Thiet Ke Day Chuyen San Xuat Dau Nhon Bang Phuong Phap Trich Ly Bang Dung Moi Phenol

7/28/2019 Thiet Ke Day Chuyen San Xuat Dau Nhon Bang Phuong Phap Trich Ly Bang Dung Moi Phenol

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M U

Trong cng nghip cng nh trong dn dng, du nhn l cht bi trn

ch yu ca qa trnh vn hnh my mc thit b, cc ng c. Vi vai tr ht

sc quan trng nh vy, du nhn tr thnh mt loi vt liu cng nghip

khng th thiu cc nh my, x nghip, cho qu trnh vn hnh cc thit b

my mc, cng c. Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, cc thit b my mc

ngy cng c a vo ng dng trong cng nghip v dn dng ht sc a

dng, do nhu cu v du bi trn khng ngng tng trong nhng nm qua.

Vit Nam hin nay chng ta phi nhp t nc ngoi di dng du thngphm hoc dng du gc cng vi cc loi ph gia ri t pha ch.Nm 2008, nc ta a nh my lc du u tin Dung Qut

( Qung Ngi) vo hot ng. Nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut du nhn

gc c th s dng phn cn ca qu trnh chng ct kh quyn ( cn gi l

mazut), t khng phi nhp t nc ngoi cc dng du gc, gim c

gi thnh sn xut v cn c bo v c mi trng cho nh my lc du

Dung Qut.

Vi yu cu , em c giao ti : Thit k dy chuyn sn xut

du nhn bng phng php trch ly bng dung mi - phenol.

Hin nay trn th gii cng ngh chung sn xut du nhn gc t

du m gm cc cng on chnh sau:

- Chng chn khng nguyn liu cn mazut;

- Chit tch, trch li bng dung mi chn lc;

- Tch hydrocacbon rn (sp hay petrolactum);

- Lm sch cui bng hydro ho.

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PHN I. TNG QUAN L THUYT

CHNG I: THNH PHN, TNH CHT V CNG DNGCA DU NHN

Du nhn c tm quan trng rt ln trong vic bi trn cc chi tit

chuyn ng, gim ma st, gim mi mn v n mn cc chi tit, ty sch b

mt, trnh to thnh cc lp cn bn, tn nhit, lm mt v lm kht cc b

phn cn lm kn Trong cc chc nng k trn th chc nng bi trn l

chc nng quan trng nht ca du nhn. Bi trn l bin php lm gim ma

st n mc thp nht, bng cch to ra gia b mt ma st mt lp cht c

gi l bi trn, hu ht cc cht bi trn l cht lng. Do vy cc cht bi tri

lng (du bi trn) c bit n nhiu nht trong ng dng k thut.

I.THNH PHN HO HC CA DU NHN.

Nguyn liu chnh sn xut du nhn l phn on cn sau chng ct

kh quyn c nhit si trn 3500C. Trong phn on ny c cha cc hp

cht hydrocacbon vi s nguyn t cc bon t 21 n 40 hay cao hn. Do

vy, nhng hydrocacbon trong phn on ny c trng lng phn t ln v

c cu trc phc tp, c bit l cc hydrocacbon lai hp tng ln rt nhiu.

Mt khc nhng hp cht c mt trong phn on cn sau chng ct kh

quyn u c mt trong thnh phn ca du nhn. Trong phn on ny ngoi

hp cht hydrocacbon khc nhau cn c cc hp cht d nguyn t m ch

yu l cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon cha cc nguyn t Oxy, Nit, lu

hunh v mt vi kim loi (Niken, Vanali). Ni chung cc hp cht phihydrocacbon l cc hp cht c hi, chng to ra mu sm ca sn phm, lm

gim n nh oxy ho ca sn phm. V vy trong qu trnh sn xut du

nhn, ngi t phi p dng cc bin php khc nhau loi chng ra khi

du gc.

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I.1. Cc hp cht hydrocacbon.

I.1.1. Cc hydrocacbon naphten v parafin.

Cc hydrocacbon ny c gi l cc nhm hydrocacbon naphten

parafin. y l nhm hydrocacbon ch yu c trong du m. Hm lng canhm ny tu thuc vo bn cht ca du m v khong nhit si m

chim t 41% n 86%. Nhm hydrocacbon ny c cy trc ch yu l cc

hp cht hydrocacbon vng naphten ( vng 5 cnh v 6 cnh), c kt hp cc

nhnh alkyl hoc iso alkyl v s nguyn t cac bon trong phn t c th t 20

n 40 hay cao hn.

Cu trc ny c th 2 dng: Cu trc khng ngng t (phn t c th

cha t 2 n 4 vng ngng t). Cu trc nhnh ca cc raphten ny cng rt

a dng. Chng khc nhau s mch nhnh, mc phn nhnh ca mch v

v tr th ca mch trong vng. Thng thng ngi ta nhn thy rng:

- Phn nht nh c cha ch yu cc dy ng ng ca xyclohexan

v xyclopentan.

- Phn on nht trung bnh cha ch yu cc vng naphten c cc

mch nhnh alkyl, iso alkyl vi s vng t 2 n 4 vng

- Phn on nht cao xut hin cc hp cht cha cc vng ngng t

vi s vng t 2 n 4.

Ngoi hydrocacbon vng naphten, trong nhm ny cn c cc

hydrocacbon vng n-parafin v izo paraffin. Hm lng ca chng khng

nhiu v mch cc bon ln hn 20 th paraffin s dng rn v thng c

tch mch trong qu trnh sn xut du nhn.

I.1.2. Nhm hydrocacbon thm v hydrocacbon naphten- thm.

Thnh phn v cu trc ca nhm hydrocacbon ny c ngha quan

trng i vi du gc. Mt lot cc tnh cht s dng ca du nhn nh tnh

n nh chng oxy ho, tnh bn nhit, tnh nht nhit, tnh chng bo mn,

hp th ph gia ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht v hm lng ca nhm

hydrocacbon ny. Tuy nhin hm lng v cu trc ca chng cn tu thuc

vo bn cht du gc v nhit si ca cc phn on.

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+ Phn on nht nh ( 350oC n 400o-C) pht hin thy hydrocacbon thm

3 vng dng n hoc kp.

+ Trong phn on c nhit si cao hn c chac cc hp cht thuc dy

ng ng ca naphten, pharatren, antraxen v mt s lng ng k loihydrocacbon a vng.

Cc hydrocacbon thm ngoi khc nhau v s vng thm cn khc

nhau bi s nguyn t cacbon mch nhnh v v tr mch nhnh. Trong

nhm ny cn pht hin s c mt ca cc vng thm ngng t a vnng.

Mt phn t ca chng tn ti ngay trong du gc vi t l thay i tu thuc

vo du gc ca du m, mt phn n c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chng

ct do cc phn ng trng ngng, trng hp di tc dng ca nhit . Mt

thnh phn na trong nhm hydrocacbon thm l loi hydrocacbon hn hp

naphten aromat, loi hydrocacbon ny lm gim phm cht ca du thm

thng phm v chng c tnh nht nhit km v rt d b oxy ho to ra cc

cht keo nha trong qu trnh lm vic ca du nhn ng c.

I.1.3.Cc hydrocacbon rn.

Trong thnh phn du nhn chng ct ra t du m cn c cc

hydrocacbon rn bao gm cc hydrocacbon dy parafin c cu trc v phn

t lng khc nhau, c hydrocacbon naphten c cha t 1 n 3 vng trong

phn t v c mch nhnh di vi cu trc dng thng hoc dng iso, cc

hydrocacbon thm c s vng, s mch nhnh khc nhau. Chng u c tnh

cht l d ng c li dng rn khi nhit thp. V vy cc

hydrocacbon rn ny cn phi c tch lc trong qu trnh sn xut du nhn

nn hm lng ca chng trong du nhn thng rt thp.Cc hydrocacbon

rn ny chia lm 2 loi: Parafin l hn hp ch yu ca cc hydrocacbon

naphten rn c mch nhnh dng thng hoc izo, trong dng izo l chu

yu.

I.2. Cc thnh phn khc.

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Trong phn on du nhn, bn cnh thnh phn hydrocacbon cn c

cc thnh phn khc nhau nh cc cht nha atphaten, hp cht cha lu

hunh, nit oxy

II. CC TNH CHT C BN CA DU NHN.II.1. nht.

nht l mt tnh cht quan trng v c bn ca du bi trn, c

trng cho tr lc ma st m trong ton b cht lng. nht l mt yt t

trong iu kin bi trn hai iu kn bi trn thu ng ( mng dy) v

bi trn thu ng n hi ( mng mng). N nh hng n kn kht, lm

mt, tn hao cng sut, kh nng chng mi mn, kh nng to cn trong

ng c Do vy, trong cc ng c, nht ca du c tc ng chnh n

lng tiu hao nhin liu, kh nng tit kim du v hot ng chung ca

ng c.

Trong t, xe my, nht cng l yu t nh hng n s d dng

khi ng v tc trc khuu. nht qu cao gy ra sc cn nht khi

nhit xung quanh thp, lm gim tc trc khuu v do lm tng tiu

hao nhin liu, mi mn cc chi tit v tng lng du tiu hao.

Nh vy, i vi mi chi tit my, iu c bn u tin l phi dng

du c nht thch hp i vi iu kin vn hnh my. Ni chung cc chi

tit c ti trng nng, tc thp th s dng du bi trn c nht thp.

nht tng th chng t du b oxy ho, cn nu nht gim th trong du c

ln tp cht khc. V vy nht c ly lm c s cho h thng phn loi

du ng c theo SEA ( nm 1911).

Theo n v SI th nht c nh ngha l lc tip tuyn trn mt

n v din tch (N/m2) cn dng trong qu trnh chuyn ng tng i

(m/S) gia hai mt phng nm ngang c ngn cch nhau bi mt lp du

dy 1mm, l nht ng c tnh bng pascal giy (Pa.S).

Theo n v CGS th nht c tnh bng poaxo P (dyn.S/cm2). C

th chuyn i gia hai loi n v ny theo cng thc:1 Pa.S = 10 P.Ngoi ra

poaz cn c th chuyn i sang n v ng hc thng dng l Stoc ( Sc)

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v centimet Stoc ( cSt) m gi tr ph thuc vo t trng ca du. Theo n v

SI th nht ng hc c tnh bng m2/S hay mm2/S

( 1 mm2/S =1cSt).

C nhiu phng php v nhiu dng c o nht nhng quan trngnht l nhng dng c mao qun, m trong mao qun , thi gian chy ca

du t l vi nht ng hc. Nhng ch tiu k thut v nhng qui trnh s

dng cc loi nht K mao qun c m t trong ASTMD 466. Mt loi

nht K khc ( nht Ksookfielf ) o cn tr s quay ca xylanh ngm

trong du. Vi nhng h s chuyn i ph hp, cho nhng xi lanh khc

nhau, ngi ta c th o c nht t nh ti rt ln ca du.

II.2. Ch s nht (VI).

Mt c tnh c bn na ca du nhn l s thay i ca nht theo

nhit . Thng thng khi nhit tng nht s gim. Du nhn c coi

l du bi trn tt khi nht ca n t thay i theo nhit , ta ni rng du

c ch s nht cao. Ngc li nu nht thay i nhiu theo nhit ,

c ngha l du c ch s nht thp. Ch s nht (VI) l tr s chuyn

dng nh gi s thay i nht ca du bi trn theo nhit . Quy c

du gc parafin nht t thay i theo nhit , VI=100.

H du gc naphten c nht thay i nhiu theo nhit VI =0. nhvy ch s nht c tnh quy c .

ch s nht VI c tnh nh sau:

VI =HL

UL

100

Trong :U:l nht ng hc 400C ca du c ch s nht cn phi tnh,

mm2/s.

L: l nht ng hc 400C ca mt du c ch s nht bng 0

v cng vi nht ng hc 1000c vi du cn tnh ch s nht ,mm2/s.

H:l nht ng hc o 400C ca mt loi du c ch s nht

bng 100v cng vi nht ng hc 100

0

C vi du m ta cn o ch s nht, mm2/s.

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Ta thy rng:

Nu U-L >0 th VI s l s m, du ny c tnh nhit km.

Nu L>U>H th VI trong khong 0 n100.

Nu H-U>0 th VI>100, du ny c tnh nhit rt tt.

Hnh1: S thay i nht ca du bi trn theo nhit , l gii v trs nht (VI)

Nu nht ng hc ca du 1000C nh hn hoc bng 70 (mm2/s) thgi tr tng ng ca L-H cn phi tra trong ASTM D2270

Bng 1: Nhng gi tr L-H ng vi nht ng hc 1000C

7

VI ca du =

L-H

U

H(VI=1

0)

L-U

nhtng

hc

40 100

Nhit 0C

VI ca du =

L-H

U

H(VI=10)

L-U

nhtng

h

c

40 100

Nhit 0C

L (VI=0)


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Nu nhn ng hc 1000C ln hn 70 mm2/s th gi tr L-H c tnh

nh sau:

L=0,8353Y2+14,57Y-216

H=0,1684Y2+11,85Y-97

Trong :

Y: l nht ng hc 1000c ca du cn tnh ch s nht

mm2/s.

nht ng hc 100oC mm2/s Gi tr L Gi tr H

2,0 7,994 6,394

2,1 8,64 6,894

5,0 40,23 28,49

5,1 41,99 29,49

15,0 296,5 149,7

15,1 300,0 151,2

20,0 493,2 229,5

20,2 501,5 233

70,0 490,5 1,558

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Da vo ch s nht , ngi ta phn du nhn gc thnh cc loi nh

sau:

- Du gc c ch s nht cao HVI.

- Du gc c ch s nht trung bnh MVI- Du gc c ch s nht thp LVI.

Hin nay cng cha c quy nh r rng v ch s nht ca cc loi

du gc ni trn. Trong thc t chp nhn l ch s nht (VI ) ca du

nhn cao hn 85 th c gi l du c ch s nht cao. Nu ch s nht

thp hn 30 th du xp vo loi du c ch s nht thp, cn du

(MVI) nm gia hai gia hai gii hn th c ch s nht trung bnh.

Nhng trong ch bin du, t cng ngh hydro cracking c th to ra du gc

c ch s nht cao (>140). Cc loi du ny c xp vo loi c ch s

nht cao (VHVI) hay siu cao(XHVI). Du (LVI) c sn xut t h du m

Naphten. N c 9ing khi m ch s n nh oxy ho khng phI l ch tiu

chnh c ch trng nhiu. Du gc (MVI) c sn xut t du chng ct

Naphten Parafin, nhng khng cn tch chit su. cn du gc (HVI)

thng c sn xut t h du Parafin qua tch chit su bng dung mI

chn lc v tch sp.

Ngoi ra cn mt s phng php khc dng xc nh ch s

nht kh nhanh nhng chng ch c tnh cht tng i nh phng php

dng th s dng bng c qui chun, ni qui

II.3. Khi lng ring v t trng.

Khi lng ring l khi lng ca mt n v th tch ca mt cht

nhit tiu chun, t trng l t s gia khi lng ring ca mt cht

cho nhit qui nh vi khi lng ring ca nc nhit qui nh .

T trng v khi lng ring ca mt loi du bng nhau, nu khi lng ca

nc bng 1.

Trng lng API l mt hm c bit ca t trng chng c xc nh

theo phng trnh:

141,5

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Trng lng API = 100

T trng 60/600F

Khi lng ring l mt tnh cht vt l c bn v cng vi nhng tnh cht

vt l khc c trng cho cc phn on nh v nng ca du m cng nhnh gi cht lng ca du th, t ta c th nh gi c khi lng

ring nh hn cc loi du gc c cha nhiu thnh phn naphten v

aromatia.

Cc phng php xc nh khi lng ring v t trng :

+ Tiu chun chu TMD 1250 cho php tnh chuyn khi lng ring v t

trng c bt k nhit no trong khong t 17,80

C ( 00

F) n 1600

C(5000F) v nhit tiu chun 00F (15,60C ). i vi du khong bi trn

th ta c th dng h s gin n a ra trong bng sau:

Bng 2 : H s gin n theo nhit (0C ) i vi du khong

H s gin n theo 0C T trng 15,60C Trng lng API 15,60C0,00065 1,076 0,967 0 14,90,00072 0,966 0,850 15 34,9

0,00090 0,850 0,776 35 50,90,00108 0,775 0,742 51 65,9+ Phng php o ASTMD 941 ( khi lng ring v t trng ca cht lng

o bng pycromet Lipkin c 2 capila) dng cho php o khi lng ring ca

cht lng bi trn bt k c nht nh hn 15 mm2/S 120C.

+ Phng php o ASTMD 1298 thng dng trong phng th nghim.

Ngi ta thng s dng mt ty trng k bng thu tinh xc nh khi

lng ring, t trng hay trng lng API ca tt c cc sn phm dng lng.II.4. Tr s axit v kim.

Tr s axit v ch s kim lin quan n tr s trung ho dng xc

nh axit v kim ca du bi trn.

axit v thng c biu th qua tr s axit tng( TAN) cho bit

lng KOH ( tnh bng miligam) cn thit trung ho tt c cc hp cht

mang tnh axit c mt trong 1(g) mu.

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kim trong du bi trn c biu th bng tr s kim tng (TBN),

cho bit lng axit clohydric hay perelosic, c chuyn sang lng KOH

tng ng (tnh bng miligam), cn thit trung ho ht cc hp cht

mang tnh kim c mt trong 1 (g) mu.C 3 phng php xc nh tr s trung ho:

Phng php th nht: ASTMD 974 ( xc nh tr s axit v kim ca

cc sn phm du m bng phng php chun c dng ch th mu). y

l phng php ch yu thch hp i vi cc loi du sng mu.

Phng php th 2: ASTMD664 ( xc nh tr s axit ca cc sn phm

du m bng phng php chun in th). Phng php ny dng ch

yu cho cc loi du ti mu.

Phng php th 3: ASTMD2896( xc nh tr s kim ca cc sm

phm du m bng phng php chun in th dng axit peselosie).

Phng php ny c dng xc nh cc hp cht kim trong cc sn

phm du m.

Hin nay c nhiu loi ph gia c s dng nhm nng cao phm cht

ca du bi trn. Ty thuc vo thnh phn cu to ca cht ph gia m du

nhn c tnh cht axit hay kim.

Trong du nhn cng nh trong du s dng, nhng cht c coi l c

tnh axit gm: cc axit v c v hu c, cc ete, cc hp cht nha cng nh

cc cht ph gia. Tng t nh vy, cc hp cht c coi l c tnh kim

bao gm cc cht kim v c v hu c, cc mui ca kim loi nng, cc

ph giaRt nhiu ph gia hin nay ang c s dng cho du ng c c

cha cc hp cht kim nhm trung ho cc sn phm axit ca qu trnh chy,

lng tiu tn cu cc thnh phn kim ny l mt ch s v tui th s dng

ca du. Php o kim lin quan n TBN hin ang c p dng cho

hu ht cc ng c, c bit l du ng c iezen.

Ch s axit tng ca du l mt i lng nh gi mc bin cht

ca du do qu trnh oxy ho. i vi hu ht cc loi du bi trn, ch s

TAN c ga tr ban u nh v tng dn trong qu trnh s dng du. Mt

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khc do mt s ph gia nh ph gia chng n mn c tnh axit cao nn ch s

TAN ban u khng th dng tin on chnh xc cht lng ca du.

II.5. im chp chy v bt la.

Nhit chp chy phn nh hm lng cc hydrocacbon nh c trongdu v cho bit tnh nguy him i vi hin tng chy n khi bo qun vn

chuyn. Nhit chp chy cng thp, cng gn vi nhit ca mi trng

th cng phi thn trng khi bo qun, bc r. Phi c cc bin php phng

gim ti a hin tng chy n.

im chp chy ca du l nhit thp nht m ti p sut kh quyn,

mu c nung nng n bc hi v bt la trong nhng iu kin c bit

ca phng php th. Mu s bc hi v bc chy khi c ngn la v lan

truyn tc th ln khp b mt ca mu. Nhit thp nht m ti mu

tip tc chy c trong 5 giy c gi l im bt la cao hn. Vi cc hp

cht tng t nhau th im chp chy v bt la s tng khi trng lng

phn t tng.

Do khi nhit im chp chy c coi l i lng biu th cho tnh

an ton chy n trong qu trnh s dng v bo qun du bi trn. xc

nh im chp chy v bt la bng phng php cc kn Pensky Martens.

II.6. Hm lng nc.

Hm lng nc ca du l lng nc c tnh bng phn trm theo

trng lng, th tch hay theo ppn (phn triu). Nc trong du bi trn

khng nhng y nhanh s n mn v s Oxi ho m cn gy nn nh tng.

Trong mt vi trng hp nc cn lm thu phn cc ph gia, to nn

nhng bn mm xp. Cho nn hm lng nc trong du cng nghip khng

c vt qa 0,1%.

II.7. Mu sc.

S khc nhau v mu sc ca du bi trn c ngun gc t s khc

nhau v du th dng ch bin ra n, v khong nhit si v mc

lm sch trong qu trnh tinh luyn, v hm lng v bn cht ph gia pha

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vo du . Ngi ta nhn thy rng du b ti mu dn trong qu trnh s

dng l du hiu ca s nhim bn hay s bt u ca qu trnh Oxy ho. S

xm mu ca du km theo s thay i khng ln ch s trung ho v nht

thng l du hiunhim bn ca cc cht l. Cc tp cht c mu lm mu thay i mt cch r

rt nhng c th khng lm nh hng n cc thuc tnh khc. Rt nhiu du

mi c ph gia sm mu v thng thng trong qu trnh s dng du b ti

mu i rt nhanh nn ni chung mu sc t c ngha i vi du ng c.

Ni chung, cc phng php so mu da trn c s so snh bng mt

thng, lng nh sng truyn qua mt b dy xc nh ca mt s loi du

vi lng nh sng truyn qua ca mt trong s dy kn mu chun. Ngi ta

dng ngun sng tiu chun, cn mu c t trong bung th ri so snh

vi mu ca cc a thu tinh c qui nh c gi tr t 0,5 0,8.

Php xc nh mu ca cc sn phm du m c s dng ch yu

cho cc mc ch kim tra trong qu trnh sn xut v n cho bit qu trnh

tinh luyn c tt hay khng. Tuy nhin, i vi ngi tiu dng th mu ca

du cng l mt ch tiu quan trng v ngi ta nhn thy c v thng du

thng phm c mu xu hay tt th khng c a chung.

II.8. im ng c, im vn c:

im ng c: l nhit thp nht m du bi trn gi c

tnh linh ng iu kin cho.

im vn c: l nhit m khi sn phm em lm lnh trong nhng

iu kin nht nh, n bt u vn c do mt s cu t bt u kt tinh .

Hu ht du nhn u cha mt s sp khng tan v khi du c lm

lnh, nhng sp ny bt u tch ra dng tinh th an ci vi nhau to thnh

mt cu trc cng, gi du lrong cc ti rt nh ca cc cu trc Khi cu

trc tinh th ca sp ny to thnh y th du khng lun chuyn c

na. lm gim nhit ng c ca du ngi ta dng ph gia h nhit

ng c.

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Yu cu du nhn c nhit ng c v vn c khng thp hn gii

hn cho php, ch liu cht lng ny c bit quan trng i vi cc loi du

s dng vng gi rt. nc ta thng thng yu cu nhit ng c

ca du khng vt -9o

C.II.9. Hm lng tro v tro sun fat trong du bi trn:

Tro l phn cn li sau khi t chy c tnh bng (%)khi lng cc

thnh phn khng th chy c n sinh ra t ph gia cha kim loi,t cht

bn v mt kim loi b mi mn .

Hm lng tro c th nh ngha l lng cn khng chy hay cc

khong cht cn li sau khi t chy du .

Tro sunfat l phn cn cn li sau khi than ho mu ,sau phn cn c

x l bng H2 SO4 vnung nng n khi lng khng i .

tro ca du gc ni ln mc sch ca du ,thng thng trong du

gc khng tro. i vi du thng phm khng ph gia hoc c ph gia

khng tro , mt lng nh tro c xc nh thy s phi xem xt li cht

lng du .

II.10. Hm lng cn cacbon ca du nhn:

Cn cacbon l lng cn cn li sau khi cho bay hi v nhit phn du

nhn trong nhng iu kin nht nh cn khng ch cha hon ton cacbon

ca du .

Cn cacbon ca du bi trn l lng cn cn li, c tnh bng phn

trm trng lng sau khi du tri qua qu trnh bay hi, crackinh v cc ho

trong nhng iu kin nht nh .Cc loi du khong thu c t bt k loi du th no u c lng cn

tng theo nht cu chng. Cc loi du ct lun c lng cn cc bon nh

hn cc loi du cn c cng nht. Cc loi du parafin thng c hm

lng cn cacbon thp hn cc loi du naphten .

C th coi trong mt chng mc no , cn cacbon c trng cho xu

hng to mui ca du nhn trong ng c t trong .II.11. n nh oxyho ca du bi trn :

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n mn hc

n nh ca du bi trn biu hin kh nng cu du chng li nhng

tc ng bn ngoi lm thay i cht lng ca du. Du c n nh cao khi

thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht ca n t thay i. Thc t nu nhit

khng vt qu 30-400

C th c th bo qun du t 5-10 nm m cht lngca du khg thay i. S thay i xy ra trong iu kin s dng ng c.

Di tc ng ca khng kh, nhit cao 200-3000Cc tc dng xc tc

kim loi, nhng thnh phn km n nh ca du s tng tc vi oxy to nn

nhng sn phm khc nhau v tch lu trong du, lm gim cht lng ca

du nh tng tr s axit tng (TAN) lm tng hm lng nha, to nhiu cht

nha bm bung chy. S thay i thnh phn s lm thay i nht v

lm gim ch s nht ca du.

III.CNG DNG CA DU NHN:

III.1. Cng dng lm gim ma st.

Mc ch c bn ca du nhn l bi trn cc b mt tip xc ca cc

chi tit chuyn ng nhm gim ma st .My mc s mn ngay nu khng c

du bi trn. Nu chn ng du bi trn th h s ma st s gim t 100-

1000 ln so vi ma st kh . Khi cho du vo my vi mt lp du dy,

du s xen k gia hai b mt, khi chuyn ng, ch c cc phn t du nhn

trt ln nhau. Do my mc lm vic nh nhng, t b mi mn, gim c

cng tiu hao v ch .

III.2. Cng dng lm mt.

Khi c ma st th b mt kim loi nng ln , nh vy mt lng nhit

sinh ra trong qu trnh lm vic, lng nhit ln hay nh ph thuc vo h s

ma st , ti trng ,tc . Tc cng ln th lng nhit sinh ra cng nhiu ,

kim loi s b nng lm cho my mc d b hng trong khi lm vic. Nh

trng thi lng, du chy qua cc b mt ma st em theo mt phn nhit

truyn ra ngoi lm cho my mc lm vic tt.

III.3. Cng dng lm sch.

Khi lm vic, b mt ma st sinh ra ht kim loi mn, nhng ht rn ny s

lm cho b mt b xc, hang. Ngoi ra ,c th c ct, bi tp cht ngoi ri

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n mn hc

vo b mt ma st, nh du nhn lu chuyn tun hon qua b mt ma

st,cun theo cc tp cht a v cacte du v c lng lc .

III.4. Cng dng lm kn.

Trong cc ng c , c nhiu chi tit truyn ng cn phi kn v chnhxc nh pittng - xi lanh , nh kh nng bm dnh to mng du nhn c th

gp phn lm kn cc khe h , khng cho hi b r r, bo m cho my mc

lm vic bnh thng .

III.5. Bo v kim loi.

B mt my mc , ng c khi lm vic thng tip xc vi khng kh,

hi nc b thi lm cho kim loi b n mn c th lm thnh mng mng

ph kn b mt kim loi nn ngn cch c vi cc yu t trn ,v vy kim

loi c bo v .

IV.PHN LOI DU NHN.

Du bi trn thng c chia thnh cc nhm da trn lnh vc s

dng chng cng nh c cu s dng ca cc nhm du trong thc t. Ton

b du bi trn thng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh:

- Du ng c

- Du cng nghip.

IV.1. Du ng c.

Nhm du ng c l nhm du quan trng nht trong thc t s dng

ca Vit Nam v cc nc pht trin khc, nhm du ny chim c 60 70%

tng lng du bi trn tiu th hng nm. Cc loi du ng c ( bao gm

du cho ng c xng v ng c iezen) ch dng bi trn cho cc chi tit

ca ng c v c rt nhiu loi khc nhau. Chng thng c phn loi

gia trn nht v phm cht cht lng. Cc kiu phn loi du ng c

ang c s dng ph bin hin nay bao gm: SAE J300a, SAE J183 (cn

gi l phn loi API), phn loi ACEA.

c im ca du nhn ng c:

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n mn hc

+ Lm vic trong iu kin khc nhit nht, nhit cao, oxi ho

mnh to ra nha.

+ Lm vic trong nhit rng: (n my nhit n nh nhit

cao)..-Yu cu i vi du nhn ng c.

+ i vi du nhn ng c c ch s nht cao.

+ bn khng oxi ho cao khng nh thi gian lm vic DN

+ Phi c tnh ty ra, phn tn.

Ngoi ra : Tnh cht bi trn tt, bo v cao lu bit tt. t n mn , t

to bt, t nh hng mi trng, an ton chy n..Tnh bo v trong du

khng cao

nn thng phi pha thm ph gia mi c tnh bo v cao; chng n mn n

ho thng thng l bo v theo mng ngn cch.

Nhc : c my mc lm vic theo thi v, v vy phi tho cc chi

tit ca my mc ra. Trn th gii c du nhn lm vic bo v, bo v

lm vic.

IV.2. Du cng nghip.

Nhm du cng nghip c chng loi phong ph hn nhiu so vi

nhm ng c. Du cng nghip thng c chia thnh cc phn nhm nh

da trn lnh vc s dng: Du bnh rng ( du chuyn ng ), du my nn,

du bin th, du my cng c, du thy lc, cht lng gia cng kim loi...

CHNG II:CNG NGH SN XUT DU NHN GCVI DUNG MI L PHENOL

I. S CNG NGH CHUNG:Vic tch cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong sn xut du gc c thc

hin nh cc qu trnh lc du s cho php sn xut du gc cht lng

cao, ngay c vi phn on du nhn ca du th cha thch hp cho sn

xut du nhn .

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n mn hc

Hnh2:S cng ngh sn xut du gc .S cng ngh sn xut du nhn gc t du m bao gm cc qu trnh

chnh

- Chng chn khng nguyn liu cn mazut

- Chit tch, trch ly bng dung mi

- Tch hydrocacbon rn (sp hay petrolactum)

- Lm sch ln cui bng hydro ho

I.1. Chng ct chn khng nguyn liu cn mazut : nhn cc phn on du nhn ct, qu trnh u tin i vo sn xut du

nhn l qu trnh chng chn khng mazut nhn cc phn on du

nhn ct v cn gudron. Mc ch ca qu trnh l nhm phn chia hon

thin cc phn on du nhn c gii hn si hp v tch trit cc

cht nha - asphanten ra khi cc phn on du nhn ct v gudron .

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n mn hc

Hnh 3. S h thng chng ct chn khng sn xut ccphn on du nhn

I.2. Cc qu trnh trch ly , chit tch bng dung mi.Mc ch ca qu trnh trch ly l chit tch cc cu t khng mong mun cha

trong cc phn on du nhn m bng chng ct khng th loi ra

c. Cc cu t ny thng lm cho du nhn sau mt thi gian bo

qun hay s dng b bin i mu sc, tng nht, xut hin cc hp

cht c tnh axit khng tan trong du, to thnh cn nha v cn bn

trong du.

Nguyn l ca qu trnh tch bng dung mi l da vo tch cht ho

tan chn lc ca dung mi c s dng. Khi trn dung mi vi nguyn liu

iu kin thch hp, cc cu t trong nguyn liu s c phn thnh hai

nhm: nhm cc cu t ho tan tt vo dung mi to thnh pha ring vi tn

gi l pha chit (extract), cn phn khng ho tan hay ho tan rt t vo dungmi gi l rafinat. Sn phm c ch c th hoc nm trong pha extract hay pha

rafinat tu theo dung mi s dng. Nhng trong thc t ngi ta quen gi pha

cha sn phm l rafinat cn pha cn phi loi i l pha extract. Da vo bn

cht ca dung mi m ngi ta chia thnh dung mi c cc v dung mi

khng cc hay dung mi hn hp, nhng d l loi no, dung mi c chn

phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:

19

- Gudron

Du cc sinh


20/48

n mn hc

- Phi c tnh ho tan chn lc, tc l phi c kh nng phn tch thnh

hai nhm cu t: nhm c li v nhm khng c li cho du gc.

Tnh cht ny c gi l chn lc ca dung mi.

- Phi bn v ho hc, khng phn ng vi cc cu t ca nguyn liu,khng gy n mn v d s dng.

- C gi thnh r, d kim.

- C nhit si khc xa so vi cc cu t cn tch d dng thu

hi dung mi, tit kim c nng lng.

Ba loi dung mi c cc tch phn hydrocacbon thm v cn nha

ra khi cc phn on du nhn ct hin ang s dng ph bin l phenol,

furfurol v N - metylpirolydon. Cn tch cc hp cht nha asphan trong

phn on gudron, ph bin l dng propan lng .

I.3. Qu trnh kh asphan trong phn cn gudron:Trong gudron c nhiu cc cu t khng c li cho du gc , nn nu ta

a vo trc tip trch ly th khng cho php t c cht lng nh ta mong

mun,chnh v th m ngi ta tin hnh kh asphan trc .Trong sn xutdu nhn ,ph bin s dng propan lng kh cht nha asphan trong phn

on gudron.Qu trnh ny , ngoi vic tch cc hp cht nha asphan cn

cho pht tch c cc hp cht thm a vng lm gim nht , ch s khc x

, cc ho v nhn c du nh nng c nht cao cho du gc.

Sn phm ca qu trnh ny l phn on du nhn cn nng ,c nht

cao.phn on ny qua mt s phn on tip theo ta thu c phn on du

nhn a i pha ch hay a lm du nhn s dng cho my mc c ti trng

ln cn thit phi c nht cao .

Sn phm ph ca qua trnh ny l anphanten-phn tch ly a i lm

nha ri ng ,lm giy giu,giy chng thm .

Qu trnh ny thng c t lin hp vi phn xng chn khng cn

mazut .

. S cng ngh tch asphan bng Propan lng-:.

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n mn hc

Hnh 4. S tch asphan bng propan lng

1. Bnh cha propan 6. Tch dung mi khi rafinat

2. Thit b bay hi 7. Thit b lng tch

3. My nn 8. Ct tch dung mi khiAsphan

4. Ct kh dung mi rafinat 9. Ct tch dung mi khi

asphan

5. L t nng 10. Ct trch ly

I. propan IV. Rafinat;

II. Nguyn liu V. AsphanIII. Hi nc VI. Cht lng ngng t .

I.4. Cc qu trnh tch ly bng dung mi chn lc:Lm sch bng dung mi chn lc l qu trnh cn tch cu t cn thi ra

khi du nhn nh ;cc hydrocacbon thm a vng v hydrocacbon naphten

thm c mch bn ngn ,cc hydrocacbon khng no, hp cht cha lu hunh

, nit, cc cht nha

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22/48

n mn hc

Cc hp cht nha v hydrocacbon thm a vng l hp cht c hi,

khng mong mun c mt trong du nhn .S c mt ca chng khong

nhng lm cho du rt xu .Cc hp cht ny bng phng chng ct khng

th loi b c .Lm sch da vo tnh cht ho tan chn lc ca dung mic cc ,cho php sn xut ra du nhn cht lng cao t bt c loi du

no.Vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh l tc dng ca lc Vanderwaals(lc

nh hng ,cm ng ,phn tn ) xy ra gia dung mi v cc hp cht phn

cc cn phi tch trong du nhn .Yu t quan trng trong qu trnh lm

sch chn lc l chn lc v kh nng hoa tan ca dung mi .

Nguyn liu cho qu trnh l cc phn on ca du nhn ct (c khong

nhit si 300 4000C ;350 4200C ;370 5000C thu c t qu

trnhchwng ct chn khng mazut ). Cc phn on du nhn cn (c nhit

si tren ng propan ).5000C thu c t qu trnh kh asphanten trong

gudron bng propan lng).

Do cc qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi chn lc thng c b tr

lin hp vi phn xng chng ct chn khng cn mazut v phn xng kh

asphanten trong gudron bng propan lng.

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n mn hc

Hnh 5. S cng ngh lm sch chn lc bng phenol

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n mn hc

Thuyt minh s cng ngh:

1. Thit b trao i nhit ng chm.

2. Thp hp th.

3. Thp trch ly a quay4. Thp bay hi rafinat

5. Thp ti bay hi rafinat

6. Thp sy

7. Thp bay hi extract

8. Thp ti bay hi extract

9. Thit b trao i nhit lng ng.

10. L ng.

11.Thit b trao i nhit v bc ngoi

12.Bm

13. B cha nguyn liu v sn phm

14. B cha trung gian.

Trc khi vo thp hp th (2) nguyn liu c un nng n 110

1150C trong thit b (1). Ti (2) nguyn liu i t trn xung tip xc vi hi

ca hn hp ng ph phenol - nc t di ln. Hi nc i ra khi nh

thp hp th c ngng t lm lnh v cho i sn xut hi nc qu nhit.

Nguyn liu hp th phenol ly ra y thp hp th cho qua thit b

lm lnh (1) n nhit yu cu ri cho vo thp trch ly (3) nguyn liu

phenol ly ra t b cha (13) nh bm (12) bm qua thit b t nng (1) v

cho i vo pha trn gn nh thp. hn ch kh nng ho tan ca phenol,

cho nc phenol vo pha di ca thp (3). Nhit ca thp (3) c iu

chnh bng nhit ca nguyn liu vo v nhit ca phn tun hon y

sau khi qua trao i nhit (1). Trong thp trch ly to thnh 2 pha: rafinat v

extract.

+ Ti sinh dung mi trong dung dch rafinat c thc hin hai cp thit

b (4) v (5). Khi ra khi thp (3) dung dch t chy vo thit b trao i nhit (9)

trc qua b cha (13) vo l t (10). Hn hp hi lng vi nhit 260

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n mn hc

2900C i ra khi l i vo phn gia ca thp bc hi (4) y phn nh hi

phenol tch ra nh thp c cho qua lm lnh ngng t (1) ri vo b cha

(13).

Dung dch rafinat cha khong 5 6% phenol t y thp (4) c choqua thp tch (5). Hi nc qa nhit c cho vo y thp (5) tch hi

phenol cn li, hi phenol ra khi (5) c cho qua lm lnh (1) ngng t ri

cho vo b cha (13). Rafinat cho qua trao i nhit (9) vo b cha sn

phm.

+ Ti sinh dung mi t dung dch extract.

Dung dch t y thp (3) c bm (12) cho qua thit b trao i nhit(1), y c t nng bng hi phenol t (7) sang vi nhit khong

1201300C ri cho vo thp lm kh (6). Hn hp ng ph phenol nc c

dn v ct hp th (2) hoc qua thit b lm lnh (1) ri vo b cha (13).

Mt lng dung dch ly ra t phn y thp (6) cho t chy sang thit

b un si (11). Trong thit b ny t dung dch extract nh nhit ca hi

phenol t thp (7) sang.Mc ch ca vic un si ny nhm b sung nhit cho hn hp trong

thp (6) dung dch extract khng c nc i ra khi y thp (6) c bm

qua l t (10) nh bm (12). y t nng n 250 2800C ri cho qua

thp (7). thp ny hu nh tt c phenol c tch ra, hi phenol t nh

thp (7) c a qua (11) ri trao i nhit cc thit b (1), ri vo b cha

(13). Hn hp y ra khi thp (7) c a qua thit b ti bc hi extract dtch ht hi phenol. Mt phn hn hp y thp (7) c tun hon li l t

nh bm (12) b sung thm nhit lng.

tch ht phenol ngi ta cho hi nc qu nhit vo y thp (8) h

lu nh thp dng nc phenol. Hi phenol - nc tch ra y thp (8)

c tun hon li thp (2), extract ly ra y thp (8) c lm lnh v cho

v b cha sn phm.

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n mn hc

Ch cng ngh .

Khi tin hnh qua trnh lm sch bng dung mi chn lc, ngoi thnhphn ho hc ca nguyn liu v dung mi cn phi xc nh cc iu kin

cng ngh ca qu trnh nh t l dung mi / nguyn liu, ch cng ngh

v cc cht thm vo dung mi .

T l phenol/nguyn liu.

T l phenol/ nguyn liu ph thuc vo cht lng ca nguyn liu dng

vo yu cu cht lng sn phm ca du nhn cn thu .T l ny thay i

theo gii hn tng i rng. Khi lm sch nguyn liu l cc phn on ca

du nhn cn th t l phenol/nguyn liu l 1,5 3,5:1 .

B sung thm nc.

tng s phn chia trt v gim mt mt cc cu t cn thit trong

extract th ngi ta a thm mt lng nc phenol vo thp trch ly( nc

phenol l hn hp gia hi phenolv nc ly t thp ti bc hi trong b

phn ti sinh phenol t dung dch rafinat v extact .

lm sch nguyn liu trit ngi ta cho thm nc vo phenol

gim hm lng phenol trong dung dch rafinat v tng hiu sut rafinat v

tng cht lng ca rafinat.ngi ta cho thm 2 5 % nc (so vi lng

dung mi phenol chung cho vo thp )vo nh thp v dy thp trch ly .Cho

nc vo nh thp lm gim nht ca dung dch rafinat , cn cho thm

nc vo dy thp l lm tng nhit y thp , nh vy m tng hiu xut

rafinat v tng cht lng ca rafinat .

Nu lm sch nguyn liu l cc phn on du nhn ct nh t nha th

cho thm vo phenol khong 8 10 % nc, nu nguyn liu c nhit si

cao th cho thm 4 5% nc trnh s tn ti nha trong du nhn.

I.5. Qu trnh tch sp:

Sp l mt hn hp m ch yu l cc parafin phn t lng ln v mt

lng nh cc hydrocacbon khc c nhit nng chy cao (chng d kt

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n mn hc

tinh nhit thp) v km ho tan vo du nhn c nhit thp. V th

chng cn phi tch ra khi du nhn.

I.5.1. Qu trnh tch sp bng phng php kt tinh:

Khi tin hnh lm lnh phn on du nhn, sp c tch ra do chng

b kt tinh. Nh vy bng cch kt tinh c th s l du nhn cha sp. Qu

trnh ny da vo nguyn l kt tinh parafn rn bng cch lm lnh, sau

tch chng khi du nh lc hay ly tm. Trong cc dy truyn sn xut trc

y, du c lm lnh cc dn lnh, sau hn hp c cha du v sp

c chuyn qua b phn lc p p sut. Ti y nhng tinh th sp c gi

li, cn du nhn c chy qua khi lp sp dy, x p v tho cc bnh

sp th ra. Phng php ny c cc nhc im sau:

- Lm vic gin on v rt nhiu khu phi dng n p sut.

- nht ca du tch sp ln, gy tr ngi cho qu trnh lc, c bit

l cc loi du c nht cao.

- Khng p dng c cho nguyn liu l du cn v tch sp khng

trit do cc vi tinh th parafin c to ra trong qu trnh khng th tch ra

bng lc .

I.5.2. Tch sp bng dung mi chn lc:

khc phc cc nhc im trn, ngi ta s dng dung mi tng

linh ng ca du nhn. Do sp cng c th ho tan vo dung mi, nn

phi tin hnh nhit thp v phi chn dung mi thch hp. Mt dung

mi tch sp tt phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:

- t (hay khng) ho tan sp.

- Ho tan tt du nhn li nhit kt tinh ca sp.

- Sp dng tinh th ln d tch bng lc

- C nhit si thp d tch khi du, tit kim nng lng.

- Dung mi phi d kim, r khng c hi v khng gy n mn

- T l dung mi/nguyn liu du thp gim chi ph vn hnh

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n mn hc

Hnh 6. S cng ngh tch sp dng dung mi chn lc

I.6. Qu trnh lm sch bng hydro:Qu trnh tinh ch sn phm du tch sp l qu trnh cn thit nhm

loi b cc cht hot ng v mt ho hc, c nh hng n mu ca du

gc. V d, cc hp cht nit c nh hng rt mnh n mu sc cng nh

bn mu ca du gc, v th phi loi b chng v chnh l yu cu ca

qu trnh tinh ch bng hydro.

Tnh cht ca du nhn sau khi hydro ho lm sch c thay i nhsau:

28

Thit bkt tinh lnh bmt

Thit blm

Hthnglmlnh

Thu

hidungmi

t

utchsp

t

sp-

t

Thu

hidungmi

Tch s p Sp nn

Dung mi phalong lm sch

Nguyn liu

Dung mi ra lnh

Lc chn khng quay

S p - t

Phn lc lnh

Sp mm


29/48

n mn hc

Lm gim nht 0 - 2

Lm tng ch s nht 0 2

H thp nhit ng c, 0C 0 2

Tng sng mu () 1 - 2

Hnh 7. S cng ngh hydro ho lm sch

I.7. Xu hng ci tin cng ngh sn xut du gc.Cng ngh sn xut du gc va nu l cng ngh truyn thng v ngy cng

c ci thin nhm to ra sn phm c cht lng cao hn, hiu sut

ln hn v kinh t hn. Mt trong nhng hng ci tin l p dng cc

qu trnh x l bng hydro, c xc tc, chng hn nh qu trnh

hydrocracking v hydroizome ho.

I.8. Dung mi phenol .

Phenol l cht rn, kt tinh, khng mu. phenol ht m c mu hng, gy

bng. Nhit nng chy 430C.

Phenol l mt cht c. Phenol d ho tan trong ru, trong benzen v cc

dung mi khc. Phenol kt hp vi nc to thnh hai cht lng khng trn

ln nhau, mt dung dch phenol trong nc v dung dch trong nc

29

Lphnng

Khich-ngct

Du gc

Phn nh

M y nn

Du nhn

Hydro

L phn ng

Khtun hon

L ng


30/48

n mn hc

phenol .Cc s cho bit ho tan ca phenol v nc cc nhit khc

nhau.

ho tan ( % khi lng ) nhit ,0C.

Nhit 20 30 40 50 60 66Phenol trong nc 8,20 8,75 9,60 33,20 16,80 34,00

Nc trong phenol 27,50 30,10 11,80 37,80 44,90 66,00

Phenol cng vi nc to thnh hn h ng ph cha 9%khi lng phenol,vi nhit si 980C 101 Kpa.

Phenol l dungmi chn lc lm sch cc phn on du nhn ct v du

nhn cn, phenol ho tan tt hydrocacbon thm c nhnh bn ngn, dc bit

l cc hydrocacbon a vng cc cht nha .

* Phn tch cc u, nhc im ca cc s cng ngh lm sch du

nhn bng dung mi chn lc(phenol):- Nhng u im khi dng phenol lm sch du nhn:

C kh nng tng ch s nht cho du nhn, c kh nng ho tan tt cc

hp cht hu c cha lu hunh v sn phm nha, c th lm sch cc phn

on du nhn ct v phn on du nhn cn nng v c cc phn on du

nhn nhn t du m lu hunh, nn khi bo qun cng nh khi ti sinh t

thay i cht lng hn so vi furfurol, l l phenol/nguyn liu thp hn so

vi furfurol.

- Nhng nhc im khi dng phenol:

Tnh chn lc km hn furfurol, nn khi dng phenol th mt s cu t

du nhn khng tch trit m cn ln trong extract nn lm mt mt mt s

cu t du nhn thi ra ngoi lm gim hiu sut sn phm rafinat c kh

nng ho tan cao i vi cc hp cht sunfid v cc cht c ch s oxy ho,

phenol c hn so vi furfurol.

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n mn hc

Khi cng lm sch nguyn liu l phn on du nhn cn nng thu

c t qu trnh kh asphaten trong gudron bng furfurol v phenol (vi t

l dung mi nh nhau) th ta thy hiu sut sn phm rafinat khi dng dung

mi furtfurol cao hn, nhng cht lng sn phm rafinat li km hn so vikhi dng dung mi phenol.

PHN II

TNH TON THIT K

CHNG I:TNH CN BNG VT LIU VCN BNGNHIT LNG

I.CC S LIU BAN U.

Nng sut yu cu:500.000 tn/nm.

Thi gian lm vic ca dy chuyn trong mt nm l 8.000 gi.

T l gia dung mi phenol trn nguyn liu l:2:1

Chi ph phenol-nc,% khi lng so vi phenol l:3%

Hiu sut rafinat,% khi lng so vi nguyn liu l :75%

T trng ca nguyn liu l:d420=920(kg/m3)

T trng ca rafinat l d420=902(kg/m3)

Lng du lm sch trong phn rafinat l:80%

Nhit nh thp l t1=1100C

Nhit y thp l t2=600C.

Nhit trong thp trch ly, t = 850C

II.TNH CN BNG VT CHT CHO THP TRCH LY.

nh gi la chn dy chuyn sn xut, ngi ta da vo nhiu ch

tiu nh cc thng s kinh t, k thut, nng lng v linh hot ca cng

ngh.

Cng ngh trch ly du nhn vi nguyn liu t mazut th cho ta cc

phn on du nhn c linh ng v v ch s nhn cao. Nhng ngy

nay vi cng ngh pht trin hin i th dng nguyn liu gudron sn xut

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n mn hc

du nhn c nhn cao.V loi thp a quay ny c cnh khu loi a

ph thuc vo s vng quay ca cnh khuy quan h gia chng v quan h

gia hai lu th.

Thp trch ly l mt thit b chnh ca qu trnh trch ly bng dung michn lc. Do trong qu trnh thit k ngi ta c th chn nhiu loi thp

a khc nhau th cho ta hiu qu du nhn khc nhau, n gin cho tnh

ton cng nh cng ngh sn xut ngi ta chn thp a quay loi ny nng

sut tng i cao ngoi ra cn c cnh khuy tua bin. Loi thp a ny c

ng knh 2,4m - 2,8m hoc 3,4m-3,6m chiu cao ca thp 13m-13,4m

ng knh stato hnh xuyn l 1,6m, ng knh a quay l 1,2m. Tn s

ca roto t 10 n 160 vng/ pht. Tng tc th tch ca nguyn liu v

dung mi vo thp lm tng hiu qu lm sch cc phn on du nhn ,

gim chi ph dung mi v tng c hiu sut ca sn phm t 3-5% lm cho

du nhn tt hn.

II.1.Dng vo.

Lng nguyn liu vo thp trong thi gian mt gi l:

G1=8000

1000500000=62500 (kg/h)

Nhit trung bnh lm vic trong thp:

ttb=2

60110+=850C

T trng ca nguyn liu tai nhit 850C:

85=1030 (kg/m3)

Lng dung mi phenol vo thp trong thi gian mt gi:

G2=n G1

G2= 625002 =125000 (kg/h)

Chi ph lng phenol-nc vo thp trong thi gian mt gi :

G3=3%G2

G3=0,03125000=3750 (kg/h)

Tng lng vt cht vo thp trong thi gian mt gi:

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Gvao=G1+G2+G3

Gvao=62500+125000+3750=191250 (kg/h)

II.2.Dng ra.

Lng pha rafinat thu c trong thp trch ly:G4=75% G1

G4= 468756250075,0 = (kg/h)

Lng du ln trong thp trch ly l:

G5=G1-G4

G5=62500 - 46875=15625 (kg/h)

Lng du c lm sch trong pha rafinat:

G6=G4 %80

G6= )/(37500468758,0 hkg=

Lng dung mi phenol c trong dung dch rafinat:

Graf=G4-G6

Graf=46875-37500=9375 (kg/h)

Lng dung miphenol c trong dung dch chitGex=G2+G3- Graf

Gex=125000+3750 - 9375=119375(kg/h)

Trong lng nc to cn trong hn hp phenol-nc

Gnc=90%G3

Gnc=0,9 =3750 3375(kg/h)

Lng dung dch chit ra khi thp trich lyG7=G5+Gex

G7=15625+119375=135000(kg/h)

Lng phenol trong pha chit l

G8=G7-Gnc-G5

G8=135000 3375 15625=116000(kg/h)

Tng lng vt cht i ra khi thp lGra=G4+G5+Graf+Gnc+G8

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Gra=46875+15625+9375+3375+116000=191250 (kg/h)

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Bng 4: Bng cn bng vt liu

Lng vo Lng raTnnguyn

liu

Khi l-ng (kg/h)

Phntrm%

Tn snphm

Khi lng(kg/h)

Phntrm%

Nguynliu vo

62500 32,68% Du 46875 24,51%

Dung miphenol vo

125000 65,36% phenol ra 9375 4,91%

Chi phncphenol

3750 1,96% Du ln 15625 8,17%

Nc 3375 1,76%

phenol 116000 60,65Tng cng 191250 100 Tng cng 191250 100

III. CN BNG NHIT LNG

III.1. Tnh cn bng nhit lng cho thit b trch ly :

Gi : Q1: Nhit lng do nguyn liu mang vo (Kcal/h)

Q2: Nhit lng do dung mi phenol mang vo (Kcal/h)

Q3: Nhit lng do nc mang vo l (Kcal/h)Q4: Nhit lng do sn phm mang ra l (Kcal/h)

Q5: Nhit lng do pha chit mang ra l (Kcal/h)

Q6: Nhit lng tn tht ra mi trng l : (Kcal/h)

III.1.1.Nhit lng do nguyn liu mang vo:

Q1=G1.t1.C

Trong :

G1: Lng nguyn liu vo thp trch ly trong thi gian mt gi

t1 : Nhit ti nh thp l t1 =1100C

C: Nhit dung ring

p dng cng thc tnh nhit dung ring ca mt s cht lng

C=( )

( ) 5,032.5/9886,11625

t

td

t++

Trong :

dt : Khi lng ring tng i ca cht lng 15,60C

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t: Nhit ca cht lng .

Gii hn p dng c phng trnh ny O0C


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n mn hc

III.1.5.Nhit lng do du ln mang ra:

Q2 = G5 x t2 x C

G5: lulng du ln trong pha chit

t2 : Nhit lm vic ca thp ti nhit t2 =600

CC: Nhit dung ring ca pha chit C = 0,0281 (kcal/kg )

Q2 = 15625 x60 x 0,0281 = 2739,75 (kcal/h)

III.1.6. Nhit lng do nc mang ra:

Q3 = Gnc x t2 x C

Gnc : lu lng hn hp ng ph phenol nc

C: Nhit dung ring ca nc C = 1,01(kcal/kg )

t2 : Nhit lm vic ti y thp t2= 600C

Q3 = 01,1603375 = 204525( kcal/h)

III.1.7. Nhit lng do phenol mang ra pha chit:

Q4 = G8 t2C

G8 : lu lng dung mi phenol ln trong pha chit

C: Nhit dung ring ca phenol C = 0,561 (kcal/kg )

t2: Nhit lm vic ca thp ti t 2 = 600C

Q4 = 561,060116000 =3904560 (kcal/h)

III.1.8. Nhit lng phenol mang ra pha rafinat:

Q5=Graf Ct 1

Graf: Lu lng phenol trong dung dch rafinat

C: Nhit dung ring ca phenol C= 0,561(Kcal/kg)

t1: Nhit lm vic ca thp ti nhit t1=1100C

Vy nhit lng do phenol mang ra l

)/(25,578531561,01109375/5 hKcalQ ==

III.1.9. Nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh

654321 QQQQQQ ++=++

202812,5+ 4207500+ 227250=153656,25+4262741,25+Q6

Nhit lng do sn phm mang ra l Q4=153656,25(Kcal/h)

Nhit lng do pha chit mang ra l Q5=4262741,25(Kcal/h)

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Vy nhit mt mt ra mi trng l : Q6=221165(Kcal/h)

Bng 5: Bng cn bng nhit lng

Nhit lng vo thp (Kcal/h)Nht lng do nguyn liu mang vo 202812,5Nhit lng do dung mi phenol mang vo 4207500Nhit lng do nc mang vo 227250

Tng cng 4637562,5Nhit lng ra khi thit b lNhit lng do sn phm mang ra 153656,25Nhit lng do pha chit mang ra 4262741,25Nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh 221165

Tng cng 4637562,5

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CHNG II: TNH TON C KH CHI TIT CH YU CATHIT B

I. NG KNH CA THP TRCH LY:

)(::285

2

85

1 mvGG

Dfmp

+=

Trong :

G1: Lng nguyn liu a vo thp trch ly trong thi gian mt gi

G2: lng dung mi phenol a vo thp trch ly trong thi gian mt gimp

85 T trng ca dung mi phenol ti nhit 850C

V : Tc ca hn hp i trong thp trch ly

Chn v=10 m3/h

D = 262500 125000

:3,14:10885 1030

+

= 4,9453(m)

D =4,9453(m)=5 (m)

T trng ca pha rafinat trong thp ti nhit 1100Craf

110 = 855(Kg/m3)T trng ca pha rafinat trong thp ti nhit 600C

raf

60 = 1040(Kg/m3)

T trng ca pha chit trong thp ti nhit 1100Cex

110 = 990(Kg/m3)

T trng ca pha chit trong thp ti nhit 600C

ex60 = 970(Kg/m3)Lng phn lm sch

Vraf= rafG

110

4

+ ex

x

xG

110

4

.

)1(

Trong :

G4: Lng du lm sch sau khi ra khi thp trch ly(Kg/m3)raf

110 : T trng du lm sch ti nhit nh thp(Kg/m3

)ex110 : T ca dung mi chn lc ti nhit nh thp (Kg/m3)

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X: Nng trng lng ca du lm sch i vi phn lm sch rafinat.

Vex= rafrafexx

xGGG

60

4

60

2

60

5

.

)1(

++

Trong :

G5: Lng du trong thp trch ly

G2: Lng dung mi phenol a vo trong thi gian 1 gi.

G3: Lng du lm sch trong dung dch rafinat lex

60 : T trng dung mi chn lc ti y thp l.raf

60 : T trng ca du b trch ly ti nhit y thp l.

Vex= 1040.8,0)8.01(46875

1040

125000

970

15625 ++

Vex= 147,57(m3/m2.h)

I.1. Chiu cao t a trn cng n nh thp:

h1= 2114

F

tVraf

Trong :

Vraf: Lng phn lm sch l.T11: Thi gian lng ca phn phn lm sch trong thp trch ly l.

Vi t11= 5,12,1 (h)

F: tit din ngang ca thp l .chn F= 5m).

h1= )(62,4514,34,18,644

2m=

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I.2. Chiu cao t y thp ln a di cng :

h3= 212

4

F

tVex

Trong :

Vex: Lng phn trch ly

t12: Thi gian lng ca phn trch ly trong thp

Vi t12= 0,5 n 1(h)

F: Tit din ngang chn F= 5(m)

h3= )(64,5514,375,057,1474

2m=

I.3. Khong cch t a di cng n a trn cng:h2= (n-1)h

Trong :

n:S a thc t chn n= 12a.

h: L khong cch gia cc a chn h= 0,5(m)

h2= (12-1)0,5=5,5

I.4. Chiu cao ca thp trch ly tnh theo cng thc sau:H=h1+h2+h3+h4

h4: L h chn h4= 1,2(m)

H=4,62+5,64+5,50+1,2(m)

H=16,96(m)

Quy chun H=17(m)

Vy chiu cao thp trch ly l 17(m)

II. NG KNH CA NG DN NGUYN LIU VO:

Ta c lu lng th tch ca nguyn liu trong mi gi l:

V=

m

Trong :

m :Lng nguyn liu i vo thp trch ly trong thi gian 1 gi l:

: khi lng ring ca nguyn liu 885 (kg/m3).

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V=885

62500=70,62(m3h)

V=70,62(m3h)=0,0196(m3/s).

Vy ng knh ca ng dn nguyn liu vo thp trong thi gian 1 gi l:

D=.785,0

v

Trong :

V:Lu lng th tch nguyn liu i vo thp trong 1 gi.

:Tc cht lng trong ng t chy vo thit b chnh

Do ta chn =0.2(m/s).

D= 2,0.785,0 0196,0 =0,353(m).

D=0,353(m)=353 (mm)

Quy chun D=350 (mm).

III. NG KNH CA NG DN PHENOL VO THP:

Ta thi lu lng ca phenol i vo thp trong 1 gi

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca phenol l 1060 (kg/m3)

V=1060

125000=117,925 (m3/h)

V=3600

925,117=0,0328 (m3/s)

ng knh ca ng dn phenol vo thp l:

D= 2,0.785,00328,0

=0,457 (m)

D=0,457 (m) =457 (mm)

Quy chun D=450 (mm)

IV. NG KNH CA NG DN DUNG DCH RAFINAT RA KHI THP:

Lu lng th tch ca ng ng dn rafinat l

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca dung dch rafinat l 902 (kg/m3)

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V=902

46875=51,968 (m3/h)

V=3600

968,51=0,0144 (m3/s)

Vy ng knh ca ng dn dung dch rafinat ra khi thp l:

D=2,0.785,0

V

D =2,0.785,0

0144,0=0,302 (m)

D =0,302 (m) =302(mm)

Quy chun D =300 (mm)

V. NG KNH CA NG DN DUNG DCH PHA CHIT:Lu lng th tch ca ng ng dn dung dch chit l:

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca dung dch chit l 970 (kg/m3)

V =970

5,72187=74,42 (m3/h)

V=74,42 (m3

/h) =0,0207 (m3

/s)ng knh ca ng dn dung dch pha chit l:

D=.785,0

V

D=2.0.785,0

0207,0=0,363 (m)

Quy chun D= 400 (mm)

VI. NG KNH CA NG DN HI NC VO:Lu lng th tch ca ng ng dn hi nc l

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca hi nc l 983 (kg/m3)

V=983

3750=3,815 (m3/h)

V=3,815(m3/h) =0,00106 (m3/s)

Vy ng knh ca ng dn hi nc vo thp l

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D=.785,0

V

D=2,0.785,0

00106,0=0,082 (m)

Quy chun D =100 (mm)VII. NG KNH CA NG THO CN.

Lu lng th tch ca ng dn cn ra ngoi l

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca cn l: 970 (kg/m3)

V=970

15625=16,108 (m3/h)

V=16,108 (m3/h) =0.00447 (m3/s)

Vy ng knh ca ng tho cn l

D=.785,0

V

D=2,0.785,0

00447,0=0,169 (m)

Quy chun D= 200 (mm)

KT LUN

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Sau 3 tun c s hng dn ca PGS.TS L Vn Hiu, cng vi cc

thy c trong b mn Ho du gip em hon thnh c n ca mnh.

Qua n ny, em c mt s kt lun nh sau:

Ma st v bi trn l vn ang c nhiu ngi quan tm, c bit i vicc nh sn xut ng c,cc nh sn xut my mc thit b v nhiu lnh vc

khoa hc k thut khc. gim lc ma st c hi th du nhn lun l mt

la chn cho cc nh sn xut cng nh trong cng ngh. Mun s dng du

c hiu qu kinh t cao khi s dng du bi trong tng iu kin c th cn c

cc chng loi v cc phng php nh gi ph hp.

Trong lnh vc sn xut du nhn th qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi

phenol l mt cng on khng th thiu nht l i vi cc loi du m nng

v nhiu lu hunh. Sn phm thu c ca qu trnh l du nhn c ch s

nht tng, t lu hunh v t sn phm nha.

Vi dy chuyn sn xut du nhn ny, chng ta hon ton c th p

ng c nhu cu v du gc trong nc cng nh trong xut khu. Ngoi ra

cn tng hiu sut ca du m, gim c nhim mi trng khi m cn

mazut nyem i s dng lm cht t cng nghip.

thit k kh thi mt dy chuyn sn xut hay mt da n th trc tin

chng ta phi xc nh c nhu cu v sn phm, ngun nguyn liu t

la chn sao cho ph hp, khi la chn c cng ngh, tip tc xc

nh a im t nh my bo v h tng k thut, mng li giao thng

i li trong vng. Cui cng l xc nh hiu qu kinh t ca d n v quyt

nh d n c c thc hin hay khng.

Qua cc tnh ton v la chn trn th cng ngh sn xut du nhn bng

phng php trch ly dung mi phenol c u im, ph hp vi cc qu trnh

sn xut c quy m ln v thu c hiu qu kinh t cao.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. PGS.TS L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du m. NXB khoa hc v k

thut H Ni 2000.

2. PGS.TS inh Th Ng. Ho hc du m. H Bch Khoa H Ni 1999.3. Kiu nh Kim. Thng phm xng du.

4. V Th Lin, L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du v kh. H Bch

Khoa H Ni 1983.

5. Trn Mnh Tr. Ho hc du m v kh. H Bch Khoa H Ni 1979.

6. C. Kajdas. Du m bi trn. NXB khoa hc k thut 1993

7. Trn Mnh Tr. Du kh v du kh Vit Nam. NXB KH v KT H Ni1996.

8. S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho cht.tp I,tp II. NXB KHKT

H Ni 1992.

9. Kiu nh Kim. Cc sn phm du m v ho du NXB khoa hc k

thut H Ni 1999

10. Dng Vn Tu, Nguyn Hu Khu, Vn nh , Nguyn Th MinhNguyt. Th nghim ho hu c; HBK H Ni 1993

11. GS.TSKH. Nguyn Bin. Tnh ton qu trnh thit b trong cng ngh ho

cht v thc phm.NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni, nm 2001

12. H Quang Ho. Bi ging k thut bo h lao ng v bo v mi trng.

Trng H m a cht 2002

MC LC

M U....................................................................1

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PHN I. TNG QUAN L THUYT..................................2

CHNG I: THNH PHN, TNH CHT V CNG DNG

CA DU NHN.........................................................2

CHNG II:CNG NGH SN XUT DU NHN GC. .17VI DUNG MI L PHENOL ................................17

......................................................................17

I. S CNG NGH CHUNG:.................................17

Vic tch cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong sn xut

du gc c thc hin nh cc qu trnh lc du s cho php

sn xut du gc cht lng cao, ngay c vi phn on du

nhn ca du th cha thch hp cho sn xut du nhn . . .17

Hnh2 :S cng ngh sn xut du gc .............18

S cng ngh sn xut du nhn gc t du m bao

gm cc qu trnh chnh ........................................................18

nhn cc phn on du nhn ct, qu trnh u tin i

vo sn xut du nhn l qu trnh chng chn khng mazut

nhn cc phn on du nhn ct v cn gudron. Mc chca qu trnh l nhm phn chia hon thin cc phn on

du nhn c gii hn si hp v tch trit cc cht nha -

asphanten ra khi cc phn on du nhn ct v gudron .. 18

Mc ch ca qu trnh trch ly l chit tch cc cu t khng

mong mun cha trong cc phn on du nhn m bng

chng ct khng th loi ra c. Cc cu t ny thng lm

cho du nhn sau mt thi gian bo qun hay s dng b bin

i mu sc, tng nht, xut hin cc hp cht c tnh axit

khng tan trong du, to thnh cn nha v cn bn trong

du.........................................................................................19

I.3. Qu trnh kh asphan trong phn cn gudron:...20...............................................................................21

I.4. Cc qu trnh tch ly bng dung mi chn lc:...21Thuyt minh s cng ngh:...............................................24

I.5.1. Qu trnh tch sp bng phng php kt tinh:.......27

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I.5.2. Tch sp bng dung mi chn lc:...........................27

I.6. Qu trnh lm sch bng hydro:........................28I.7. Xu hng ci tin cng ngh sn xut du gc.. 29

Cng ngh sn xut du gc va nu l cng ngh truyn

thng v ngy cng c ci thin nhm to ra sn phm ccht lng cao hn, hiu sut ln hn v kinh t hn. Mt

trong nhng hng ci tin l p dng cc qu trnh x l

bng hydro, c xc tc, chng hn nh qu trnh

hydrocracking v hydroizome ho. .......................................29

Thiet Ke Day Chuyen San Xuat Dau Nhon Bang Phuong Phap Trich Ly Bang Dung Moi Phenol

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Transcript of Thiet Ke Day Chuyen San Xuat Dau Nhon Bang Phuong Phap Trich Ly Bang Dung Moi Phenol