Tim Hieu Sau Phai Triet Hoc an Do - HT Man Giac

8/3/2019 Tim Hieu Sau Phai Triet Hoc an Do - HT Man Giac

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Tm HiuSU PHI TRIT HC N

HT.Mn Gic---o0o---Ngun

http://www.quangduc.comChuyn sang ebook 6-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcCHNG I - TRIT THUYT MMMS (PRAMMMSA) (DI MAN TC)

I.KHI NGUYNII.CHNH TR: HIU LC CA TRI THC (Tri thc lun)III.NGUN GC CA TRI THCIV.THANH THNG TRV.A NGUYN THC TI (Bn th lun)VI.T NGVII.CC C NGHA KHCVIII.NI DUNG MMMS-STRA (Ngha v o c)IX.DHARMA: NGHA V

Chng II - TRIT THUYT Smkhya (S lun)I.KHI NGUYN V VN HC UPANISHAD

II.TRUYN THA VN HCIII.HAI MI LM (Bn th lun)IV.THUYT NHN QUV.T TNH (PRAKRTI)VI.PURUSA: THN NGVII. NGHA HIP TC (Hin tng lun)VIII.LCH TRNH HIN TNG HAIX.GII THOT LUN

Chng III - Trit thuyt Yoga (Du Gi)I.YOGA TRONG UPANISHADII.PATANJALIIII.QUAN H SMKHYA - YOGA (Trit l v Php mn Yoga)IV.BT PHN DU GIV.THNH TU V GII THOT

Chng IV - Trit thuyt Vaisesika (Thng lun)I. NGHAII.LCH SIII.C NGHA: (PADRTHA - Hc thuyt)IV.CC VI LUN
http://www.quangduc.com/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://www.quangduc.com/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


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V.TRIN PHC V GII THOTVI.KT LUN

Chng V - Trit thuyt Nyya (Chnh L)I.TNG QUTII.CC CH IM CA TRIT L

III.TRI GIC HAY HIN LNG (Pratyaksa - Hiu lc ca tri thc)IV.SUY L HAY T LNG (ANUMNA)V.TH D LNG (UPAMNA): Loi suy)VI. THANH LNG (SABDA-PRAMNA - CHNH L NGN NG)VII.NG CHI TC PHP (Php thc lun l)VIII.TNG (PRATIJNA)IX.LP NHNX.D (UDHARANA)XI.HIP (UPANAYA) v KT (NIGAMANA)XII.T NHN (HETVBHSA)

Chng VI - Trit thuyt Vednta (Ph n a)

I.VEDNTA V UPANISHAD (Khi im ca Nht nguyn Tuyt i lun)II.PHN LOI CC UPANISHAD S KHIIII.BRAHMA-STRA: CN BN VEDNTAIV.GAUDAPDA: KHI IM NHT NGUYN TUYT I LUNV.GAUDAPDA V PHT GIOVI.TIU S V TC PHM VEDNTA TRONG T TNG SANKARAVII.V MINH V HUYN HAVIII.BRAHMAN V TMAN: NHT TH TUYT IIX.TRI THC V GII THOTX.PHT TRIN KHUYNH HNG HU THNXI.TIU S RMNUJAXII.PH BNH SANKARAXIII.CC HN BT NH (VISISTA-ADVAITA)XIV.THN LUNXV.GII THOTXVI.MADHVA v VEDNTA NH NGUYN

PH LC II.TRIT THUYT C SMKHYA (S LUN)II.PHI O HC YOGAIII.HC PHI MMMS (DI MAN TC)IV.HC PHI VAISESIKA (THNG LUN)V.HC PHI NYYA (CHNH L) VI KHOA LUN L HCVI.HC PHI VEDNTA (PH N A)VII.SIU HNH HC V NGN NG

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CHNG I - TRIT THUYT MMMS (PRAMMMSA) (DIMAN TC)

I.KHI NGUYN

Tt c su phi trit hc n , theo Vcaspati Misra, u ly Vedalm thm quyn. Nhng ring c hai b phn ca Mmms c coi nh ltrc tip tha k t tng Veda. Mt b phn nhn mnh trn thnh inBrahmana ch trng v cc nghi tit t t thn linh, lp thnh b phn hnhnghip (karma-kanda), gi l phn trc hay Tin Mmms (Prva-Mmms). B phn khc, ch trng v tri thc v lp thnh tr nghip(jnna-kanda), v c gi l Hu Mmms (Uttara-Mmms).

T ng Mmms c ng cn l man, ngha l t duy. S pht trin

ca n song song vi s pht trin v ng php Sanskrit. Ngun gc ca nkhi t thi i ca nn vn hc Brahmana. Cc tc phm trong thi i nychuyn ch v cc nghi thc t t. Theo thi gian, nhiu nghi vn c tcho cc l nghi . Bng phng php v theo ngha no m mt cuc lnh th mang li nhiu hiu qu tt p cho ngi t t, y c l l nhnghoi nghi ng nhin, khi con ngi phn tnh v ngha ni nhng hnhng ca mnh. Tin xa hn na, con ngi n lc tm thy mt nn tngtrit l, hay mt v tr lun no ca mt cuc l.

Cng lc, con ngi cng phn tnh, t duy v ngha ca ngn ng;vi nhng li cu nguyn nh th, chng c kt hp nh th no c thchuyn t nguyn vng ca ngi cu nguyn n cc thn linh. Ngaytrong i sng thng nht, bt c l dn tc no v ni th ting no, khim nhng tng quan x hi cng ngy cng tr nn phc tp, th cc quytc tr thnh mi bn tm ca loi ngi. Trt t ca cc ting, ni dung camt mnh , v s lin h gia cc mnh din t mt tng; tt cnhng iu ny u bao hm mt mi tng quan x hi v cng mt thit.

Nu thy c tnh cht ca quan h y, ta c th thy c quy c cng

ng ca mt x hi trong tng thi i.Trn phng din tn gio, s giao tip gia ngi v thn linh tr

thnh mi quan tm khng phi l nh. Trc nhng hin tng b mt cathin nhin, con ngi lc no cng ch l mt sinh vt b bng. i sngca h ty theo nhng bin chuyn ca thin nhin. Con ngi mun tmthy, mun nghe c nhng li phn ca cc thn linh ng tr trong thin


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nhin, tha mn nhng hnh ng m mnh phi c, v nh vy mimong t n mt cuc i yn n, hnh phc trong s bo bc ca thnlinh v thin nhin. Trn th gii, khng c mt tn gio no li qun lngkhng dy tn ca mnh nhng phng tin, nhng quy tc, lng lng

nghe c ting ni phn truyn ca thn linh.Trn y ch l nhng suy lun v s pht trin tt nhin ca ngn ng.

Nhng chng khng phi khng c cn c. Cc tp Veda nguyn thy cho thy r: cc bi ca v Vk, ngn ng nhn cch ha, hay v rta, iu lv tr, tt c u hm ng ngha b mt ca ngn ng.

Th ca ngn ng tt nhin l m thanh. Mt ting ni, mt m titc phn tnh v s chi phi ca mt m thanh c pht ra, c nhin l vngha. Nhng s kt hp ca mt chui m thanh thnh mt li hay mt cu

ni, l s bc l nhng g n kn su xa trong lng ngi. V hn th na,y cng l s pht hin t nhng nng lc b nhim ca thin nhin. Phntnh v s chi phi ca m thanh i vi nng lc mu nhim i khi dnn khuynh hng coi m thanh nh l bn th thng ti. V iu ny xy ra ni cc nh Mmms trc k nguyn Ty lch, v tr thnh nhngtranh lun si ni gia cc nh Mmms v cc gio phi khc sau knguyn Ty lch, nht l vi cc nh lun l hc Pht gio. i vi cc nhlun l hc ny, phi Mmms thng c gi di danh hiu Thanhthng tr lun. Bi v, mu tin lun l m h thng dn chng

trnh by th no l mt lun chng sai lm, thng thng l ch trngm thanh thng tr, sbdah nityah.

Chng ta cng bit rng sau s pht trin ca nn vn hc Brahmana,l tip n nn vn hc ranayaka, Sm lm th, m sau ny ni rng thnhcc tp Upanishad. Trong khi, Brahmana ch trng v t l, thuc b phnKarmakanda, th tri li ranyaka ch trng v trit l thuc b phnJnnakanda. B phn trc tr thnh h phi Purva-Mmms hay ni ttl Mmms. B phn sau tr thnh h phi Uttara-Mmms, hay

Vednta. Cc nghi tit phng th v t t thn linh ca Brahmana u tinc tp thnh v h thng ha bi Jaimini, trong tc phm Mmms-stra, khong 200 trc Ty lch. Tc phm ny v sau tr thnh nn tngca trit phi Mmms.

Mmms-stra cng bt u nh Brahma-stra ca trit phi Vednta.Mt bn ch nh karmakanda v mt bn ch nh jnnakanda.


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Mmms-stra bt u ni: athto dharma-jijns: by gi, khi snghin cu v dharma. T ng ny c mt lch s phc tp trong t tngtrit hc n . Nhng y n mun ni n bn phn v c ngun gctrong thnh th Veda. Stra I.i.2 ni: codanlaksanortho dharmah, php

l mc ch ca nhn gian m thnh th Veda khi th c tng. Trong khi, Brahma-stra I.i.1 ni: athto brahma-jijns, ri by gi khi skho nghim v Brahman nh l Tuyt i th. Trong c hai, t ngjijns u c ngha l mun bit. Ngi ta cng tm thy t ng nytrong Smkhya-stra, theo , s mun bit l ng c cho n lc dit trau kh.

Ton b Mmms-stra chia lm 12 chng (adyya), 60 tit (pda),915 mc (adhikarana); mi mc c trnh by bng mt s stra vtt c c 2.742 stras. Trong s cc bn ch gii hin cn, xa nht c l l

bn ca Sabara, c gi l Sabarabhsya; thi i khng r, nhngc phng nh khong 57 trc Ty lch bi Dr. Gangntha Jh, ngiu tin, v cng gn nh duy nht, vit nhiu v trit phi ny. Ch gii caSabara li c ch gii thm bi hai quan im khc nhau, do Kumrilavit Slokavartika, v Prabhkara vit Brhati. C hai u sng trong khongth k th VII.

Kumrila gi y l Kumrila Bhatta, cng mt thi i viSankara nhng ln tui hn Sankara. l thi i hng thnh ca

Pht gio. C hai, theo quan im ca h phi mnh, cng kch lit cng kchPht gio, c xy phc hng t tng chnh thng ca Veda. Prabhkarac tn xng l Guru. S bt ng gia hai nh ch gii ny to thnh haingnh Mmms, c gi l ngnh Bhatta v ngnh Guru. C l ngnhGuru ca Prabhkara c trc Kumrila, nhng trc bao lu th cha cxc nh.

Mi ngnh Mmms cng c tc phm ring, da vo bn ch giica mi v T ca mnh. Nhng Dasgupta cho rng nhng ch gii ca h

khng quan trng, v khng c tng mi m no ngoi Bhatta v Guru.

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II.CHNH TR: HIU LC CA TRI THC (Tri thc lun)

Tri thc lun, hay Pramna, l s kho st v ngun gc v gi tr catri thc. V phng din ny, Mmms phn ln chu nh hng ca

Nyya, d nhin vi mt vi chi tit d bit. y ch ni nhng chi tit .

Chng ta bit rng mt nhn thc gm c nng tri (pramt), s tri(prameya); do tc ng nhn thc (pram), chng a n mt hu qu, vhu qu ny hoc ng hoc sai. Trong trng hp ng, nhn thc cni l c gi tr, hay chnh tr (pramnya). Chng ta cng gi thit rng gitr ng ca tri thc c th c kho st di hai tiu chun. Th nht, theotiu chun ph hp; ngha l s ph hp gia nng tri v s tri. Khi nng trihng ra ngoi gii, n tip nhn ng s biu hin ca s tri, v gi tr sc kho st nh mt phng nh hay mt bn sao. Nhng ngi theo chthuyt duy nhin hay thc ti lun theo tiu chun ny.

Tiu chun th hai tri li. Nhn thc ng phi l s nht tr gianhng g tng kinh nghim v ci ang c kinh nghim. Bi v, nhnthc bao hm mt phn on, v mt phn on l mt ton th nht tr niti. Tiu chun th nht gn ging vi cc nh Nyya, theo gi tr ngca nhn thc l tha chnh tri lng (paratah-pramnya). Vi thuyt ny,hiu lc hay chn l ca nhn thc phi c kho nghim bng tc dnghu hiu (samvdi-pravrtti). Nh vy, nhn thc ch c gi tr ng khi no

n cung cp mt hiu bit tha mn ch ch, a n hu hiu tr(arthakiryjnana). T thn ca nhn thc khng c vn gi tr hay khnggi tr. Hiu lc ca n ty thuc cc iu kin ngoi ti. Cc nh Mmmsch ng vi tiu chun ca Nyya trn phng din nhn thc khng cgi tr, phi chnh tri lng (apramnya), v c hai phi cng coi nhn thcny nh l ty thuc cc iu kin ngoi ti.

Trn phng din nhn thc c gi tr, chnh tri lng (pramnya),Mmms ch trng thuyt t chnh tri lng (svatah-prapamnya-vda).

Tt c nhn thc, ngoi tr tc dng k c, (smrti), u t chng c gi tr,t xc chng chn l, khng l thuc bt c iu kin ngoi ti no. Nhnthc khng c gi tr, sai lm, l do cc nguyn nhn ca n b thiu st, btxc (dosa). Si dy b tng lm l con rn, y l do cc nguyn nhn ngoiti khng cung cp cho nhn thc nhng phng tin chnh xc. Hoc khinhn v s m thy l vng, khng thy ng l v s, nguyn nhn cth do con mt km. Nh vy, hiu bit sai lm ch xy ra khi no c s can


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Quan im thc ti lun ca Niyya v Mmms khng a c hain mt tiu chun chung v chn l, nhng li a n mt phn tngng v tiu chun ca nhn thc sai lm. Ni l mt phn tng ng, vi vi tiu chun ny, hai nh Mmms l Kumrila v Prabhkara kho

st n di chiu hng khc nhau. Kho st ca Kumrila gn vi cc nhNaiyayika hn. C hai, Kumrila v cc nh Naiyayika cng quan nim nhnhau rng s sai lm ni nhn thc chnh l do tng hp sai lm gia itng ang trnh din v mt s th t k c ti trnh din. Quan im cacc nh Naiyayika c gi l anyath-khyti, bit hin. Anytha c ngha lmt cch khc. Tc i tng trnh din c nhn thy mt cch khc.

Ni r hn, v s v khi bc l hai thc th d bit. Khi v s trnh din chonhn thc, thay v n c tip nhn ng y bn thn ca n, nhn thc lithy mt cch khc: l mt thi bc. Th l v, thi bc nh tng

c kinh nghim trong qu kh no , by gi c hi tng v ti trnhdin nh mt i tng ca nhn thc, m k thc chnh n li hin din mt ni khc.

Nhn thc d sai lm nh vy, nhng thc ti tnh ca i tng khngh b nh hng. V s vn l mt thc ti ngoi tri thc. Cng nh mtch b ang ngi trn xe la, nhn qua ca s thy cy ci ang chy li li;trong thc t, cy vn ng yn mt ch. Nyya gii thch s sai lm ny,ni l do tr tng hin lng (jnanalaksana), tr tng(jnnalaksana) v nh sinh tng (yogajalaksana). Kumrila khngnhn c mt tri gic bt thng no nh vy. Quan im ca Kumrila cgi l Viparta-khyti, t hin, khng my khc Nyya.

Prabhkara bc b c hai tiu chun c tnh cch tch cc v nhn thcsai lm y. Tiu chun ca ng mang danh l akhyti, phi hin. Kumrila vPrabhkara cng ng vi nhau rng trong tri gic sai lm, thy y lthi bc, thay v v s, c hai s th u hin din. Nhng tnh cht ytng t ng l phi l tnh cht ca v s, li khng c nhn ra, vtnh cht kia ca thi bc cng khng c nhn ra nt. S d nh th l v

v s v thi bc cng c tnh cht trng, tnh cht sng tng t nhau.Nhng h khc nhau ch, vi Kumrila, tnh cht tng t ca v s vthi bc khin chng to thnh mt nhn thc n nht; cho nn sai lmkhng phi duy ch l s vng mt ca v s trong nhn thc m cn l scng tc ca c hai; trong khi , vi Prabhkara, sai lm do s vng mtca v s trong nhn thc, phi hin, akhyti.


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Trong thc t, c hai i tng ring bit v hai nhn thc v chngcng ring bit, khng lin h nhau; thc t ny khng c bit n chonn mi thnh ra sai lm. y Prabhkara phn tch ba trng hp sai lm.Mt l thy tinh mu trng li c thy l v t st cnh hoa hng.

Trong trng hp ny, nhn thc v l thy tinh b thiu mt mu trng vnhn thc v mu b thiu mt hoa hng. C hai i tng, mc d uc nhn thc ng, nhng thy u thiu st mt phn. Nh vy, sai lml do thiu phn bit gia tri gic vi tri gic, vivekkhyti.

Trng hp th hai, khi mt ngi ngi nh li rng hm qua y nhnthy mt con rn gia ng m thc t li chnh l si dy. y cng chai nhn thc khim khuyt, v sai lm nh vy l do thiu phn bit v ccnh tng k c, bhedgraha. Sau ht, mt ngi tng lm v s l thi

bc, cng c hai nhn thc khim khuyt. Tnh cht trng bc ca v sc nhn ra, nhng bn thn ca v s khng c n hn ra; l mtkhim khuyt trong nhn thc. Thi bc trong k c thay v ni khc, li

b tc mt tnh cht ni khc ca n, v cng l mt nhn thc khimkhuyt na. y l s sai lm do thiu phn bit gia tri gic vi k c,asamsarggraha.

Tm tt v gi tr ca nhn thc, chng ta cng nn bit thm rng,Prthasrathi, tc gi ca Sstradipik,Tantearatna v Nyyaratna, khongth k IX sau Ty lch, ngh c bn iu kin cn tha mn cho mtchnh tri lng: th nht, kranadosarahita, nhn thc khng khi ln tnhng nguyn nhn bt xc; th hai, badhakajnnarahota, n phi l nhttr, khng mu thun; th ba, agrhtagrhi, n phi tip nhn mi m chatng tip nhn, v v vy k c khng c coi l chnh tri lng; th t,yathrtha, nh ngha, n phi trnh by trung thc i tng.

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III.NGUN GC CA TRI THC

Pramnya l hiu qu ca nhn thc. Pramna, lng, l ngun gcca tri thc. Ni Jaimini, c ba lng: hin lng (pratyaksa), t lng(anumna) v thnh gio lng (sabda). Prabhkara thm hai lng: th d


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lng (upamna) v ngha chun lng (arthpatti). Kumrila thm lngth su: v th lng (abhva) hay bt kh c (anupalabdhi).

Hin lng (pratyaksa) l tri gic s khi khi ni cn v ngoi cnh tip

xc vi nhau m c Prabhkara v Kumrila u tha nhn l, nh cc nh Naiyayika, tri gic ny c hai: hin lng v phn bit (nirvikalpa-pratyaksa) v hin lng c phn bit (savikalpa-pratyaksa). Gii thch cah i khi cng ging ca Nyya. Tuy nhin, v khng nhn c hai cngha, d (visesa) v ha hip (samavya), nn theo h, hin lng v phn

bit thu nhn c c tng tng v bit tng ca i tng; ni cchkhc, n va thu nhn i tng nh mt ton th ca nhng thnh phn vva ngc li.

T lng (anumna) l nhn thc bng suy lun, khi ln sau hai giaion s khi ca tri gic hin lng. Mt suy lun ch c th c khi hai svt cng hin din ni mt vt th ba. Th d, la v khi cng hin dintrn ni. S hin din ca khi vi t cch l mt s bin (gamaka hayvypya) trn ni to ra mt khi nim bin thng (vypti) cho php ngi tasuy lun c s hin din ca la, nng bin (gamya hay vypaka) trn ni.Suy lun khng khi u t mt mnh tng qut, t s cng tn ph bingia mt s bin (gamaka) v mt nng bin (gamya): ni no c khi niy c la. N do k c v s quan h thng trc gia hai s kin: khi vla, cng hin din ni mt s kin th ba: bp la trc y. Nh vy, suy

lun mang li mt nhn thc mi m, cha tng thy: ni c la. Ni l mim, v nhn thc v mt hn ni c la xut hin trong tri gic trc tip, chkhng phi l k c qu kh c nhc li t mt mnh tng qut bitnh lin h khi v la.

T d lng (upamna) l nhn thc v tnh cht tng t gia hai svt. Mt ngi trc kia c ln thy mt con b i trong rng, nay thymt con b rng, tnh cht tng t gia con b thng v b rng khi lntrong nhn thc. Loi nhn thc ny bao gm mt i tng trong k c v

mt i tng ang tri gic. N khng phi l mt nhn thc bng suy lun,t lng (anumsa), bi v quan h bin sung, hay bin thng (vypti) giahai con vt khng cn thit phi c. N cng khng phi l mt hin lng(pratyaksa), bi v y nhn thc t c khng phi l con b, hay brng, m l tnh tng t ca n.


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Ngha chun lng (arthpatti) l nhn thc hm ng. Gia hai s kintng phn, khng nht tr, ngi ta rt ra mt hm ng. n thm mtngi bn, bit chc rng y ang sng, nhng khng c mt trong nh;ang sng v vng mt l hai nhn thc tng phn, khng nht tr,

c bit, chng dn n mt hm ng rng y ang u . Nyya tloi nhn thc ny vo t lng (anumna). Mmms cho rng trong tlng khng th c s khng nht tr nh vy. Bng vo ngha chun lng,cc nh Mmms chng t rng t ng tn ti sau khi cht. Veda ha hn

phc bo cho t t, nhng khng phi hng th ngay sau khi va thchin xong mt t t, m l s hng th trong mt i sng tng lai. Chnhtc gi ca mt hnh vi thin hay c s hng th kt qu ca hnh vi y; do, t ng vn tn ti sau khi cht hng th nhng g lm trong isng ny.

Prabhkara khng coi v th, v th lng (abhva) l nhn thc vmt i tng vng mt. N cng c gi l bt kh c (anupalabdhi).Khi mt ngi bc ra sau h ra chn, nhn ra rng lu nc khng c ,khng hin hu; nh vy, v th ca lu nc c nhn thc. Prabhkarakhng coi v th nh l mt phm tr c lp, mt c ngha (pdrtha). Vth ca lu nc ch l s vng mt ca n. S vng mt ny da trn mtkhng gian trng. Vi cc nh Naiyayika, v Kumrila, v th thc s lmt phm tr ring bit, mt c ngha. Kumrila khng cho rng v th chl s vng mt, l mt khng gian trng. Mt khng gian c th trng ivi lu nc, nhng li khng phi l trng vi mt vt khc, hn chnghn, c th hin din ni . Nhng khc vi cc nh Naiyayika, h khngtha nhn c mt nhn thc ring bit v v th, ngoi hin lng v tlng. Vi Kumrila, cc gic quan khng th thu nhn c mt itng vng mt, v th. Cn t lng li l nhn thc bng suy lun cn ctrn hin lng. S vng mt ca lu nc, v th ca n, l mt loi nhnthc khc hn vi nm loi nhn thc m i tng c tnh cch tch cckia. Do , Kumrila lp thm lng th su, v th lng (abhva-

pramna) hay bt kh c lng (anupalaodhi) cho n.

Thnh gio lng (bsdha) l nhn thc xut pht t thm quyn cangn ng. Kumrila chia n thnh hai loi: nhn to (puruseya), lchng ngn ca nhng nhn cch ng tin (ptavkya), v phi nhn to(apuruseyo), chng ngn ca Veda (Vedavkya). Mt ngi anh sai ngiem dn n mt con nga, v ct li mt con b, trong lc , mt ch b


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(I.i.9). V c s ng thi ni cc hu tnh khc vy. Nu m thanh lmt v thng, trong cng mt lc khng th c nhiu cuc m thoi angxy ra.

(I.i.10). V c nhng nguyn hnh (prakrti) v nhng bin hnh (vikrti)vy. Mt t ng c nguyn hnh khi ng ring r, nhng khi i chung vinhng t ng khc, theo lut tip m (sandhi) n phi thay i hnh dng.Th d, t ng neti trong cch ngn: neti nety ytm. Hay dadhi atra, theolut tip m tr thnh: dadhyatra.

(I.i.11). V c s tng gia ca m thanh do nhiu ngi ni ra vy. Mtm thanh c pht ra t mt ngi, qua n nhiu ngi, s lng tt nhinkhng th ng nht.

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2. Uttarapaksa

(I.i.12). Nhng s tht hin thy tng ng trong c hai trng hp.y l tr li cho stra I.i.6. Trn kia i phng cho rng m thanh l stc, v hin thy. y ni, m thanh khng phi l s tc, m l s phthin bi ch ca con ngi. Tc l, nu trc y cha c pht m, mthanh khng pht hin, th by gi n c pht hin bi ch pht m. Nhvy, s kin m thanh hin thy tng ng trong hai trng hp.

(I.i.13). Nhng g xy ra (khi m thanh ht c nghe) l khng c trigic v m thanh tn ti, do s vng mt ca i tng.

(I.i.14). T ng ch cho v. (Tr li stra I.i.8.) y ni, bi v mthanh vn thng tr, do ngha ca nhng din t ny mi c th l sdng m thanh.

(I.i.15). Tnh ng thi cng ging nh mt tri. Mt mt tri duy nht,nhng ng thi c th chiu ri nhiu ni.

(I.i.16). N l mt t ng khc, khng phi l mt bin hnh.

(I.i.17). S tng gia c ni n, l s tng gia ca ting ng (mhng) ch khng phi ca m thanh.

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3. Siddhnta

(I.i.18). S thc, (m thanh) phi l thng tr. V pht thanh l v mcch ca k khc. Nu m thanh khng phi thng tr, dit mt ngay saukhi pht, ngi ny khng th truyn t ngha mnh mun ni cho mtngi khc.

(I.i.19). V ng dng trong mi trng hp. Khi ngi ta ni con b,bt c ai, trong bt c lc no v bt c trng hp no, u hiu c ngha ca ting .

(I.i.20). V khng c s lng. Mi ngi u dng ting con btrong tm ln, t thn ca ting con b khng h tr thnh s lng ctm.

(I.i.21). V khng b l thuc (anapeksatvt). Bt c s vt no b hydit cng u c nguyn nhn. Nhng khng h thy c nguyn nhn cho shy dit ca m thanh.

(I.i.22). V khng c nim v s lin h (ca m thanh vi nguynnhn ca n). y l do mt nn vn: m thanh l sn phm ca h khng.Tr li, nu m thanh l sn phm ca h khng, vy n ch c th l hkhng trong mt hnh thi vi tiu. Nhng ngi ta khng h nhn ra c mt

phn t vi tiu no trong s thnh hnh ca m thanh. Nu m thanh l snphm ca h khng, gic quan khi tip nhn m thanh cng phi tip nhnc nhng phn t h khng trong m thanh.

(I.i.23). V thnh in c m ch. Thnh in Veda thng c m chtnh thng tr ca m thanh, nh ni: Do m thanh vn thng tr...v.v...

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V.A NGUYN THC TI (Bn th lun)

Trn kha cnh bn th lun, cc nh Mmmsaka vay mn kh nhiucc quan im ca Nyya, v h cng tin ti khuynh hng thc ti lunnh Nyya. Trn y chng ta cng tng bit n mt t chi tit khc bitgia thc ti lun ca Mmms v Nyya. Cc chi tit khc cng s c


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ni thm y. H cng tha nhn c hin hu ca v s linh hn, v tnhcht a th ca nhng bn th cu cnh vt tn ti ng sau v tr vt l.

Chng ta bit rng, Nyya c su c ngha (padrtha), v cng bit rngtrong su padrtha , cc nh Mmmsaka ch nhn c bn, v thm ba

padrtha ring ca h, thnh by tt c. y l by padrtha ca Prabhkara:thc (draya), c (guna), nghip (karma), ng (smnya), y tha(paratantrat), lc hay hu nng (sakti) v tng t (sdrsya).Paratantrat ca Prabhkara c th c coi nh tng ng vi samavyaca Nyya. L do loi b samavya v visesa ni trn v khng cn nirng thm y.

Kumrila chp nhn c nm c ngha: thc, c, nghip v ng c nguyn; c ngha th nm, v th hay v thuyt (abhva), c bn nh

Vaisesika: v th tin hnh (prgabhva), v th hu hu(pradhavamsbhva), v th tng i (anyonybhva) v v th tuyt i(atyantbhv). Y tha (paratantrat) y c coi nh ng nht trong d

bit (tdtmya, hay bhedbheda). Kumrila cng loi b lc (sakti) vtng t (sdrsya), khng coi nh l nhng phm tr c lp, v gin lcchng vo thc c ngha. Kumrila cng chp nhn chn c ngha caVaisesika, v thm vo hai c ngha khc: bng ti (tamas) v m thanh(sabda). Cc gii thch v cc c ngha ca cc nh Naiyayika i khikhng my khc xa vi cc phi Nyya v Vaisesika.

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VI.T NG

T ng (tman) l mt trong chn bn th thuc thc c ngha (dravya- padrtha) ca Vaisesika-Nyya: a, thy, ha, phong, khng, thi,phng, ng s. Prabhkara v Kumrila u tha nhn, nh nhng nhNaiyayika, c v s ng c bit, v coi ng nh l mt bn th thng tr

(nitya), bin hnh (sarvagata). N l s y (sraya) ca thc v l mt tri gi(jnt), th gi (bhakt) v tc gi (kart). Ng khc vi thn th. TheoPrabhkara, nu ng khng khc vi thn th, lm sao gii thch khinim m ngi ta c v s tn ti ca ng trong tt c mi tc dng tri thc,v khi thn th khng c tri gic g, ngi ta vn c khi nim v s tn tica n. Nhng Kumrila cho rng nu ni ng khc vi thn th v c thcv t ng hin din trong tt c mi tc dng nhn thc hay thn th c tri


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nhn trong cc nhn thc, ni vy khng hp l. L do khc bit , theong, nhng vn chuyn, ch, nhn thc, khoi lc, au kh v.v... khng thc gn cho cho thn th, bi v sau khi cht thn vn cn tn ti mt thigian, nhng lc cc tc dng tinh thn ny khng cn tc dng na. Ngcng phi c hiu nh l khc bit vi cc cm quan, bi khi mt s cmquan b h hoi hay mt i, ngi ta vn khng c cm gic v s khimkhuyt nh vy ni ng. Thm na, v ng c xp vo thc c ngha, nnn c t cch ca mt bn th, ngha l bt bin qua nhng tng trng bini. Bn cht, hay t tnh (svbhva) ca ng l tr lc (jnnasakti), l timlc gy nn tc dng ca nhn thc.

Kumrila, Prbhkara, v cc nh Naiyayika, khng ng nhau honton v gii thch bng cch no m ngi ta nhn ra hin hu ca ng.Prabhkara ch trng thuyt ba tri gic ng hin (triputipratyaksa-vda).

Theo , nng tri, s tri v tri thc, c ba cng pht khi ng thi. T ng,vi t cch mt nng tri, khng bao gi tch ngoi s tri c bit n,v s tri cng khng h c bit n m khng c nng tri i vo tri thc lm mt yu t cn thit. C ba do cng pht hin ng thi.

Nh mt ngi ang i, ngi c gi l ngi i. Hnh vi i datrn ngi i m c. Nhng ngi i l tc gi ca tc ng ch khng phil i tng ca tc ng. Cng vy, tiu ng c tnh cch t chiu(svayampraksa), nh mt ngn n khi ri sng nhng vt chung quanh,

chnh n cng c nhn ra bi tnh cch t chiu ca n. Tiu ng lm s ycho tri thc, v trong tri thc, cng lc, chiu hin nng tri v s tri. Tiung tr thnh yu t tri thc, l ci ti khng tch bit ngoi tri thc.Trong gic ng say, v i tng khng hin khi, do khng c nng triv ch tri, v nh vy khng c lun c tri thc. Trong trng hp , ngkhng th c bit n. D trong trng hp no, ng vn khng h trthnh i tng ca tri thc. Do , phi tha nhn tnh cch t chiu can.

Kumrila cho rng tiu ng c tri nhn bi thc (monas-pratyaka),vi t cch l s y ca khi nim v ci ti. Ni cch khc, ng t nhn ran qua thc v thc chiu hin trong tm thc nh l ci ti. Bi vKumrila ch trng thuyt s tri tnh (jntat-vda). ng cho rng, tthc l mt tnh trng ca thc cao hn v thuc giai on sau ca thc.Thc ch c suy lun mt cch gin tip qua s tri tnh (jntat) ca i


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tng. Do , khng nh Prabhkara, Kumrila tha nhn ng nh l nngtri m cng l s tri. l s tri trong khi nim v ci ti.

Khi ngi ta thy mt s vt no , ci bn chng hn, v nu mt

phn on: y l ci bn, l lc ng nh mt chng nhn quan st,thu nhn i tng. Phn on y cng c th c ni rng ti bit y lci bn. Trong phn on ny, khng nhng s tri ci bn c nhn ra, mnng tri cng c nhn ra. Mt phn on nh vy bao hm hai thc lintip, tri thc ny hin l tri thc kia. Trng hp c th gi l tc dngni quan (anavyavasya) nh cc nh Naiyayika. Hoc khi ngi ta ni: tit bit, ni th c ngha l ti bit ti. Ci ti va l nng tri, v va l stri cng lc, m Kumrila coi nh khng gy tr ngi g i vi thc ti,mc d nghe ra c v mu thun.

i vi Nyya-Vaisesika, ngoi tiu ng (jivtman), cn c ng ticao (paramtman) hay Thng . Mmms, mc d ch trng cc nghitit t t thn linh, nhng li c mt thi gn nh v thn. Th gii nhiuau kh ny nu c coi l sng to ca mt Thng ton nng v tontr, th gii t hu, qu l iu khng hp l. Trit l karma hay nghip gii thch s sinh thnh v hy dit ca th gii. Hnh vi t t nh vychnh l nghip chiu cm nhng phc bo tt cho i sau. Gii thot ivi Mmmsa c gi tr o c nhiu hn l n hu ca Cha nh chtrng ca cc nh Vednta m v sau Sankara n lc khi phc truyn

thng hu thn cho t tng Upanishad.

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VII.CC C NGHA KHC

Bi v bn th lun ca Mmms khng my khc xa vi Nyya-Vaisesika, cho nn ta khng cn trnh by chi tit y. Mt vi chi tit

sai bit gia cc phi c trnh by ni vn ng (tman).V c c ngha (guna-padrtha), cng nh Nyya-Vaisesika, y

Mmmsa cng chp nhn c 24 phm tnh. Trong s , thanh (sabda) bloi tr v c thay vo bng hu nng (sakti). N l mt nng lc biutrng sc thi ca s vt, nh kh nng t chy ca la. Hin hu ca phmtnh ny ch c nhn ra bng suy lun t kt qu m n to nn. Cc phm


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6. T cch th ch, t quan, v ngha v.

7. ng dng t php ny hay t thc khc, theo s quy nh ca Veda;suy nh danh xng (nma) v c cht (linga) ng dng.

8. Trnh by phng thc la chn c cht nh ni trong chngtrc.

9. Trng hp dn ch vn, hay nghi thc, la chn s thch dng hnhthc ca vnh (sma) hay t vn (mantra).

10. Ph ch t thc.

11. Cn bn gio l ca nghi t.

12. Ty theo mc ch m chp hnh t thc.

Ngun mch tri thc ca Mmms l cc tp Veda, c chia lm hailoi: t vn (mantra) v Phm th (Brahmana). Da theo y, TaikenKimura phn tch ni dung ca Mmms-stra thnh nm loi nh sau:

1. Nghi qu (vidhi), b phn ch yu l Brahamana, trnh by cch quynh cc t thc, thnh bn loi nghi qu: (a) Nghi qu pht oan (utpatti-vidhi), m u cho mt cuc t; (b) Nghi qu phng php (viniyoga-vidhi),

ch nh phng php t l; (c) Nghi qu th (prayoga-vidhi), th t cacuc l; (d) Nghi qu t nhn (adhihra-vidhi), quy nh t cch ca ngi tl.

2. Ni dung ca t vn (mantra) v tp lc (samhit), gm ba loi. (a)Tn ca (rc), nhng li mi mc trong cuc t thn, m ch yu l ni dungcc tp Rg-Veda; (b) Ca vnh (sman), ca ngi cc thn linh c mi mc,ch yu l ni dung ca Sma-Veda; (c) T t (yajus), nhng li dng cngcc phm vt c c ln hay ngm nga trong khi tin hnh nghi thc, ch

yu l ni dung ca Yajur-Veda.

3. T danh (nmadheya), nhng danh hiu c t cho cc cuc ttheo cc thnh in Veda.

4. Cm ch (nisidha), nhng cm ch trong mt cuc t.


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5. Thch danh (arthavda), ngun gc v hiu nng ca cuc t.

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IX.DHARMA: NGHA V

Dharma c nh ngha bi Jaimini nh l phn truyn ca Veda, btbuc phi thi hnh nhng iu c ch nh. Trn phng din trit l, nl mt trong 24 phm tnh, tng phn vi adharma. Jaimini cng xc nhrng tri gic gic quan, hay hin lng, khng th tri thc c dharma .Bi v n l s phn truyn c tnh cch vnh cu, m tri gic ty thuc tcdng ca gic quan, ch thu nhn nhng g xy ra trong hin ti. Suy lunhay t lng cng khng bit n. Bi v s phn truyn l s pht hin ca

ngn ng, s lin tc pht hin ca m thanh. M bn cht ca m thanh vnl thng tr, v sinh. Do , nhng g c phn truyn, bi thnh inVeda, lun lun c gi tr tuyt i, vt ngoi mi kh nng nhn thc, trkh nng nhn thc trn chng ngn. Gi tr phi c tun hnh mtcch trung thc, khng th khc t hay cng bc.

Dharma c hiu nh vy, th chnh n l mt ngha v tuyt i. Nicch khc, dharma chnh l ngha v tuyt i. Cc nh Mmmsaka nlc chng t rng thnh in Veda khng phi c ni bi mt ngi no,

d l Thng . N lc ny hm ng mt ngha quan trng, m chng tac th hiu rng, l nhng g c pht hin tt nhin t thc x hi, tmt lc t nhin. V tr khng c tc gi, khng do s sng to caThng . Trong s vng mt ca mt Thng sng to, iu hnh vhy dit v tr nh vy, con ngi tm thy mt phn truyn tuyt i tthin nhin. V t phn truyn , loi ngi nhn thc u l ngha vtuyt i m mnh phi tun hnh. Ngha v bao gm hai phng din:ngha v i vi x hi, theo mt cn bn o c; v ngha v i vi thnlinh, c thc hin bng nhng nghi thc t t. Trong , ngha v chnh

yu l t t.

Ngha v c chia thnh ba loi: ngha v cng bc, ngha v tnguyn v ngha v cm ch. Nhng hnh vi b cng bc, b bt buc philm, nu khng ngi ta s b a lc vo con ng ti li, mc d thi hnhng mc cng khng hn s hng th c phc bo g. Nhng hnh vicng bc ny li c hai: ngha v thng nht (nitya) nh s cu nguyn


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hng ngy chng hn, v nhng ngha v phi thi hnh trong nhng c hic bit. Hnh vi t nguyn (kmya) hay t , nhng ngha v c thi hnhtheo mt c vng no , nh mun sinh ln ci tri sung sng, ngi ta

phi thi hnh mt s cc t t. Nhng hnh vi cm ch (pratisiddha), khng

c php thi hnh, nu vi phm chc chn s a lc au kh di angc.

Prabhkara ch trng ngha v nh mt ngha, v do , s tunhnh theo cc phn truyn mnh lnh ca Veda khng phi v mc ch no. Ngha v l ngha v. Veda khng ni n mt cu cnh ca ngha v.T ngha v c gi tr ni ti trong mnh n. Nhng vi Kumrila, nhngg m ngi ta thi hnh l mun nhm n mt mc ch no , Vedakhng h gi ln c mun thi hnh. Thnh in ch phn bit mc tiu tthay xu m hnh ng ca ngha v s dn n. Ri con ngi la chn.nh sng ca ngn n trong tay soi r ng i. Nhng i hay khng i ldo chnh t nguyn ca ngi i.

Trong on gii thiu ni dung cng yu ca Mmms-stra, chngta bit rng, ngha v m Veda ch nh chnh l nhng ngha v t t.Thnh in phn bit r ngha ca mi loi, mc ch v hiu qu cachng. Tuy nhin, nhng ngha v t t ny ch dnh cho ba giai cp trnca x hi, khng dnh g n giai cp th t, th la (sudra).

Khi mt cuc t c thc hin xong, th hnh vi tuy dt, nhng n gy ra ni ngi t t mt nng lc tim tng, cha tng c trc kia. Chnhn s dn n kt qu hiu nghim ca t t. V rng nng lc cha h ctrc khi t l, cho nn n c gi l v tin (aprva). y l quan nim vnghip lc (Karma-sakti) ca Mmms, nh c ni bi Jaimini, straII.i.5. Nng lc ny c nhn ra bi v th lng (abhva-pratyaksa). Trigic hin lng khng th nhn ra, bi v hnh vi t t sau khi th hinxong, tc th bin mt.

Cc nh Mmms u tin ch ch trng dharma, v khng bit ngii thot (moksa). Cu cnh ca dharma, hay ngha v t t, l t nthin gii, sanh thin (svarga) hng th khoi lc. L tng gii thotc khi th t cc thnh th Upanishads, khi m trit l v t t c khost, v mt t l c biu tng cho mt khi sng v tr, con ngi hngv mun bit (jijns). Gii thot thng phi hm ng mt ngha no


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ca tr tu. Cc nh Mmms v sau thay th l tng sanh thin bngl tng gii phng (apavarga).

Tiu ng chm m trong lun hi do kt hp vi thn xc, vi cmquan, vi tm v thc. Do kt hp ny m tiu ng tr thnh mt tri gi(jnt), mt th gi (bhokt), mt tc gi (kart). Gii thot tc gii phngtiu ng ra khi s rng buc ca thn xc. Bi v gii thot l vt ln mi

phc bo hay khng phc bo, do khng cn thit phi thi hnh ccngha v t nguyn (kmya-karma) hay cm ch (pratisiddha), v hnh vi tnguyn dn n phc bo sanh thin, cn hnh vi cm ch nu vi phm sa a ngc. Hnh vi thng nht (nitya) m Veda phn truyn, nh nghav t t chng hn, phi c thi hnh khng hng n mt mc chhng th phc bo no c.

Kumrila cng ch trng thuyt tri hnh hip nht (jnna-karma-samuccaya). ng coi ng nh l mt nng lc ca tri thc (jnna-sakti).Khi gii thot, khng cn nhng tc dng ca (manas) v cc gic quankhc, v ng tr li trng thi thun ty ca n nh l nng lc tri thc. Do, trong cnh gii thot, ng khng cn nhng phm tnh kh, lc, dc, sn,v.v...

Nhng gii thot m khng th nhp bn th tuyt i Brahman nhcc nh Vednta Sankara, hay din kin Thng sng to y n hu

nh cc nh Dvaita-Vednta; s gii thot ca Mmms nh l s gii trnhng rng buc ca ng i vi cc ngha v c iu kin, v duy nht chth hin bng ngha v tuyt i khng iu kin. Th th gia Vednta vMmms cha chc bn no trung thnh vi l tng ca Veda hn bnno.

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Chng II - TRIT THUYT Smkhya (S lun)

I.KHI NGUYN V VN HC UPANISHAD

Smkhya l mt nn trit hc ti c trong cc h phi trit hc ca n. Ngay t thi i khai sinh ca cc Upanishads, mc d cha thnh hnhnh mt h thng, ngi ta cng c th tm thy chng kh nhiu yu t


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lin h. Cc Upanishads cng v sau cng s dng nhiu thut ng caSmkhya.

Bn kinh Upanishd xa nht, cha ng nhng mm mng caSmkhya phi ni l Taittirya Upanishad. Bn kinh ny thuc trng phiTaittrya ca Yajur Veda. Ton b c chia lm ba chng (Valli). ChngI, Siksa Valli, trnh by nhng vn ca ng php, cch pht m1.Chng II v III, Brahmnanda Valli v Bhrgu Valli, trnh by tri thc v

Ng ti thng (paramtman).

Cc tit 1-5 ca chng II gii thuyt nm b phn, hay ng tng(panca-soka) m trong Ng (tman) xut hin nh l mt tiu ng(jvtman): thc v s thnh (anna-rasa-maya), sinh kh s thnh (prna-maya), s thnh (manomaya), thc s thnh (vijnna-maya) v iu lc

s thnh (nanda-maya). Chng biu tng cho nm nguyn l t hp thnhmt sinh mng (jva) vt cht hay nhc th, t chc sinh l, hin thc, ltnh, v chn ng. Cc tit tip theo ca chng ny, 6-9, ni v Brahman,nh l cn nguyn ca tt c, ai bit c diu lc (nanda) ca Brahman,ngi thot khi mi s hi.

Cc tit ca chng III vit v tm kim Brahman trong nm tng catiu ng.

Thuyt ng tng nh vy m ch 25 sau ny ca Smkhya. Tri

thc v Brahman khi hnh t cc thc th vt cht i ln v cn nguyn tihu ca n, s kin ny cng bo hiu quan nim v lch trnh hin tngha t tuyt i n tng i v t tng i tr v cn nguyn tuyt i, thnh tu gii thot cu cnh. Trong nm tng (soka), bn tng u baohm 24 m cn nguyn ti hu l t tnh (prakrti), v tng cui cng,diu lc s thnh, chnh l Thn ng (purusa).

Nhng quan nim v tnh phi bin d (avyakta) ca Thn ng, v tnhbin d (varkta) ca T tnh cng c tm thy trong Kthaka Upanishad.

Thuyt tam c (guna-traya) cng c bo hiu trong MahnryanaUpanishad, khi b kinh ny m t con d ci (aj)2 c ba mu: , trng ven. Thuyt ny li c ni r, nh mt nh ngha v T tnh (prakrti)gm ba tnh cht, trong Svetsvatara Upanishad3. Nhng Sankara, thlnh ca Advaita Vednta bc b tng ny ca Smkhya4. ng khc,

bn cht ca Thn ng m Smkhya coi nh l tri gi (jnt), th gi(bhokt), T tnh nh l t5 nhin gii, cng c ni n trong b kinh .


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Svatsvatara Upanishad thuc trng phi Taittirya ca YajurVeda. N khng nhng cha ng nhng yu t ca nn trit hc nhnguyn nh Smkhya, m cn bao hm mt t tng nht nguyn tuyt ica Vednta, theo gii thch ca Sankara. Do , chnh l nhng mu

thun c v c, Sankara khi ch gii n lc loi b nhng hm ng nhnguyn ca n. D sao, trong cc bn Upanishads s k, t tng nhnguyn hnh nh cng bo hiu, v tnh cch m h ca chng gia nhnguyn v nht nguyn khin ngi ta kh m xc nh k thy Upanishadch trng mt quan im no. Chng ta s gp li nhng m h ny h

phi Vednta c trnh by v sau. Cc Upanishads hu k, tha k ttng ca nhng g c trc, d nhin phn ln cha ng kh nhiumm mng ca Smkhya.

Nhng khng hn Smkhya khng trnh by trung thc t tngca Upanishad nh cc nh Vednta, nht l Sankara, thng ch trch6.V ngi ta thy trit thuyt ny c hm ng hay c nhc n trong ccUpanishads hay trong s thi Mohbhrata, nn ng rng u tin Smkhyatheo ch trng hu thn. Th nhng, theo Bdaryana, tc gi ca Brahma-stra, kinh th cn bn ca Vednta, khi cp vn phi Smkhya c lmt trit thuyt trung thnh vi Upanishad hay khng, kt lun rngkhng phi, bi v trit thuyt ny khng gi thit mt Thng va lnguyn nhn ti s, va l mt tuyt i th, v nh vy n l mt tritthuyt v thn.

kin ca H. von Glasenapp, trong La Philosophie indienne6, chorng svarakrna, tc gi ca Smkhya-krik, khng nh cc nh ch giisau ny tn cng ch thuyt tha nhn hin hu ca mt ch t v tr, mng ch khng bn n Thng (svara) m thi. Trong khi , cc nhch gii ca Krik li tm nhng l do ph nhn s hin hu casvara; v nh th Smkhya r rng ch l mt trit thuyt v thn k tsau k nguyn ty lch tr i.

Truyn thuyt li cho rng ch trng v thn ca Smkhya c mtnh hng quyt nh i vi Pht gio. Truyn thuyt ny da trn s kinrng ni n sinh ca Pht, thnh ph Kapilavastu, m ch s tha nhnKapila, sng t ca Smkhya. iu ny c th kim chng, nu ngi taxc nh c nin i ca Kapila.


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Tri li, theo kin ca Dasgupta7, chnh quan im v thn caSmkhya l do b nh hng ca Pht gio. Nu th, c l ngay t khithy, Smkhya chu nh hng tuyt i duy thn ca cc Upanishads,nu l ch trng chnh yu ca chng ch khng phi do nhng lun

gii v sau. Cho nn cc bn vn Upanishads hu k, cng nh trongBhagavat-Gta, v cc s thi khc, nh trong Purna, u cho rng Vedntav Smkhya khng chng i nhau, l mt chng c, mc d c gi trtng i. Ri v sau, do nh hng ca K Na gio v Pht gio mSmkhya t b quan im tuyt i hu thn i theo khuynh hng anguyn lun duy tm v duy thc v thn. Gii thuyt ny tng i c thgii thch v sao mt vi ngi theo Smkhya sau ny, nhVijnnabhiksu, na cui th k XVI, c gng phc hi quan nimhu thn cho Smkhya.

---o0o---II.TRUYN THA VN HC

Mt bi tng trong Svetasvatra Upanishad 8 c nhc n chkapila gy thnh truyn thuyt theo Kapila, sng t ca Smkhya cng c tin liu. Nhng kapila y l mt t ng ch cho Hyranya-garbha, kim thai, hay bo thai ca v tr. M Minh (Asvaghosa), trongPht s hnh tn (Buddhacarita) cng c cp n Kapila v ng ha viPrajapatti, t ph ca th gii. Kim tht thp lun9 ca T Ti Hc

(svarakrsna) ni rng Kapila l mt tin nhn (rsi) thi khi thy t hkhng m sinh. Nhng truyn thuyt c tnh cch thn thoi ny hin nhinc gi hng t ch kapila c nhc n trong SvetasvatraUpanishad nh va k.

Nin i ch xc ca Kapila, cho n nay vn cha d g xc nh.Nu theo truyn thuyt, ngi ta ch c th d on nin i khng thsau Pht.

T Kapila tr i, s truyn tha ca Smkhya c Kim tht thp

lun phc ha nh sau: Ti s, ng i tin (muni, ch cho Kapila), do ttm m em Ti thng ct tng tr ni cho suri. Ri suri truyn li choPancasikha, v Pancasikha qung b gio ngha (tantra) ny. Cui cng,truyn tha n svarakrsna.

V suri, ngoi truyn thuyt, khng c ti liu xc chng s thc lchs. Kim tht thp lun ni, Kapila tri qua 3.000 nm th phng thn linh,


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ba ln truyn o, v cui cng mi thu nhn suri lm mn .Pancasikha c nhc n trong phm Gii thot (Moksa-dharma) caMahbhrata, theo , nguyn l dng t ca mt ngi con gi tn Kapilca gia nh sura, ln ln lm ca sura v tr thnh mt hc gi

hu danh. T tng Smkhya ca Pancasikha cng c trnh by dimt hnh thc gin lc. Nin i ca Pancasikha c phng nh trongkhong 150-50 trc ty lch.

Tc phm cn bn ca h phi ny l Smkhya-stra c cho l dochnh Kapila vit, nhng nay tht truyn. Smkhya-stra hin lu truyn,cng c gi l Smkhya-pravacana l mt tc phm khong th k XIV,v nhiu l do cho thy nh vy. Trc ht, phi i n bn ch gii caAnirudha v tc phm ny, c gi l Anirudhavrtti, xut hin vo khongth k XV, nhc n, t mi c bit ti. Ngay c Gunaratna, th kXIV, nh ch gii ca Saddarsanasamuccaya (Lc phi tp yu), cpn kh nhiu tc phm ca Smkhya, m cng khng thy nhc nSmkhya-stra.

Tuy nhin, hin nay Smkhya-stra vn l mt tc phm h trng cah phi ny, ngang hng vi Smkhya-krik ca svrakrsna. Smkhya-stra, hay Smkhya-pravacana, gm tt c 526 stras chia thnh su quyn:I, gm 164 stras; II, 47 stras; III, 84 stras; IV, 32 stras; V, 129 stras; vVI, 70 stras. Ba quyn u trnh by cc ch im hc thuyt ca

Smkhya; quyn IV v php mn tu tp; quyn V i vi cc h phi khc;quyn VI, cc nghi vn lin h bn th lun ca Smkhya.

Tc phm u tin ca Smkhya c l l Smkhya-krik casvarakrsna, khong th k II sau ty lch. Ch gii v tc phm ny, cSmkhya-krik-bhsya ca Gaudapda, khong 640-690. Naryanatrthavit Candrik v bn ch gii ny ca Gaudapda. Vijnnabhiksu vit mttc phm v tinh yu ca Smkhya: Smkhya-sra. Mt tc phm khc,c ni l ca Vijnnabhiksu, Pravacanabhsya, ch gii Smkhya-

pravacana, th truyn thuyt li cho l ca Kapila. Vijnnabhiksu cng vitYogavrtika, ch gii tc phm ca Vysa (kh. 400 sau ty lch); bn ny lil ch gii ca Yoga-stra ca Patanjali. Nh vy, cc nh Smkhya huk cng lc cng tin gn n s thc hin vic st nhp t tng gia haih phi Smkhya v Yoga.


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---o0o---

III.HAI MI LM (Bn th lun)

Smkhya c coi nh thnh lp t ng t cn khya vi tip u ng

nhn mnh sm, v do c th hiu Smkhya nh l mt h phi chtrng phn tch su kho. Nguyn lai, ng t cn khya c ngha l ms v nh vy, ngha ca s suy t kho st trong h phi ny hm tnhcht phn tch. Tuy nhin, v s phn tch ca n i vi v tr th gii cnc trn tng n v, nn h phi ny c hiu nh l mt ch thuyt phntch bn th ca v tr thnh nhng con s. Cc nh Pht hc Trung Hoadch Smkhya thnh S lun cng theo chiu hng . Khuy C, tcgi Thnh Duy thc thut k, ni li nh ngha Smkhya theo gii thchca Huyn Trang rng: Ting Phn ni l Tng kh (Smkhya) y dch l

s, tc tr hu s, tnh m cn bn ca cc php m lp danh, t con sm khi lun, do gi l S lun10.

T ng Smkhya cng c cp n trong SvetasvatraUpanishad, theo s phn bit (smkhya) v t duy (yoga) dn n hiu

bit nguyn nhn (krana) Thng nh l ng thng tr gia nhngthng tr (nityo nitynm), tm thc gia nhng tm thc (cetanascetannm), v do sau khi hiu bit nh vy, ngi ta thot khi tt c mi

phin trc (jntav devam mucyate sarvapsaih)11.

Mahbhrat nh ngha nh sau v Smkhya12: hiu lc(pramnam) ca nhng khim khuyt (dosnm) v ca nhng hu c(gunnm) mt cch ring bit, c hiu theo mt ngha no , l ngha ca Smkhya.

Ni mt cch tng qut, Smkhya trc ht nn hiu l chnhtri thc13, tri thc chn chnh, v tri thc ny c th hin bng phn tchhay phn bit nh trng hp m Svetasvatra Upanishad s dng;

phn tch v phn bit ny dn n nhn thc c gi tr (pramna) gianhng g c ni l khim khuyt hay bt xc (dosa) v nhng g c nil ton vn hay chnh xc (guna) trong cn nguyn ca nhn thc, hiu theonh ngha ca Mahbhrata.

Sau ht, phi bit rng cn bn cho phn tch v phn bit l tnh ccha th v sai bit ca hin tng gii, ngha l c th phn loi vn tng


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theo tng n v dn chng tr v vi bn th ti s, nh gii thch caHuyn Trang.

Chng ta bit phng php phn tch ca h phi ny cng c

m ch cho Upanishad v Taittirya va dn chng trn l mt trng hpin hnh. T hai cn nguyn ti s, cn bn vt cht (prakrti) v cn bntm linh (purusa) khi giao thip nhau dn n lch trnh hin tng ha cavn hu. Lch trnh ny c phn tch thnh 25 phm tr, gi l 25 .Di y l lc ca chng.

T tnh (prakrti)

i (mahat) Ng mn (ahamkra) Ng duy (tanmtra) ()

(Ng tricn)

(Ng tccn)

(Ng i)

Thn ng (purusa)

Tt c cc phm tr trong lc trn c phn loi theo bn tnhcht: bn (mla); bin d (vikrti) hay vyakta); va bn va bin d; v phi

bn phi bin d. Phn loi ny cn c theo Smkhya-krik casvarakrsna14. Chng cng c gii thch theo tc phm ny, v chng tada theo trnh by.

1. Prakrti, t tnh, l nguyn nhn ti s hay cn bn (mla-karna)

ca vn hu, do khng th sinh ra t mt ci khc. V l nguyn nhn cnbn, nn n c ni l bn (mla-prakrti). V khng sinh ra t mt cikhc, nn khng phi l bin d (avyakta hay avikrti).

2. i (mahat), ng mn (ahamkra), ng duy (tanmtra): 7 phm trny pht sinh t nguyn nhn ti s l Prakrti, theo qu trnh: i pht sinht t tnh, do c tnh cht bin d, ng thi cng l nguyn nhn cho s


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pht sinh ca ng mn, nn cng l bn. Cng vy, Ng mn sinh t i,nn c tnh cht bin d, v ng thi l nguyn nhn cho Ng duy nn cngl bn. Ng duy sinh t Ng mn, v l nguyn nhn ca Ng i, Ng tricn, Ng tc cn v , do n va bn va bin d.

3. Cc phm tr cn li, 16 tt c, Ng i (bhta), Ng tri cn(jnnendriya), Ng tc cn (karmendriya) v (manas), khng l nguynnhn cho mt ci g c, nn chng ch c tnh cht bin d.

4. Thn ng (purusa), nm ngoi lch trnh hin tng ha, khng lnhn, cng khng do ci g m sinh, nn khng phi l cn bn v cngkhng c tnh cht bin d.

---o0o---

IV.THUYT NHN QU

Lch trnh hin tng ha ca vn hu l mi dy lin h nhn qu tnhng cn nguyn ti s dn n vn th sai bit. Trit gia khi chimnghim v bn th ca vn hu, hoc nhn chng trong mt qu trnh t sinhthnh n hy dit, hoc kho st chng trong bn cht tn ti di nhngtng quan c tnh cch c gii.

Nhng quan im nh th thng dn n hai thi khc nhau vlin h nhn qu. Hoc tng quan nhn qu ch c ngha trong chiu dcca sinh thnh v hy dit. Hoc tng quan ch l quan h cng ng tcdng trong chiu ngang. T i su vo chi tit, ngi ta cm gic nhng

phc tp m chiu ngang hay chiu dc khng ch l nhng kha cnh nthun v c nh. V tr c th xut hin t mt nguyn nhn hay hainguyn nhn, nhng ngha tn ti ca vn hu lun lun trong t thcng ng tc dng. Tc dng c th l quan h dy chuyn ca chiudc, nhng nhng a th v sai bit phi c kho st k t tng quan tcdng theo quan h dy chuyn ca chiu ngang. D nhn theo chiu hngno, ci nhn nguyn khi vn c tm mc quyt nh. Ci nhn nguyn khiny, khi bt u t chiu dc, ngi ta s thy quan h tt nhin gia vt liuv ngi nh c xy ct cho bit tnh cch sai bit ca nhn qu.

Ni cch khc, c hai thi khi nhn vo quan h nhn qu. Nu khost vn hu trong chiu hng nhn qu sai bit (krana-krya-bheda), ta i


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n ch trng qu khng c sn trong nhn, v lp thnh thuyt V qulun (asatkrya-vda). Ngc li, kho st trn chiu hng nhn qu v bit(krana-krya-abheda), ta t n thi coi nh qu c sn trong nhn,v lp thnh thuyt Hu qu lun (satkrya-vda). Thi th nht c c

trng ni cc nh Thng lun (Vaisesika), v ta cng c th k thm nhngnh Tiu tha Pht gio. Thi th hai l ch im ca Smkhya, v nh m h phi ny m t hp l v lch trnh hin tng ha ca mnh.

Lp thuyt cho Hu qu lun (satkrya), Smkhya-krik a ra nmchng c15:

1. V phi hu tc phi nhn (asad-akarant: v bt kh tc c ): nuqu (kry) khng c trc hay c sn trong nhn (krana), n s l ci phihu (asat), bt thc nh lng ra sng th, nh hoa m gia h khng.Vcaspati, th k IX, ni: Ngay d vi mt trm ngh s, cng khng thtr thnh mu vng16. Ngh s c th t mu vng ln bc tranh ca mnh,mu vng , d l kt qu t hnh vi ca ngh s , nhng khng phi lkt qu t chnh bn thn hay bn th ca ngi ngh s. i vi ng, muvng (nlam) l mt phi hu (asat). S hu (sat) ca mu vng phi mtni khc. D c trm ngh s cng hp li, cng cng ng hp tc, nhngkhng th v vy m tr thnh mu vng.

2. Phi do nhn t (updnagrahant: tt tu th nhn c ): nhn t hayth nhn (updna) ch cho s gn b mt thit gia qu vi nhn. Qu chl s th hin hay pht hin t nhn t.

3. Nu khng, mi s khng hin hu (sarvasambhav-bhvt: nhtthit bt sinh c): nu qu khng c sn trong nhn, tt c mi hin hu(sarvasambhava) u ch l v th (abhva) hay khng t tnh, v nh vycng c ngha l bt thc, khng hin hu. iu ny cho thy, trc khi xuthin, qu phi c sn trong nhn.

4. V l s tc ca nng tc nhn (saktasya sakyakaranat: nng tc stc c): i vi qu, nhn l kh nng sng to (sakta). Ch c nguyn nhnhu hiu mi c th sng to nhng g ang tim n trong n. Nh vy,trc khi pht hin, qu phi tim n sn trong nhn ca n. Thnh to ch lmt cch hin ha, hay l pht hin ci tim th m thi. Nc khng thto ra sa c; lau sch khng th to ra o qun; t ct khng th to racm hay du n.


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5. V nhn c qu (karanabhvt: ty nhn hu qu c) : ty theo nhnm c qu. Qu l yu tnh ca nhn t v nh vy n l mt, ng nht, vinhn t. Khi nhng tr ngi th hin khng cn na th t nhin qu y

pht sinh t nhn ca chnh n. Nhn v qu l nhng giai on tim n hayhin hot ca mt qu trnh. o qun tim n trong vi, du n c trongnhng ht c du, sa c c t sa ti. Qu c trc hay c sn trongnhn t ca chnh n.

---o0o---

V.T TNH (PRAKRTI)

Lch trnh hin tng ha ch din ra cho nhng bin thi ca vt cht.

Vt cht ti s hay nguyn cht (pradhna) chnh l t tnh (prakrti).Svetasvatra Upanishad nh ngha pradhna, thng nhn, nh l nhngg c th dit tn (ksara), i ngc vi hara, mt bit danh ch cho Siva,ng t m vn hu xut hin, nh l nhng g bt dit, bt t(amrtksara). Svetasvatra Upanishad cng m t prakrti nh l my17,v ng i ch t (mahesvara) sng to v tr nh mt nh huyn thut(myin).

Trong l thuyt nhn qu, Smkhya ch r qu ch l s bin thiv pht hin ca mt nhn tim tng qu trong n. Prakrti l nguyn cht

ti s, l nguyn y ca vt gii, ca v tr th gian. Prakrti, nh thy, vl nguyn nhn v duy ch l nguyn nhn, nn c tnh cht khng bin d,n c gi l phi bin d (avyakta). Nguyn cht ti s ny ch c th bitc qua suy lun nhn qu, ngha l ch c th nhn ra rng t lng(anumna). N cng l nguyn l v tri, v thc, nn l vt cht (jada). Vv n l mt nng lc hot ng v hn nn cng c ni l hu nng(sakti).

Hin tng gii, vn vt trong v tr, bt k vt cht hay tinh thn, tt

c pht hin t prakrti, chng l nhng g c tnh cht bin d (vyakta), chcho s chi phi ca sinh, tr, d v dit. Nhng prakrti l nguyn nhn catt c, n khng sinh ra t mt nguyn nhn no khc, c lp, tuyt i,n nht v trng tn, Smkhya-krik18 nu ln nm chng c cho shin hu ca Prakrti.


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1. V bit loi hu lng (bhednm parimant): Mi vt trong thgian, nu c to ra, tt nhin chng phi b hn ch, ngha l c s lng(parimna). Ni cch khc, hin hu ca vn hu c hn lng bng slng ca chng. Tnh cch hn ch hay hn lng ny mun ni rng, mt

vt ny ch c th pht xut t mt hay nhiu s vt no nh l nguynnhn ca n. Hn ch ca ci lu t l t st, nguyn nhn ca n. Nh vy,phi c mt vt th no khng b hn ch mi c th l nguyn nhn cavn hu sai bit ny. T mt bnh ng t lng m suy ra, ta bt gp vt thti s, v hn, vnh cu, nguyn nhn cho tt c; l prakrti.

2. V ng tnh (samanvdyt): Nhng c ch tc bng t, hnhthc v cng dng ca chng bt ng, nhng chc chn l c cng cht tnh nhau. Mt khc g c x thnh nhiu mnh ch tc nhiu kh ccho nhiu cng dng khc nhau, nhng vn cng mt bn cht g. Cngvy, tt c mi bin d trong lch trnh hin tng ha u c chung bn tnhh, u v m, l ba tnh cht ca mt prakrti.

3. V hu nng (kryatah pravrtteh): Mi hin hu phi xut hin ttim nng ca chng. Tim nng ca lu nc l t st. Trong lch trnh hintng ha cng vy, vn hu tm thy tim nng ca chng ni prakrti.

4. V nhn qu sai bit (krana-krya-vibhagt): Qu v nhn l nhngs th khc bit. t st v lu t, cng tnh cht nhng khng cng hnh

tng. Qu l hin th v nhn l tim th ca mt qu trnh. Th gii hinthc ny phi bt ngun t mt nguyn nhn khng cng hnh thi hintng ca n. C nhin, nguyn nhn ny chnh l prakrti.

5. V bin tng v bit (avibhgt vaisvarpyasya): V khng c ssai bit ca bin tng, ca trng thi hon ton hn nhin. Khi th gii hinthc ny hon ton hy dit, n tr li trng thi hn nhin, c gi l bintng v bit, ngha l tng ph bin khng sai bit. Ri khi th gii tisinh, t trng thi hn nhin y, th gii hin thc bc vo lch trnh hin

tng ha. Prakrti l trng thi hn nhin .

Cc lun chng trn y, nh thy, chng din ra theo mt bnhng t lng (anumna), ngha l suy lun t qu hin hu trong th giihin thc i ln ln n nguyn nhn ti s ca chng. C theo chiu hng


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ca mt bnh ng t lng nh vy, ta c th bt gp m t caMaitryanya Upanishad 19:

Qu vy, thot k thy, th gii ny duy ch l bng ti. Ci

trong nguyn l ti cao. Khi b kch thch bi nguyn l ti cao, n chuynng thnh sai bit. Qu vy, hnh thi l s ham mun. Khi s hammun b kch thch, n chuyn ng thnh sai bit. Qu vy, l hnhthi ca hu cht.

M t ny hm ng ba phm tnh (tri-guna) trong Prakrti.

Svetasvatra Upanishad m t s sng to v tr ca svara 20:Ngi, sau khi khi s cc cng tc ca mnh kt hp vi ba phm tnh, phn

phi mi hin hu. Khi ba phm tnh ny vng mt, cng tc thc hinca ngi tr thnh hy dit, v trong s hy dit ca cng tc y, ngi tiptc qu trnh sng to khc.

C hai bn kinh u m t qu trnh sinh thnh v hy dit ca hintng gii, m ni Smkhya, l quan h tn ti v h tng tc dng ca

ba guna. Nu chng trong trng thi qun bnh, hin tng gii khnghin hu hay hy dit tr li nguyn thy. Khi chng khng trong trngthi qun bnh, lch trnh hin tng ha ca v tr th gii din ra. Lchtrnh ny, chi tit s cp sau, c Smkhya-pravacana-stra 21 m t:

Prakrti l trng thi qun bnh ca sattvan rajas v tamas. T Prakrtichuyn ng thnh mahat; t mahat thnh ahamkra; t ahamkra thnh 5tanmtra, hai b indriya; t tanmtra thnh 5 bhta.

V ngha ca ba guna, Smkhya-krik XII-XIII ni:

H (prti), u (aprti) v m (visda) l t th (tmaka); chiu(praksa), ng (pravrtti) v phc (niyama) l mc ch (artha); chng h

tng nhip phc, chi tr, sinh khi v cng tc22

.Sattva c ni l nh v sng; rajas, tr v ng; tamas, trng v

ph. Chng cng tc dng cho mt mc ch duy nht, nh mt ngn n23.

Theo m t ny, sattva, h, l thc ti hay thc th chu trch nhim vs pht hin ca i tng trong thc. N l yu t khoi lc hay gy ra


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khoi lc. Tng dng ca n l tri ni bng bnh, nh nhng (laghu:khinh) v sng lng, chiu ri (praksaka: quang). Quan nng ca nh sng,sc phn x, chiu hng thng, hnh phc, nh , n hu, tt c u dosattva. N c mu trng.

Rajas, u, l kch cht, l s ham mun, l nguyn l vng ng. Rajasto ra au kh. Hu qu ca n l s cung bo. l ng lc tnh cm(cala: ng) v khch t (uapastanbhake: tr). Rajas mu .

Tamas, m, bng ti, l nguyn l tr hot, tc hot ng tr tr, u m,khng nhu kh. N gy ra trng thi v cm, h hng, v minh, u oi, ngngc, tiu cc, th ng, l hu qu ca tamas. N l sc nng (guru: trng)v bao bc (varanaka: ph) v do tri vi sattva. Tamas cng tri virajas v s hot ng khng ngng ca guna ny. Tamas mu en.

Ch gii ca Vcaspati cho Krik XII trn y, v nhng h tngca ba guna, theo : (a) h tng nhip phc, chng lin h vi nhau mtthit cho n khi mt guna ny thng th cho mc ch th cc guna khcn phc; (b) h tng chi tr, v tc dng ca mt guna ny c h tr bicc guna kia; (c) h tng sinh khi, khi mt guna ny to ra nhng ktqu ca chnh n phi da trn cc guna kia, v sinh khi y c hiunh l hin thi; cui cng, (d) h tng cng tc, chng cng h tngquan h ch khng hin hu ring r. Ngn n trong Krik XIII m t

nhng quan h h tng ca chng: cng nh du phng, tim bc v nhsng ca mt ngn n, c ba cng h tng quan h to ra nh sng chomc ch l chiu sng.

Quan h ca ba guna ny cng c th m t mt cch thi v nh tmtrng ca mt ngi ang yu. Tm trng l sattva, khi anh chng cmgic hoan lc trong tnh yu; n l rajas, khi chng say m sn ui v chinh

phc ngi yu khng ngng; v n l tamas, s m qung ca anh chngkhi eo ui ngi yu. Hoi vng, ri tht vng, ri m qung; hay hoan

lc, ri au kh, ri mt tinh thn, u oi, h hng. Nhng tm trng nylin tc quay cung, bin chuyn, gy thnh mt tn tung yu ng sini. Nh th Rasalna m t tnh yu nh l nhng phm tnh guna, rng:i mt ca ngi yu va trng, va va u ti, v va c ru ngon, ct v c dc, m hu qu l khi nhng th xuyn qua tri tim tnh nhns lm cho anh chng hiu c th no l sc sng, cn hp hi, li bingv s ngng ng ca cht chc. Bi v, sattva mu trng nh ru ngt v


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mang li hoan lc ca tnh yu; rajas, mu , nh c t, gy ra au kh;tamas, mu en u ti, nh c dc gy ra cht chc, v thc.

svarakrsna ni: chng ta ci u trc prakrti trng, v en,

mt ngi m t dng m c, mt v nui, mt ni cht cha mi sinhthnh.

---o0o---

VI.PURUSA: THN NG

Prakrti nh mt con d ci ba mu: trng, v en, sinh ra mt nd con. Trong khi , purusa nh mt con d c ang ng n c. N lmt con d c c n, nhng thong dong hng th nhng g m n thch.

N l mt k bng quan, nhng li can thip vo s sng to ca con d ci.

nh ngha v purusa, Smkhya-krik 24 ni:

V v tri ngc vi prakrti, nn purusa l chng ngha (sksitva), lk c tn (kaivalya), trung trc (mdhyasthya), kin gi (drstrtva), phi tcgi (akartrbhva), tri ngc vi prakrti, bi v purusa khng c ba guna.

Nhng con d c khng c ba mu nh con d ci m chng ta dntrong Svetasvatra Upanishad trn. N l chng nhn, nh con d c

ng nhn n con ca n m khng d phn nui dng. N l k c tn,v ngoi lch trnh hin tng ha, nh con d c khng tham d vic thainghn v sinh . N l trung thc, bi v prakrti vi ba guna c co dui,tri li purusa lc no cng rt thng. N l kin gi, v phi tc gi, cngc gii thch tng t, theo trng hp con d c v suy din.

Purusa v prakrti cng c v d nh mt ngi qu v mt ngim. Purusa, nguyn l tm linh ti cao, nhng l mt nguyn l khng hotng, nh mt ngi qu, c mt nhng khng th i c. Tri li, prakrti,

nguyn l vt cht ti cao, nh ngi m, tuy c hai chn m khng cngkhng th i c. C hai hp tc, ngi m cng ngi qu, v ngi quch ng. Th l din ra lch trnh hin tng ha.


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Cng nh prakrti, purusa l nguyn l ti cao khng th trc gic haytri gic n c, m phi bng vo suy lun. Smkhya-krik 25 dn nmchng c cho suy lun v hin hu ca purusa:

1. V t tp l v ci khc (sanghtaparrthartvt: t tp v tha c):chng c mc ch lun. S vt c to ra l nhm n mt mc ch no. Ngi ta bn c thnh chiu, v hng n ch ch ngi. Mn kchc trnh din cng nhm mc ch phc v cho s thng thc ca khngi. Cng vy, th gii hin thc ny xut hin phi nhm n mt mc chno . Khn gi ca mn kch, s thng thc ca h, l nguyn nhn cucnh cho mn kch ang trnh din. Purusa l khn gi cho cc o kp,din vin gm prakrti v cc phm tr kia xut hin thnh hin tng gii:s tha mn cc cu cnh ca purusa l nguyn nhn xut hin ca prakrti

v ba trng thi d bit26

.2. V khc vi ba guna (trigundiviparyayt: d tam c). Ch gii

chng c ny, Vcaspati ni: vi mc ch v k khc, chng ta ch c thsuy lun t mt t tp ny n t tp khc, thnh ra bt tn. Mun trnh tnhcch suy lun v cng ny, phi chp nhn s hin hu ca mt purusa. Nirng hn, khi nhn thy th gii vt cht, k c ni gii v ngoi gii, chngta bit rng tt c nhm phc v cho s tha mn ca ci ti (ahamkra),nhng tht ra, cng ch l bin thi t ba guna. Mun trnh khi l lunkhng t n mt kt lun cui cng, phi chp nhn purusa nh l mtnguyn l khc bit ba guna . iu ny c ngha rng, tt c mi s vtu c kt cu bng ba guna, v do , xt theo kha cnh lun l, ngita phi thy c s hin hu ca purusa khng c cc tnh cht guna, lmchng nhn cho cc guna v ng thi vt ln chng.

3. V l s y (adhisthnt): Ba guna l nhng phm tnh v tri gic.Hin tng gii phi c thng nht di s chng kin ca mt chngnhn sng sut. Mi nhn thc u gi thit s hin hu ca mt bn ng.Bn ng l nn tng (adhisthna) ca tt c nhn thc thng nghim.

Nhng bn ng trong tri thc thng nghim di khi nim v mt ci tiy cng ch l mt bin thi c ngun gc trong nguyn cht ti s. Do ,

phi chp nhn purusa l s y ti hu ca tt c th gii hin thc, bao gmc tinh thn ln vt cht.


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4. V l ngi hng th (bhaktrbhvt). Prakrti v tri, khng th ckinh nghim v nhng s vt do n to thnh. Nh vy phi c mt tm l,tm linh, tr tu, kinh nghim nhng g c sng to t prakrti .Prakrti ch l i tng ca hng th, l thc khch (bhokt). Tt c mi

s vt, bi v u mang nhng tnh cht ca cc guna, nn thy u c tnhcht hoc sung sng, hoc au kh, hoc h hng. Tt c nhng tnh cht ch c ngha khi no c mt nguyn l tm linh, tr tu, kinh nghimn.

5. V l c ly (kaivalyrthapravrtteh): chng ta sng trong th gii,b tri buc trong au kh, v tm cch gii thot. Khi gii thot ra khi miphin trc ca th gian, ta s l k c nht, c lp, c ly, ng ngoimi bin thi v bin chuyn. Ta hay k phi l purusa. c vng giithot cho bit c k gii thot. K l purusa.

Purusa nh vy c khm ph nh l mt nguyn l tm linh, mtcn nguyn khc bit cn nguyn nht th. Nhng, purusa l nht th hay

phc th, ngha l tt c cng t mt purusa duy nht, hay c s hin huca nhiu purusa? Smkhya-krik chng minh vi nm l do, rng

purusa l phc th:

1. V l cn nguyn sai bit cho sinh t (janamarana karannmpratiniyamt: sinh t bit cn c): trong hin tng gii, k ny sng ri k

kia cht, v cng chnh k , nay cht y v sinh ni kia, ri li t ni kiacht i m thc sinh ni khc na. Sng v cht tip ni lin tc nh vy,vi v s loi ngi v loi vt nh vy, tt nhin khng phi ch c mtlinh hn (jvtman). Nhng nu purusa l nht th, ch c mt, th s sngv s cht ca mt ngi ny s cng c ngha l s sng v s cht ca ttc nhng ngi khc. V ri, mi kinh nghim au kh, khoi lc ca mtngi ny cng s phi l tt c. Nh vy, purusa phi l phc th(purusabahutvam: cc ng).

2. V tc s bt cng (ayugapat pravrtteh): nu purusa ch c mt, ssa a ca ngi ny cng l s sa a ca tt c, v gii thot ca mtngi l gii thot ca tt c. V ri, mt ngi hot ng, tt c cng hotng. Nhng thc t khng phi vy, c ngi hot ng th cng c nhngngi khc lc khng hot ng.


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3. V d bit ba c (traigunyaviparyayt: tam c d bit c ): Trongtnh trng gii thot, khng cn phi gi thit c nhiu purusa, bi v, nu cnhiu th cng ch khc nhau v s lng, trong khi tt c u ngoi baguna. Nhng trong trng hp sa a, s lng d nhin phi c gi thit

l nhiu, m v phm tnh, trong trng hp ny th sattva tri vt mtrong trng hp kia th rajas tri vt hay trong trng hp khc na tamastri vt. Nh vy, v s lng cng nh v phm tnh, khng th tt c chl mt nh nhau. Vy, purusa phi l phc th.

Vcaspati ch gii Krik v cc chng c ny, kt lun rng s githit v phc th khng c g kh khn, bi v tha nhn c hai nguyn lcn bn v ti s nh va thy, Smkhya c c trng nh l mt chthuyt lng nguyn.

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VII. NGHA HIP TC (Hin tng lun)

C hai thi m mt trit gia c th la chn khi mun kho st vcn nguyn v xut hin ca v tr. Nu t mt thi tri thc thun ty,ng c th chim nghim bn cht tn ti ca hin tng gii, t d dngkhm ph mt nguyn l nht thng ca chng, chi phi v iu hnh tt cnhng vn th sai bit. Thi ny thng thng dn n mt nht nguynlun. ng khc, ng cng c th chim nghim s tn ti ca hin tnggii t thn phn au kh ca mnh, v cm gic nhng p bc v hn chca v tr vt cht; gii thot i vi ng by gi c mt ngha h trng:n l s gii thot nhng rng buc ca tinh thn i vi vt cht. Nh th,t kinh nghim ch quan v au kh, ng nhn thy cn nguyn ca v trtrn mt thi lng nguyn trong trng hp ca mt nh Smkhya cachng ta y.

Prakrti l nguyn l vt cht ti s, c kh nng linh hot khng

ngng. N l mt con d ci m nhim v l sinh sn. Trong khi , purusal mt nguyn l tm linh, m ch im ca n l s hng th, v thongdong t ti. Trc nhng au kh bc bch v nhng tri buc ca hintng, mt nh Smkhya c th t hi: au kh ny bi u m c? Cngnh mt ngi au kh v tuyt vng v tnh yu, y thy r ngha ca rng

buc v au kh, v chm dt nhng au kh tuyt vng c ngha l tchri khi sc hp dn ca ngi yu. Cng vy, gii thot khi s kh ca th


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gian tc l tr purusa v trng thi nguyn s ca n. au kh do tnh yuc th gii tr bng s dt khot phn ly gia hai ngi m khng cn luyntic. Cng vy, gii thot au kh th gian c ngha l trc nhn c umi ca lng nguyn. au kh l v cm gic tuy hai m mt. Bi khngthy y v l hai, cho nn v chng thn thip l loi m cng v chng(cho nn) l thip nh i mt mnh.

Cng vy, mt nh Smkhya c th t hi: v sao c s hip tc giapurusa v prakrti t pht sinh th gii hin thc ny? V s hip tc din ra nh th no?

Phn ch gii Kim Tht Thp lun 27, khi gii thiu khi im ca lchtrnh hin tng ha, t t ra cu hi th nht. V k , trnh by tr lica Krik: Thn ng v thy t tnh, v t tnh v s c tn ca thn

ng, do c s hip nht. Nh ngi qu v ngi m cng hip nht; vdo s hip nht m th gii hin hnh28.

Ch gii cho Krik ny, v ngha v s c tn ca thn ng,Vcaspati ni: Purusa, trong khi hip nht vi prakrti, tng rng ba loikh l ca chnh mnh; v t s t tri buc , n i tm s gii thot vc tn; s c tn ny do phn bit gia purusa v ba guna; s phn bitny khng th c nu khng c prakrti. Theo gii thch , purusa trong haitrng hp, hoc t tri hoc tm cch ci tri, thy u phi hip tc vi

prakrti.Tn vn ca Kim Tht Thp lun 29 ch gii Krik cng ni tng t:

Purusa v mc ch thy (darsanrtham), ngha l v mc ch mun hngth khoi lc th gian, cho nn n hip nht vi purusa. ng khc,

prakrti v s c tn (kaivakyrtham) ca purusa khn kh , vn l cic kh nng tri kin , m hip tc vi purusa.

S hip nht, nguyn Phn vn ni l samyoga, khng ch cho ngha hip nht ca nc v sa, m ch hm nh l tnh cch tng ngmt thit, s rng buc cht ch gia hai ci cng hip tc. Th d chnhxc cho ngha hip nht ny c th l s phn chiu gia cnh vt v mtknh. R rng hn na, l s hip nht v hip tc ca mt ngi qu vmt ngi m.


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Krik 20 trc cng gii thch ngha hip nht gia cc gunaca prakrti v purusa: Nh th, t s hip nht ny, ci bin thi v tri xuthin nh l hu tri; v tng t, t hot tnh thc s ty thuc cc phmtnh, purusa, vn l trung dung, xut hin nh l hot tnh. ngha krik

ny c th hiu theo bn dch ch Hn nh sau30

: V ba guna hip vipurusa cho nn ci v tri ging ci hu tri. V ba guna vn nng tc, trungthc nh tc gi.

Theo tn vn ca Kim Tht Thp lun31, Krik va dn mun giiquyt hai trng hp tri ngc: th nht, nu purusa khng phi l tc gi,th quyt do ai? Ngha l, khi mun tu tp xa la nhng xu xa, thnhtu nguyn, ai l ngi to ra quyt ; v th hai, nu ba guna a raquyt , vy n l ci hu tr, hu tri, v nh vy tri vi nhng iu

ni trc. Tr li cho mu thun th nht, Krik mun ni rng ba guna vtri v nng tc; purusa hu tri v phi tc; do s tng ng ca c hai m baguna c v nh l hu tri. Cng nh nung, nu tng ng vi la thnng, tng ng vi nc th lnh. Cng vy, ba guna cng vi tri gitng ng cho nn n tr thnh hu tr v c thc hin quyt . Tr li muthun th hai, tn vn ch gii a ra mt th d: Nh mt ngi B la mni lm gia mt bn gic cp. Mc d khng phi l cp, nhng ng vn

b gi l k cp. Ng cng vy, v i theo tc gi cho nn n c coi nhl tc gi.

Bi v purusa l nguyn l tm linh, bt ng, khng to tc, do ,d hip nht vi prakrti, nguyn l vt cht, nng ng, vn khng tr thnhl mt, ng nht th. S hip nht nh vy ch c ngha l s phi hp gito, tm b ca hai nguyn l c lp v bit lp. l s hip nht chiu theo ngha tng t tng ng (samyogbhsa). Gii thch nh vy,nu xt theo bn cht ca purusa v prakrti m Smkhya quan nim,khng th khng gy ra thc mc. Trong hai trng hp, hoc hip tc chomc ch hng th (darsanrtham), hoc hip tc cho mc ch c tn

(kaivakyrtham), trng hp no cng cha sn mt nan gii. Trong mctiu hng th ca mnh, bng cch no m purusa c th tin st liprakrti vi bn cht khng hot ng ca n? Trong mc tiu c tn can, purusa bng cch no c th tch ri khi cc gna?

Tn vn ca Kim Tht Thp lun (ch gii Krik 21 dn) hnh nhc ng gii quyt hai trng hp thc mc ny. C hai th d c nu ra


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gii thch. Th d th nht, khng c trong Krik dn. Hip nht giapurusa v prakrti c th d nh l gia mt quc vng v mt thn dn.Quc vng ngh: ta phi sai khin ngi , tc th ngi n qucvng sai khin; y l s hip nht t quc vng xy ra cho thn dn.

Ngc li, thn dn kia ngh rng, quc vng hy nn bung tha ta; y ls hip nht t thn dn n quc vng. Trong trng hp th nht, qucvng nh l purusa, ngi yn, khng hot ng, bi v ngha ca nh vuato ra hot ng ca thn dn. Trng hp th hai, thn dn l purusa, v mun ca y l hnh ng ca nh vua. Trong c hai trng hp, purusa vnl nguyn l tinh thn khng hot ng.

Th d th hai, c ni n trong chnh Krik, v y l th d lngdanh v s hip tc gia purusa v prakrti ca Smkhya mi khi ngi tani n chng. Tn vn Kim Tht Thp lun m t chi tit th d ny. Mton l hnh i qua x Ujjana b gic cp, phn tn nhau b chy, v b limt ngi qu, mt ngi m. Ngi qu ngi yn mt ch. Ngi m chyqu qung. Ngi qu nhn thy, hi: ng l ai? Ngi m p: Ti l mtngi m t trong bng m, v khng thy ng i nn chy qu qung;cn ng l ai? Ngi qu p: Ti l mt ngi qu t trong bng m, thyc ng i m khng th i c. Ri c hai ngh hip tc. V cuicng, c hai cng i n ch. Tn vn cn nu ln mt th d th ba: dos giao hip gia mt ngi con trai v mt ngi con gi m sinh con chu.

y, chng ta hy lp li hai thc mc trn, ri phi hp cc th dva dn, th a ra mt gii thch tm thi. Purusa, nh ni, lnguyn l tm linh cn bn, khng hot ng, trong tnh trng nguyn ytch ngoi prakrti, c nhin l vnh vin tch ngoi. Nhng lm th no tin st li gn prakrti? V cng vi bn cht , khi n hip nht vi

prakrti c nhin vnh vin hip nht khng th tch ri? Cc th d u ng ch ng v ch l purusa nhng ch ng v hnh ng l prakrti. Do, tin st hay tch xa, tt c u do prakrti thc hin ch khng phi do

purusa. Cc thc mc hnh nh khng xc ng.

Nhng cn mt thc mc cui: nu, sau khi gii thot tr li tnhtrng nguyn y, th cng nh trc kia n tng nh vy, v do ngita c quyn hy vng mt lc no , purusa ni hng pht biu ch, v

prakrti thc hin ch bng cch tin st li hip nht v hip tc vipurusa: mt trng lch s ca au kh li bt u, v gii thot nh vy c


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ngha l g? Hnh nh khng thy Smkhya d liu thc mc ny. Tuynhin, c suy lun theo hiu bit thng tc, vi kinh nghim v s v nhngau kh tri qua, nh mt ngi tng kinh s v ni kh ngc t, c lkhng bao gi hng khi tm nim thc hin nhng g c th ti din ngc

t na. Tuy nhin, xc ng hn, ngha gii thot ca Smkhya cng mch mt gii thch. Khi cp vn lin h, chng ta s thy n t giithch nh th no.

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VIII.LCH TRNH HIN TNG HA

Trc khi xt n lch trnh hin tng ha t hai nguyn l ti s cn

bn, chng ta nn nh li bn trng hp ca bn tnh (mla-prakrti) vbin d (vikrti) ni trc y. Nay nhc li chng di mt lc tngqut:

1. Ch bn tnh: T tnh (prakrti)

2. Ch bin d: 5 i (bhta) v 11 cn (indriya)

3. Va bn va bin: i (mahat), ng mn (ahamkra) v 5 duy

(tanmtra)4. Phi bn bin: Thn ng (purusa).

ngha ca t tnh v bin d (vikrti) c gii thch nh sau, theoKrik 10: Bin d l nhng g hu nhn (hetumat), v thng (anitya),khng ph bin (avypin), hu s (sakrya), nhiu (aneka), y (srita), mt(linga), hu phn (svayava), thuc tha (paratantra). Phi bin d th trili32. Trong , phi bin (avikrti) cng l t tnh.

Ni l hu nhn bi v, t i (mahat) cho n 5 i (bhta) u cchng. Mahat ly prakrti lm nhn. Ni l v thng, v nh mahat sinh rat prakrti, c sinh tt khng c thng. Khng ph bin, v ch c prakrtiv purusa mi ph bin khp mi ni, ngoi ra, t mahat tr xung, tt cu b hn ch bi khng gian. Hu s, hin tng gii c co gin c cngdng ca chng. Nhiu hin tng gii phc tp, vn th sai bit, trong khi


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t tnh duy ch c mt. Y tha, nh mahat nng vo prakrti m tn ti,ahamkra nng vo mahat m tn ti, cn prakrti khng nng ta vou c. Mt, tim n, bi v hin tng gii c lun chuyn th chng hin lv khi lui v tim n chng tr li vi prakrti khng hin l na. Hu phn,

v hin tng gii b ct xn phn chia. Thuc tha, hin tng gii l thucvo nhn ca chng, nh con l thuc cha m c.

Trn y l 9 c tnh ca 23 pht sinh t prakrti, v tri ngc lil 9 c tnh ca prakrti.

Trong lch trnh hin tng ha, sn phm u tin pht sinh t prakrtil i (mahat). Nh vy, prakrti, v l nguyn nhn ti s, nn cng cgi l thng nhn (pradhna), cng c gi l Brahman, hay chng tr

(bahudhtman); i (mahat) cng c gi l gic (buddhi) hay tng(samvitti), bin mn, tr (mati), hu (prajn). T i (mahat) pht sinh ngmn (ahamkra). T ng mn pht sinh 16 : 5 duy, 5 tri cn, 5 tc cn v. Trong , 5 duy pht sinh 5 i (bhta). Hin tng bao gm trong 23

phm tr ny.

S d mahat cng c ni l buddhi, bi v n c tc dng phn bit33.Nhng vn pht sinh t prakrti, nn bn cht ca n l vt cht, trong phn chiu purusa. Vi ba guna, mahat c bn phn thuc sattva hay h,

nhng yu t ca hng thng, v bn phn ca tamas hay m, hng h.Nu sattva thng th, trn p c tamas, by gi c s h lc. Tri li ltrng hp tamas thng th34. Ng mn (ahamkra) l khi nim v mt citi ch th35, khi buddhi th hin thnh cm quan hay tri gic. Ahamkrahot ng di ba trng hp, ty theo s thng th ca mt trong ba guna:

1. Khi sattva thng th, n c gi l tt a chng (vaikrika, haysattvika). Ngha l, do s thng th ca h ni buddhi, trn p u v m.Ahamkra c sinh ra t loi s lm pht sinh 11 cn: y, 5 tri cn v 5

tc cn, v trong nhng cn ny, yu t h ni bt.2. Khi tamas hay m trong buddhi thng th, ahamkra pht sinh t

trng hp ny n s lm ny sinh 5 duy v 5 i, bi v trong 5 duy v 5i ny ngi ta thy yu t si m ni bt.


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3. Trong trng hp rajas thng th, ahamkra thuc loi taijasa, hayrjasa (u chng). N b sung nng lc cho hai loi trn.

T tt a chng pht sinh 11 cn: 5 tri cn, 5 tc cn v cn. Ni l

cn (indriya) v l nhng cn nng hot ng. 5 tri cn (jnna-indriya,hay buddhndriya): mt, tai, mi, li v thn. 5 tc cn (karma-indriy): cnng ni (ming), cm (tay), c ng (chn), bi tit v sinh sn. Smkhyacho rng 5 tri cn l nhng nhim v tinh thn do pht sinh t ahamkra.

Manas, cn hay tm cn c kh nng phn bit v c hai loi: nucng tng ng vi cc tri cn th n cng c tnh cch nh tri cn, nu cngtng ng vi cc tc cn, n cng c tnh cch nh tc cn. Cng nh mtngi hoc c gi l kho lm hoc c gi l kho ni.

Ahamkra, sinh t loi a ma chng hay u chng, s lm pht sinh 5nguyn t t nh, gi l 5 duy (tanmtra): sc, hng, v, xc v thanh. T 5nguyn t ny li pht sinh 5 yu t vt cht hay 5 i (bhta), theo tngng ca chng: t thnh duy pht sinh khng i, xc duy pht sinh phongi, sc duy pht sinh ha i, v duy sinh thy i, v hng duy pht sinha i.

Buddhi, ahamkra, manas v cc indriya, hoc cng lc khi tc dng,hoc tip ni nhau khi tc dng36. Nu c bn cng trc gic mt i tng,

cng hot ng trong mt lc, chng c gi l cng khi. Trng hpkhc, nh khi con mt (indriya) nhn thy mt s vt ng xa, v khng rnn khi tm (manas) nghi ng: Ngi hay ct nh chy?; t s nghi ngny, ahamkra khi tc dng a n gn i tng, v by gi do tc dngca buddhi m thy r l vt g.

Bi v tt c 23 ny cng ly prakrti lm nguyn cht ti s, v shin din thng trc ca ba guna vi mt guna thng th v hai guna cnli h tr, chng hon ton l vt cht, do khng phi l tm linh thun

ty, nhng hot ng tinh thn ca chng, nh nhn thc, ch hay tnhcm, u l nhng hot ng c tnh cch gi to, phn chiu bng dng capurusa vn l nguyn l tm linh thun ty.

Nh vy, lch trnh hin tng ha lun lun ch phc v cho chch ca purusa. Cng nh cy ci vn v tri nhng c kh nng lm phtsinh hoa qu; hay nc tun chy v cho t ai ph nhiu. Chnh xc


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hn, ni theo th d ca Krik 57: V mc ch nui dng d m sa tunchy t v ca b m mt cch v t. Cng vy, prakrti v tri, v mc chgii thot ca purusa37. Prakrti nh th l mt n nhn ca purusa, luntm mi phng k phc v cho purusa, mang nhng phm tnh m

n c n cho purusa vn khng phm tnh no c.Hot ng ca prakrti l nhng hot ng v t, v tha, khng i hi

mt p ng no cho chnh mnh ht38. Hot ng ca 12 c nng(ahamkra, manas, jnnendriya v 5 karmendriya) tip xc vi cctanmtra v bhta, tt c u v mc ch ca purusa phn chiu trong

buddhi hay mahat. Cc guna trong chng va d bit v va cng tc hot ng, cng nh du, tim bc v nh sng ca mt ngn n, h tngcng tc soi sng v phc v cho quyn li ca purusa39. Hoc gi, cngnh tt c thn dn, lao tc kim ti sn, v tt c ti sn ny c npcho quc vng. Cng vy, v mc ch phc v cho purusa, hot ng ca13 c nng tinh thn u quy chiu v buddhi. Tt c 13 phm tr ny,di s ch lnh ca mahat, khng hot ng cho mt ch ch no khcngoi mc ch ca purusa. Mi phm tr thc hin bn phn ring bit camnh. Do , ton b hot ng sng to ca prakrti, t sn phm u tinl mahat, cho n cui cng l cc bhta, v mc ch gii thot ca purusakhi ba ci, n hnh s cho k khc nh chnh l hnh s cho mnh.

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IX.GII THOT LUN

Thuyt 12 nhn duyn ca Pht gio qun st tin trnh quan h nhnqu trn hai chiu hng, hoc thun lu, xui theo dng sinh t, t v minhcho n gi v cht; hoc theo chiu nghch lu, ngc dng kho st i tcnh kh bc bch hin ti ca gi v cht cui cng hy dit v minh.Cng tng t nh vy, lch trnh hin tng ha ca Smkhya c khost t prakrti sinh khi mahat, t th t sinh khi ahamkra.

Nu theo chiu ngc, lch trnh din ra nh s rt lui, co li ca hintng gii tr v nguyn tnh ca prakrti, t nhn thc v nhng sai lmca hin tng chuyn bin, t s gi o, v thng trong tc chongvng ca 5 bhta, l nhng hin tng vt cht c th nht, nhiu tnh cht


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au kh ca tamas nht, cho n nhn thc chn tht v prakrti l nguyn lvt cht nguyn s, thng tr, ph bin vi 9 c tnh thy.

C hai cng tc, hoc tung ra hoc thu li, khng phi l cng tc mprakrti t thc hin cho chnh mnh, nhng l hnh s cho ngi bn quca n. Prakrti c m t nh mt ngi bn tt, y n c, trong khi

purusa l mt ngi v k, v n, v c. V n, v t khi xui dng sngcht cho n ngc dng gii thot, prakrti lun lun chiu theo munca bn purusa m khng nhn lnh mt bo p no c. V c, v k thhng n hu chng c ti nng g, khng c ba phm tnh h, u v m40.

Khi purusa phn chiu mun ca mnh trn ba c tnh u, h v mv prakrti sn sng tc ng chng, v do khi ln lch trnh hin tngha. Tri li, khi purusa ch a thch nhng tnh cht n mt, b nhim, nhu

nhuyn, thng tr, v.v... ca prakrti, hay mun n c, thong dong t ti,th prakrti cng v m tc ng chnh tr phn bit, do s phn nh chca purusa ni buddhi, phn bit nhng sai lm xu xa hin tng gii ngc dng tin v gii thot. Thi ca purusa c m t nh mtngi ln u thy mt c gi v cho rng p, sinh lng a thch, nhngsau thy c khc p hn v li sinh lng a thch c gi sau ny hn. l c gi c ba c tnh ca prakrti41.

Krik m u cho trit thuyt Smkhya bng nhn nh v ba ni

kh bc bch ca th gian, v mun dit tr s kh y, phi bt u t chmun bit (jijns). Mun bit nhng g? l mun bit ti sao scthn c cu to bi nm i (bhta) ny li phi chu ng qu nhiu aukh42. Smkhya phn bit c ba loi kh: au kh t bn trong (dhymika),au kh t bn ngoi (dhibhautika) v au kh bi thin mnh(dhidaivavika)43.

D c thc sinh ln tri (svarga) th ch khc c trnh hng lc mthi, v hu qu vn tr li nguyn trng s kh trc kia. Bi v, loi tri,loi ngi v loi vt ch khc nhau v s ni bt ca mt trong ba guna.

tri, l s ni bt ca h hay sattva. ngi, u hay rajas, v vt, m haytamas. C ba, h, u v m, u dn khi hin hu ca mt v tr ton lkh.

Khi nhn thc v s kh nh vy ri, ta mi bt u quan st t hinhu c th nht, 5 bhtas v 11 indriyas, nhn ra nhng sai lm m hoc ca


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chng, do ta sinh tm nhm tm. l ta ln lt quan st i t qu nnhn, phng ln cho n prakrti, vn ti gii thot cu cnh (apavarga).

Lch trnh tu tp nh vy din ra qua su giai on:

1. T lng v: giai on u tin, khi s t duy v nhng qu thtca 5 bhtas, khng cn ham mun chng, nhm tm v tm cch xa la.

2. Tr v: giai on k, qun st nhng qu tht ca 11 cn.

3. Nh v: giai on bc vo nh tht, bi v do qun st s qu thtca 5 tanmtras m t h thy prakrti.

4. Ch v: giai on n ch. ch y l s nhn thc v nhng

h phc, do qun st s qu tht ca ahamkra.5. Xc v: giai on c rt, thu hi hot ng ca 3 guna do qun st

s qu tht ca buddhi.

6. c tn v: giai on cui cng, sau khi qun st v thy r nhngqu tht ca prakrti, purusa c tch ri khi prakrti t c lp, ringr.

n y, mn kch chuyn bin coi nh xong. C th ni l mt

v kch c hai mn. Khn gi l purusa, v din vin l prakrti. By gi,khi mn kch dt, din vin lui vo hu trng, v khn gi cng t nggii tn. Th l, purusa hon ton gii thot44.

Theo ngha ny, gii thot i vi Smkhya tc l chm dt lch trnhhin tng ha, d xui dng hay ngc dng. Bi v purusa khng h btri buc (badhyate) v cng khng h c ci tri (mucyate), v cngkhng c lun hi sinh t. Lun hi sinh t, b tri v c ci tri, tt cu c s y (sray) ni prakrti45.

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phn tn, khng bao gi chuyn ch trn mt i tng. Ngi yu nhtng tnh nhn, thy trn tt c sinh th ca mnh nm trong lng ca tnhnhn. Tn cu nguyn, thy tt c tm tr, tt c i sng ca mnh dnghin trn vn cho ng Ti cao. Nhng s kin u c ngha trong t

ng yoga.Cc Upanishads, nh ni, khng nhng nh ngha yoga l g, m cn

ch th cc phng php tu luyn t n trng thi tuyt i tng ngca n. Svetasvatra Upanishad48 trnh by kh chi tit cc phng phplm th no c th chim nghim v khm ph hin hu ca ng tuyti. Trc ht, phi gi vng t th ca thn th, cc b phn trn, gmngc, vai v u phi thng tp, ri hng cc gic quan (indriyas) v tm (manas) vo tri tim (hrdi); v nh m nng con thuyn ca Brahmanm vt qua nhng dng sng gieo rc s hi. Con thuyn ca Brahman tcl ch aum. K l s kim sot hi th (prnyma); thc tp cho n khino cc hi th thnh trm tnh, nh nhng, qua cc l mi. Nh m thuthc tm , nh buc cht con nga chng vo c xe.

Hnh gi c khuyn co l nn thc tp yoga trong mt hang cnc gi cao, hay ti mt ni cao ro, trong sch, khng b gy tr ngi bicc ting ng, ca nc chng hn, v ni m tm tr c th d dng ththi, con mt khng b gy kh chu. Sng m, khi, mt tri, gi, la, nhsng, nh trng, y l nhng hnh thi s khi to ra s biu hin ca

Brahman trong yoga. Khi nm c tnh ca yoga c to ra, nh t, nc,la, gi v khng kh, by gi khng cn tt bnh, khng cn tui gi,khng cn s cht, bi v ngi t c mt thn th lm bng laca yoga. Kt qu u tin ca tin b ca yoga l s khinh an v sngkhoi, trng kin ca thn th, vng bt ham mun, da ti nhun, m thanhm tai, hng v du ngt.

Maitr Upanishad49 ch th phng php yoga gm c su phn: iu hahi th (prnyma), ch ng cm quan (pratyhra), tnh l hay t duy

(dhyna), tp trung t tng hay chp tr (dhran), suy l hay qun hu(tarka), v ng tr (samdhi). Bng phng php yoga ny, ngi ta c thbt c ngun mch ca Brahman, tng kh mi ti li, xu c. Cng nhth vt v chim chc khng lai vng ni hn ni ang bc chy, cng vy,ti cu khng lay ng ni nhng ai bit Brahman.


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Nu xt t thi i Veda tr xung cho n Upanishad, chng ta thyphng php tu luyn yoga t n mc chi tit. Ngay trong thi iVeda, t tng kh tu thng c gi tr kh ni bt. Tapas hay kh hnh, v

brahmacarya, tnh hnh hay i sng ly dc, l nhng c l c tnthng, khng nhng ch gii hn trong thi Veda s khi vi Rg Veda, mmi v sau ny, vn l nhng c l c ca ngi nht trong i sng tngio v o c ca n .

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II.PATANJALI

Patanjali l ngi u tin h thng ha t tng v Yoga ri rc trongcc Upanishads v nhng ni khc, son thnh tc phm Yoga-stra. Nini ca Patanjali khng c r. V li c hai ngi cng tn, mt l tc

gi ca Yoga-stra, v mt na l nh vn php, ch gii tc phm caPnini. Phn ln cc tc gi phng Ty ngy nay ng ha c haiPatanjali. Nhng cha thy mt gii php no c hon ton chp nhn.

Ngi ta vn tm thi chp nhn nin i tc gi Yoga-stra vo khong thk th II trc ty lch.

Yoga-stra khng c coi nh mt tc phm c sng, m ch l tp ithnh nhng g lin h n Yoga ng thi. Cn bn trit l siu hnh trong da trn h php Smkhya. Ni dung Yoga-stra gm 149 stras, chiathnh 4 phm. Phm I: Tam mui (samdhi-pda) gm 51 stras, ni v bncht ca samdhi; phm II: Phng php (sdhana), 55 stras, trnh by cc

phng php thin nh; phm III: Thn thng (vibhti-pda), 55 stras, vcc loi thn thng; phm IV: c tn (kaivalya-pda), 33 stras, s giithot cui cng, trng thi c lp ca purusa nh c ni trongSmkhya.

Ptanjala-bhsya l tc phm xa nht ca Vysa, ch gii Yoga-stra,cng c gi l Yoga-bhsya, v c l c vit trong khong th k VII.Khong th k X, mt bn ch gii khc, Rjmtranda ca Bhojarja c

tp thnh. V sau na, xut hin nhng bn ch gii khc, cn c trn tcphm ca Vysa, ng k l ca Vcaspati v Vijnnabhiksu. Cc tc giny nguyn l nhng trit gia ca Smkhya, v cng c nhng tc phm vh phi . Tuy nhin, s lin h gia Smkhya v Yoga khng phi t hmi c. Ngay ni tc phm ca Patanjali, cn bn siu hnh hc l caSmkhya. Xa hn na, ngi ta c th tm thy ni cc Upanishads trong


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nhng yu t ca h phi Smkhya v Yoga xen ln nhau, nh thuytng tng c ni trong Maitr Upanishad chng hn; hay cp caSvetasvtara Upanishad v Smkhya v Yoga, phn bit v t duy, nhl hai phng tin h tng dn n nhn thc v nguyn nhn cu cnh;

y l nhng chng c cho thy mi lin h su xa ca hai h phi ny tronglch s t tng n .---o0o---

III.QUAN H SMKHYA - YOGA (Trit l v Php mn Yoga)

Cui chng lch s ca trit hc phi Yoga, chng ta s ni vn tt vquan h gia Smkhya v Yoga. y, ta ch ni thm mt vi chi tit vquan h t tng ca chng.

nh ngha v Yoga, Patanjali trong Yoga-stra I.2 ni: Yogas citta-vrtti-nirodhah, yoga l s dit tr c nng ca tm. Vysa ch gii strany ni: tm (citta) c ba guna, vi bn cht sng, ng v tr tr. Ngaytrong nh ngha ny, v ch gii ca n, cho thy im tng ng v d

bit gia Smkhya v Yoga. Ni ch gii ca Vysa, nhng g m chng ta bit v mahat trong b thut ng ca Smkhya, th n tr thnh cittatrong b thut ng ca Yoga. im d bit y l citta bao gm ba c nngni ti ca Smkhya: buddhi, ahamkra v manas. N l bin thi u tinca prakrti vi s thng th ca sattva. Mc d c tnh cht v tri, nhng lyu t t nh v gn gi purusa nht, v do phn nh ca purusa, nn nhot ng nh mt yu t c tri thc. Tt c mi hin tng tinh thn u

bt ngun t .

Yoga c hiu nh l s c ch hay dit tn cc tc dng (vrtti) cacitta. Nhng tc dng ny gm hai loi. Th nht l nhng tc dng trctip, l nhng sinh hot ca tri thc, v c gi l tm tc dng (citta-vrtti). T stra I.5 n stra I.11, chng ta c tt c 5 citta-vrttis: chnh tr(pramana), t tr (viparyaya), phn bit (vikalpa), thy min (nidr) v kc (smrti). Chnh tr l nhng nhn thc chn chnh, t ba ngun mch ca

tri thc: hin lng, t lng v chnh gio lng. T tr l nhn thc khngchn chnh, hiu bit sai lm v chn tng ca s vt, nh thy si dy mcho l con rn. Phn bit hay tng tng, l tri thc c c do truynthuyt, nh s hiu bit v sng th, ch c trn ngn ng ch khng ctrong thc t. Thy min l tm tc dng ly cn nguyn ca phi hu hay vth (abhva) lm i tng; n l s vng mt ca tri thc, nhng d vy,sau mt gic ng, ngi ta vn c th ni rng: Ti ng say khng bit g


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ht v nh vy phi c mt citta-vrtti duy tr s vng mt ny ca trithc. K c l nh li nhng n tng qu kh cha b gii tr, tiu hy.

Loi th hai, do s phn chiu ca purusa trong citta hay citta phnchiu trong purusa, to cho citta mang mt hnh nh ca ng tng i, tiung (jva), chu nhng au kh ca sanh t lun hi. y c gi l tcdng phin no (klesa), l nhng tc dng tnh , cng c 5 (stra II.3-9):v minh (avidy), ng kin (asmit), tham (rga), sn (dvesa) v hu i(abhinivesa). V minh l i vi nhng g vn v thng, bt tnh, kh vv ng m cho l thng, tnh, lc v ng. Ng kin l s ng nht sai lmgia nng lc kin gii (drksakti) v nng lc tri kin (darsanasakti).Tham l s chp trc v khoi lc. Sn l s bt mn i vi nhng nikhng thch . Hu i l s ham mun, chp trc vo s tn ti ca nhcth.

i tng ca Yoga l khut phc v dit tn hai loi citta-vrtti trny. Ch gii stra I.12, v s dit tn ca loi citta-vrtti th nht, biudng cho nhng tc dng tri thc, Vysa ni rng: Dng citta tri chytheo hai hng, hoc chy v hng thin, hoc v hng bt thin. Nu stri chy ca citta dn n c tn (kaivalya) hay gii thot v n lnh vcca tri thc phn bit, n c gi l dng hnh phc. Nu dn vo ti sanhv chy xung lnh vc v minh, n c gi l dng au kh. Gii thchny trn i th khng my khc xa vi ch thuyt v lch trnh hin tng

ha ca Smkhya.

D bit ln nht gia Smkhya v Yoga l mt bn v thn v mt bnhu thn. N lc thit lp mt quan nim hu thn cho Yoga c thy rtrong Stra I.23-29 v cc ch gii lin h.

Stra I.23 v 24 ni: Hoc do nim tng ng ton thin svara mt n samdhi. Isvara l mt purusa ti thng (Purusa-visesa), khng

b xc nhim bi phin no (klesa), nghip (karman), qu d thc (vipka)

hay d nghip (saya).Vcaspati Misra trong Tattva-vaisrad, khi ch gii cc stras ny, t

thit lp cc chng c hu thn, phn bit gia cc purusas, mSmkhya quan nim l phc th, vi mt purusa th thng ti thng,Isvara. Th gii gm c hai nguyn l cn bn, v ch c hai: purusa huthc v prakrti v thc. Nh Isvara khng phi l nguyn l v thc


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kh. Stra II.28 ni: Khi dit tr bt tnh bng s tu tp kin tr v tm phnDu Gi (astga-yoga), th nh sng ca tr tu soi n chnh tr phn bit.

Trong tm phn Yoga, c n 6 chi c thit lp t Maitr-

Upanishad. Patanjali b qun hu (tarka), thm vo 3 chi: cm ch (yama),khuyn ch (niyama), ta php (sana) v t chng ln hng u.

Tm phn Du Gi c trnh by t Stra 30 n 55, ht chng II, vt Stra 1 n 3, chng III.

1. Cm ch (yama), nhng iu rn cm khng c vi phm, c 5:khng st sanh (ahims), khng ni di (asatya), khng trm cp (asteya),khng t dm (arahmacarya) v khng tham (aparigraha). Nhng rn cmny c coi l c gi tr ph bin, khng hn cuc khng gian, thi gian

hay hon cnh.

2. Khuyn ch (niyama), tin thm mt bc, hnh gi thc hin cckhuyn co: thanh tnh (sauca), tri tc (samtosa), kh hnh (tapas), hc tp(svdhyya) v tng nim Thng (Isvara pranidhna).

3. Ta php (sana), ngi ng t th, vng vng v thoi mi. T thngi c coi l hon ho khi no khng cn c c gng, khin cho thn thkhng b dao ng. Hoc khi tm tr m rng v hn. Nh t th ngi hp

cch m khi b gy phin nhiu bi nng v lnh.

4. iu tc (prnyma), kim sot v iu ha hi th sau khi thn th ngi vng. Th c ba vic: th ra, th vo v ngng th, v iu khinty theo v tr, thi gian v s. V ni chn, ch quan st hi th khi voth n v tr no trong ngc v bng, khi ra th n u trong v tr. V thigian, hi th u n theo s di, ngn, nht nh. V s, tc m hi th,theo mt con s vi gii hn no . Nh vy, cho n khi hi th di v tnh. Cui cng l tm v cnh hp nht; tm c tp trung trn mt im

duy nht ca i tng, khng cn tn lon (dhrana).

5. Ch cnh (pratyhra), ch ng cc cm quan v tch chng ra khinhng i tng ngoi gii, khng bung th chng theo bn cht ca cittavn lun lun hng n cc i tng. S ch cm l hng chng nmc tiu ni ti.


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Nm phn Du Gi trn l nhng b mn tu tp v tm, thuc ngoi phntu tp (bahir-anga sdhana), cng gi l hu c Du Gi (saguna-Yoga),tc php Du Gi (kriy-Yoga), n lc Du Gi (hatha-Yoga). Ba chi cn lithuc ni phn tu tp (antaranga-Sdhana).

6. Chp tr (dhran), sau khi ch ng c cc cm quan, tmkhng cn tn lon theo ngoi gii, by gi chuyn ch trn mt i tngca tu tp, nh chp mi, giao im hai chn my, hoa sen ca tri tim, anin, hay hnh nh ca thn linh. Tm phi an tr vng vng khng daong, nh ngn la khng lung lay ca mt ngn n.

7. ng tr (samdhi: tam ma a, tam mui), trng thi hon ton tptrung t tng. y l giai on cui cng ca Yoga. Trong giai on tnh l

(dhyna), vn cn c s phn bit gia nng v s, nhng n y s phnbit y bin mt, tm hon ton th nhp lm mt vi i tng (arthamtra-nibhsa).

Tt c 7 chi trc u c mc ch a n s thnh tu ca ng tr(samdhi). Vcaspati, khi ch gii Stra III.1, phn loi tnh cht v nhimv ca chng, v ni rng: Samdhi v phng tin thnh tu ca n dint ni chng I (samdhi) v chng II (sdhan). Chng III (Vibhti) dint cc thnh tu tip theo trong s pht khi ca chng v l nhng

phng tin lm khi dy tn tm. Cc thnh tu ny c thnh tu bisamyama (tng ch). Samyama gm chp tr (dhran), tnh l (dhyna)v ng tr (samdhi), ba b phn ny su xa hn 5 ngoi phn tu tp. Chptr, tnh l v ng

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