Tieng Nga Nganh Ky Thuat Dien

7/23/2019 Tieng Nga Nganh Ky Thuat Dien

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hc vin k thut qun sb mn ting nga- khoa ngoi ng

gio trnhting nga ngnh k thut in

H ni -2004


2/261

hc vin k thut qun sb mn ting nga- khoa ngoi ng

Th.s. Nguyn Kim OanhTh.s.H Th ThanhTh.s. Nguyn Huy Thip

gio trnh

ting nga ngnh k thut inlu hnh ni b

H ni -2004

2


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mc lc

Trang

Li ni u 7

1:

:

.

99

21

25

2

:

:

. ,

30

30

37

40

3

:

:

.

45

45

54

59

4

:

:

.

64

64

72

79

5

:

: .

83

83

8792

3


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6:: . ,

95

95

102

105

7:: .

111

121

121

130

8::

.

135

135

147

153

9:: .

158

158

165

169

10

: : .

173

173

176

183

: 136 1: ,

194

2: ,

198

3:

203

4: 207

4


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2106: 2177: - 2228: 2339: - 23710: 240 245

Ti liu tham kho 260

5


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6


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li ni u

p ng nhu cu hc ngoi ng ca Hc vin k thut qun

s, chng ti bin son gio trnh Ting nga ngnh k thut

in. Nhim v ca gio trnh l hnh thnh cho hc vin nhng knng, k xo c ti liu chuyn ngnh k thut in nguyn bn

mang tnh khoa hc.

Gio trnh gm:

- 10 bi hc, trong 5, 10 l bi n nhm mc ch tng hp

v h thng ho ng php ca 4 bi trc .

- bi c thm;

- t in Nga-Vit;

Mi bi ca gio trnh gm:

+ ng php: l thuyt

bi tp

- bi kho:

+ c bi kho v tr li cu hi

+ dch

- bi tp v nh: c v dch.

Trong qu trnh bin son gio trnh khng trnh khi thiu st.

Rt mong s ng gp kin ca gio vin cng nhhc vin gio

trnh c hon thin hn.

ban bin son

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8


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1

:

I-

Trong t nhin c v s cht v hin tng khc nhau. nghin cu chng cn phi phn loi cc cht v hin tng thnhlp, nhm, loi v.v... cn c vo nhng c tnh ca chng.

Phn loi l mt trong nhng phng php ca khoa hc gip ta

nghin cu v miu t cc tnh cht ca ton b mt lp, mt nhm

cc cht v hin tng khc nhau trong t nhin.

- ( chia) (, ...)

(c chia)

()

(c th l)

(phn bit)

- - () (l)

(thuc v) ( , ,

..):-

.

-

- , ,.

9


10/261

- .

- .

-

: .- ,

, ...

:

1- Trong kt cu , ng t()

c th thay bng ng t

() .

: ()

.

2- Trong kt cu cc tnh t

cch 5 v ph hp vi danh t ng vai tr ch ng v ging v s:

- .- , .- , ,

, .- .

3- Trong kt cu - () du gch ngang () thay cho

ng t (ng t thi hin ti). Khi truyn t ni dung

kt cu ny ra ting Vit ta dng ng t lin t l.:-

- - xy l cht kh- -

4- Trong kt cu khi nim cch 1 c ngha

c th hn, cn khi nim cch 5 c ngha rng v bao qut hn.

Khi nim c ngha c th Khi nim c ngha rng hn

10


11/261

.

5- Trt t t trong kt cu c th thun hay

nghch tu thuc vo cu hi (c ngha l tu thuc vo yu t thng

tin mi).:- ,

, .-

, .

6- Trong kt cu (thng l:

; ...) ch khi nim hoc mt s vt chung bao trm

nhiu khi nim hay s vt tng t khc thuc v n. Trt t ca cc

t trong kt cu c th thun v nghch::

- ( )?

- ( )

- ?

-

.

1: ,

). Hy dng ng t

) truyn t li ni dung ca cc cu sau:

1- , .2- ,

.3-

.4-

.

11


12/261

5- : , , , .

6- : , ,.

7- ,

, , , .

2: ,

. Hy dng ng t truyn

t li ni dung ca cc cu sau:

1- - .2- - .3- - , - .4- - .5- - .6- -

.

3: ,

- . Hy dng cu trc -

truyn t li ni dung cc cu sau

:.= - .1- , ,

.

2-

.

3-

- 5

600 2.

12


13/261

4- , , .

5- , , .2.

II-

Khi miu t t nhin, khoa hc mong mun nh ngha mi khi

nim. Tt nhin c nhng khi nim rt kh nh ngha. V d khi

nim im cho n nay vn cha c mt nh ngha no tho ng

nh ngha mt khi nim c ngha l nu ra c nhng c

tnh chnh ca i tng , ng thi tr li c cu hi: khi nim

(vt) l g? v d: o lng l g? o lng l mt trong nhng

phng php c bn nhn bit thin nhin, cc hin tng v ccquy lut ca n.

:

()

() (1) (1) (1)

(4)

:- -

.- ,

.

- .

:

13


14/261

1- Trong kt cu ng t dng nhn

xng bt nh: ch th c ngm hiu l mt tp th no . Khi

truyn t ni dung ny ra ting Vit ta dng tp hp t ngi ta.:-

.

2- Trong kt cu () danh t

cch 5 l khi nim c nh ngha.

3- Trt t t trong cc kt cu cu trn c th thun v nghch.:- ,

, .-

(, ; ..), .

4- Cc kt cu nu trn thng tn ti dng cu phc vi lin

t (, , ). i t()trong

kt cu ny khng mang ngha v n ph hp vi danh t v ging,

s v cch.

() ..., ...:- 380 780 ,

, .- ,

.

, , ,

- - , .

14


15/261

- - ,

.

- - ,

.

- - , .

:

1- Lin t c dng trong cu ph nh ng. N

thay th danh t c xc nh trong phn cu chnh v ph hp vi

danh t v ging v s.

2- Cch ca t ph thuc vo s chi phi ca ng t

trong phn cu ph (c ngha l ph thuc vo chc nng c php ca

n trong phn cu ph).

4:

. , .

1- , ..........()

.2-

81-3, ...............()

.

3-

1, 2, 3, ..............

() .

4- ,

220 , 400 , .............. ()

.

5-

, .........()

-04.

15


16/261

5: - o .

-.Hy c nh ngha cc khi nim v

cho bit t no l t ch khi nim.

- .

. Hy t cu hi cho c cu ny v t tr li khng nhn vo

sch.

:

- , .

?

- , ...................

, ...............

1- - , .

2- -

.

3- - ,

.

4- - ,

.

5- - ,

.

6- - ,

.

6: . , .Hy c

nh ngha cc khi nim. Hy dng ng t truyn t

li ni dung.

16


17/261

: ,

:

= ,

.

1- , .

2- .

3- .

4- , .

5- ,.

6- .

7: . , . :

, -, -, -, ,

.Hy c v dch cc t ch qutrnh hnh ng. Ch cc danh t ny thng c hu t -, ,

-dng rng ri trong ngn ng khoa hc.

-, -, -

-

-

- -

- - - - - - - -

-

17


18/261

8: ,

, .

. Dng thng tin cho bn phi tr li cho cc cu hi.

Hy ch n trt t t trong cu tr li: cc t tr li cho cu hi nu

ra ng cui cu.:

?

?

- .

-

. .1- ? ?

- .

2- ? ?

- .

3-

? ?

-

.

4- ? ?

- .

5-

? ()

(

) - .

18


19/261

9: -

. Hy dch nh ngha cc khi nim

sau ra ting Vit

- ,

- () . Hy dng kt cu -

() truyn t tm tt ni dung nh ngha cc khi nim .

:

.

= - .

1- ,

, .

2-

.3- ,

,

, .

4-

,

, .

1: , .Hy c cc t sau, ch n cch cu to t

- - -

- -

-

-- -- -, -

- - -- --

- - -

- -

-- - -() -

-- ()

-- -

-- -

-() - / - -

19


20/261

- ----------- --- --

2: . Hy cu to t

theo mu

- - --

- .................- ..............- ..........- ..........

- - ---..........-.........-..........-/.......-...........-/-..........

- - --.........-.........

-..........-..............

- - --........-..........-..........-...........

3: . Trong s cc t cho sau

hy tm:

- (danh t), , , , ,

, , , , , , ;

20


21/261

- (danh t s

nhiu)

, , , , , .

4:

.Hy loi b t khng cng ch im sau:, , , ., , , .

5: ,

. Trong mi dy t sau hy tm t c ngha bao qut

hn., , , , , , , ,

, , , , .

, , , , , , .

. , . , . : , , ,, ,

21


22/261

, , , .

. () - . , . : , , ,

, . , , , .

.

,

. .

. :. , , . .

, , , . .

. .

22


23/261

. . , .

, . , - ..

. . ,

, : - , - .. ,, - . ,, , ; ,, - ..

, . , 1, 2..

, . , . , 7624-62, .

-

. . , , , , ,, ,

23


24/261

. , .

1- ?

2- , , ?

3- ?4- ?5-

?6-

? ?

v tr bt k

v tr c nh

() v, k

chm, chm dt

s, ch s, con s

truyn ng in t ng

h thng kn

h thng h

lin h phn hi

24


25/261

. ,

.

: . (.1.6,)

. (.1.7.) ,

, . , , , , .

(.1.6,). , .

, , . .

(. 1.6,) 3 .

.

25


26/261

.1.6. - ; - ; -

.

(.1.7, ) ,.

, , ,

26


27/261

27


28/261

. (. 1.8,). . (.1.8,) ()

3 .

.

(80-100. .) (220-500 ) (. 1.9).

, - , .

h thng mch t (mch t) h t khng gian

mch t nhnh

tr

bin p tr

bin p bao

tr dc

gng (phn ghp kn mch t gia cc tr)

ni tip song song

gp i

tit din mt ct

t thng pha

28


29/261

hnh sao ba pha

s vn chuyn

lm gim

chi ph

dng in khng ti

? tip xc, tip gip

c cng li

1- ?

2-

?3- ?

4- ?

5- ? ?

6-

?7- ?

8- ?

29


30/261

2

:

Khi nghin cu hin t

ng ca t nhin ng

i ta thc hin ccphp o khc nhau. o lng l mt trong nhng phng php ca t

nhin.

S miu t cc phng php v vic tnh ton cc i lng

vt l chim v tr quan trng trong cc ti liu chuyn ngnh.

- /

(4)

(1) - (4)

(1) (4) ()()()

(1) ()

- (4)

(- -)

(4) ,

30


31/261

:-

- (

).- (

).- .- (, ) .- (, ) .- () .- (, ) .-

- , , .

:

1- Nh ta thy trong cc v d trn khng nu ngi thc

hin hnh ng, v trong khoa hc iu ng ch l bn thn hnh

ng ch khng phi ngi thc hin hnh ng y. Cn ch trong

ngn ng khoa hc cc dng ng t sau y thng c dng nhiu

nht :a- Dng v ch trong kt cu + ng t nguyn dng,

thng thng ng t trong kt cu ny l ng t hon thnh th.:- .

- Dng nhn xng bt nh, c ngha l dng thc ngi th 3

s nhiu t ng t th hon thnh.:- .

- Dng nhn xng khi qut, c ngha l dng thc ngi th

nht s nhiu t ng t hon thnh th.:- .

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- ng t vi ph t -:- .

2- Ch i tng hnh ng trong cc kt cu:

(4) ?

cch 4, cn trong kt cu: cch 1.:- ( , )

.- .

:

1- , .2- , .

:

Trong cc mu cu trn cc t , l trng ng

t. Trng ng t l mt dng c bit ca ng t. N biu th hnh

ng ph b ngha cho hnh ng chnh lm v ng trong cu. Hnh

ng c biu th bng trng ng t v hnh ng biu th bng

ng t v ng lun lun do mt ch th thc hin. Vic dng trng

ng t l mt c im ca ngn ng khoa hc. Ngi ta phn bit

ng trng t cha hon thnh v hon thnh th.1- Cu to trng ng t cha hon thnh th

Trng ng t cha hon thnh th c cu to bng cch ly

thn t ca ng t hin ti + hu t - (-)hoc-(sau cc ph

m, , , )

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ng t nguyn dng Thn ng t thi hin

ti

Trng ng t cha

hon thnh th

- - - -

- -:

- -

- :-

2- Cu to ng trng t hon thnh th

ng trng t hon thnh th c cu to bng cch ly thn

ca ng t hon thnh thi qu kh + hu t : -, -

ng t nguyn dng Thn ng t th hon

thnh thi qu kh

Trng ng t hon

thnh th

- --

:i vi tt c ng t hon thnh th dng::

- - , ...

i vi tt c ng t hon thnh th dng : :- -

3- ng trng t cha hon thnh th ch hnh ng ph din

ra ng thi vi hnh ng chnh hoc trong qu tnh ca n; cn ng

trng t hon thnh th ch hnh ng ph xy ra trc hnh ng

chnh.:

33


34/261

,

:v

md=

,

:

4- ng trng t v on ng trng t (c ngha l ng trng

t cng vi cc t ph thuc n) c th biu th mt s ngha b sung

cho hnh ng chnh sau y:

-ngha thi gian v iu kin- ,

.- ,

.

-ngha nguyn nhn- - ,

.

c-ngha phng thc hnh ng ,

1: , .

.

1- () ....................2- () ......................3- () .........................

4- () .........................5- () ......................6- () .........................7- ............................8- ........................9- () ....................

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10- () ...................11- .......................12- ...................

2. ,

, .........., ..............Hy dng kt cu ......, ....... gii thch (anh) ch hiu ni

dung cc cu sau nhth no.

: ,

. ,

.1- , .2- ,

.3- ,

.4- ,

.5- ,

.6- ,

.7- ,

.8- , ,

, .

1. , . Hy c cc s sau, ch cch cu to ca chng.

- - - ---- --

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-- --- --

- - -/-- -/-(/-

/(/) - -/-- -/() - (/) -

- - - /- --- -

- - -- --

-- --

2: . Hy tm trong s cc t

sau:-:- , , , ,

.- , , , ;

- , , , , .- .- , , , , .- , , , , .- , , .

3:

.Hy loi b t khng cng ch im sau:

- , , , , , , ;; , , .

- , , , , ,, , .

- , , , , - , , , .

36


37/261

4: ,

. Hy tm t c

ngha bao qut hn vi cc t khc trong cng dy

- , , , , .

- , , , , , - , , , , ,

.

5: ,

. Hy chn trong cc t sau t gc

cu to ra cc t cn li

(), , , ,

, .

,

.

, - - .

, , , , , .. ,,

37


38/261

- - . , . , ,

50 ,.

, , , (), , .

, , , .

:

- - -.

-

.- .- .- .- .- ,

.- , ,

.

- . , : -

, ,:

38


39/261

- .- .- (, )

. ,

,.

1- ?2- ?3- ?4-

.5- ?6- ?

s phn b

iu khin t xa

giao ng

phn

tn s

nh mc

, ...... bit rng

tm bin, bin

-? ? ni, gn, ng

khc

bin p du

dng in dy

s phn nhnh, s r mch

s ngn mch, chp mch

s ngn mch, chp mch

39


40/261

s ri, gim

s lm ngui, lm mt

s lp rp

s khai thc, s dng

b phn bn trong bin p(c ngm trong du)

tng t

. , .

,

, , , , , .

, , . , , , .

- , , ,

40


41/261

, , .

, . , .

- . , ,

, . .. 1.3.

- . : 1)() ; 2) 3) . 802-58 ((

, . 1.4, -1.4,.

: ) , ; ) (1, 2, 3, 4)

(Si): 1-; 2- ; 3- ; 4-; - : 1, 2, 3

(1), (2) (3) 50 , ; 4- 400 , 5, 6- (5) (6) 0,01 /( 7, 8- (7) (8)0,1 1/; -

41


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. .

1- , , ?

2- ?3-

?

42


43/261

4-

?

5- ?

6-

?7- ?8-

?

s vn hnh an ton

s tnh ton, php tnh

s tnh ton in t

phn nhiu

bn

bn c hc cn thit

ng xut, in p

ng xut c hc

lc ly tm

lc in t

s rung, s dao ng

kt cu, cu to

thuc kt cu

s thit k, cu to

... do

? ? phng nga

b an ton, cu ch s c

ngnh ch to my in

vt liu hc

ch tit dn in ph

43


44/261

tm, l, phin

thuc tm, l

cun, qun

loi, cp

nhn hiu c bo m

hp kim ho

thp c vn cn ngui

()

tiu chun Nh nc Lin X

44


45/261

3

:

Tt c vt th trong t nhin t cc v sao v hnh tinh cho n

cc phn t nh b nht nhcc nguyn t v cc b phn cu thnh

ca chng u chuyn ng khng ngng.

Dng chuyn ng n gin nht l s thay i v tr ca cc vt

tng i vi nhau - chuyn ng c hc.

,

()

, ,, , ,

,

45


46/261

:- .-

.- .

- I-71- 3 -

.

- 13 12 .

:

1- Gii t ng ngha vi gii t

:

2- Cc ng t , ,

, ....c th c thay th bng cc cm t tng ng sau:

: .

.

46


47/261

3- Kt cu vi cc gii tvthng ng ngha vi

nhau:

.

() (, )

:

1- Kt cu ng ngha vi kt cu

C B

AA

BC

47


48/261

2- Khi tr li cu hi ?c

th dng kt cu: (6); (4);

(3) ch phng hng chuyn ng ca vt

th.

1: , : ? ( ), ?

? . Hy t cu hi cho cc cm t in m tr li

cc cu hi sau: ? ( ), ? ?

. 1 . 2 .3.4 .5 .6

:

2: , . Hy t cu hi cho cc cm t in

nghing tr li cu hi sau: ? ( ) ? ? ()

1- .

48


49/261

2- :

.

3- ,

.

4- , , ,

.

5- , ,

( ).

6- : ,

, ..

Dng rt gn

S tDng y

ging c ging ci ging trung

S nhiu

1- 2-

:- .- .

:

Ch : Tnh t y tr li cu hi v ng vai tr nh

ng, cn dng rt gn ca n tr li cu hi ...?

(, , )? v ng vai tr v ng trong cu. Trong cc v d trnc th t cu hi:1- ?2- ?3- ?

49


50/261

3: ,

.Hy dng cc tnh t rt gn dng thch hp thay cho cm t

in nghing truyn t ni dung ca cc cu sau:

:

.=

.1-

.2-

.

3- .

4- .

4: , . ,

- , - . Hy vit

thm tn cng vo cc tnh t trong cc cp cu sau. Ch cu u

dng tnh t y , cn cu sau dng tnh t rt gn.

1- ......... , . , ..........

2- , , ............

........ .

3- , .......... ................

50


51/261

, , .............. ...................

4- ,................ .

................. , .

(tin t ca ng t)

,

, ,

:

1- Cc tin t (tip u ng) ca ng t khng c tc dng lm

thay i ngha c bn ca ng t m ch trao thm cho n ngha

ph

-chuyn ng t trong ra

ngoi

() - chuyn ng i vo

trong

, , () chuyn ng ti tm lin

kt li vi nhau

() - chuyn ng ra

cc hng khc nhau, chia ra

thnh nhiu phn truyn lan,

chia nh ra,

- chuyn ng n gn b

mt vt

- chuyn ng ri khi b

mt tch khi b mt vt

, ,

- chuyn ng qua vt no

hay thm nhp vo vt no

51


52/261

,

- chuyn ng ti gii hn hay

mc tiu nh,

:

Hy ch : thng chnh cc tin t ca ng t quyt nh cu

hi ca ng t (c ngha l quyt nh s chi phi cch ca n). - (?)- (?)() - () - - - .

5: ,

.Hy in cc ng t sau y

vo ch chm sao cho hp ngha

, , , , , , , ,, , .

1-

................

,

, ............., .

2- ..................., .

3- ..................4- ................

.5- ...............(......)

, .6- ................

, , .................

7- .................. ...............

52


53/261

.8- .................. (

).9- ...................

.

1: ,

. Hy c cc t sau, ch n cch cu to t ca

chng-

---------

--------------

- - - - -- - -- - -

- - -- - -- --- --- --

2: .

Hy lp cc cm t vi cc t sau

-.........., - ........., - ........ - ...........,

3: .

Hy tm danh t trong s cc t cho sau

- , , ,

53


54/261

;- , , ,- , , , , .

4:

.Hy loi b t khng cng ch im

- , , , .- , , , - , , , .- , , ,

1- ,

/ , .

:

1- . , , , , , .

2- .

, , .

54


55/261

.

3- . .

4- .

, , .

5- . .

- .

. ,

, . . 2-4,5 /2, 1,0-2,5 /2. ,:

............................0,02-10 2 .............. 6-80 2.

, , :

, 25, 45, -200 360 .

, .

55


56/261

.

. 1.10. - ; -

.1.11.

, ,

: ,

,

(),

, - ()

(.1.10,) .

.

,

56


57/261

(.1.10, ).

,

.

(.1.11).

,

(

) .

,

.

-

.

-? ? t ra, a ra

? tho mn s bin dng

? chu

s nn, p

vng dy

cun dy

s hng

s qu in p

- c kim tra

s th nghim

tiu chun xc nh

57


58/261

(tnh, ) chu nng

mch

mt dng in

trn

phn tip t

tng h

ng tm

hnh a

xen k, lun phin

s sp xp

khung, ct sn

bn ngoi

tnh a dng

kp, i

s khuych tn, s tn

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61/261

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62/261

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ngn mch h quang vi t

thuc hnh sin

s cch in

dy trung tnh cch ly

hu qu, kt qu

? vt qu

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s c

chp, st

s phng in do ging t

gin on, xen k

cm ng

in cm

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in dung

c th p dng c

in tr thun

dung khng

dng in dung tnh

62


63/261

s lin h in dung

- ? b qua, khng ng k

tng i

s thay th

dng n gin/ rt gn

63


64/261

4

:

(4)

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+ ng t nguyn dng

:- 12

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.-

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1- ng tc phu nh t i hi b ng cch 2:

() .

().

64


65/261

2- Kt cu c s dng rng ri trong ngn

ng khoa hc c trng tnh cht ca vt (cht). Trong kt cu ny

thng gp cm t

+ ng t nguyn dng

? (5)

- -.: .

:

Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta dng ng t thay

cho ng t nhn mnh tnh cht ni bt (tri) ca vt

(cht) so vi vt tng t khc:- .-

.

3-Kt cu c s dng khi cn

miu t vt (cht) b ngoi (trng thi, mu sc, mi v)

(4):-

(, , , - , , ...) -

65


66/261

-

!

Trong phn hai ca kt cu thng

l cc t mang ngha khi qut nh: , ,

, , v.v... cch 4. Cc t vi nhim v xc

nh tnh cht cho cc t ny thng l t cch 2 khng gii t hoc

vi gii t v danh t cch 5 vi t().:- ( ? ?

? ) - .

1. - , .

Hy c v dch cc danh t c hu t -dng c trng tnh

cht ca vt cht)

2: ,

, . Hy

vit cc cht sau c tnh cht ni bt no. Ch chn cc t thch hpcho bn phi.

:- ........

66


67/261

.-

.

.....

..........

........ ........ .........

3. , () +

- . Hy truyn t ni dung cc

cu sau bng kt cu () + danh t c hut -.

:- () .

1- - 2-

.3- .4- .5- .

()

4: , . .

Hy c cc tnh t ch mu sc v sc thi mu sc ca cht v so

snh ngha ca chng.

67


68/261

: -, -- , ;

: -; - , : - , - , : - , - ,

5: . ,

. Hy c cc cu sau v ni anh (ch) bit g

v mu sc ca cht

:: -

= - (-)

1- - - 2- - - 3- - -.4- - -.5- - .:

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v mu sc ca cht

:- -

.

.1- - - .

2- - .3- -

68


69/261

4- - .

1- .2- -

7:

, .Hy truyn tngn gn ni dung cc cu sau bng cch b ng t .

:

.= - ,1-

.

2- .3-

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.

6- -.

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69


70/261

!

Ch : cc danh t vi cc hu t trn thng gp trong ngn

ng khoa hc:

- , . : .

- () . :.

- , . : -

. .

- , . : 2,4,6,8... 2.

- , . : 6 : 3 = 2 .3 - .

+

:

.

8:

, , .Hy vit li ni dung cc cu sau, ch dng kt cu cho trong khung

trn.

1-.

70


71/261

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71


72/261

.- , , , ,

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72


73/261

, . 800 - :.

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() , . , , (.1.14). . 1.15; .

73


74/261

300 4-20 .

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(35) (; 1.16, ). , .

74


75/261

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76/261

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80/261

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81/261

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81


82/261

bi bn

bi 10

..., ... nu ni n..., th...

khng chu k, khng tun hon

sn trc, mt u, mt trc

mt u sng

... ... n ni

np in

sng p n (dn n)

82


83/261

5

()

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(c chia)

()

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(l)

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83


84/261

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84


85/261

,

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(4)

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)

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)

85


86/261

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): .9-

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86


87/261

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88/261


89/261

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90/261

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91/261

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hm ng nng

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ch hm

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th t pha

? b mt

ng chnh lu, ng nn in

khong cch, phm vi

khong thi gian

c tnh, c th

-+ . kp

? khc bit, ni tri

b ngn mch

91


92/261

: , .

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.

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.

, 50%. , . - ; .

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.

92


93/261

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94/261

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thanh dn bng ng

s h, st, gim

phn khng

cun cm, cun chn

c tnh thng c/ kh c

? i ph vi, phn khng li

thng, kt, mng, rnh

94


95/261

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ca vt (cht), cn cc kt cu khc thng ch ni v mt s thnh t

ring bit to thnh vt (cht)

95


96/261

:

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() ()

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2- Trong kt cu t biu

th vt cht (cht) cha cc thnh t cch 1, cn trong kt cu

th n li ch 6 vi gii t .

:

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, ()biu

th mi quan h v s lng ca cc phn to thnh mt vt (cht) no

.

- 0,01%

.

- 21%

4- Trong kt cu ng tthng

gp dng trng ng t

- ,

, 47%.

96


97/261

(tnh ng t ch ng)

- , . - ,

.

(?) = (? = (?) = (?) =

.

Trong ting Nga song song vi cu c t , ngi tadng loi kt cu ngn gn hn vi dng thc c bit ca ng t. l ng tnh t. Ngi ta phn bit tnh ng t ch ng v tnh ngt b ng.

:- ,

,

,

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1- Tnh ng t ch ng hin ti c cu to t thn ca ng

t thi hin ti + cc hu t -- (--), --(-)

ng t nguyn dng Thn ng t thi

hin ti

Tnh ng t

- -

- -

97


98/261

Tnh ng t ch ng qu kh c cu to t thn ca ng t

qu kh + cc hu t -- nu thn t kt thc bng nguyn m)--

(nu thn t kt thc bng ph m)

ng t nguyn dng Thn ng t thi

qu kh

Tnh ng t

- -

:

i vi tt c ng t dng :- -

Khi cu to ng tnh t ph t- vn gi nguyn

Tnh ng t thi hin ti t

thn ng t thi hin ti

Tnh ng t qu kh t thn ng

t thi qu kh

Cch chia 1 Cch chia 2 Sau nguyn m Sau ph m

- - -- - -

-- -() -- -- -- ()

2-Tnh ng t ph hp vi danh t

c n xc nh v ging,s v cch nhtnh t, v d tnh t.- , ,

, .

- , .

- , , .. .

3- on tnh ng t ch ng c th thay bng cu ph nh

ng vi t . Khi t ph hp vi danh t c xc

nh v ging v s cch 1, c ngha l ng vai tr ch ng

trong phn cu ph.

98


99/261

- , .- ,

.

, . ,

.

4- on ng tnh t c th ng trc hoc sau danh t m n

xc nh. Trong trng hp ng sau danh t th on tnh ng t

c ngn cch bng du phy.:

- , .

.

1: ,

.Hy in t trong ngoc vo ch trng cho ph hp.

1- 6002

-82

..................() .

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() ,.

3-

, .......................()

-.

4-

....................()

.

5-

1 2, .................

() -500.

99


100/261

1: , .1

. Hy truyn t li ni dung

ca cu trong bi 1 bng cch thay on tnh ng t bng cu phc

vi lin t.

1. , . Hy xc nh

cc t sau c cu to t nhng t no.

- (tnh t vi hu

t cho)- : - : ,

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- (ng t)- -: , ,

, .

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2:-

(Hy cu to tnh t so snh tuyt i theo mu)

:-- - -

- ..............................- ............................-............................

100


101/261

-............................-/- --

-............................-............................-............................

-............................-

. Hy cu to cc tnh t t cc danh t theo mu:-- --

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3:

, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,, , , ,, , , .

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.

, , , , ,, , , , , ,

101


102/261

1- ,

, , . ,.

,

. , - . , , .

. 2.23, . , . 2.23, -

. 2, 7, . 6 5 , , 4 3. 2 1 5

. ,.

.

102


103/261

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- ; -

, .

() (100 /). .

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103


104/261

..

, . ,

.

. 2.24. : - ; - ; -.

, , ( ),, .

.

my iu khin ch huy

ngi thao tc, b phn thao tc

my kim tra ch huy

cng tc vn nng

hp nt n iu khin

104


105/261

- ch ngn hn lp li

phn chia, phn li

- n, bm, nn,

s bin dng, bin th, bin tnh

u rvonve, u quay

i iu khin

- ? ? lng vo, lp vo

bng iu khin, bng u dy

treo

thuc lng bn tay

1- ?2- ?3- ?4- ?5- ?6- ?7- ?8- ?

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,

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105


106/261

. . ,.

. . , .

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) .

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, .

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106


107/261

, . , , . ,

(45-48).

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, ;

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107


108/261

() . , . . 1.32. . ()

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. i1 , - . ... . 2,

. =2+ 2 ,2-2 , ... 2 .

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1- ?2- ,

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?

108


109/261

4- ?5- ?6-

? ?7- ?8-

?9-

?10- ... ?11-

?12-

?

ph

b khuych i

hc

kilhc

s mo, s lch, bin hnh

ng cong ca dng in

mn, tm chn

thm, lt

nhy

? ? cung cp, trang b

bng thi ra t rn

sc, nhn

dng pic bo ho

sun (sn)

sun t

s lm m

109


110/261

s rung, lc

sn

xerezin

hp cht cch in

v

c bt kn

110


111/261

111


112/261

7

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1- ()()()

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.

111


113/261

- , ....

- .

:

1- Trong kt cu (, )

() trt t t thng l nghch:-

.-

.2- Trong kt cu cc danh t cch 5

(thnh t) thng l cc t sau:,

, v.v... trt t t c th thun v nghch.? ? ?

,.

3- Trong kt cu danh t cch 5

(thnh t ) thng l tn gi cc kh c, dng c, hay tn gi cc

cng thc, khi nim c quy nh v.v...(?) ? ?

112


114/261

.

II-

()

:

- -24 .

- .

:

1- Kt cu vi ng t () dng

biu th s tiu dng mt cht (hay vt liu, nng lng) ch to

hay sn xut mt vt no . Cn lu , i khi kt cu vi ng t

() c dng ng ngha vi kt cu c cc ng

t () :

.

2- Din c trng ca kt cu vi ng t()

l thng trong kt cu ny ch r s lng cht (vt liu,

113


115/261

nng lng) s dng c biu th bng cc cm t: , , ( )

.

- , .

3- Kt cu vi ng thay dng rt gn ca

tnh ng t dng khi ni v cng dng ca kh c hay

thit b no .

1:

, . Hy dng ng t

truyn t ni dung cc cu sau:

: .

= .

1- .

2- .

3- .

4- .

5- .

-

114


116/261

:- 3 (.261)

, .

-

.

2: , ( )

( ), .Hy lp

mt cu t hai cu cho bn tri v bn phi, nh c lin t ,

(ch nguyn nhn) v (ch hu qu). Sau chp li cc

cu ny.

: ()

()

1- , .

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2-

.

.

3- , ,.

.

115


117/261

4-

.

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.6- .

.

3: ,

2. Hy s dng thng tin ca bi tp 2 tr li cc cu

hi sau:

:

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.

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.

116


118/261

= , ()

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.

= , .

:

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b mt ngi, vt hay hin tng khc tc ng trc tip n.

1- Tnh ng t hin ti cu to t thn t ca ng t trc tip

thi hin ti + cc hu t-, -.

ng t nguyn dng ng t chia thi

hin ti

Tnh ng t

-

-

-

-

:

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thn ca ng t nguyn dng.

Tnh ng t b ng qu kh c cu to t thn ca ng t

trc tip (th hon thnh) thi qa kh + cc hu t --, -- (nu

thn t kt thc bng nguyn m) v hu t --(--) (nu thn t

kt thc bng ph m hay nguyn m --).

117


119/261

ng t nguyn dng Thn ng t th hon

thnh thi qu khTnh ng t

- -

- - -

- - - -

-

!

Hy ch trng hp bin m khi cu to

/ / // / // / /

2- Tnh ng t b ng ph hp vi danh t m n xc nh v

ging, s v cch, v d nh

tnh t .:

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- ,

,

0,61%.

3- Nu trong on ng tnh t b ng (tnh ng t + cc t

ph thuc ca n), c ch r ngi hay vt gy ra hnh ng th chng

phi cch 5.

:

- , (5),

.

118


120/261

- , ,

.

4- on ng tnh t b ng c th c thay th bng on cu

ph vi t , khi t cch 4 (i tng hnh

ng), cn ch th hnh ng (nu c) cch 1.:

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,

,

,

.

2- ,

,

.

,

,

.

4:

.Hy in t trong ngoc vo ch trng cho ph hp.

1- 6 5

, .....................()

.

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.................... () -,

II.

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() .

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, ......................()

.

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() ,

.

119


121/261

5: , .4.

.Hy truyn t li ni dung cc

cu bng cch thay on tnh ng t bng cu phc vi lin t.

1: , . Hy xc nh

cc t sau c cu to t t no.

- (tnh t vi hu t

cho)--: - -: , --: , , , ,

.

- (ng t)--: , ,, .

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, , , ,, .

- (t ghp), , ,.

2: -

.Hy cu to tnh t so snh tuyt i theo mu.:

---- --/----............ - .........-.......... -........-.......... -.......-.......... -.........

120


122/261

-

.Hy cu to cc tnh t t cc danh t theo mu.: ----

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, , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , .

4: , .

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. 1,2-1,5 I , ( 1 ).

121


123/261

, .

.

, . -2 , . 100 600 . . 2.25 100,250, 400 600 ().

2.25.1. -2

-2, () 60

-2 1000 (. 2.25).

-, , 40-50%.

122


124/261

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, - - .

,

.

,

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(

,

).

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123


125/261

3100, ,

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. 2.26. - ; - ;

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; , - , -.

124


126/261

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. , .

1- , , .

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-4000.

.

125


127/261

, () : - , - .

, . .

. 2.27.

2.27. -570. 1- , ; 2-; 3-. .

1,5 600 . 70 300% . 30-50% ,

126


128/261

, .

.

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().

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127


129/261

().

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.

.

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128


130/261

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cu ch th t, cp, bc

dy chy s nng chy cu ch ng c b phn dp h quang vi dng ct

129


131/261

ren m nt chai cht n, my cht liu (cn, b) tch, nh, tho mc

gn, g, s

n, cnh tm lng kim b un, un cong hp kim nicrm s lm ngui, mt bo v khng (bo v khi mt in p ngun) s ngng, dng

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130


132/261

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131


133/261

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132


134/261

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mc song song

mc ni tip

mc hn hp

trm bin th

ph ti thit k

ph ti ti a cng mt h s

phn nh

cng sut

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tn hao

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135/261

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134


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137/261

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(-)

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136


138/261

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ngn ng khoa hc. Khi truyn t ra ting Vit c th s dng cc tkhc nhau: , vi, khi...

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137


139/261

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lng vt l no , thng dng kt cu:

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.- .

!

Hy ch cch cu to tnh t v trng t cp so snh tng

i

1- Thn tnh t+

2- Thn tnh t + c bin m ph cui thn (/) (/)

(/) (/)

(/)

3- :

138


140/261

,

I II

;

.

Cc ng t thuc nhm I c trng s thay i vt th, qutrnh, c ngha l cc ng t ny c dng khi miu t cc cht , vt

th, phn ng v chuyn ng.

Cc ng t thuc nhm II c trng s thay i ca cc i

lng vt l, c ngha l cc ng t ny c dng khi ni v tc ,

nhit , th tch ca vt v.v...:- .

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)- .

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139


141/261

1: ,

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bng cch thay i cc cm t in nghing bng ng t ng ngha:, , , ,

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140


142/261

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t sau c cu to t t no?

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143/261

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142


144/261

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hoc nguyn nhn, hnh ng, cn phn kt cu bt u bng ch

lun lun biu th hu qu ca hnh ng v vy, cn c bit ch

khi truyn t ni dung kt cu ny ra ting Vit.

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145/261

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144


146/261

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145


147/261

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4- ?5- ?6- , ?7-

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khi ng truyn ng in

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bin tr, khi ng

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ng h ni tt

lm vic

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ngt mch

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b ngt mch

tr s nh

qu trnh tng tc s cng

? cp, a vo

chy

152


154/261

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155/261

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156/261

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157/261

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156


158/261

s kch t c lp

ngun ngoi

tuyt i

c, trc

mi tn chm chm hm ti sinh

nh, do

hm ng lc

ng nng

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157


159/261

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160/261

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v.:

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ng ngha vi ng t () ca mt hin

tng no .

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159


161/261

- .

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t thng l nghch:

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162/261

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163/261

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164/261

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nhau v khc nhau gia cc vt thng c b phn m rng km theo.: .

2- Cn ch l ng t c 2 ngha:

a- c trng mt tnh cht no ca vt tri hn cc vt khc.

- Biu th s khc nhau ca vt ny so vi vt kia

: -

-.

163


165/261

, .

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mt tnh t y hoc danh t, cn , gn lin vi ng

t (tnh t hoc tnh ng t rt gn) v trng t.

:

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1 biu th mc ch hnh ng trong cu n ta dng cc kt

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dng rng ri hn c.

164


166/261

2- Cc kt cu , ( ) c th c

thay bng kt cu(, ) + ng t nguyn dng

hon thnh th. Khi cu n bin thnh cu phc vi lin t ( , )

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ngha biu th mc ch tr li cu hi:

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170/261

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t, sm s trt, trt

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171/261

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172/261

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173/261

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172


174/261

10

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6-9 cc anh (ch) hc thm mt s cu trc c trng ca vn phong

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175/261

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176/261

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177/261

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178/261

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179/261

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180/261

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182/261

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183/261

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184/261

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h thng bm

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tn hiu cho trc

-my phay chp hnh

c cu li

cng, u

ri rc, phn tn

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183


185/261

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186/261

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187/261

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186


188/261

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189/261

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190/261

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191/261

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192/261

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193/261

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194/261

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195/261

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196/261

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197/261

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198/261

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199/261

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201/261

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202/261

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203/261

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204/261

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205/261

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206/261

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207/261

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208/261

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207


209/261

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210/261

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211/261

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210


212/261

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213/261

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214/261

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215/261

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216/261

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217/261

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218/261

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219/261

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220/261

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221/261

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222/261

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Tieng Nga Nganh Ky Thuat Dien

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