Thuyet Minh Do Anbotmi

8/2/2019 Thuyet Minh Do Anbotmi

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n tt nghip - 1 - Thit k nh my sn xut bt m

LI NI U

Lng thc, thc phm ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi nhn loi, lun tn

ti, ng hnh cng vi cuc sng con ngi. Chng ngy cng c ch trng hn

khng ch bi nhu cu n ung tn ti ca con ngi m cn bi nhiu l do khc

nh s bng n dn s ton cu hay vic mc sng c nng cao khin cho nhu cu

n ung khng ch i hi no m cn l s ngon ming trong tng ba n.

Cc sn phm thc phm c ngun gc rt a dng t ng vt, t thc vt, tvi sinh vtTuy nhin thc phm c ngun gc thc vt nh rau, c, qu, ht cc

vn chim mt t trng kh ln.

La m l cy lng thc thuc h ho tho trng nhiu nht trn th gii

c phn b hu khp cc vng. N l cy khng a nng v chu lnh tt nn

c trng nhiu cc nc c kh hu lnh nh Nga, M, Canada, Trung Quc

Sn phm ch bin t ht la m l bt m c gi tr s dng cao nht. Bnh m khng

nhng c calo cao m cn d tiu ho. c bit bt m cn c gluten m cc loi

lng thc khc khng c, v vy bt m l nguyn liu chnh trong k ngh bnh m,

m ng, bnh xpm khng th thay c hay kh ch bin t bt ht lng thc

khc. Ngoi ra la m cn dng nhiu trong cc k ngh thc phm khc nh ru,

tinh bt, ng. Tinh bt m cng c dng nhiu trong cc ngnh k ngh khc

nhau.

Vit Nam tuy khng trng c la m nhng t lu bt m v cc sn

phm ch bin t bt m c s dng rng ri trong nhn dn v l ngun thc

phm khng th thiu trong i sng hng ngy. Bt m nhp t nc ngoi vo Vit

Nam, trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun gp nhiu kh khn, khng ch ng

c ngun nguyn liu bt cho cc nh my ch bin. Gi thnh bt cao hn so vi

ta nhp la m v nc sn xut thnh bt m. Trc nhng bc xc i hi

phi c gii php cho khu nguyn liu bt m.

GVHD: TS NG MINH NHT SVTH: HONG TH TRC QUNH


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T nm 1998 tr v trc, ti cc tnh Min Trung mi ch c hai nh my

sn xut bt m l nh my bt m Vit Nng v nh my bt m Vinh..

Tuy nhin, tnh hnh cung cp bt m ti cc tnh ny vn l cha , v ngun cung

cp bt ch yu l t cc nh my cc tnh pha Nam.

p ng kp nhu cu tiu th bt m ca th trng ti cc tnh Min Trung

v cc tnh pha Bc, cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut ngnh cng nghip

bt m trn th gii th vic xy dng thm mt nh my ti khu vc Min Trung l

rt cn thit. Thy c s thit yu ny B mn Cng Ngh Thc Phm giao

vic thit k Nh my sn xut bt m vi nng sut 220 tn nguyn liu

/ngy. cho nhim v n tt nghip ca ti.



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CHNG 1

LP LUN KINH T V K THUT1.1. c im t nhin ca v tr xy dnga im xy dng nh my phi ph hp vi quy hoch v m bo s pht

trin chung v kinh t a phng. Vic chn a im xy dng nh my c

ngha rt quan trng v n khng nhng quyt nh kh nng thnh cng ca d n

m cn nh hng n hot ng ca nh my sau ny.

i vi nh my bt m, phn xng sn xut chnh i hi phi xy cao tng

v vy cn thit phi chn a im c cu to t khng ln st m bo cht

lng cng trnh. ng thi tin cho vic nhp khu nguyn liu, lu thng v

tiu th sn phm nh my phi c t v tr c mng li giao thng huyt

mch

Nng l trung tm ca min Trung, mng li giao thng hin i vi

nhiu d n nng cp, m rng, c iu kin kh hu tng i n nh, nhit

trung bnh hng nm l 260C, m trung bnh l 81%, hng gi chnh l hng gi

ng - Nam.

Cn c vo nhng iu kin trn, ti quyt nh t nh my ti khu cng

nghip Ha Khnh- Nng. Ti y, khu t xy dng c din tch rng, a

hnh bng phng, c kh nng m rng thun li, ngun cung cp in nc thuc

mng li ca khu cng nghip... l nhng iu kin thun li ban u xy

dng mt nh my.

1.2. Ngun nguyn liuc im ca la m l khng pht trin c nhng nc c kh hu nhit

i nh Vit Nam. Do , nguyn liu phc v sn xut ca nh my c nhp

hon ton t nc ngoi. Tuy nhin do tc pht trin ca thnh ph Nng ngy

cng tng nhanh s ko theo d n m rng cng Nng trong c cng Tin

Sa .Nh vy vic nhp khu v vn chuyn nguyn liu s rt thun tin v nhanh

chng.



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1.3. Hp tc ha

Vic hp tc ha gia nh my bt m vi cc nh my khc nh nh my

bnh ko, nh my thc n chn nui v mt kinh t k thut v vic lin hp ha

s tng cng s dng nhng ngun cung cp in, nc, cng trnh giao thng vn

ti, vn tiu th sn phm v ph phm nhanh...s c tc dng gim thi gian xy

dng, gim vn u t v h gi thnh sn phm.

1.4. Ngun cung cp in

Nh my s dng in chy ng c, thit b v chiu sng. in th s

dng thng l 110-220V/360V. t yu cu phi ly in cao th, thng l 6

KV qua h th. Nh my s dng li in ca khu cng nghip ngoi ra m bo

sn xut lin tc nh my cn c my pht in d phng m bo hot ng lin

tc.

1.5. Ngun cp nc, x l v thot nc

Vi c im nh my bt m s dng lng nc t. Lng nc chnh ch

yu phc v cho vic sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn vin nh my v phng chy

cha chy. Ngun nc chnh c ly t nh my nc Thy T ang phc v chokhu dn c Ha Khnh-Nam v c khu cng nghip.

Lng nc thi ca nh my khng cha nhiu cht hu c, khng gy

nhim n mi trng, do c th thi trc tip vo knh nc thi ca khu cng

nghip m khng cn x l.

1.6. H thng giao thng vn ti

Nng hin nay ang pht trin vi mt tc nhanh chng. H thng c

s h tng, ng x, cu cng, bn cng c xy mi v sa cha rt nhiu.

Ring khu cng nghip Ha Khnh c nhiu c im thun li l nm gn tuyn

ng quc l 1A cng nh tuyn ng st Bc-Nam, cch cng bin Tin Sa

khong 20km. Khu cng nghip Ha Khnh cng tng i gn sn bay quc t

Nng. Do , vic vn chuyn nguyn liu t cc a phng trong nc v quc t

v y cng nh vic nhp khu nguyn liu v bao tiu sn phm s rt thun li.



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1.7. Ngun nhn lc

Ngun nhn lc c ly ch yu thnh ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam.

Trn a bn thnh ph c cc trng i hc, cao ng, trung cp...y l ni cung

cp cn b k thut cho nh my. Ring trng i hc bch khoa c cc ngnh nh

Cng ngh thc phm, in k thut, C kh...v Trng cao ng lng thc

phc v cho nhu cu cn b k thut ca nh my.

Bn cnh , nh my s tuyn mt s lao ng ti a phng cho i hc

thm v phc v khi nh my i vo hot ng. Lm mt s hp ng lao ng

vi cc lao ng ph thng ngay ti khu vc nh my bc d hng khi cn thit.

1.8. Th trng tiu th

Nh my c xy dng ti khu cng nghip Ha KhnhLin Chiu

Nng. y l khu cng nghip ln ca Thnh ph Nng cch cng Tin Sa 20km

v c ng Quc l 1A i qua nn vic vn chuyn sn phm theo ng b

cung cp cho th trng tiu th ca khu vc min Trung v Ty Nguyn s rt thun

li v d dng, qua gim gi thnh sn phm ca nh my, rt ngn thi gian hon

vn.Nh my sn xut bt m c thit k xy dng ti a im rt thun li vi

qui m ln, hin i do gp phn tng cng lm cho sn phm c cht lng

cao, ng thi vi nhu cu s dng v th trng rng ln s l mt tin vng

chc cho hot ng c hiu qu v n nh ca nh my hin ti v trong c tng

lai.

Kt lun: Qua nhng iu kin thun li trn, cng vi nhu cu thc t v bt

m ti khu vc min Trung th vic xy dng thm mt nh my vi nng sut 220

tn nguyn liu /ngy ti y l thit thc v mang tnh kh thi. Ngoi nhim v

chnh l phc v nhu cu v bt cho th trng, n cn gii quyt vic lm cho cc

lao ng ti a phng, gp phn nng cao i sng cho ngi lao ng cng vi s

pht trin chung ca t nc trn con ng hi nhp vi th gii.



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CHNG 2

TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIUV SN PHM CH BIN

2.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu

2.1.1. Phn loi, cu to, thnh phn ha hc ca ht la m (Triticum)

2.1.1.1. Phn loi la m [5,tr 43 ]

La m c trng nhiu nht trn th gii v phn b gn khp cc vng. N

l cy lng thc thuc h ha tho, khng a nng v chu lnh nn c trngnhiu hn c cc nc kh hu lnh nh Nga, M, c, Canada...

La m rt a dng v phong ph, khong 20 dng. Chng khc nhau v cu

to bng, hoa, ht v mt s c tnh khc. Phn ln l la m di, ch mt s loi

thuc la m ma c nghin cu k nh: la m mm, la m cng, la m Anh, m

Ba Lan, la m ln. Loi c trng ph bin nht l la m cng v la m mm.

+La m mm(Triticum vulgare)

L dng trng nhiu nht. N gm c loi c ru v khng ru. Ru m mm

khng hon ton xui theo bng m hi ria ra xung quanh bng. Ht dng gn bu

dc, mu trng ng hay hi . Ni nh thng l na trng trong nhng cng c loi

trng trong hon ton v loi c hon ton.



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+La m cng(Triticum durum)

N c trng t hn m mm. Bng dy ht hn. Hu ht cc loi m cng

u c ru. Ru di v ngc ln dc theo trc ca bng. Ht m cng di, mu vng

i khi hi . Ni nh trng trong. trng trong thng khong 95 100%.

+La m Anh(Triticum turgidum)

Cu to bng gn ging m cng, bng dy ht. Khi ct ngang bng c hnh

trn hay bn cnh. Ht hnh hi elip. Ni nh na trng trong hay c hon ton.



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+La m Ba Lan(Triticum polonicum)

Dng ny bng di, hi dt, c ru. Ht di, dt, mu vng h phch hay vng

sm, ni nh na trng trong, dng ny trng t.

+La m ln(Triticum compactum)

Bng ngn, c loi c ru, loi khng ru. Tnh cht gn ging la m mm

nhng ht nh, cht lng bt v bnh km hn. Dng ny cng trng t.

Vit Nam bt m thng c sn xut t ht la m thng thng triticum

aestivum.L. Thn cy cao khong 1,2m, thng ng, l n, c ru di 6-8cm. Ht c

mu xanh sng, dng hnh trng.



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2.1.1.2. Cu to v tnh cht ht la m [11, tr155157]

Khc vi cc ht ha tho khc, la m c pha lng v pha bng. Pha lng l

pha phng v c phi cn pha bng c rnh lm vo dc theo ht.

Cu to bn trong ht la m cng ging cc ht ha tho khc gm: v, lp

alrng, ni nh v phi.



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T l khi lng tng phn ht la m c th hin qua bng sau

Bng 2.1. T l khi lng tng phn ht la m (theo % khi lng ton ht)

Cc phn ca ht Cc tiu Cc i Trung bnhNi nh

Lp alrng

V qu v v ht

Phi

78,33

3,25

8,08

2,22

83,69

9,48

10,80

4,00

81,60

6,54

8,92

3,24a) V

V l mt b phn bo v cho phi v ni nh khi b tc ng c hc cng

nh ha hc t bn ngoi. Thnh phn ch yu ca v l cellulose, hemicellulose,

licnhin, khng c gi tr dinh dng, nh hng xu n cht lng bt m nn trong

qu trnh ch bin cng tch c nhiu v ra cng tt.

+ V qu: Gm mt vi lp t bo chim 4 6% khi lng ton ht. Lp v

qu ca ht la m mng, cu to khng c chc nh v tru ca thc nn trong

qu trnh p v tut, v d b tch ra khi ht.

+ V ht: Chim 2 2,5% khi lng ht, gm hai lp t bo, lp ngoi l

nhng t bo xp kht vi nhau cha cc sc t, lp trong gm nhng t bo khng

mu t thm nc. V ht c cu to rt bn v dai. Nu dng lc xay xt kh th kh

bc v do trong sn xut bt m ngi ta phi qua khu lm m v m.



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b)Lp alrng

Lp alrng nm pha trong cc lp v, c cu to t mt lp t bo ln c

thnh dy, c cha protein, cht bo, ng, xelluloza, tro, v cc vitamin B1, B2, PP.

c)Ni nh

Ni nh la m chim 82% khi lng ton ht, l phn ch yu sn xut ra

bt m. Ni nh l phn d tr cht dinh dng ca ht, n cha y tinh bt v

protein, ngoi ra trong ni nh cn c mt lng nh cht bo, mui khong v

vitamin.

Bt m tch t ni nh th trng p. Bt tch t ni nh v mt phn t lp

alrng th c mu trng ng, c nhiu cht dinh dng nhng kh bo qun.

d) Phi

Phi l phn pht trin thnh cy con khi ht ny mm v vy trong phi c

kh nhiu cht dinh dng. Cht dinh dng trong phi ch yu gm c 35% protein,

25% cc gluxit ho tan, 15% cht bo. Phn ln lng sinh t v enzim ca ht u

tp trung phi.

Phi chim khong 3,24% khi lng ht.2.1.1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca ht la m [5, tr 4550]

Thnh phn ha hc trung bnh ca la m theo % nh sau:

- Nc: 14 15

- Protein: 13 15

- Cht bo: 2,3 2,8

- Tinh bt: 65 68

- ng trc chuyn ha: 0,10 0,15

- ng sau chuyn ha: 2,5 3,0

- Xelluloza: 2,5 3,0

- Pentoza: 8 9

- Tro: 1,8 2,0



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Ngoi cc cht trn, trong la m cn c mt lng dextrin, mui khong, sinh

t, cht men v mt s cht khc.

Cc cht ny phn b khng u trong tng phn ca ht. Protein ch yu tp

trung ni nh v lp alrng cn cht bo ch yu li v. Trong v cn nhiu

xelluloza, pentoza, v cht tro. Trong phi th nhiu ng v cht bo.

S phn b cc cht trong ht la m c th hin qua bng 2.2.

Bng 2.2. S phn b cc cht trong ht la m [5, tr 45]

Cc phn

ca ht

ProteinTinh

bt

Cht

bo

ng Xenluloza Pentoza Tro

Ht

Ni nh

V v

alrng

Phi

100

65

27

8

100

100

-

-

100

25

55

20

100

65

15

20

100

5

90

5

100

28

68

4

100

20

70

10

(xem mi cht trong ht l 100%)

a) Protein

Hm lng protein ca la m dao ng trong khong kh ln t 9,6 25,8%.

Ngoi protein cn c mt lng nit phi protein chim khong 0,033 0,061%.

Protein la m gm albumin, globulin, gliadin v glutenin, trong ch yu l

gliadin v glutenin. Hai protein ny chim khong 75% ton lng protein ca la

m. Hai protein ny khng ha tan trong nc m khi nho vi nc th trng ln

to thnh mt khi do n hi gi l gluten. Loi la m khc nhau th lng gluten

khc nhau. i vi la m bnhthng th lng gluten ti chim khong 2025%

khi lng ht. Gluten mu sng xm, n hi, gin t cao.

Thnh phn ha hc ca gluten ph thuc loi ging v cht lng la m.

Trung bnh trong gluten sy kh cha khong 85% protein, 2 3 % cht bo, 2% cht

khong, cn li khong 10 12% cc cht gluxit.

nh gi cht lng gluten ngi ta dng cc ch s sau:

- Mu sc: Gluten tt c mu sng i khi xm hoc hi vng, gluten xu th

mu xm.



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- Kh nng ht nc ca gluten: Nu kh nng ht nc ca gluten cao th l

gluten tt v vy sau khi xc nh gluten ti phi xc nh lng gluten kh. Bnh

thng gluten ti cha 65 75% nc.

- n hi: L tnh cht rt quan trng ca gluten. N th hin kh nng gi

kh ca bt.

- cng t: Cng c trng cho kh nng gi kh ca bt.

- S thay i th tch gluten khi nng: L ch s quan trng c trng n

ca gluten.

nh gi cht lng protein ca la m khng nhng ch ti hm lng

v cht lng gluten m v mt dinh dng cn phi ch ti thnh phn aminoaxit

ca protein na.

b) Gluxit

Trong thnh phn ca la m c nhiu gluxit, trong tinh bt chim t

48 73%, ngoi ra cn c lng ng kh t 0,11 0,37%, sacaroza 1,93 3,67%

v maltoza 0,93 2,63%.

c) Cht tro

Trong la m c mt lng nh cht tro. N phn b khng u trong tng

phn ca ht, ch yu l P, Ca v Mg.

d) Cht bo

Ht la m c mt lng nh cht bo. Theo Ivanop th s phn b cht bo

trong ht ch yu tp trung phi v cm cn ni nh rt t. Thnh phn cht bo ca

la m bao gm axit bo no v khng no ( panmitic, xtearic, licnoseric, oleic, linolic,

linolenic). Hm lng cht bo trong tng phn ca ht la m c th hin qua

bng sau.

Bng 2.3. Hm lng cht bo trong tng phn ca ht la m

( theo % cht kh) [5, tr 48]

Ht v sn phm ch bin Khong dao ng Trung bnhHt 1,42 3,20 1,92Bt trng (li bt ca ni nh) 0,82 1,44 1,18



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Cm (lp alrng v v) 3,68 6,78 5,12Phi 7,14 15,80 8,76e) Vitamin

Trong la m c mt lng vitamin gm vitamin A, nhm B, H, E, K v mt

vi loi khc. Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, E ch yu tp trung phi ht v vy thng

dng cm m sn xut cc vitamin ny. Ngoi nhng cht trn, trong la m cn c

mt lng cht men nh amylaza, men thy phn protein, men oxy ha kh,

lipoxydaza, phitaza, lipaza...

2.1.2. Tnh cht cng ngh v yu cu k thut ca ht la m [6,tr 9 ]

2.1.2.1. Tnh cht cng ngh ca ht la mTnh cht cng ngh ca la m thng c nghin cu bt u t nhng

c im v ging. Sau phi k n nhng tnh cht vt l ca khi ht nh dung

trng, c im hnh hc ca ht, sch khi ht, m khi htT l ly bt

cng nh hng n cht lng ca bt c th l nh hng n tiu ha ca sn

phm. Trong cng nghip sn xut bt m nguyn liu phi c xc nh y cc

thng s sau:

1) tro ca ht

tro l yu t rt quan trng v n nh hng trc tip n tro ca cc

sn phm trung gian v ca thnh phm. Bt thng hng khng cho php tro qu

0,55%

2) trng trong ca ht trng trong ca ht c ngha quan trng i vi vic chn ch ch

bin ra bt. trng trong ca ht dao ng trong khong 10 n 100%. Ht trng

trong d nghin v t l bt thu c bao gi cng ln hn so vi cc ht c. Bt

c sn xut t ht trng trong thng c hm lng protein ni chung cng nh

gluten ni ring cao hn. Ht trng trong cng hn ht c nn nng lng tiu hao

khi nghin thng ln hn.

3)Tnh cht bt ca ht



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i vi bt k loi ht no tnh cht bt cng c c trng bng hm

lng ni nh, hiu sut v cht lng ca cc sn phm trung gian cng nh ca bt

trong qu trnh nghin th (nghin v) hiu sut chung v cht lng ca bt.

Trong qu trnh nghin mn (nghin li) cc ch s chnh dng nh gi

cht lng bt ca ht gm c:

-S lng tm v v hm lng tro ca chng

-Hiu sut v cht lng ca bt thng hng 45 h nghin u

-Hiu sut chung ca bt v cht lng bt

-Mc xt v (xc nh bng hm lng tinh bt trong cm)

-Tiu hao nng lng cho mt tn bt thnh phm

Hnh 2.1. S ph thuc tiu ha ca bnh m vo t l ly bt

4)Tnh cht nng bnh ca bt

Tnh cht nng bnh cu bt ni ln cht lng ca ht nguyn liu. Tnh

cht ny ch c nh gi i vi cc loi bt m. Thng tnh cht nng bnh ca

bt c nh gi theo hm lng protein, s lng v cht lng ca gluten, tnh

cht vt l ca khi bt nho, kh nng to kh v gi kh ca khi bt nho v ch

s nng bnh (hiu sut th tch V, n H/D).

S lng gluten v c bit l cht lng gluten ( n hi, do, mu

sc) c nh hng quyt nh n trng thi ca khi bt nho v khi ln men, nh

hng quyt nh n cht lng bnh (hiu sut th tch, n, rng, cu trc v

bnh).



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Bt tt c hm lng gluten ti trn 30%, bt trung bnh c hm lng

gluten 26 30%, bt trung bnh di c hm lng gluten di 20 26% v bt loi

km c hm lng gluten ti di 20%.

Hiu sut th tch V c nh gi nh sau (bnh 100g bt m):

V 460ml l bnh thng hng

V = 420 460ml l bnh trn trung bnh

V = 390 420ml l bnh trung bnh

V = 340 380ml l bnh trung bnh di

V 340ml l bnh kmCht lng rut bnh biu th bng xp (t l th tch l trn th tch

chung ca rut bnh), m v mu sc rut bnh.

Rut bnh t bt thng hng c xp: 79 83%

Rut bnh t bt hng I c xp: 77 82%

Rut bnh t bt hng II c xp: 73 76%

m ca rut bnh vo khong : 38 42%

T l H/D c biu din trong bng sau (H l chiu cao, D l ng knh

ca rut bnh th nghim).

Bng 2.4. T l H/D ca cc loi bnh c cht lng khc nhau.

Cht lng

bnh

T l H/DT bt thng

hngT bt hng I T bt hng II

Nhm 1

Nhm 2

Trn 0,45 Trn 0,45 Trn 0,40



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Nhm 30,35 0,45

di 0,35

0,35 0,45

di 0,35

0,3 0,4

di 0,3

2.1.2.2. Yu cu k thut i vi ht la m

1) Nhng c tnh chung, cm quan v sc khe

Ht la m phi c gin, sch, khng c mi l hay mi chng t ht b

h hng, ht khng c cht ph gia hay cht c hi.

D lng thuc bo v thc vt v cht nhim bn khc khng c vt

qu mc ti a cho php. Ht la m khng c cc cn trng sng (quan st thy bng

mt thng ).2)Nhng c tnh l hc v ha hc

- Hm lng nc ca ht la m khng c vt qu 15,5%.

- Dung trng (khi lng ca 100 lit ht) khng c thp hn 70kg/100lit

- Lng ti a ht m h hng (ht gy, ht teo, ht khng bnh thng, ht

b vi sinh vt gy hi xm nhp), cc ht ng cc khc, tp cht ngoi laikhng

c vt qu 15% tng khi lng.

- Hot tnh -amylase c biu th bng ch s ri v khng thp hn 160.

2.1.3. Cc hot ng sinh l ca ht la m xy ra trong qu trnh bo

qun. Cc phng php bo qun la m trong kho

Ht la m vn l mt c th sng. Tuy la khi bng nhng trong ht vn

xy ra cc qu trnh trao i cht phc tp duy tr s sng ca n. Cc qu trnh

sinh l c bn ca ht ch yu gm: qu trnh h hp, qu trnh chn sau thu hoch,

qu trnh gi v c bit nu bo qun khng tt cn xy ra qu trnh ny mm.

2.1.3.1. Qu trnh h hp

Ty vo iu kin bo qun m ht c th h hp hiu kh hay ym kh. Nu c

khng kh th trong ht xy ra qu trnh h hp hiu kh. Trong iu kin bo qun

thiu khng kh, ht s tin hnh h hp ym kh.

Phng trnh tng qut ca qu trnh h hp hiu kh:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 674 kcal



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H hp hiu kh cn ng glucoza v oxy, sn phm to thnh l kh cacbonic

v nc ng thi c sinh nhit.

Phng trnh tng qut ca qu trnh h hp ym kh:

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 28,2 kcal

Sn phm cui cng l ru v kh CO2, lng nhit thot ra t hn.

Nh vy d l h hp hiu kh hay ym kh lng cht kh dn dn hao ht i.

Mt khc trong khong trng gia cc ht dn tch ly kh cacbonic, c th n

12 15%. Ngoi ra h hp cn sinh ra nc, lng nc ny tch t trong khi ht v

lm m tng ln. c bit qu trnh h hp cn ta nhit, m kh nng dn nhit

ca khi ht l rt km v vy nhit lng ta ra s lm nhit khi ht tng ln

ng k. m v nhit ca khi ht tng ln lm cho qu trnh h hp ca ht

cng mnh lit thm v dn n hin tng t bc nng .

Thc t bo qun cho ta thy, do nh hng ca tnh cht vt l ca khi ht

m khng kh kh lu thng trong khi ht nn c khu vc CO2 tch t nhiu, dn

dn chuyn sang h hp ym kh, khu vc khc thong kh th h hp hiu kh nn

thng trong khi ht c c hai dng h hp trn, c bit xy ra i vi khi ht boqun lu khng co o, di chuyn.

V phng din bo qun, s h hp ca ht l mt qu trnh khng c li:

- Lm hao tn vt cht kh ca ht.

- Lm tng nhit trong khi ht.

- Lm tng m ca ht v m tng i ca khng kh trong

khong khng khi ht.

- Lm thay i thnh phn khng kh trong khi ht.

Khi cng h hp ca khi ht cng ln th lng hao ht cht kh cng

nhiu v thc y cc qu trnh sinh l khc lm cho khi ht chng h hng.

Cng h hp ca khi ht mnh hay yu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:

- nh hng thu phn ca ht v m ca mi trng

- nh hng ca nhit

- nh hng ca thong khng kh



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- nh hng ca cht lng ht

Ngoi cc yu t trn, trong bo qun ht cn c mt s yu t nh hng

khc nh s pht trin vi sinh vt, cn trng v p thuc.

2.1.3.2. Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch

Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch xy ra trong giai an u ca qu trnh bo

qun ht mi thu hoch. Trong giai on ny sc sng ca ht, ny mm v nng

lng ny mm ca ht c tng ln, cht lng ca ht tr nn tt hn. Trong qu

trnh ny, cc cht hu c phn t thp chuyn thnh cc cht hu c phn t cao

nh: chuyn ha aminoaxit thnh protein, ng thnh tinh bt, tng hp glyxerin v

axit bo thnh cht bo...

m, nhit , mc thong kh v thnh phn khng kh trong khi ht

c nh hng r rt n hiu qu ca qu trnh chn sau thu hoch.

Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch thng ch ko di trong vi tun l ri ht bc

vo thi k n nh.

2.1.3.3. S ny mm

Nu bo qun khng tt, kho b dt, tng ngm nc... khi ht c th xy rahin tng ny mm.

Hin tng ny mm lm gim phm cht ht ng k: gim khi lng cht

kh ca ht, cng h hp mnh thi nhit nhiu lm cho nhit khi ht tng

ln v thc y cc qu trnh sinh l khc tin hnh mnh lit lm cho phm cht ht

km, t l thnh phm khi ch bin thp, ng thi c mi kh chu.

V vy khi thu nhp, chuyn ch, bo qun phi ngn nga cc yu t c th

gy nn hin tng ny mm, tt nht l ht phi tht kh ( m thp), kho phi

cch m tt, v bo qun trong iu kin khng c oxi cng tt.

2.1.3.4. Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi ht

Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn lm gim cht lng v tn hao vt cht

kh ca ht khi bo qun l qu trnh t bc nng.

C s ca hin tng t bc nng:



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- C s sinh ha: Qu trnh h hp ca tt c cc phn t sng c trong khi

ht lm thot ra nhit.

- C s vt l: dn nhit ca khi ht km, nn lng nhit sinh ra do qu

trnh h hp ca cc phn t sng c trong khi ht khng thot ra ngoi hoc thot

ra chm, tch t li lm tng nhit ca khi ht.

Qu trnh tng nhit do bn thn khi ht gy nn gi l qu trnh t bc

nng ca khi ht.

Ngun to nhit trong khi ht gy nn qu trnh t bc nng gm: h hp ca

ht chnh, h hp ca vi sinh vt, ca ht c di, v ca trng b.

Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi ht khng nhng lm thay i cc ch s cht

lng l hc ca ht nh mu sc, mi v, ri m cn lm thay i ny mm v

thnh phn ha hc ca ht dn ti gim vt cht kh ca ht. Nu bc nng nghim

trng c th dn ti hng ton b khi ht.

C th phn thnh cc dng t bc nng sau:

- Dng : Xut hin bt k mt vng no trong khi ht.

- Dng lp: Xy ra lp trn, lp di hoc lp thng ng, khng gia dokhi ht ch chu nh hng ca iu kin bn ngoi.

- Dng bc nng ton b: Dng ny rt nguy cp, hu nh ton b khi ht t

bc nng, v b h hng hon ton.

2.1.3.5. Hin tng nn cht ca khi ht (s dnh ca khi ht)

Hin tng nn cht ca khi ht l s mt i tng phn hoc mt i ton b

ri ca khi ht. Hin tng ny do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra:

- Do sc nn ca khi ht, p lc ca nhng ht pha di chu p lc ca

nhng ht pha trn gy ra s kt dnh. Hin tng ny xy ra khi ta ht qu cao

hoc bo qun lu ngy khng co o.

- Do hin tng t bc nng m lm vn cc li.

- Do lm lnh tha: nu bo qun khi ht nhit qu thp s gy ra hin

tng kt dnh.



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- Do cc nguyn nhn khc nh do cn trng, do vi sinh vt...

2.1.3.6. Cc phng php bo qun nguyn liu

bo qun hiu qu, phi thc hin tt bn nhim v ca cng tc bo qun:

- Trnh mt mt v khi lng hay gim mt mt n mc thp nht.

- Gi c cht lng ca mt hng bo qun.

- Tng c cht lng ca mt hng bo qun.

- Bo m gi thnh ca mt n v bo qun l thp nht.

Da trn nhng yu t c bn c th khng ch c l m, nhit v

thnh phn khng kh m ngi ta a ra cc bin php bo qun ht nh sau:

a) Bo qun ht trng thi kh

C s ca phng php: Da vo kh nng hot ng sinh l thp ca tt c

cc phn t sng c trong khi ht khi lng m trong khi ht thp.

Mi khi m ca nguyn liu nh hn m ti hn th cc qu trnh xy ra

trong khi ht chm v hu nh khng ng k . Trn c s , ngi ta thng bo

qun m WHt < WTi hn (12 4%).

b) Bo qun ht trng thi lnhC s ca phng php: Da vo s nhy cm ca cc phn t sng trong

khi ht nhit thp.

nhit thp th cng h hp ca ht gim ng k, khng c hin

tng t bc nng. Nhng khng nn lm lnh ht nhit lnh tha trnh hin

tng kt dnh ca khi ht.

c) Bo qun ht trng thi thiu khng kh (trng thi kn)

C s ca phng php: Da vo nhu cu v oxi ca cc phn t sng c

trong khi ht.

iu kin thiu oxi hot ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh v cn trng gim

mnh, c th b nh ch hoc b tiu dit mt cch ng k. Qua nghin cu cho thy

rng, bo qun kn vn gi c tnh cht ban u ca khi ht. V cn c nhng

cng ngh ph nh lm sch v phn loi, xng hi tit trng, thng gi hoc o

trn, x l ha cht nhm gip cho cng tc bo qun c hiu qu cao hn.



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Bt m phi tun theo cc yu cu sau :

- axit ca cc axit bo khng qu 50mg KOH cn trung ha axit bo t

do trong 100g bt tnh theo cht kh.

- Protein: hm lng protein khng thp hn 7,0%, tnh theo cht kh.

- m: m ca sn phm khng vt qu 15,5% v c khng ch bng

quy phm thc hnh sn xut tt GMP.

d. Cc thnh phn khng bt buc

- Cc thnh phn sau y c th c thm vo bt m vi s lng cn thit

v cc mc ch cng ngh nh: cc sn phm malt c hot tnh enzym vn c sn

xut t ht la m, ht mch en hay t ht i mch, gluten ti, bt u tng hay

bt u khc c cht lng thc phm thch hp.

- Cc cht dinh dng: Vic thm cc vitamin, cc cht khong hoc cc axit

amin c hiu phi ph hp vi php lut ca nc tiu th sn phm.

e. C ht

Bt m khng nh hn 98% lng bt lt qua ry c kch thc l 212

milimicron (N-70).

f. Cc cht nhim bn

- Kim loi nng: Trong bt m khng c php c kim loi nng vi s

lng gy nguy him cho con ngi.

- D lng cht tr sinh vt hi: bt m phi tun th gii hn ti a cho php

theo quy nh v d lng cht tr sinh vt hi.

g. Bao gi

- Bt m phi c bao gi v vn chuyn trong cc bao b hp v sinh, m

bo cht lng dinh dng v k thut ca sn phm.

- Bao b ch c lm bng cc vt liu m bo s an ton v thch hp vi

mc ch s dng. Bao b khng c thi cc cht c hoc mi v l vo sn phm.

h. Ghi nhn



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Tn ca thc phm phi c ghi r trn nhn l bt m hoc tn thch hp

do yu cu ca nc tiu th. Ngoi ra, cn phi ghi thm cc ch tiu cht lng

theo yu cu ca lut php nc tiu th. Hm lng tro c th c cng b b

sung. iu ny khng p dng i vi bt b sung canxi cacbonat hay cc thnh

phn khc c hm lng khong khc vi hm lng khong ca bt.

2.2.3. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong thi gian bo qun v cc phng

php bo qun bt m [5, tr 7073]

Thi gian bo qun ca bt khng di do cu trc t bo ht b ph v. Mc d

vy, trong qu trnh bo qun bt vn xy ra nhiu qu trnh, cc qu trnh ny c

chia lm hai nhm:

- Nhm bao gm cc qu trnh c li.

- Nhm bao gm cc qu trnh khng c li.

2.2.3.1. Cc qu trnh khng c li

Bao gm tt c cc qu trnh lm gim cht lng ca bt.

1) Qu trnh trao i kh ca khi bt

Cng ging nh khi ht, bt thnh phm trong qu trnh bo qun vn din racc hot ng sng ca mnh, khi bt vn trao i kh khng ngng. Qu trnh trao

i kh ny bao gm c h hp ca cc phn t bt, h hp ca vi sinh vt v mt lot

cc qu trnh oxy ha khc nh oxy ha cht bo...

Nu thong khng kh cao th qu trnh h hp ca bt cng mnh hn ht

v tng s b mt hot ng ca khi bt ln hn khi ht rt nhiu.

2) Thay i chun axit v ch s axit bo ca bt

Chun axit hay cn gi l axit c trng chua ca bt.

Ch s axit bo c trng cho s thy phn cht bo.

Trong bo qun, d cha c du hiu b h hng nhng chun axit v ch

s axit bo ca bt lun lun tng ln. Nu bt bo qun cng lu th chun axit v

ch s axit bo cng cao. Da trn c s c th xc nh c ti ca bt.

Nguyn nhn lm tng axit v ch s axit bo l do tc dng ca men v vi

sinh vt phn hy cc cht trong thnh phn ca bt nh phn hy protein thnh



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aminoaxit v cc sn phm trung gian, phn hy phitin thnh axit photphoric, men

lipaza phn hy cht bo thnh axit bo t do v glixerin.

Chun axit v ch s axit tng nhanh hay chm ty thuc vo m ca

bt, nhit khng kh v cht lng bt ban u. Nu nhit v m cao th qu

trnh phn hy cc cht ca bt nhanh, bt cng chng chua. V vy trong bo qun

m ca bt cng thp cng tt, c bit ch n bt c cht lng thp.

3) Qu trnh ng ca bt

Sau khi bo qun t 3 6 thng sn phm thng c mi hi, v v ng.

Di tc dng ca men lipaza cht bo phn hy thnh axit bo v glixerin.

Axit bo khng bn c bit l axit bo khng no d dng oxy ha thnh nhng cht

c gc xeton v aldehyt. Chnh nhng cht ny lm cho bt c mi hi, v ng. Qu

trnh phn hu cc cht bo to cho bt c v ng gi l qu trnh ng ca sn

phm. Qu trnh ng ca sn phm xy ra mnh hay yu ty thuc vo cc yu t:

- Cht lng ht ch bin ra sn phm.

- Mc thong kh ca khi sn phm.

- m ca bt.- Nhit ca khng kh trong kho.

- nh sng mt tri.

4) Hin tng nn cht ca sn phm

Trong qu trnh bo qun bt thng c hin tng vn cc v nn cht li,

mt hn tnh tan ri. Ty theo tnh cht, mc v v tr ca hin tng nn cht m

c th phn ra ba dng:

- p cht: y l hin tng vt l t nhin do cc lp trn p xung

lm lp di nn cht li. Dng bt b p cht vn cn ri nhng nu khng ch

o bao hoc khng trn ln th sn phm d dng b nn cht li.

- ng cc: Hin tng ny xy ra khi ri ca khi bt gim

xung nhiu, lc ny bt thng vn cc li thnh nhng cc to nh khc nhau. Hin

tng ng cc thng xy ra trong khi bt bo qun lu ngy, cht qu cao hoc



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khng o bao thng xuyn. Hin tng ny xy ra nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo

m ca bt, bt c m cao s chng ng cc.

- ng mng: Khi bt ng thnh tng mng rt ln v rt chc phi

dng cuc mi xi ln c. l kt qu pht trin ca hin tng vn cc, bt

thng c mi mc.

5) Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi bt

Qu trnh t bc nng ca khi bt tng t ca khi ht. Thng th bc

nng trong khi bt nhanh hn v b mt hot ng ca khi bt ln hn ht nn cc

qu trnh sinh l xy ra mnh m, vi sinh vt d dng xm nhp v pht trin. Mt

khc, do mc thong trong khi bt t nn nhit thot ra chm tch t li lm cho

khi bt tng nhit nhanh.

2.2.3.2. Cc qu trnh c li

Bao gm cc qu trnh lm tng cht lng ca bt cn gi l qu trnh chn

ca bt. y l mt qu trnh phc tp v quan trng i vi bt m, lm cho cht

lng sn phm ch bin t bt m tng.

1) S lm trng bt

Mu sc ca bt ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc sc t c trong ht v

chuyn vo bt. Thnh phn sc t c trong ht ch yu l xantophin v caroten. c

im ca cc sc t ny l d b oxi ha to thnh cc dn xut khng mu. Khi

khng kh xm nhp cng nhiu, qu trnh oxi ho xy ra cng nhanh th bt cng

trng, nhng d gy hin tng ng ca bt. V vy, cn iu chnh lng khng

kh thch hp bt va trng, va khng b ng.

2) S thay i tnh gluten ca bt

Trong bo qun, gluten ca bt bin i theo quy lut:

Gluten yuKeo cht hnDo Gluten mnh.

Qua nghin cu, s d tnh gluten thay i do:

- S tc ng ca cc axit bo khng no (axit oleic, axit linoleic...).



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- Cc qu trnh oxi ho.

2.2.3.3. Cc phng php bo qun bt

Bt m sau khi sn xut, nu tri qua qu trnh chn thm ri mi em ch

bin th cht lng s tng. Hn na, sn phm ca nh my sn xut ra khng phi

khi no cng tiu th ht ngay nn cn phi c bin php bo qun nhm m bo

cht lng ca bt.

C ba phng php bo qun thng c s dng: Bo qun trong bao, bo

qun ng gi v bo qun ri. Vi c tnh ca bt m v iu kin kh hu ca a

phng ti chn phng php bo qun trong bao.

Bt m c ng bao v chuyn vo kho thnh phm, xp ln k phn thnh

tng dy theo ca sn xut. Trong thi gian bt cn lu li trong kho cn c ch

bo qun thch hp gi c cht lng bt. Cch xp cc dy bt phi hp l,

thun tin cho vic xut kho. bo qun tt bt cn bo m cc cng tc sau :

- Cu trc v cch chun b nh kho: Nh kho cn c mi hin rng. Sn nh

v tng phi phng khng c vt nt, mi nh phi thit k ph hp vi mi thi

tit v thng gi tt. Cc vt liu thit b khng cn thit phi a ra ngoi kho, xungquanh nh kho cch 5m khng c c cy c v cn gi v sinh sch s, ngn np.

Bn cnh cn trnh s t nhp ca chut cc l thng hi cn che li.

- V sinh chung: Nu v sinh v chng nhim mt trong nh my c m

bo bt m s trnh c su mt. Ngoi ra, nh my cn c th s dng cc bin

php kim sot su mt bng cch s dng cc ha cht.

- Kim tra: Vic kim tra thng xuyn l rt cn thit. Cc l hng cn phi

c kim tra trc khi a vo nhp kho. Nu b nhim mt th cn phi gi li

ti ch hoc phun thuc st trng. Cn kim tra cc l hng ct trong kho c b nhim

su mt khng, nu c cn khc phc cc mi trng lm ny sinh bng cch ly ra

ngun nhim mt hoc cch ly nh kho.

- Quay vng cc l hng: Bt m cn c cht chng trong nhng l d nhn

bit, khng c da vo tng v cha li i t nht 0,7m gia bt k chng bt no



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v tng k . Hng no nhp trc th xut trc hng no nhp sau th xut sau

theo th t k c nhng ni kh ly .

- V sinh hng ngy v cch phng nga: Cc b mt bn trong v bn ngoi

nh kho c th phun thuc nh k.

2.2.2.4. Phng php kim tra nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v sn phm

cui cng

Trong thi i cnh tranh ngy nay, cht lng sn phm l vn sng cn

cho s tn ti v pht trin ca mi doanh nghip. V vy khu kim tra cht lng

sn phm rt quan trng i vi doanh nghip. Nhim v ny ca phng KCS, kim

tra nguyn liu t u vo, trong sut qu trnh sn xut v ca thnh phm.

Vic kim tra nh gi cht lng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh

phm c chnh xc hay khng th vic ly mu v phng php ly rt quan trng.

Mu ly phi i din cho l hng v yu cu cn kim tra. Cht lng ca mi l

hng bt c xc nh da trn kt qu phn tch mu trung bnh ly t l hng .

1) Xc nh mi v ca bt

Ly khong 20g bt, trn giy sch, ri ngi mi. Khi nghi ng v mi cabt m th xc nh theo mi ca bnh nng t bt.

Xc nh v ca bt bng cch nhai 1 2 mu bt, mi mu 1g. Khi c tranh

chp th v ca bt c xc dnh theo v ca bnh nng t bt.

2) Kim tra m ca bt (ht)

Kim tra m ca bt (ht) ly mu trong kho v ngay trn dy chuyn

ang hot ng (bn thnh phm).

Kim tra m ca bt bng phng php sy nhanh nhit 1300C trong

thi gian 3045 pht.

3) Kim tra chua ca bt ( axit ca bt)

chua hay axit ca bt o bng , v c biu th bng s ml NaOH

1N dng trung ha ht lng axit c trong 100g bt.

4) Kim tra cht lng gluten ca bt m



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Sau mt thi gian bo qun, bt m s xy ra qu trnh chn bt v gluten trong

bt c xu hng thay i t yu n mnh. V vy cn phi kim tra cht lng

gluten ca bt.

i vi bt tt, thng th lng gluten ti chim khong 2530% khi

lng bt.

5) Kim tra mu ca bt

So snh bt th vi bt mu chun.

Nh my s dng my Satake o mu ca bt. H thng my c trang b

kh tt v c sn mt curet mu chnh my.

6) Kim tra protein

Ch s protein ca ht v bt rt quan trng trong nh my bt m. Vic kim

tra ch s protein ca ht v bt l tng t nhau.

Ly 100g mu t kho cha nguyn liu, em i xay bng my xay chuyn

dng cho phng KCS. xc nh hm lng protein ca bt, nh my dng phng

php Ken-dan.

7) Cht lng bt thnh phm phi t c nhng yu cu sau* Ch tiu cm quan:

+ Trng thi b ngoi bt mn, u ht.

+ Mu sc: trng ng n ng vng.

+ Mi: khng c mi hi, mc v nhng mi khc l.

+ V: v bnh thng khng c v ng hay v chua.

+ Tp cht: khng c tp cht nhn thy bng mt thng v khi nhai

khng c cm gic sn.

* Ch tiu ho l:

+ m 15,5%.

+ tro 1%.

+ axit ca cc axit bo khng qu 50mg KOH cn trung ho axit

bo t do trong 100g bt tnh theo cht kh.



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Thuyet Minh Do Anbotmi

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