“The Unique Role and Function of NGO’s in Forest Preservation in China” Christopher Nelson...
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Transcript of “The Unique Role and Function of NGO’s in Forest Preservation in China” Christopher Nelson...
“The Unique Role and Function of NGO’s in Forest Preservation in
China”
Christopher Nelson 倪偉文 June 3, 2008 National Sun-Yat Sen
University Institute of Mainland
China Studies
Introduction
Two issues come to mind when discussing China’s NGO’s:
Western views of NGO’s differ from Chinese views of NGO’s
Relationship between state and 3rd sector in China shows several patterns
Definition UN says “A non-governmental organization (NGO) is
a not-for-profit, voluntary citizens’ group, which is organized on a local, national or international level to address issues in support of the public good”
Differences
Society in many countries is divided into three sectors:
1. Business/Private
2. Government/State
3. Non-Profit/NGO
Yet, in China the nonprofit sector does not have the same level, influence or ranking that it does in other countries
Differences In many counties NGO’s have a lot of autonomy
and freedom
In China NGO’s must:
1. have ties to the government
2. be sponsored by a government agency
Differences China reluctantly allows INGO’s and local NGO’s
only because of international pressure and globalization, differs from other countries
Though China’s NGO’s may have some attributes and features of NGO’s in other countries, it is their function and role as well as their relations with the government [and the business sector] that is much different
Differences In China many NGO’s operate as an extension of
government or as part of the government sector and not as an independent third sector that exists in other countries
Differences However, China’s NGO’s do:
1. provide information, education, and support,
2. act as “watchdogs” for the environment, and also can
3. can help mobilize support and resistance to programs or projects that go against laws or what government wants or the image they want to project
INGO’s in China China may even use its influence in the UN
to block or even “punish” INGO’s that it does not like or that does things that China does not like
Through the UN, China successfully lobbied to remove Liberty International’s “consultative status” with the UN for one year
Forest Conservation One example of how NGO’s operate in
China [and how the relations between the government and NGO’s works] can be seen in terms of forest protection, conservation, and preservation
Effects of Decentralization After 1981, due to decentralization, forest
protection was delegated to local governments However, the priority of local governments was to
spur development. Thus, in order to accommodate rapid growth, local governments didn’t always enforce environmental laws or prosecute those who broke the law, especially if in doing so it would hinder economic growth
1998 flooding caused by deforestation In 1998, a natural disaster, great flooding along the
Yangtze River, caused by the destruction of forests, forced the central government to change policies concerning forests
New ENGO’s and INGO’s [such as Greenpeace] now work together within the guidelines set up by the national government to protect Chinas’ forests
Now, forest conservation is a priority, reforestation is underway, and NGO’s have even helped the government stop companies from illegal logging and damage to forests
Local/Central Conflict Local governments still try to get around
environmental laws handed down from Beijing Thus conflict between local governments and
interests, on the one hand, and the central government, often in partnership with INGO’s and Chinese ENGO’s, undermines the authority of the national government and prevents reforms from taking hold
Forest Protection History of Forest Protection 1958 – “Big Leap Forward” in timber
production 1979 – First forestry law was passed 1984 – This law officially goes into effect “Decentralization allowed for the Ministry
of Forestry to focus better on administration as well as the formulation of policy”
Forest Protection However, forests were left to the local
governments to handle At times, many TVE’s and local projects, in
the spirit of economic growth and development, ignored environmental laws, which caused great damage to China’s forests
Deforestation and Flooding Natural Disaster in 1998 shifts paradigms
concerning China’s forests There was also shift in focus from pure
market development to environmental protection by the central government in terms of forests and wooded areas as a result of this disaster, caused, in part, by the destruction of forests along the Yangtze
Asia Pulp and Paper Illegal logging by the Asia Pulp and Paper
Company Greenpeace identifies the problem, and makes it
public Chinese NGO's, working with Greenpeace, help
organize boycotts and other protest activities against Asia Pulp and Paper
Asia Pulp and Paper Company is currently being investigated by Chinese government
Asia Pulp and Paper What is even more revealing is the fact that local
governments in China challenge the authority of the central government
The Asia Pulp and Paper Company originally went into Yunnan 雲南 as part of a partnership with local government to develop tree development, with implications of accommodation in return for economic development
Illegal Logging in Henan In another case, in Henan province 河南省
the local village government authorized villagers to clear 80 meters of timber in a state owned forest. The Village Committee and the Village Director actually raised this amount to over 177 cubic meters
The villagers soon cleared over 258 cubic meters of timber
Conclusion 1. China reluctantly allows NGO’s to exist in China
because of international pressure and globalization 2. Chinese NGO’s that promote China’s image,
provide social welfare, or help protect the environment are tolerated, provided that the NGO does not come into conflict with the government and its policies
3. Groups that promote democracy or human rights are discouraged in China, and as a result China tightly controls NGO’s
Conclusion 4. While many Chinese NGO’s resemble NGO’s in
Western nations, the fact remains that Chinese NGO’s are unique; they must operate within guidelines and parameters set up by the Chinese government and they must not overstep their bounds. Thus a Chinese serves only the “public good” that the government says it can serve
5. In terms of INGO’s China is very careful
Conclusion
The consequences of China’s rapid economic development have resulted in great damage to China’s environment, as well as natural disasters, like the great floods along the Yangtze River in 1998, caused primarily by deforestation
While China is at least trying to do something about the
environment, as evidenced by the development of, and cooperation with, ENGO’s in China and INGO’s like Greenpeace, China needs to do more to promote NGO’s
Conclusion Local governments are less discerning They will, at times, as seen by the incident
in Henan province 河南省 , challenge the authority of the government, by defying environmental laws, for instance, in the interest of local economic development
Conclusion This conflict, between the local
governments, which could, as is at least implied in the case of Asia Pulp and Paper, also include MNC’s, on the one hand, and the central government, working with INGO’s and NGO’s, not only shows the differences in the way NGO’s operate, but more importantly, the limits and problems of authority in China