)ʀʈʆ7�4

�ɉ.�ILK70�K(2)

� ƷȤ08�7H�3ɩƥOʕA�)��0�Ǐ7H�4ă��14!)�'L08�

À�Ȍ48ǻ�7ȖŤƚĄʆ8�1JN�Vcbw�7ʆƠ�ʼ4��/827H�4ʆ

"IL/�K7��1�7ă�4IJ#KʱÈȌɮȭ1!/�ȖŤƚĄʆ7ǻǶ7�ȪO

Ƞ3J4Ƒ�Ç#�10�ƱȼȌ48�ʀʈȌka�iz_t epistemic paternalism�>7

ʥȬOƪI�4!�'L�ȓÒ3ǃɳ4³#KȨĔ0�K�1Oț#7��ƷȤ7ȏȌ0

�K*���08A$ÇȊǮ1!/��NGK�ÂĎ�ɋ internalism�4¦ƀ#KȖŤ

ƚĄʆ7ƥ÷�ĉ˅4ȧ�Œ)K1���1Oŵȗ4șʀ!/��)�'�#K�14

HJ�ǻ�Ȍ3ȖŤƚĄʆ�ɗǰ�ɋ4å!/LjŪ�L KOś3�1���1��,'

�˕ƪ13K*M�

Ȗʈ7ðÁȌĨɋ4HL9�Ȗʈ18ȓ3K­š0�K11E4ǒŒÞ�L)E703

Page 3: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

ɿʇȋka�iz_t>7ʤ8ʵ�L)�

- 25 -

�L93I3�ÂĎ�Ɋ08�7ǑőÞ7�ʕO�őɽ7­Š�Ȓ0�K1��ǻȁO

ɿʇ���ɖI7Ŝ7�4­Š1��Œ0Ž��!�E'L4ı!/�Âȋ3�RW`^

�ñɒ0�K�1�-AJŪʇ7�4��/�N9ʜƩ3�Ƥ0źƒ!�K�11!/ɩ

Ĩ#K�L8� �Oȕ,/�K1��K48�Ĵ3�1E'7ǻȁO���ɖÈ0ʚ

?K�1�0�693I3�1��ȐɬOɢƩ!)E71��K��!)ÂĎ�Ɋȋ3

ȕʇɬ4¦ſ#K3I�ȕʇOǸŚ#K48­Š7ǑőÞ7)D7ǻȁOɖI7Ūʇ7�

0ʜƩ3�Ƥ0źƒ%H�1��×ɯO��K�1��ȕţƙĄʅ7ŔÔ13K(3)3K

@2�7×ɯ4ř�9�­Š7ŒŰ3�!8¬Ƃ7p|`^7­ˎţ�÷��%ILKH

�4šNLK

*��7Ƥ÷8#�4ě�3ĉ˄4Ȧ�ő)K'L8:1�4�ÂĎ�Ɋ�ǑőÞ4

ǚDKĒǫOǩ)#�1�ǺĪ7�ʶ480�3�1Ɍ�ILK�I*�K­ŠOǑő

Þ#K)D4�7­Š4ɷ�K�1��ǵǝOɌ�/BH�'7)D48���8<)

-7­Š*�03���Ƥ��Ƥ7ǻȁ43,/�K1��ʷªOEÂȋ4źƒ!/�3

�L93I3��71��'7ǻȁʷª7źƒEA)­ŠŒŰ1���Ƥ03�LK1

Ɍ�ILK!�!�'�0Ç/�)�­Šʶ7ǻȁʷª4-�/7­Š�Ǒ!�1š�

ǻȁ8 ��7�ˀ7­Š4EǑőÞO��3�ʼJ�ưÊ7­ŠEáÈ4ǑőÞ�L

)18���)�1�M�'7ǑőÞ48�A)Ì7­ŠOǻȁ1!/Ƅ�693I3

�)D�'7ǻȁʷª4-�/7Âȋ3źƒE�­Š1��Œ0ŝɧ13K*M�'�

3K1�ň8�'7�ˀ7­Š4E I�7ǑőÞ�ǚDILK7083��

�ɨ!)1�M�7ǵǝ8�ÂĎ�Ɋȋ3ǑőÞ8Ǯʼʨɡ4ʾK�G�4Īɡ0�3

�1���1OȚĂ!/�KH�4ɨ�K!�!��8E�Ĵ!ǂɲ�ŝɧ0�K(4)

A$�Ǯʼʨɡ7ůŠ4ı!/8��ʶ7­Š�Ʊʼ°0�K�1OƄ��Ʊʼ°7­Š

�I3K­Š�ȴ7Âʰ08ǻȁʷª7źƒEǮʼʨɡ4ʾK�13��$LǐAK�1

7ƃƖ�3�LK�E!L3�*�'��I8Ì7ăˏ�Ç/�K­Š�ȴÂ7­Š

�)1�Ʊʼ*1!/E�'LI¾�7ʅǻȋƞõţOȘ�DK¢DŽ0����ʶ7ˍ0

8ǺĪ48Īɡ�ñɒ3@27ɜě3ƫʶOɧ#K�I0�K(cf. Cherniak, 1986, p.93, ʯ

ɶ, 145-146ˉ))*!�Īˁ427�I�7ƫʶOɧ#K7�OǑȘ4ʚ?K48��ʶ

7ɿʇ7ʼȃ4ʷ#KȽ˒ȋȕɨ7èǰ�Ǎ�%3�1��K

'�0ǎ4��ʶ7ɿʇ4ʷ#K'�!)ȕɨOÀ�ȋ4èǰ!/ǂɲ!/BH�#

K1�ň8�ÂĎ�Ɋ7×ɯ4ř��1�'E'Eƶő4­ŠŒŰp|`^7­ˎţO˓

DK7��1��ȇŠ�ƣ)4ǽ"/�K)1�9��ɈÚƹ position effect�(Nisbett &

Ross, 1980)F�ʫżȏ choice blindness�(Johansson, Hall, Sickstrom & Olson, 2005)327ȗȥ

Page 4: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

- 26 -

8��ʶ�ɖÈ7ʫĞ4-�/7ËƢ3�!­Š7ǻȁOăNL)1�4�'7ƶő7ǻ

ȁ~çć18Ǯʷª3E7OƄ��!�Eƶ�8'7�14ǘ.�/#I�3�ĔõEĚ

�1���1OƩI�4!/�K��!)ȕɨ8�4E�K���$LEÂĎ�Ɋ�I

ƑÇ�LK×ɯ7ĪɡñɒţOȇN%K74áÈ0�K�K­ŠOǑőÞ#KƶƸ7ǻ

ȁ���7Âȋ3RW`^7Ķ�ȯĊ4�K18ʼI3�3I�ÂĎ�Ɋ7ʄ#ǑőÞ7

Ēǫ8ǩ)!�3�ʣě3ɧǚ37083���1Ɍ�ILK70�K

��A07ǂɲ�I�ÂĎ�Ɋ4¦ſ!)ȕţƙĄʅ08�ǺĪ7�ʶ48Īɡĉ˄3

Ƥ÷4ʠP0!A�H�4šNLKɩȯ �̟#?!�̠ �ñɒţ �̟0�K�̠ OúŪ#K

3I�'�!)Ƥ÷8ʠC?�ƽſ�3��143K��!/Ȏƃ#?�Ƥ÷�ɨ�/

�KÂĎ�Ɋȋ3ȕʇɬ�Iɔ!��ʶ7ɿʇ7ʼȃ4ʷ#KȽ˒ȋȕɨOèǰ!3�

I̟ -AJɖǯ�Ɋȋ3ɬǭ�I �̠Īɡñɒ3ȕţƙĄʅOLJũ%693I3�70�K

08'�!)ȕɨ1!/�)1�9�4ɨ)�ɈÚƹFʫżȏ7ȗȥ8Ŕȧ-*M��

ƶ�4Eɨʝ%3��ʜƩ3ŜǻȋˌĐ��ʶ48ĤĎ#K1��ȕɨ�I�­ŠŒŰp

|`^7­ˎţO÷��%K)D7ƤȄ4-�/ I�7ȚĂ�ŚILK7083�*M

��ǎȮ08A�4�7H�3ɬǭ�I�ÂȋRW`^7é93�ˌĐ4ʲɧ3�ɈO

��K��ʲʣȡǻʅ dual process theory�1��ɿȕȠĦ�7Ħʂ4ȓȎ!)�1š�

���$;:2.8� �(/����1)*'�

�ʲʣȡǻʅ4HL9��ʶ7ɿȕ8�\^et˘��H;�\^et˙��'L(L

ŗ#K<)-7ʣȡ�I3K(5)\^et˘8ņ��,/Ȑɬȋ3¸�OóJ�ȸƨ�ɖ

Üȋ0�Ūʇȋ3ØÕ8�ɧ���K�8N$�!�ŝɧ1!3���4úAL/�K

78�Ȧǯ7dzˇ7Ƥ÷OȐ+4ūȕ#KH�3ǽŚȋ3ɒÕF�˜�˝7Ȭ�OȔƫ4

IJ�Ç#1�,)êśȋɳɇ4HJđNLKŹɒ320�K�Ƥ7\^et˙8�DZŭ

ȋ3šɌʣȡOĪɡ#KE7*��ȸƨ�ɖÜȋ4¸�\^et˘4Ǘ?K1�N9Ţ�

ɍ0�J�'7^m�h8ʡ��¸�%K48Ūʇȋ3ØÕOɧ#K˘˛�˘˚Oƭȭ

0ɱȭ!)J�ƣ!�Äɟʼn7ʐ½4-�/ţɒF§ƾ327ǭ�IɄõȋ4ǂɲ!)J

#K1���'7Çȅ0�KÑȮ07Âĭ4å%9�\^et˙48��7ÂȋRW`

^�é;�K�\^et˘48'L�é;�3��1ıǗ#K�1�0�K*M� �ʲʣȡǻʅ1ȕţƙĄʅ7ƍǭ8�ÂĎ�Ɋȋ3Ƥ÷7ʼȃ4ʷNK1�M*�08

3��ʲʣȡǻʅ7ğőţ8Ě�7ȗȥ4H,/Ő�ƘƂ�L/�K��'7�3J7

E7�ȕţƙĄ7)D7ƤȄOÀ�ȋ4ȚĂ!/�LK\^et˘8jTR^7ȴɀȋ

3ȉǽǪ0�K�1�ƩI�4�L/�J�'�!)jTR^7ĪŬOɭƩ!�\^et

Page 5: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

ɿʇȋka�iz_t>7ʤ8ʵ�L)�

- 27 -

˘7¸�4ʩÉ4ıÆ0�L9�ű7­ŠŒŰp|`^7­ˎţO˓DK�1�0�K

1Ɍ�ILK70�K

�/'L08jTR^1827H�3E7*M��(6)'7�ɢ¤Oɨ/���10�

ʲʣȡǻʅ7ÂĪ�E�Ĵ!ƩȘ43Kǎ7ăˏOɌ�/@!���Ƨƶ0ǬǓ7Ɲ8�

ķÂ1ķę72+I�Ě�*M��˞� Ȑɬȋ48ķę07ǬǓ�č±ȋ4Ě�1ū"K

ű8ufSR7ēʤ0H�Ȏ4#KǣFļ07ǙǓ~ʪ˄�ƚOȐ+4Tu�]!�ķ

ę07ǬǓ�Ě�1��Ⱦʅ4ˑ;-�/!A��+**��L8�Ǒɭ0�KĪˁ

48�ĴƝ7�ʶ�)A4ɡ�*�7ǣFļ07ǬǓHJE�@1P27�ʶ�ǖƧ½K

ːû07ǬǓ7Ƥ�$,1Ě�70�K�L8ɝ+ȓ�/Ɍ�L9N�K�1*��\

^et˘�¸�/�2�!/E�ķę�1��ʁȬOȸƨ�ɖÜȋ4IJ�Ç!/!A�

�7H�4�ˍ4Ǣ�;F#��¤4-�/8'7ȉǽ�Ɲ~ȘǹOě��ɨȤE,/!

A�·÷7�1O�ÍǿñɒţjTR^�1þ=��!)jTR^8��-EĤĎ�ȕ

IL/�K��ÂȋRW`^7é93�\^et˘7ˌĐ0ǽ"K*�4��ʶ8'7Ĥ

Ď4ǘ.�4���Ⱦƹȋ4ʁ­ŠOŽ��+43K

1��N�0�jTR^7ɓĢOǤ�ɖɫ!�'7œˈ�I¼LK�ɔjTR ̂

debiasing����ʲʣȡǻʅ4¦ſ!)ȕţƙĄʅ7�ɧ3Ȏlj13KH�4šNLK

\^et˘8�ƧłǽǠ4��KĚLj3ăˏOʗʞ�-Ĵ3�ÙÕ0ɭǜ!/�LK1�

�ǭ0�˅ł4ƱȌ0�K�1EȘ�0�K*�Ȓ3K­Š7ŒŰ�ǜĨȋ4ʲɧ0�

KH�3Ĕˆ08�\^et˙O¸�%/�\^et˘0ǽ"KjTR^7%�0ɖÈ�

ʁ­ŠOŽ�/�3��4ǟŪ%693I3�'�!/�18jTR^4œˈ�L3�

H�4­ŠOŒŰ#K)D7ʩÉ3FJƤ0ăˏɭǜOċL9H�À�ȋ48�ʅǻĦ

7ɩÐOŠˍ4Ɉ�3�IƎʅ!/EH�!�ʅɹċOȷ4Ʈ�-�3�IɌ�/EH�

�K�8�3)�àĿ3I�ȈǘOɸƢ#K1�4�s�{�Ɍƿ!)�Ǩvf{O£�

9�Ɲ³Oŋ4�½#K*�0�ʶ�#KHJEǑȘ3ɸƢȾƹOȱã4ŚK�1�0�

K(Kahneman, 2011, chap.21, cf. Ahlstrom-Vij, 2013, p.24)��!/ʁJ7ñɒţOʭ��Ȣ

7šɌd�{Oǿ�3�I�Ȓ3K­ŠOŒŰ#KɨʖB7ĕěOȎƃ#1��N�*

�7H�3ɔjTR^OȎlj4Ə�KȕţƙĄʅ7Ƥ÷8�:1-48ŷËȋšɌÕ7

ɐŰOȎƃ#ƜɐĪʓ1!/À�Þ0�K1Ɍ�ILK*M�Ȑɬȋ48Ǒ!�šNL

K�ŏ3�!­Š4Ůȇ7ȎO÷�/ŷËȋ4øý#KɒÕOđ��18�\^et˘4

��/ǽ"KjTR^7œˈOǧ"K?�\^et˙OʩÉ4¸�%�ʩĩŝɧ3šɌd

�{Oʢǿ#KɒÕ7ɋŚ1!/ǻɭ0�KH�4šNLK(7)Īˁ�ŷËȋšɌ4ʷ#

Kʘń7ȗȥ0E��ʲʣȡǻʅ�IƜɐĪʓ�7úŪOŌ�Ç#?���7ǻʅ4¦ſ

Page 6: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

- 28 -

!)ʈʅ�ǺLġD/�K(8)

���4��������&3��

� �ʲʣȡǻʅOƔǿ!)ŷËȋšɌÕɐŰ7ɻB8�jTR^ȗȥOʝ"/Ȧ�ǐDI

L/�)�ʶ¿ʝ7ŎǭO»Ʋ!H�1#Kǭ0�ȕţƙĄʅ1!/Ī4ǻ4�3,)Ʊ

Ƴ3Ƥ÷0�K�4ɨ�K!�!'�ËƢ#KÑ4�ÂĎ�Ɋȋ3Ƥ÷�Ȧ�ő),)

71öȢ7ăˏ�ǽ"3���-AJ'7Īɡñɒţ4-�/ǂɲ!/��ŝɧ��K*

M�8)!/�\^et˙O¸�%/ɔjTR^OċL1��×ɯ8�ǺĪ4��/8

27�I�ƱÚ37*M��

��4�jTR^ȗȥ'7E7�IĴ!Ŧɬȋ3ȚĂ�ŚIL/�KưEǤÏ3œO

ɝ1#78��jTR^ȏǭ�1!/ȕILKǺʋ0�K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002)jTR

^ȏǭEA)�ʶ4¿ʝ!/ɨILKjTR^7�Ȣ1��K��ȱã4��9'L8�

ɖÈ>7ɖ­ʣÓ324HJ�jTR^4ɖÈ�œˈ�L/�K�14Eǘ.�3�1�

�Ǻʋ0�K'!/�L�ɔjTR^�ə>7Ünj.�OǼ*!�ĉ˄4!/!A�

)1�9ÍǿñɒţjTR^4-�/ƜȚ!�'7ɓĢ4ǟŪ#?�\^et˙O¸�%

KH�×ɯ!)1#K*�×ɯ�L)µ8�jTR^ȏǭ�ǽ"/�KĔõ48��Ɍ

�K�3K@2�48ÍǿñɒţjTR^3KE7�ǽ"K7�*��7¯8Ì*'

P3jTR^3P�48Ō,Ɗ�I3�ɖ­��K��7H�4�jTR^ȏǭ�ǽ"/

�K1�ɔjTR^32ɖÈ48�ɧ1Ɍ�/�ŷËȋšɌÕOʕ4-�KÜnj�ɞ!�

��!/!A��143K

��0E!�#K1�'L3IjTR^ȏǭ4-�/EƜȚ!�'7ɓĢ4ǟŪOŵ�

?�\^et˙O¸�%KH�×ɯ!/82���1��)�3K�E!L3�!�!

�LE�A���3�3&3IjTR^ȏǭEA)jTR^7�Ȣ0�KʼJ�'L4

ʷ#KjTR^ȏǭ�ǽ"�63��I*�3K@2�48jTR^ȏǭ3KE7�ǽ"

K7�*��7¯8Ì*'P3jTR^ȏǭ3P�48Ō,Ɗ�I3�ɖ­��K�

1��Àõ0�K��!)Ĕõ��,)�2�#L9ɔjTR^OċL1��×ɯ4ř

�Ünj���ILK7*M��

jTR^ȏǭ8�ND/æ�*��'L0EɔjTR^�jTR^ȏǭ7%�0ŝ$ĝ

ƛ#K1��N�083�jTR^ȏǭ7ĤĎOǤ�ɖɫ�%�'7œˈ7ƈʽOÜnj

.�K)D7ƱÚ3ŴǕ1!/�­ŠŒŰp|`^7­ˎţ4-�/7ǎ7H�3nS�

hjcWO��KƤǞ�ȕIL/�K(Sieck & Arkes, 2005)#3N+�­ŠŒŰ7�1#

�4��ɖÈ7­Š427ȡň7®Ǒ�ŝɧ*1š��OƩȘ4#K��'L�Īˁ4ŝ

Page 7: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

ɿʇȋka�iz_t>7ʤ8ʵ�L)�

- 29 -

ɧ3®Ǒ7ňõ�127�I�õɗ!/�K�OXyn0Ț!/EI���ɖÈ�jTR

^ȏǭ4ʾ,/�Kňõ�4ʷ!/'7Xyn� OȚĂ!/�K�ăNLK�1��E

70�K3K@2�L3I�jTR^ȏǭ7%�0ɖÈ7­ŠŒŰp|`^7­ˎţO

ʣ­!/�)Ĕõ0E�ɖÈ7jTR^4ùş3�÷�õ��143J�ɔjTR^�Ő

�Ünj.�ILK*M�'�!/jTR^ȏǭ�»Ʋ0�L9�E,1­ˎ7��K­

ŠŒŰp|`^OĪǺ#K)D7�Ưȋ3ƤǞ7ɋŚ>7ŪǏEŌ�Ç�LK�1��N

�0�K

1�M��L0Dz��@2�Ŭ8ĭƪ083�1��7E�'L4��Y^gOɌŭ

#K3I�ǺĪ4��KĪɡñɒţ>7ȇŠ�¦ǯ1!/ŵƁ0�3��I0�Kɔj

TR^�əOÜnj.�K)D4�)�/�7Ĕõ48jTR^ȏǭ7»ƲEŝɧ*1!H

�!�!'L7)D48��Ĩ��7Ɲ7�ʶOıʋ4#KĔõ481JN�Ě�7ʎ

ǪOŻ½%693I3��0ɨ)H�3ʗʞ0�DȺ��nS�hjcWO°7�ʶ

4��H�1#L9�ɕě3ƫʶF�ȋÙÕ327Y^g�ǽ"K1ɨ/H�8)!/

'�!)Y^gOʌž#KǿŪ��ʃ42L@2�K7*M�(9)

� �I4��7ƤȄ7Īɡñɒţ7ăˏ�Y^gˆ08�J4ɭǜ0�)1!/E�Ī7

1�M�'7ƱÚţ7ȯĊ4-�/8ȇŠOĽ!ƅC¡ď�ǔ,/�K�ND/�J'

�3�1*��%,��ʎǪOŻ"/ƜɐOƥ!��,)P8ɔjTR^OʥŰ�%/ŷ

ËȋšɌÕOʕ4-��%/E�Ɯī7ę08'L�ȉƓ�L3��E!L3�70�K

'�!)ɒÕ8�Ɯī7�0��ILKH�3ʄˏ47BȉƓ�LKˌĐǴȆȋ3E70�

!�EƜɐŘ8ƫʶ7Ƚʣ11E4��!/���1OȚĂ#KȗȥE�K˖ƜɐOƢɂ

ȋ4í��%L9ɒÕ8ɃƂ�LK��'7)D7Y^g��I4ȉǽ!/!A�˗(10)

E!�7H�4Ɯīę7ĪǽǠ4��KˌĐ�əȋ3ʄˏ4ı!/�AJƱÚ03�3I�

ȕţƙĄʅ1!/ŰJȧ-ȯĊ��3JʼĨ�L/!A��1�äŨ�LK

18���ɔjTR^3I;4ŷËȋšɌÕɐŰ8ě�4ɻBK4³#KE70�K

A$�'L��ND/ƱÚ3˃ĈEĤĎ#K*M�'�!)˃Ĉ8�ȱã3ŷËȋšɌ

Õ7Y�^Oíʆ#K*�0�ôȢjTR^7ɓĢOʩÉ4ǻɭ!/�LK*M�!��

I4'7Ř8ɖľƜɐOʝ"/­ˎ7��K­ŠŒŰp|`^OĪǺ0�KH�43K�

E!L3�'7Ĕõ���KY^gEN$�0ǥCǎ4�ŷËȋšɌÕ�ˌĐǴȆȋ

0�J�K1��ǭEŝ$!Eť��19�J083�'L�ˁȧ,)ÕOȉƓ#KH

�3ȯĊFÈʳ��A�ǴĨ0�L9�ƳA!�Ⱦƹ�ŚILK�E!L3��I0�K

ưŘ4��Y^g0Úƹȋ3ƜɐŴǞ��L�IɨÇ�LKñɒţEǔ,/�K1šNL

K*�����$LEǺǵ08ƵɭƩ3ɧȸOĚÈ4úB��ŘE�I3Kƌȥ1Īʓ

Page 8: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

- 30 -

Oŝɧ1!/�K�18ʶʦ�3�

'�0jTR^7œˈOƈʽ#K�1Oʲɪ!--E�Īɡ7Y^g�ij��/ǥCH

�3�Ì7Ƥ÷ONJȹ!/���10�3�E7*M��ʥŰĉ˄0Y^g7��Kɔ

jTR^O°�4ǚDKŴˊOʔA$�ęȋ3Îň327Õ4H,/­ŠŒŰp|`^7

­ˎţO÷��%K�1�0�K3I�'LEȕţƙĄ7ƳA!�ƤȄ37083��

��!)ɌįOɑƬ4ȊĔ#KȧĔ�'�ɿʇȋka�iz_t4@�3I3�

���790 �#�"�!�&3)�

ɿʇȋka�iz_t18�ěƺ08��K°�7­ŠŒŰp|`^4ı#Kęʰ�I

7ŃǦ�'7­ˎţO÷��%K70�L9�'7ŃǦ8ƶ�7öŪ3�ɵ�LKĔõ�

�K�1#KȧĔ7�10�K(11)�L��ɿʇȋ�378ŃǦ�­ŠŒŰp|`^7­

ˎţ4ʷNK�I0�J�A)�ka�iz_t�1þ?K78ƶ�7öŪ3�ŃǦ�ɵ

�L�K1#K)D0�Kƶ�7ÕFƜɐ0ɔjTR^OĪɡ#K78ĭƪ083���

ęʰ�I7ŃǦ4HJjTR^7ȉǽOƵǯ4ʹ��1�0�L9�°�7­ŠŒŰp|

`^7­ˎţ8˓AK'�!)ŃǦ8�ɔjTR^OɻBKHJE8K�4�Y^g*

M�!�ƶ�7´Ŋ32˅ɿʇȋ4§³�KǵŬOƕ3�E703�ʼJ8� HJEȒ

3K­Š7ǸŚO«!/�LK�G�4ǑőÞ�LK�1��70�K

��!)�ŏ7ĪʏOǻɭ#K48À�¤�èǰ0�L9H� Ņ�4Eț�48ɿʇ

ȋka�iz_t7Īʓ1!/Ɔ�ILKÎň7¤�#04ĤĎ#K70���08'7

�+�óǞ7Ĕ0­ŠŒŰp|`^4ı#KŃǦ�ɡNL/�KĔˆOɨ/���(12)ʿ

İĀÎň�Ƌǿ�L/�KȲČ08�ɣü4ʷ#Kŧē>7ʿİĀ7RW`^4ÎʼOɴ

�/�Kɣü7ţƾFÑȠ328ʿİĀ�ȕ,/��?��ƻ0�KH�4š�K��

ǺĪ48�ʿİĀ8'�!)ŧē4ʣÓ3ʲB.�O��/!A��ʩÉ3óǞËƢ��

%3�3K1��·÷�ɨILK�7·÷EA)�ŘºÚƹ�327jTR^7%�0

ǽ"K��'�!)jTR^7œˈOƵǯ4ʹ�?��ʿİĀ�ɣü7ţƾFÑȠ327

ŧē4ɮLK�173�H�4�RW`^0�Kŧē7ȯĊOÎʼ#K1��FJƤ�Ƌ

IL/�K�L8ŧē>7ɖȁ3RW`^OÎʼ#Kǭ0�­ŠŒŰp|`^>7ŃǦ

1!/�Ɉ.�ILKE70�K3K@2�L3IʿİĀ8\^et˙O¸�%/ɔj

TR^Oƹ)#1��ĉ˄3ʄˏOʌN$4ǥC!�A)Y^gE@1P2��I$��

�07­ŠŒŰp|`^>7ęʰ�I7ŃǦ8�ƶ�)+7öŪ3�ɡNLKE77�ʩ

É3óǞËƢO�#1��Ȏȋ4ǰI!/�áÈ4ǑőÞ�LK1Ɍ�ILK

�I4ɿʇȋka�iz_t08���!)ƦĤ7Īʓ7ǑőÞ*�03��'7ʩǿ

Page 9: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

ɿʇȋka�iz_t>7ʤ8ʵ�L)�

- 31 -

7ƀěE�ŏ�LK)1�9�Ȉǘ7ɸƢ4s�{Ɍƿ7�Ǩvf{O£ǿ!/EI�

�1OɌ�/BH�àĿ4jTR^ȏǭ��KĔõ��ʶ7ɸƢHJE�Ǩvf{7Ƥ

�ʝł8ǑȘ*1àĿ�ǻɭ8!/�/E�ɖÈ7ɸƢ4ʼ,/8jTR^O¼L/�K

1Ɍ�/!A�)D��Ǩvf{O£ǿ!/�L3�1���1�ʑ�J�63�'�

0��Ǩvf{7£ǿOƶ�7öŪ4HI$Ǟȋ4ɊÝ.�K32#L9H�*M�'

L4HJ�ɸƢ7ǑȘ��˓AK78E+MP�ɨʖALKY^gE�@2ě��3�)

D���0Eɿʇȋka�iz_t8ǑőÞ0�K1Ɍ�ILK70�K(13)

��!)ˌĐO8"D�ɿʇȋka�iz_t7ʩǿ�ǑőÞ�L�KˌĐ8�4Eɨ

Ç!/��K*M�2��'�!)ˌĐ0� �'�0ƱÚ3ƤȄ13K�'!/'

L827H�4ÎňÞñɒ0�27�I�7Y^g�ǽ"K7���!)ǭOƩI�4

!/���1��ɿʇȋka�iz_t41,/�Ř8ʲɧ3ʄˏ7:1-13K*M�

*�őǯ7ȇăEǽ"/�K*M�8)!/'7H�3ʩǿƀě82�A0ɿDIL

K7*M��1JN�ƶ�7öŪ3!4­ŠŒŰp|`^4ŃǦ#K�18�ɖÈ7­

ŠO2�ŒŰ#K�OɖÈ08ǜĨ�%3�ǭ0�ɖŗţ7¨Ĭ4ő)K7083��

E!�7H�3ɖŗţ¨Ĭ7ůŠ�ě��L9�Ⱦĵ71�Mɿʇȋka�iz_t7Ī

ʓ8��Ƕ�ȯĊ4ʼĨ�LK?�0�J�!)�,/'7ʩǿƀě1���ŏ8Īʏȋ

4ŰJȧ)3�3K7083�*M��ƶȣ08ɿʇȋka�iz_t4Ȧ�-�IL

K#?/7ăˏOŶ�¡ɤ83���ưŘ4�7E,1E3ȇăOìJ���'L4ı!

/27H�3şȬ�ñɒ37�O��ȱã4ǂɲ!/ɅD��J)�

A$�7ȇă4ı!/8�'E'Eɖŗţ7¨Ĭ1��3I�ʁ­ŠOǽBÇ!�ɖÈ

7ÍȌ4�3�H�3ŪšǜĨOĠ�K�E!L3�1��ǭ0�jTR^7Ƥ�'�

ű7ɖŗţ7ĒȍOƉJĻ#ŤL��K�1�,)şȬ�ñɒ*M�ęȋ3Îň7Õ

0'�!)jTR^7œˈOìJʽ�)JȉǽOƵǯ4ʹ�*J#K�18�C!Mɖŗ

ţ7á¾3ȉƓOƘƔ#K�10�KH�4šNLK�J4ęʰ�I7ŃǦ4��ɖŗ

ţ¨Ĭ�ĚĴ8�K4%H�'LOɥ,/¡J�KɨʙJ���48ƴŖ0�K7083

��Ĵ3�1Eɖŗţ7ȉƓ1¨Ĭ7jy}^��A�1L/�KʼJ8���07ȇ

ăOơ�K�1�0�K1Ɍ�ILK70�K

�Ƥ0��!)şȬ18Ì4�jTR^4ı!/ęʰ�IŃǦ#K�1��'E'Eƶ

ő4ɖŗţ7¨Ĭ4ő)K7��1��ǭ�I7ȆʈOȂ!ȧ/K�1E0�K*M�

\^et˘7ˌĐ0ǽ"KjTR^8�°�7ʕ�7Âʰ4�J3�IEƶ�7ÂȋRW

`^�Ķ�$�!9!9Ūċ%5ȾƹOŌ�ʑ�#�7H�3Ūý0�\^et˘3�

!jTR^8�ű41,/C!Męʰ4�Ɉ.�ILK?�E71��K�E!L3�

Page 10: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

- 32 -

E!'�3I�ɿʇȋka�iz_t7Īʓ8�ő�>7Ȑƍȋ3ŃǦ1��HJE�°

�7ęʰ4�KE7>7ŃǦ1!/Ɔ�ILK?�E70�J�'7ǭ08'L�Ȑ+4

ɖŗţ7¨Ĭ4ȑő#K18��ÉL3�7083���1��70�K(14)

�7Ȇʅ7H�4�°�3�!ɖŗţ1��E77ȯĊO�N9ÉJɼD/���10

ɿʇȋka�iz_tOƗʊ#K�1E�:1-7Ŵ1!/8ñɒ*M�!�!�\^

et˘FjTR^7B3I$�'E'E�KŪý0­ŠŒŰp|`^��ə4ęʰţOŀ

;/�K�14ǟȎ#L9�E�Ĵ!Ì7şȬ7�Ƥ�0�K�E!L3�'7ęʰţ

18�°�7Âʰ4ʼĨ0�3�ǒòţF¿öţ0�Kű8\^et˙O¸�%/�

A A3FJƤ0­ŠOŒŰ#K��'L8Ě�7Ĕõ�šɌd�{O£ǿ!/ɡNLK

'�!)šɌd�{48�ƭȭFÂʀ7H�4ÂÞ!/£ǿ#KE7E�L9�s�{7

�Ǩvf{7H�4ʕ�7ęʰ4Ɉ�)AA£ǿ#KE7E�K7*���$LEʝł8

ǒò�72��0¹�)+4ƿÇ�L�ƙɚ�L3�I��ʶ0ɁŸ�L/�)E70�

K°�7ę0ĸʵ#K��!)ǒòȋ3¿ö�DŽ4Ƙ�IL/�K1��Ūý0�°�

�šɌd�{O£ǿ!/­ŠOŒŰ#Kp|`^8�Īˁ8Ě�7ęȋ3ɧȸ4EƘ�I

L/�K1�,/H��7ęʰţ3!08�ű8'L3J4­ˎ7��K�Ƥ0ɖÈ

7­ŠOŒŰ#K�18˄!�70�K*�ŝ$!E'L�ű7ɖŗţOɓ�#18

��3�C!M'�!/ŒŰ�LK­Š3�!8ȕʇ�°�7ÍȌ4ʍǷ#K3I��

�07ęʰţ8��,/ű7ɖŗţ4ʎ#K1����K7*

��H'ö"�1��ɿʇȋka�iz_t7Ƒ¥#KęȋÎň4-�/E�KȡňŰ

Jȧ-7083�*M��ʩÉ4��IL)3I�'LEA)°�7­ŠŒŰp|`^

Oę�IƘ�KʒĔ7H�3E71!/¸��p|`^7­ˎţO˓D/°�41,/Ʊ

Ȍ3ȕʇOǽBÇ#�14ʎ#K�I0�K)*!���ŏ#K48�Ĵ3�1Eɿʇ

4ʷNKȯĊ07ɖŗţ7Īʏ4-�/ÃɌ!�ŝɧ4ş"/'7džŠOƙɰ#K�1�

ŝɧ13K*M�ɖŗţ18�°�7ęʰ�IɿʇOƘ�KʒĔ��)1�ƶ�7öŪ

�3�1E�ʩÉ4Ƒ¥�L/�K���0�H�F�áÈ4ȉƓ�L�KE74@�3

I3��7H�4ɖŗţ�Ɔ�Ȑ�LL9�ɿʇȋka�iz_t�'LO¨Ĭ#K7

083���1��ůŠ4Eƣ)3ɪǭ�IşȬñɒ43K70�K

�7H�4ɿʇȋka�iz_t8�'7ʩǿȯĊ7ƩȘÞ8E+MP�ɖŗţ7H�

3ĒƶȋdžŠ7ÃɌOúCǻʅȋ3ƞ¶4E�ʲɧʄˏ7:1-1!/ìJȼA693I

3�'7ɨʝ!7ǂɲ8Ì7nj�4ʉI KOŚ3���Ĵ3�1E��4HJ��ʶ

7Ŵ4Ķ�ȕţƙĄʅ7ʫżɏ1!/ȒÒ3ǂɲ4³#KñɒţOɿʇȋka�iz_t

�Ʊ!/�K1���18�áÈ4Ț�L)1šNLK

Page 11: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

ɿʇȋka�iz_t>7ʤ8ʵ�L)�

- 33 -

6�

(1) ƶȣ08©ĩ��°�7ˍ7�*�083��ŧē7ë˃Fȷ7�07ɱȭ32°�7ęʰ0ǽ"KʣȡOEúCņ�Ūý0�­ŠŒŰp|`^�7ʀOǿ�K (2) Kitcher(1992)Oèǰ��07­ˎţ�Ɋ4-�/8�I4Goldman(1992)32EèǰȕţƙĄ48­ŠŒŰp|`^7­ˎţ*�083��ʞ�Fˋ´ţ32Eɺ§7ɧȸ1!/Ɍŭ#?�*��ƶȣ08

Ahlstrom-Vij(2013)FBishop & Trout(2005)1öLj7ƤʴOƋJ�ưʲɧ1šNLK­ˎţ4ȿ,/ʈʅOʠDK3��ɖǯ�Ɋȋ3ȧĔ�IƮ�L)ɿʇʅ¾�7ʯʀƜȠƮ1!/�A)��7ÂĎ�Ɋ7ɩĨ

4-�/E�ŲȀĹ(2002)Oèǰ (3) 'E'EÂĎ�Ɋ8ɿʇ4ʷNK×ɯOƑ¥#K�1OȎlj1#KE7083��'LG�ȕţƙĄ4EʷNI3�1#KɨɭE�K�(Bishop & Trout, 2008, pp.1055-1056)���08��A0EȕţƙĄOEȎlj1#KE71!/ÂĎ�ɊOɭʱ!/�� (4) ��07ÂĎ�ɊŷË7ɾȺ4-�/8Kornblith(2012)Oèǰ�7ɞ¢0Y�}oz^EA)ưȻȋ48�ʲʣȡǻʅ4÷�,/�K (5) �ʲʣȡǻʅ�H;jTR^ȗȥ4-�/7�ə÷�ɭʂ1!/Kahneman(2011)Oèǰ�ʲʣȡǻʅ7ǂɲEúD�ɿȕȠĦ4��Kõǻţʅ�Odžɬ!)ƱȌ3[�qT1!/ĜȀ~ijï(2014)Oèǰ (6) ǑȘ48�­ŠŒŰp|`^7­ˎţ4ʷ!/�ȧȋ3�lx�z^eSW^�1�ǵǝǎȪ0ʁ­ŠOǽC·÷Oƃ#�jTR^�1OßÌ#?�*��ƶȣ08©ĩ��jTR^�1ɀ�#K (7) )*!\^et˙Eħ¾083��DZŭȋ3šɌ�s�t4H,/ǛƼ�L/�K)D4��õǻ3�Ƥ07­ŠŒŰ�ɡNL/!A�ñɒţ��K'�0�ɔjTR^7B3I$s�t7ɺ§�H;ǡ

Þ1��Ŵɂ�Eŝɧ13K1��ɘýǤ��ŏ� Stanovich(2004, chap.7)4ɨILK (8) '�!)ʈʅ7¤1!/Ĺ(2011)��K3��jTR^OD�KŜǻĦȗȥ�ɿʇ�7ɩȯF×ɯ�3�!ȕţƙĄ4Ȑƍȋ4Ⱦ;-�1#K�ŏ1!/�Bishop et al.(2005)OEèǰ (9) ƜɐOʝ")ɔjTR^48ɜě3Y^g���K)DĪɡñɒţ4�!�1#K�ŏ8�1�4ɿʇȋka�iz_t4ʘ�ʅɍ4¿Ʊ�L/�K(Ahlstrom-Vij, 2013, chap.1; Trout, 2005) (10) ŷËȋšɌÕ7ʼĨţF�ʚ7jTR^ȏǭ32�ɔjTR^OʺB�63�Ȣ7˂Ė4-�/8�Lilienfeld, Ammirati & Landfiled(2009)7[�qTOèǰ'�08�4�ɿȕ4��K°�Ľ~ƟÞĽ7ăˏF�ɔjTR^�ʛÚƹ13,/jTR^OŐÞ#Kñɒţ32�ƃƖ�L/�K (11) ��07îʚ8Ahlstrom-Vij(2013)�H; Trout(2005)7�ŏ7�ɧʰÈOȟ7ɬǭ�Iɧȵ!)E70�K3�ŕI8jTR^4ʾJ�+3�ʶ7ɿȕɒÕOęʰ�I7ŃǦ4H,/ɥŐ#K?�*1Ɍ

�Kǭ08¿ʝ!/�K�� ǭ�ȑʦE�KÑɍ8ƶ�7öŪ3!7ŃǦ0�L9ka�iz_tȋ

*1Ɔ�)��0�ɿʇ4ʼĨ!)ka�iz_tƗʊʅOƑÇ!/�K�L4ı!Řɍ8ƶ�7ŪŞ

4ê!3�L9ÎňȋŃǦ8ŝ$!Eka�iz_tȋ083�1ɩĨ!)��0�°�7ȞÍ32HJ

�əȋ3ˌĐ4��KÎňȋŃǦOƗʊ!/�K˖18��'�0ʅ"IL/�K78�zjazR}~

ka�iz_t�7Īʓ1!/ Sunstein & Thaler(2008)0Ɔ�IL/�K�¤0�K ̠ (12) ��7ŧēRW`^7Îʼ7�¤8�E1E1Z�{hr}7ʅƟ0ŶNL/�KE70�K(Goldman, 1991; cf. Ahlstrom-Vij, 2013, pp.29-32)3��ɿʇȋka�iz_t�1��ʀ7Êƴ7£ǿE�ŕ7�7ʅƟ4ɨILK (13) Ahlstrom-Vij(2013, pp.170-172)08��!)ʈʅ4Ö���Ǩvf{O­ǿ�%K?�£ǿɍ7ŬňĘĭO«#H�3ɿȕȋ�âÿOǽ"�%K1��ɻƿ�ƑÇ�L/�Kŝ$!Eɿʇ4ʷNKE708

3����KȢ7jTR^O�A�ʛǿ!/ƳA!�ŪšǜĨO«#1��öLj7ƤȄ8�Trout(2005, pp.425-433)F Sunstein et al.(2008)0EƑƿ�L/�K (14) ��A07şȬ4-�/8 Trout(2005, pp.408-416)7ʈʅOèǰ +-�

Ahlstrom-Vij, K. (2013). Epistemic Paternalism: A Defence, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Bishop, M. A. & Trout, J. D. (2005). Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment, Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

Page 12: Title 〈特別寄稿〉認識的パターナリズムへの道は開 …...]1#78 jTR^ í 1!/ ILK ú 0 K(Pronin, Lin & Ross, 2002) jTR ^ íEA) ¶4¿ !/ hILKjTR^7 "1 K 1ã4 9'L8 VÈ>7

- 34 -

��� (2008). ‘Strategic Reliabilism: a Naturalistic Approach to Epistemology’, Philosophy Compass, 3/5,

1049-1065. Cherniak, C. (1986). Minimal Rationality, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. (2009, �ƷȐɡ�ɶ, ưijõǻţ�, Û

ɛƮų.) Goldman, A. I. (1991). ‘Epistemic Paternalism: Communication Control in Law and Society’, The Journal of

Philosophy, 88(3), 113-131. ��� (1992). ‘Epistemic Folkways and Scientific Epistemology’, in H. Kornblith (Ed.), Naturalizing Epistemology:

Second Edition, (1994, pp.291-315), Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Johansson, P., Hall, L., Sikstrom, L. & Olson, A. (2005). ‘Failure to Detect Mismatches between Intention and

Outcome in a Single Task’, Science, 310, 116-119. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. (2012, Ʒ�Ȩģɶ, nQ^

g˕^|����3)7Ūš827H�4ǜAK�˞˖�~� �̠, ƨļƮų.) Kitcher, P. (1992). ‘The Naturalists Return’, The Philosophical Review, 101, 53-114. Kornblith, H. (2012). On Reflection, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lilienfeld, S. O., Ammirati, R. & Landfiled, K. (2009). ‘Giving Debiasing Away: Can Psychological Research on

Correcting Cognitive Errors Promote Human Welfare?’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 390-398. Nisbett, R. & Ross, L. (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment, Englewood Cliffs,

N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ĜȀȶò~ijïĺNj (2014). �šɌ7ɿȕȠĦ1õǻţ�, ­çŅō�Ɇ, \z�_ƣ~Ŝ7āĦ�ɿȕ

Ȱ�(111-164 )̄, ÛɛƮų. Pronin, E., Lin, D. & Ross, L. (2002). ‘The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self versus Others’, Personality

and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 369-381. Sieck W. R. & Arkes, H. R. (2005). ‘The Recalcitrance of Overconfidence and Its Contribution to Decision Aid

Neglect’, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18, 29-53. Stanovich, K. E. (2004). The Robot’s Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin, Chicago, IL: University of

Chicago Press. (2008, ǀȀȐģɶ, Ŝ8ʬ�ģ7ʅǻ0ǜAK7����ʲʣȡvf{0ɨKlg7õǻţ�, B#$Ʈų.)

Sunstein, C. R. & Thaler, R. H. (2008). Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press. (2009, ʧɠȒɉɶ, ĪʓɡÜȽǥĦ��´Ŋ�Į�ŅȞ>7ɎƩ3ʫż�, ƧȽ˟ˠț.)

ŲȀĹÿ� (2002). ȕʇ7āĦ�, ǾDŽċƮ. Trout, J. D. (2005). ‘Paternalism and Cognitive Bias’, Law and Philosophy, 24, 393-434. ĹȜĆ (2011). �ŷËȋšɌ1ʩş�, ǃɨĥ�Ɇ, ŷËȋšɌÕOɐC��ĦėÕ1ț��ĒșÕ7Ē

ȍŒŰ�(66-86 )̄, ƱƠ .y � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��ʷɦěĦÅƜƇ~āĦ�