Theengnewyorktimes 10pages 101202152027 Phpapp02

8/12/2019 Theengnewyorktimes 10pages 101202152027 Phpapp02

1/10

FRN NEW YORK TIMES

Man's Brain Child, April 18, 1965.

Among the famous secret documents of World War-II as a techn!cal re"ort #no n as the $Yello %er!l&$

'ecause !t came !n a 'r!ght (ello co)er * and !ncluded e+uat!ons so a'struse onl( "rofess!onalmathemat!c!ans& and not all of them& could understand them, The author of the re"ort as the late Nor'ertW!ener of the Massachusetts Inst!tute of Technolog(& ho rece!)ed h!s doctor s degree from .ar)ard at the ageof /0 and ent on to 'ecome one of the most creat!)e and !del( read sc!ent!sts of our t!mes, Wiener regardedhis report with mixed emotions. As a leading mathematician, he was proud of the fact that he had contributed to thedesign of computers. As a man with a conscience, he voiced a deep concern about the social implications of what heand his associates were doing. This double role accounts largely for the impact of his first and in many ways mostinfluential book, Cybernetics,which was originally published in 19 ! and has "ust been issued in a revised paperbackeditions. Cybernetics!s& among other th!ngs& an !ntroduct!on to ne sc!ent!f!c de)elo"ment, The t!tle comes fromthe 1ree# for $helmsman$ #rorg$ngare, styrman% and refers not onl( to sh!"-steer!ng de)!ces and otherautomat!c mach!nes& 'ut also to l!)!ng control de)!ces 'u!lt !nto the human 'ra!n #kontrollkomponenter inbyggdai h"$rnan% . &n introducing this field he served as unofficial spokesman for a highly original group of thinkers whoseleaders included fellow mathematicians 'ohn von (eumann of the &nstitute for Advanced )tudy in *rinceton and+laude )hannon of the ell Telephone -aboratories 'ohan igelow, an engineer associated with von (eumann at the&nstitute and Warren/c+ulloch, a leading brain investigator at the 0niversity of &llinois /edical )chool.Wiener coined the word nearly a generation ago to identify a new field that was "ust beginning to take shape, the broadstudy of all control systems, artificial and natural, manmade and begotten.

Revival of R. . R., May !, 195".2ast Fr!da( and (esterda( the 3ramasho" of the Massachusetts Inst!tute of Technolog( re)!)ed Karel 4a"e# sfamous "la( R,5,R,& h!ch stands for Ross#$s' niversal Robots and h!ch enr!ched e)er( language !th the

ord $ro'ot,$ There ould 'e no reason for ment!on!ng the re)!)al here ere !t not for a "rologue r!tten ands"o#en '( %rofessor Nor'ert W!ener&the mathemat!c!an ho co!ned the ord $c('ernet!cs,$6 Th!s !s !n essence e7actl( hat %lato sa!d& for !tmeans that human!t( as a hole can 'e ruled '( noth!ng less than men ho s"an the hole of human!t(6Ifc('ernet!cs !s to 'e used for )a!n ostentat!on or to sat!sf( the lust of "o er& !t can lead onl( to damnat!on, Itmust 'e redound to some "ur"ose h!ch e recogn!8e as r!ghteous and h!ch transcends all "ett( "r!)ateam'!t!ons,

Mayo %cientists se &lectrodes on Brain, April , 195

%at!ents 'ra!ns are $ !red for sound$ !th ha!rl!#e electrodes somet!mes left !n "lace for se)eral ee#s !n ane techn!+ue re"orted at the Ma(o 4l!n!c toda(6The sc!ent!sts sa!d that through the de"th record!ng andelectr!cal st!mulat!on methods& ne f!elds of !n)est!gat!on had 'een o"ened !nto9 'as!c funct!on of the human'ra!n& l!#e memor( thought& act!on& s!ght and smell,At last ee# s meet!ng of the Amer!can %h(s!olog!cal Soc!et( !n 4h!cago& 3r, :os; M,R, 3elgado& a Yaleneurolog!st& rose to tell a'out h!s a( of treat!ng mental affl!ct!ons '( !m"lant!ng electrodes !n the 'ra!n andthen turn!ng on a fee'le current, .e has 'een de)elo"!ng th!s techn!+ue for the "ast f!)e (ears, 3r, 3elgado!m"lants from se)en to fort( electrodes !n )ar!ous sect!ons of a mon#e( s 'ra!n, After reco)er( the mon#e( s'ra!n !s st!mulated through one electrode or a com'!nat!on of electrodes, The effects are dramat!c, A feroc!ousmon#e( of

the macacus rhesus s"ec!es 'ecome so tame that h!s face could 'e stro#ed, As soon as the current as turnedoff he anted to '!te an(one near h!m,

&lectric (echni)#e for Mental Cases, April 11, 195At last week s meeting of the American *hysiological )ociety in +hicago, 2r. 'os3 /.4. 2elgado, a


2/10

5ale neurologist, rose to tell about his way of treating mental afflictions by implanting electrodes in the brain and thenturning on a feeble current. 6e has been developing this techni7ue for the past five years.3r, 3elgado !m"lants from se)en to fort( electrodes !n )ar!ous sect!ons of a mon#e( s 'ra!n, After reco)er( themon#e( s 'ra!n !s st!mulated through one electrode or a com'!nat!on of electrodes, The effects are dramat!c, Aferoc!ous mon#e( of the macacus rhesus s"ec!es 'ecome so tame that h!s face could 'e stro#ed, As soon as thecurrent as turned off he anted to '!te an(one near h!m, This electrode techni7ue has been tried in a small wayon human patients with encouraging results, but many more months of clinical work must be done before neurologists

will adopt it. 8ne reason is that the complete after effects of the treatment are unknown.8ne patient treated in ahospital had suffered for years fromsevere pains that could be relieved only through drugs, and then only temporalay. An electrical current passed throughimplanted electrodes destroyed a small area of the frontal lobes of his brain. &mmediaterelief followed. After his discharge from the hospital the man went back to work.The ideas of implanting electrodes inthe brain was first introduced successfully in )wit:erland, more than twenty five years ago. 8ther medical scientistshave used variations of the method ever since. &n 2r. 2elgado s development of the techni7ue, the electrodes remain inthe skull for long periods, even permanently

*avlov's +o s and Co$$#nist Brain-ashers, May 9, 195 .Through a monstrous m!suse of famous "s(cholog!cal techn!+ues the total!tar!ans see# to ensla)e the humanm!nd6 The world became more conscious of the danger of systemati:ed mental coercion when the trials against thesubversive old olsheviks took place in /oscow in 19;< and 19;=. &t seemed nearly impossible to believe that theseoldguard +ommunists had suddenly changed into traitors. When one after another& e)er( one of the accusedconfessed and 'eat h!s 'reast& e at f!rst thought that !t as a great sho of dece"t!on& !ntended for the!nternat!onal stage& unt!l graduall( !t da ned u"on us that a much orse traged( as 'e!ng enacted, .uman'e!ngs ere 'e!ng s(stemat!call( changed !nto "u""ets,,, &t was this method that /oscow s +hinese +ommunistallies used in the >orean war to ?brainwash? +ol. @rank 6. )chwable and other *.8.W. s . The fact that !t !s techn!call( "oss!'le to 'r!ng the human m!nd !nto a cond!t!on of ensla)ement and su'm!ss!on has tremendous "ol!t!cal !m"l!cat!ons !n hat !s go!ng on atth!s moment !n the orld of the total!tar!ans& the!r "ro"aganda& and the $cold ar,$ Weshould also recogn!8e& of course& that !nter)ent!on !nto free th!n#!ng and freemental de)elo"ment does not occur onl( on the other s!de of the Iron 4urta!n,,,If man !s una are of ne mental "ressures threaten!ng h!m !n th!s aftermath of ar&he !ll 'ecome an eas( and !ll!ng )!ct!m& ho l!ng !th the ol)es !n the oods,

%#r eons to /or0 via '*#sh B#tton', &BR AR2 1 , 195A "rocedure de)elo"ed largel( '( S ed!sh !n)est!gators * the $stereota7!c techn!+ue$ * for& e7"lor!ng andtreat!ng the dee" recesses of the 'ra!n * !ll 'e the 'as!s of the Mount

!nto h!ch are fed the "ro"er measurements& ena'les a surgeon to !nsert !nstrument !th great "rec!s!on, The"rocedure as so "a!nless that !t generall( as used under onl( a local anesthet!c,,, The ne $a!m!ng$techn!+ue& called stereota7!s& as "erfected so that a surgeon m!ght h!t a $target area$ !n the 'ra!n !thoutma#!ng a large !nc!s!on and needlessl( !n)ol)!ng health( t!ssue63r, Fe!nste!n returned late last (ear from the5n!)ers!t( of 2und& S eden& here he s"ent almost t o (ears !th 3r, 2ars 2e#sell& famous neurosurgeon to

hom !s cred!ted the de)elo"ment of the ne form of $mathemat!cal surger(,$6 In all these "rocedures& the"h(s!c!ans sa!d& It !s !m"ortant to em"has!8e that the "at!ent rema!ns consc!ous and (et free from "a!n,

+evice %# ested (o &rr 3i0e Brain, March 4 , 19552r. /c+olloch is studying at /.&.T. the possibilities of direct electronic communication with the human brain The

suggest!on as made here (esterda( afternoon at a s(m"os!um of +esi n of Machines to %i$#late the Behaviorofthe #$an Brain. The s(m"os!um& at the Waldorf-Astor!a .otel& as a"art of the annual conference of the nstit#te of Radio &n ineers.The essent!al l!m!tat!on of modern 'ra!n-s!mulat!ng mechan!sms !s that the( cang!)e onl( correct ans ers& 3r, Schm!tt sa!d, 8bserving that the human brain had no such limitation, 2r. )chmittsaid


3/10

it was necessary for a person to make ?forced decisions? to havean answer always and to be able to act 7uickly andcertainly "ust as ifthe answer were always correct

&lectrical Brain, April !, 1955$%ush-'utton$ l!)!ng rats that run and sto" under the control of an electr!c current are 'e!ng used !n 'ra!nresearch at the 5n!)ers!t( of Wash!ngton, A ea# electr!c current& "assed through an electrode !m'edded !n a

s"ec!f!c area of the 'ra!n causes a rat to start runn!ng !n a method!cal fash!on, As soon as the current !s shutoff& the an!mal sto"s automat!call(,

+evice Appears to have Me$ory7 Conditioned 3i0e *avlov's +o s, %epte$ber 5, 1955An electromechan!cal a""aratus that a""arentl( $learns$ '( e7"er!ence and also forgets has 'een sho n to)!s!tors at th!s (ear s meet!ngs of the =r!t!sh Assoc!at!on for the Ad)ancement of Sc!ence here, It !s one of theman( models of "arts of the l!)!ng 'ra!n 'u!lt '( 3r, W, 1re( Walter& a =r!t!sh neurolog!st& ho d!rectse7"er!menentat!on at the =urden Inst!tute near =r!stol6 The educable machine is called +ora, or +onditioned4eflex Analogue, because like the famous conditioned dogs of the 4ussian physiologist, *avlov, it responds to anassociation of ideas or stimuli by a process of apparent anticipation =( other c!rcu!ts& !nclud!ng feed-'ac# or self-regulat!ng control& the refle7 model e7h!'!ts man( !nd!)!dual character!st!cs usuall( cons!dered to 'e conf!nedto the "rocess of thought,

Radio /aves' se n %#r ery oted, ebr#ary , 1956The use of rad!o a)es to destro( select!)el( "ort!ons of the human 'ra!n !n a manner that !n some a(s ma('e su"er!or to the use of the surgeon s #n!fe as descr!'ed here (esterda(,

This gently and selectively destroys brain tissue around the electrode while leaving surrounding tissuesunchanged )ome types of brain tumours can best be removed by destroying them in place and then pumping themout. And recent surgical relief for a degenerative condition that causes profound muscle tremor in the aged#*arkinsonism% involves selective destruction of brain tissues.Mr, Arono sa!d that the ne rad!o fre+uenc( "o er techn!+ue as held '( some surgeons to 'e ad)antageous'ecause !t m!ght offer "rec!se control of the )olume of 'ra!n t!ssue to 'e destro(ed& and "rec!se control of thes!te !n the 'ra!n here t!ssue as to 'e destro(ed,,,And he em"has!8ed that o"erat!ons to destro( 'ra!n t!ssues&

h!le often s!m"le todo& ere )er( rad!cal o"erat!ons, The ne rad!o fre+uenc( techn!+ues !s e7"er!mental& he sa!d,

Brain Research by %oviet Cited, 1 . .1958So)!et ad)ances !n 'ra!n research and the "oss!'le ad)ent of "harmacholog!cal arfare ere c!ted last n!ght '(an em!nent "s(cholog!st !n a "lea for a greater Amer!can effort to "enetrate the secrets of the m!nd, 2r. -eonard+armichael, secretary of the )mithsonian &nstitution, said those who love freedom cannot view without concern the

possibility that brain changes may be induced by new means. 6e took issue with those who asserted that )oviet

0nion lagged behind the West in the behavioral sciences &n many respects of brain research, the )oviet 0nion ledthe world. 3r, 4arm!chael ant!c!"ated the "oss!'!l!t( of a $dramat!c 'rea#through !n 'ra!n stud($ and thede)elo"ment of no)el methods for alter!ng human 'eha)!or, .e e7"ressed the fear that such techn!+ues m!ght'e used to ma#e "eo"le su'm!t to author!atar!an control,,, 6e declared that the possibility of pharmachologicalwarfare necessitating pharmachological counter measures was to be taken seriously... 3r, 4arm!chael arned thatthe free orld could not afford to d!sregard the long-range !ntegrated "rogram of 'ra!n research no 'e!ngcarr!ed for ard !n the So)!et 5n!on '( a large& com"etent and hard- or#!ng staff6.e em"has!8ed the use ofmodern cond!t!oned-refle7 techn!+ues& ne electron!c record!ng de)!ces and the effect of "harmaceut!cal"roducts on h!gher ner)ous act!)!t(,

A#to$atic Analysis of Brain's %i nals Aids Mental %t#dy, 4".9.1958The automat!c anal(s!s of the electr!cal s!gnals "roduced '( the human 'ra!n !s enhanc!ng med!calunderstand!ng of "s(ch!atr!c d!sorders& !t as sa!d here (esterda(, And such anal(s!s re"ortedl( ma( a!daneasthes!s for surger(6.e e7"la!ned, %h(s!c!ans at Ma(o 4l!n!c or!g!nall( made use of the relat!on 'et een'ra!n a)es and de"th of anesthes!a to automat!call( regulate anesthes!a& Mr, Slocom'e sa!d, .e demonstrated


4/10

a mod!f!ed )ers!on of the Ma(o mach!ne !n h!ch the de"th of anesthes!a of the "at!ent - as !nd!cated '( the'ra!n a)es - !s cont!nuousl( !nd!cated, Mr, Slocom'e e7"ressed the )!e that a mach!ne could 'e de)!sed to#ee" a "at!ent anesthet!8ed to the le)el here the 'ra!n s electr!cal s!gnals ere of the des!red form .

C#rrent's to Brain *rod#ce Chan es in %ocial Behavior, A# 14, 1959.The soc!al 'eha)!or of humans and an!mals can 'e drast!call( !nfluenced '( electr!cal st!mulat!on of the 'ra!n aresearcher sa!d (esterda(,,,.e sa!d h!s tests ould& at f!rst seem to su""ort the d!stasteful conclus!on that

mot!on& emot!on and 'eha)!or can 'e d!rected '( electr!cal forces and that an!mals and humans can 'econtrolled l!#e ro'ots, Th!s assum"t!on must 'e +ual!f!ed& he sa!d,

(al0in Machine /on't Be (ric0ed, +ece$ber 49, 19593e)!ces are also 'e!ng de)elo"ed that can teach themsel)es !thout human !nter)ent!on, The( !ll soon 'ema#!ng dec!s!on at s"eeds and through ste"s of reason!ng 'e(ond the reach of human m!nds, Thesede)elo"ments& !th the!r "ros"ects for good and e)!l& ere d!scussed at the annual meet!ng of the A$erican Association for the Advance$ent of %cience'e!ng heldhere, The s!tuat!on as foreseen here the nat!on& under threat of ar& could surrender!ts dest!n( to a de)!ce hose dec!s!on ould $ !n$ the ar 'ut destor( the countr(,

C#rrent's (o Brain *rod#ce Chan es n %ocial Behavior, A# #st 14, 1959 The soc!al 'eha)!or of humans and an!mals can 'e drast!call( !nfluenced '( electr!cal st!mulat!on of the 'ra!na researcher sa!d (esterda(,,,3r, :ose M,R, 3elgado& Assoc!ate %rofessor of %h(s!olog( at the Yale 5n!)ers!t(School of Med!c!ne& sa!d "a!nless chargesto the human 'ra!n had e)o#ed such feel!ngs as fear& fr!endl!ness and recall of long-forgottene)ents, The "at!ents ere mentall( !ll or e"!le"t!c, &n the tests on monkeys and cats, there were definite changes ineating and sleeping, fighting and playing and sexual responses, he said.2r. 2elgado spoke at a meeting of the&nternational +ongress of *hysiological )ciences in uenos Aires. 6e said his tests would, at first seem to s#pport thedistastef#l concl#sion that $otion, e$otion and behavior can be directed by electrical forces and that ani$als andh#$ans can be controlled li0e robots. This assumption must be 7ualified, he said.

*roton e- (ool in Brain %#r ery, 1!.1" 1961T5MO5R MA3E TO S.RINK - %ar#!nson s 3!sease Is Also Treated W!th a =eam of Nuclear %art!clesAn international gathering of neurosurgeons heard today how radiation was being used to perform bloodlessoperations on the brain and to map the functions of the human brain... Med!cal researchers from 4am'r!dge& Mass,&and Stoc#holm& S eden& descr!'ed the successful use of "roton 'eams on 'ra!ns to treat "ersons suffer!ng !thtumors& %ar#!nson s d!sease and sch!8o"hren!a, 3r, Ra(mond K>ell'erg a neurosurgeon at the Massachusetts1eneral .os"!tal re"orted toda( the f!rst a""l!cat!on of th!s "roton-'eam techn!+ue for treat!ng a dee"-seated'ra!n tumour,,,3r, 2ars 2e#sell of Seraf!merlasarettet& a hos"!tal !n Stoc#holm descr!'ed ho the "roton-'eamtechn!+ue had 'een used for successful treatment of a small grou" of "at!ents suffer!ng !th "s(ch!c d!sorders

and %ar#!nson s d!sease, As an e7am"le& he told of a ?? (ear old omen ho had 'een "rogress!)el(!nca"ac!tated '( a r!ght-s!de tremor from %ar#!nson s d!sease, The woman was sub"ected in the proton beamtreatment, with the protons aimed at the thalamus, a deep scated collection of nerve cells inside the brain, whichcontrols body movements. After thirteen days, 2r. -eksell reported, the tre$or disappeared -ith co$plete recoveryof f#nction and -itho#t side effects.

(echnolo ical +ecisions nore #$an actors, Ad$iral Ric0over %ays, ove$ber 4", 196@!ce Adm, .(man 1, R!c#o)er sa!d ton!ght that 'oth go)ernmental and "r!)ate organ!8at!ons

ere d!sregard!ng human cons!derat!ons !n ma#!ng technolog!cal dec!s!ons,Too often, he declared, technologicaldecisions are being made on the basis of shortran e, private interests -ith no re ard for the

interests of others or the possibilities of har$f#l, lon ran e side effects.The methods of science, he said, re7uirethe rigorous exclusion of the human factor. ut technology cannot claim the authority of science,and what is done with technology must be sub"ect in the traditional concepts of ethics and morals, he said.Admiral 4ickover spoke before a symposium on Cybernetics and %ocietybeing held in connection with the 1=Bthanniversary celebration of Ceorgetown 0niversity. The two day symposium is considering the


5/10

social and psychological implications of the new science of cybernetics, which deals with computer control of humanor machine activities. 6e said there must be a recognition that technology is a prod#ct of h#$an effort, a prod#ct servin no other p#rpose than to benefit $an : $an in eneral, not $erely so$e $an. either p#blic opinion northe lo-, he said, has ca# ht #p -ith the ne- destr#ctive potential of technolo y -hich is -hy perpetrators oftechnolo ical da$a e often as not escape -ith i$p#nity. Technology, Admiral 4ickover said, is not an irrepressibleforce of nat#re to -hich -e $#st $ec0ly s#b$it. t is &he said &nothin b#t the artifacts fashioned by $odern $anto increase his po-ers

of $ind and body. ,,, Marvelo#s as they are, -e $#st not let o#rselves be ever a-ed by these artifacts, he said , (heycertainly do not dictate ho- -e sho#ld #se the$ nor by their $ere e;istence do they a#thori


6/10

monkey for more than 1B minutes before the effect of the radiosignal wore off and she took the little monkey back inher arms... The sc!ent!st descr!'ed ho f!ne !res ere !m"lanted !n the mother s 'ra!n tocarr( the electr!cal s!gnal,,,The !res ere !nserted !n the mesence"halon of m!d-'ra!n& h!ch controls thematernal !nst!nct, 3r, 3elgado s o'>ect!)e !s not to man!"ulate& 'ut to e7"lore the "h(s!cal and chem!cal 'as!s ofemot!on and thought and also to de)elo" ne a(s to treat the mentall( !ll, Such techn!+ues ha)e alread( 'eena""l!ed to humans - !n calm!ng )!olent mental "at!ents and !n treat!ng e"!le"t!es,

O=SER@ER9 %ASS YO5R MIN3&%2EASE=( R5SSE22 =AKER - )ept. E, 19rech, a 0niversity of +alifornia psychologist, suggests in possibility that knowledge and memory maysome day be transferred from brain to brain by in"ection. The doctor is depressed by the prospect. 6eapparently forces it as the final insult to individual integrity. And yet, if applied sanely, with restraint, what a boon itcould be. The same thing is said, of course, about nuclear fission, which may explain why the news of each scientificadvance, including the possibility of memory transfer, terrifies us. Wh( has sc!ence 'ecome3r, Fran#enste!n =ecause a""l!cat!on of !ts 'oons !s rarel( "lanned unt!l "oss!'!l!t( 'ecomes actual!t(& andthen !t !s too late to sa)e !t from commerc!al or m!l!tar( e7"lo!tat!on, If there !s a "oss!'!l!t( of memor(-#no ledge transfer& no !s the t!me to set regulat!ons s"ec!f(!ng ho !t ma( and ma( not 'e used,

%5S.-=5TTON %EO%2E B %ol!t!s# ledare den /C a"r!l /D 9There are dis7uieting implications in the experiments on control of human beings and animals that *rofessor 'os3/.4. 2elgado of 5ale /edical )chool has successfully conducted. 6is latest feat has been to demonstrate that byimplanting electrodes in a female monkey s brain he can make it re"ect its own child on radio command. Two years,ago he revealed that he had been able to stop a charging bull in mid course and make it amble obediently away inresponse to the same type of electronic stimulation. It !s the "oss!'!l!t( of s!m!lar control o)er human 'e!ngs thatcauses concern, Se)eral (ears ago 3r, 3elgado told a sc!ent!f!c meet!ng thate7"er!ments !th "at!ents suffer!ng from e"!le"s( or emot!onal !llness seems to s#pport the distastef#lconcl#sion that $otion, e$otion, and behavior can be directed by electrical forces and that h#$anscan be controlled li0e robots by p#sh b#ttons.It !s !ndeed a $d!stasteful conclus!on$ des"!te 3r, 3elgado sassurance that electr!cal st!mulat!on cannot chan e the basic characteristics of the e;peri$ental s#b>ect...2r.

2elgado and his colleagues are pursuing these researches to learn more about the brain, how it functions, and how itsdisorders can be alleviated or cured. =ut !t !s +u!te conce!)a'le that !n some countr!es!n)est!gat!ons ma( 'e under a( !nto the "oss!'!l!t( of us!ng these techn!+ues to control human 'e!ngs,%resuma'l( there !s st!ll a long a( to go 'efore 3r, 3elgado s accom"l!shments !th mon#e(s can'e successfull( transferred to humans, =ut the mere e7!stence of such a "oss!'!l!t( !s d!stur'!ng& and certa!nl(mer!ts !der "u'l!c d!scuss!on and greater attent!on than !t has rece!)ed u" to no .

S4IENTIST SAYS 4ONTRO2 OF INTE22I1EN4E IS %OSSI=2E - *sycholo ist %ays 3evel of the Brain Can Be Raised=( .ARO23 M, S4.ME4K :r,& April ;, 19

too late, foresee the ti$e -hen -e shall have the $eans and therefore, inevitably, the te$ptation to $anip#latethe behavior and the intellect#al f#nctionin of all people thro# h environ$ental and bioche$ical $anip#lationof the brain, said 2r. 2avid >rech, professor of psychology at the 0niversity of +alifornia, erkeley...Testifying at a)enate sub committee hearing, the scientist said this kind of control had already been demonstrated in animalexperiments...6e said a class of chemicals had been identified that can improve the memory and the problem solvingability of laboratory animals. )ome of these drugs, he said, can raise a hereditarily stupid animal up to theperformance level of brighter animals ofthe same species...Another class of drugs can prevent the permanent storing of memories. The best known of these ispuronycin, an anti biotic that is not used medically. n other -ords, these dr# s, -hen in>ected in the ani$al per$itit to p#t in an efficent day's -or0, altho# h the ani$al is prevented fro$ b#ildin #p a per$anent body ofe;periences, $e$ories, e;pectations and abilities, 2r. >rech said... or if later research sho#ld sho- that o#r ani$al data -ere applicable to $an, and if in the $eanti$e -e had failed to prepare o#rselves for that event#ality, then -e $i ht find it too late to instit#te effective, caref#lly tho# ht thro# hand h#$ane controls. 6e testified before the Covernment 4esearch )ubcommitee of the )enate Covernment8perations +ommittee. The subcommittee, under the chairmanship of )enator @red 4. 6arris, 2emocrat of 8klahoma,


7/10

is considering legislation to set up national commission on health science and society... (o $e, in any event, it is clearthat so$e of the possible o#tco$es of o#r present brain research can raise proble$s s#rpassin ly stran e in theirnovelty, bafflin ly co$ple; and of serio#s social i$portance, 3r, Krech sa!d,

BRA /A & *olitis0 ledare den 19.9. 19!"If the late 1eorge Or ell ere r!t!ng a se+uel to $/D0?$ toda(& he ould "ro'a'l(re>ect as archa!c the "ro"aganda techn!+ues for controll!ng "eo"le s m!nds descr!'ed!n h!s famous ant!-uto"!an class!c, Toda(& for e7am"le& he m!ght en)!sage a soc!et( !n

h!ch a ne 'orn 'a'( s f!rst e7"er!ence ould 'e neurosurger(& an o"erat!on !n h!chthe ch!ld s 'ra!n as f!tted !th m!n!atur!8ed rad!o de)!ces connected to e)er( ma>orcenter controll!ng reason and emot!on,4h!ldren !n such a soc!et( m!ght 'e ra!sed as flesh and 'lood electr!cal to(s& hose!deas and 'eha)!or ere d!rected '( com"uter s!gnals, An a'errant or heret!cal !deas

ould 'e transm!tted to the com"uter& h!ch ould 'e "rogramed to ta#e a""ro"r!ateact!on to restore control,,, &f this is still fantasy, it is not so fantastic as it was before 2r. 'ose/.4. 2elgado of 5ale reported his latest work. y fitting radio re7uirement into a chimpan:ee sbrain, he has developed a techni7ue which permits a computer to make a specific change in thetest animal s brain waves...That represents at least a first step down the road toward thenightmare vision of a brain controlled population. 8ver the past decade 2r. 2elgado hasreported using electrical stimulation to stop a charging bull, to make a female monkey re"ecther children and to perform other similar feats. 2r. 2elgado himself some years ago said thatexperimental evidence seems to s#pport the distastef#l concl#sion that $otion, e$otionand behavior can be directed by electrical forces and that h#$ans can be controlled li0e robots by p#sh b#ttons.2r. 2elgado s work is aimed at finding new techni7ues to help those stricken with mentalillness, epilepsy and such afflictions, not to create some future super totalitarian state. @ortunately,human ignorance about the brain remains so vast that there is no imminent prospect that thetechni7ues being worked on at 5ale could have 8rwellian significance. Ne)ertheless& thehorr!f(!ng "ros"ect r!ses that !n the H/st centur( the le7!cogra"hers ma( ha)e to dro"

the )er' $to 'ra!n ash$ and re"lace !t !th $to 'ra!n a)e$,

3 & %@R(% MD % @R 33 % A*AE av Ma ie %carf 15.11.19!"

@! s#all tala om # rle#& #r!g och hat& inleder professor Jos !.". #elgado vid $ale universitetsmedicins%a fa%ultet.Men )! s#all grans#a dessa (ttr!ngar frJn ett n(tt "ers"e#t!)9 frJn !ns!dan a) den t n#andeh> rnan, @ad "JgJr d r& )ad s#er ! ner)cellerna under t!den )! talar& n r )! agerar och dJ )! u""le)er @! harett n(tt s tt att studera 'eteendet& en helt n( metod som )! ut)ec#lat& forts&tter han med en l'g r(st som &r full avl(ften som fr'n en f(r%unnare 2et handlar om elektrisk stimulering av h"$rnan. 2elgado $r en av de ledande

pion"$rerna av den utvecklingen. 6an $r ocksF den passionerade profeten av ett nytt GpsykociviliseratG samh$lle varsmedborgare influerar och fHr$ndrar sina egna mentala funktioner fHr att skapa en lyc0li are, $indre destr#0tiv ochbFttre balanserad $Fnnis0a +en $Fns0li a rasen , s&ger han, stGr vid en evol#tionFr vFndp#n0t. i Fr $yc0etnFra den $a0t so$ er oss $H>li het att 0onstr#era vGra e na $entala f#n0tioner, eno$ 0#ns0apen o$ enernaoch de cerebrala $e0anis$er so$ s0apar vGra beteenden. rG an Fr vil0en sorts $Fnnis0a so$ s0#lle vara denideala s0apelsenE...MFnnis0an #tnytt>ade en Gn i tiden sin intelli ens fHr att #ppnG e0olo is0 frihet, fHr att intebehHva bli vGt nFr det re nade, 0all nFr solen fHrsvann, eller dHdas nFr rovd>#ren var h#n ri a. Men $Fnnis0an0an #ppnG $ental frihet li0asG. =eno$ att fHrstG h>Frnan 0an den s>Flv for$a sina e na str#0t#rer och f#n0tioner pG ett intelli ent sFtt. +et #t Hr den $est betydelsef#lla 0#ns0apen fHr $Fns0li hetens fra$tid? Ia tror vi n# stGr vid trHs0eln till att fHrstG de$. i $Gste Hra det och snart ifall den brFnnande 0applHpnin en $ellan

ato$0aos och intelli enta h> rnor s#all #unna )!nnas6 %it#ationen fHr $Fns0li heten Fr inte annorl#nda Fn denfHr dinosa#rierna, so$ levde hFr pG >orden fHr " $il>oner Gr sedan. +e hade $yc0et lite av intelli ens $en " tonav 0Htt och ben. Fr $il>Hn bHr>ade fHrFndras hade de inte tillrFc0li t $ed 0lo0het fHr att fHrstG sin sit#ation ochanpassa si . +eras Hde #tplGnin . i har oc0sG #tvec0lat onor$ala $#s0ler och benJ ra0eter, vapen och


8/10

biolo is0 0ri fHrin . Gra h>Frnor Fr inte ordentli t #tvec0lade, $en de $Gste bli det o$ inte vGrt Hde s0all blidetsa$$a.

n Behaviorist's deal %tate,Control Replaces 3iberty %epte$ber, 19!1Traditional concepts of individual freedom and dignity have made an immeasurable contribution, butthey've served their purpose, the rangy, cheerful, 67-year-old Harvard University professor asserted duringa conversation Dr. Skinner argues that contrary to prevailing wisdo , individual en and wo en areincapa!le of controlling their own !ehavior through free will, that their !ehavior is an inevita!le product ofe"ternal influences. Having there!y disposed of "autonomous man ,# Dr. Skinner goes on to say that theonly way to control !ehavior is to anipulate the environ ental influences that regulate it...So he proposeswidespread application of a developing "technology of behavior," in which the actions of individualswould !e controlled 2r. )kinner, on the other hand, believes it will be possible to engineer a behavioral controlsystem in such a way that the leaders of society would be brought under the same controls as the people.

N EW YORK TIME !OOK RE IEW #$%&%'&('

$There !s >ust no ga!nsa(!ngthe "rofound!m"ortance of =,F, SKINNER S ne 'oo#&

=EYON3 FREE3OM AN3 3I1NITY,If (ou "lan to read onl( one 'oo# th!s (ear&

th!s !s "ro'a'l( the one (ou shouldchoose,$

ro$ the e- 2or0 (i$es revie- by Christopher 3eh$ann a#pt

The new book by the great behaviorist, author also of /alden (-o, who is the most

influential #and controversial% living psychologist, is "ust published. &t has already, through

the shock and force of its ideas, stirred nationwide debate.2r. )kinner 7uestions the ideals western man holds most sacred. 6e proposes to

substitute I as the only possible solution to the deepening crisis in our civili:ation I a

$technolog( of 'eha)!or$ making full use of scientific capabilitis to alter the environment

and man himself.

The (i$e cover story K%0inner's topiaJ *anacea or *ath to ellELthe extensive

editorials and articles in the e- 2or0 (i$es K s reedo$ @bsoleteEL, the /ashin ton

%tar K e calls for an end to a#tono$o#s $anL, the /ashin ton *ost , (he Atlantic , the

Christian %cience Monitor , as well as the cover story and condensation in *sycholo y

(oday , all bear witness to an event of the first importance. 6is book is one of the $ost


9/10

i$portant happenin s in 4"th cent#ry psycholo y K%cience e-sLas it challenges, e7ually,

the liberal, conservative, and radical concepts of man s nature and man s future.

)lrea*y in its +th rinting - .%&/

B&2@ + R&&+@M A + + = (2, 2( Boo0 Revie-, 4 .1".19!1

The )kinner who appears in this book is different from the evengetistic author of )alden *wo. Where once hefantasi:ed about a world controlled by social science, now he attacks the unscientific fantasies of others the fantasythat people possess the right to freedom from society, or that mankind has an innate dignity which transcends the waysociety makes man behave This dissonance in )kinner s thinking becomes amplified when he tries to explain theethical purpose of behavior conditioning. 6e tells us that the ?technology of behavior? is of itself morally neutral asaint or a devil could employ it e7ually well. )peaking, as it were, ex machina, he indicates a few purposes to whichhe personally would like to see the techni7ues put )cience I modern, up to date, hard science I stands ready tosupport him. &n the process )kinner, who has some harsh words for ?pre scientific? writers, mis represents thecharacter of modern scientific work. The unforgivable failing of this book is that it is incurious about the nature ofsociety and has little to say about social life, though it proclaims a world of entirely sociali:able human beings..&ndeeda concepton of human dignity as simple minded as )kinner s will never provide the insights that might stimulate asociety to encourage more dignified behavior in its citi:ens.

AR( C A3 BRA , 1".4.19!4

Electro*es lante* *ee 0ithing the brain stem area, 0here comman*s fromthe corte1 are normally integrate*, coul* evo2e movements of the hea*, foreleg,hin*3uarters an* muscles of the face%%%4igher levels of behavior, inclu*ing attac2,

0ith*ra0al, sitting, stan*ing, reening an* eating foo*, coul* also be elicite*%

C#rbs on Bio$edical (ests on #$ans *roposed by *anels at Minority *arley 9 >an 19!65raft recommen*ations inclu*ing the barring of all biome*ical research in risons an* on chil*renan* the mentally infirm, 0ere ma*e to*ay by anels of the first National Minority Conference on

Human Experimentation 6 $ ong these was a feeling of urgent need for safe guards of the rights andedical well-!eing of research su!%ects. $nother the e was the view that inority groups were consistently

e"ploited in research. &he inority groups cited in this regard were not only ethnic !ut also suchgroups as the poor and the entally infir . $ third the e was an e"pression the need for a per anentnational !ody to see that %ustice is done to research su!%ects in all institutions were there is hu an

e"peri entation We don't ant to !ill science , said '. (arl Hol an, )resident of the *ationalUr!an (oalition, but e don't ant science to !ill, mangle and abuse us"

Behavior (ests for C. .A. +isclosed by +enver niversity, %ept. !, 19!! The chancellor of the 0niversity of 2enver said today that the school participated in mind control experimentssponsored by the +entral &ntelligence Agency ED years ago /aurice /itchell said he received a letter from theagency on Aug. 1E, informing him that from 19B to 19B= Alden . )ears,then a graduate student at the university, conducted the experiments under a grant from the Ceschikter @oundation for/edical 4esearch, a +.&.A. front 6e said that under the grant s provisions, /r.)ears, who may not have known that the experiments were connected to the +.&.A., was to perform three types ofhypnosis and mind control studies. 8ne experiment, involved testing whether a person could be brainwashed and$"rogrammed$ to do something at a later date.


10/10

Theengnewyorktimes 10pages 101202152027 Phpapp02

Documents

Transcript of Theengnewyorktimes 10pages 101202152027 Phpapp02