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Transcript of The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) An Agroecological Approach toAgricultural Development and...
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The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) –
An Agroecological Approach toAgricultural Development and Environmental Conservation
AEM 6600 – Agroecosystems, Economic
Development and the EnvironmentProf. Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD
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Agroecology – a alternative paradigm
to the Green Revolution?Inductive approach to agroecology:
• Experience in Madagascar
• Acquaintance with agroecology • Organization of Bellagio conference,
1999
•Concern with agricultural strategies
• Comparison of 20th and 21st century conditions for agricultural development
→ Concept of post-modern agriculture
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Goals for rice sector in 21st century,
acc. to IRRI/DG ( 2004 -- Intl. Year of Rice )• Increase land productivity-- higher yield
• Higher water productivity -- crop per drop
• Make technology accessible for the poor
• More environmental friendliness
• More pest- and disease-resistance
• Less susceptibility to climatic stresses
• Better grain quality for consumers
• Greater profitability for farmers
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SRI practices, now available, can help us meet all of these needs:
• Higher yields -- by 50 to 100%, or more
• Water reductions -- by 25 to 50%
• Capital expenditure – is not necessary, and neither is use of agrochemical inputs
• Resistance to pests and diseases and less vulnerability to drought and lodging
• Better grain quality
• Lower costs of production = higher income
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Additional benefits of SRI practice:
• Time to maturity -- reduced by 1-2 weeks
• Milling outturn (polished rice) ~ 15% higher
• Other crops’ performance can also be improved by SRI concepts and practices, e.g., finger millet
• Human resource development for farmers, promoted through participatory approaches
• Diversification and modernization of smallholder agriculture to improve the economy
• Health benefits – less chemicals in food chain; reduced arsenic uptake; mosquito-borne diseases↓ nutritional improvements? women’s health better?
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System of Finger Millet Intensificationon left; regular management of improvedvariety and of traditional variety on right,picture courtesy of PRADAN, Jharkhand
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SRI Is NOT a Technology = 6 Core Ideas
1. Use young seedlings to preserve growth potential – although DIRECT SEEDING is becoming an option
2. Avoid trauma to the roots -- transplant quickly, shallow, not inverting root tips which halts growth
3. Give plants wider spacing -– one plant per hill and in square pattern to achieve “edge effect” everywhere
4. Keep paddy soil moist but unflooded –- soil should be mostly aerobic, not continuously saturated, and
5. Actively aerate the soil -- as much as possible6. Enhance soil organic matter as much as possible
First 3 practices stimulate plant growth, while the other practices enhance the growth and health of plants’ ROOTS and of soil BIOTA
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Two Paradigms for Agriculture:
• GREEN REVOLUTION strategy was to:(a) Change the genetic potential of plants, and
(b) Increase the use of external inputs -- more water, more fertilizer and insecticides
• SRI (AGROECOLOGY) instead changes the management of plants, soil, water & nutrients:
(a) Promoting the growth of root systems, and
(b) Increasing the abundance and diversity of soil organisms to better enlist their benefits
The goal is to produce better PHENOTYPES
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Takeo province,
Cambodia ; Rice plant
grown from a single seed
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Nepal,MorangDistrict:
Single riceplant grown
with SRI methods
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Rice field in Madagascar grown with SRI methods
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Farmer in Timbuktu region of Mali
showing difference between regular and SRI plants
-- first-year yield of 8.98 t/ha
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SRI field in Cuba – CFA Camilo Cienfuegos, Bahia Honda,14 t/ha – Los Palacios 9 cv. -- 2003
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Farmer in Cuba with two plants of same variety (VN 2084) and same age (52
DAP)
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SRI benefits have been demonstrated in 34 countries
in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Before 1999: Madagascar1999-2000: China, Indonesia2000-01: Bangladesh, Cuba Cambodia, Gambia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Thailand 2002-03: Benin, Guinea, Mozambique, Peru
2004-05: Senegal, Mali, Pakistan, Vietnam2006: Burkina Faso, Bhutan, Iran, Iraq, Zambia2007: Afghanistan, Brazil 2008: Egypt, Rwanda, Congo, Ecuador, Costa Rica
> 1 million farmers/acres
As of 2009, SRI benefits have been validated in 35 countries of Asia, Africa, and
Latin America
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SRI
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
IH H FH MR WR YRStage
Org
an d
ry w
eigh
t(g/
hill)
CK
I H H FH MR WR YR
Yellowleaf andsheathPanicle
Leaf
Sheath
Stem
47.9% 34.7%
Non-Flooding Rice Farming Technology in Irrigated Paddy FieldDr. Tao Longxing, China National Rice Research Institute, 2004
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Lombok Province, Indonesia:Rice plants
same varietyand same age
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Indonesia: Results of 9 seasons of on-farm comparative
evaluations of SRI by Nippon Koei, 2002-06
• No. of trials: 12,133• Total area covered: 9,429.1 hectares• Ave. increase in yield: 3.3 t/ha (78%)• Reduction in water requirements: 40%• Reduction in fertilizer use: 50%• Reduction in costs of production: 20%Bali, DS 2006: 24 farmers on 42 hectares: SRI + Longping hybrids: 13.3 t/ha vs. 8.4
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INDONESIA: Rice plants in Nippon Koei office, Jakarta
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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
• Natural ecosystems benefit from a lower water requirement for rice (WWF)
• Water quality better (less NO3) from reductions in application of N fertilizer • Soil quality and water quality are better with less use of agrochemicals • Less methane (major GHG) results from not flooding –still assessing effects on N2O
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Incidence of Diseases and PestsVietnam National IPM Program: average of data from trials in 8 provinces, 2005-
06:Spring season Summer season
SRIPlots
Farmer
Plots
Differ-ence
SRIPlots
Farmer
Plots
Differ-ence
Sheath blight
6.7%
18.1%
63.0% 5.2%
19.8%
73.7%
Leaf blight
-- -- -- 8.6%
36.3%
76.5%
Small leaf folder *
63.4 107.7 41.1% 61.8 122.3 49.5%
Brown plant hopper *
542 1,440 62.4% 545 3,214 83.0%
AVERAGE
55.5% 70.7%
* Insects/m2
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Sri Lanka: rice fields same variety, same irrigation system,& same drought -- left, conventional methods; right, SRI
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Vietnam: FFS farmer in Dông Trù village – after typhoon
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Measured Differences in Grain Quality
Conventional SRI Methods
Characteristic Methods (3 spacings) DifferenceChalky kernels (%)
39.89 – 41.07
23.62 – 32.47
↓30.7%
General chalkiness (%)
6.74 – 7.17 1.02 – 4.04 ↓65.7%
Milled rice outturn (%)
41.54 – 51.46
53.58 – 54.41
↑16.1%
Head milled rice (%)
38.87 – 39.99
41.81 – 50.84
↑17.5%
Paper by Prof. Ma Jun, Sichuan Agricultural University,presented at 10th conference on “Theory and Practice forHigh-Quality, High-Yielding Rice in China,” Haerbin, 8/2004
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Use of wooden rake to mark
square pattern on field
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Careful transplanting of single, young seedlings, widely spaced
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Roller-marker devised by Lakshmana Reddy, East Godavari,AP, India, to save time in transplanting operations
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Use of roller-marker in Punjab state of India
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Cono-weeder re-designed byH. M. Premaratna, Sri Lanka,locally manufactured for $10
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Weeding with
rotary hoe in
Madagascar
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Weeder designed by Nong Sovann, Kampong Spreu province,Cambodia; built for $3, gets $20 increase in value of rice
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Simplest weeder -- made byGovinda Dhakal, Indrapura,in Morang District, Nepal,
costing about 25¢ --4 persons can weed 1 acre inthe time that 10-12 personscan weed an acre by hand
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SRI direct-seeder designed and built by L. Romero in Cuba;with transplanting he has gotten 14 t/ha; 40x40 cm spacingwas too wide; neighbor built 12-row seeder to be ox-drawn
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Liu Zhibin, Meishan, Sichuan province, China, standing in raised-bed, zero-till SRI field; measured yield 13.4 t/ha;SRI yield of 16 t/ha in 2001 set yield record for Sichuan
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AFGHANISTAN: SRI field in Baghlan Province, supported by Aga Khan Foundation Natural Resource Management
program
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SRI field at 30 days
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SRI plant 72 days after transplanting – 133
tillers
Yield calculated at 11.56 tons/ha
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IRAQ: Comparison trials at Al-Mishkhab Rice Research Station, Najaf
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Head of Agronomy Dept. at Amol research station,
Bahman Larijani – plans to include SRI in a new
$150 million World Bank project
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IRAN: SRI roots
and normal, flooded rice roots: note difference in color as well as size
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Miyatty Jannah, Crawak village,
East Java, Indonesia
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4-day seedlingused by Miyatty,West Java, Indonesia
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Planting 4-day
seedlings in West Java, Indonesia
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Miyatty Jannah, Crawak village,
East Java, Indonesia
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Agroecology – a alternative paradigm
to the Green Revolution•Different conditions in 21st century:
• Land per capita is reducing
• Water becoming less and less reliable
• Energy costs continue to rise, along with costs of production
•Environmental impacts to be mitigated
•Need to address poverty more directly
Can we keep doing ‘more of the same’ ?
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Post-modern agriculture:successor to the Green
Revolution?• Differs from ‘post-modernism’
in the humanities and social sciences
• Not hostile to science
• Draws on the most contemporary scientific work in soil biology, soil ecology, epigenetics
• Post-modern agriculture should be the most modern agriculture
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Factorial trials by CNRRI, 2004 and 2005
using two super-hybrid varieties --seeking to break ‘plateau’ limiting
yieldsStandard Rice
Mgmt• 30-day seedlings• 20x20 cm spacing• Continuous
flooding• Fertilization:
– 100% chemical
New Rice Mgmt (SRI)
• 20-day seedlings• 30x30 cm spacing• Alternate wetting
and drying (AWD)• Fertilization:
– 50% chemical, – 50% organic
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Average super-rice yields (kg/ha) with new rice
management (SRI) vs.standard rice management
at different plant densities ha-1
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
150,000 180,000 210,000
NRMSRM
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‘Ascending Migration of Endophytic Rhizobia, from Roots and Leaves, inside Rice Plants and Assessment of Benefits to
Rice Growth Physiology’Rhizo-bium test strain
Total plant root
volume/pot (cm3)
Shoot dry weight/ pot (g)
Net photo-synthetic
rate (μmol-2 s-1)
Water utilization efficiency
Area (cm2) of flag leaf
Grain yield/ pot (g)
Ac-ORS571 210 ± 36A 63 ± 2A 16.42 ± 1.39A 3.62 ± 0.17BC 17.64 ± 4.94ABC 86 ± 5A
SM-1021 180 ± 26A 67 ± 5A 14.99 ± 1.64B 4.02 ± 0.19AB 20.03 ± 3.92A 86 ± 4A
SM-1002 168 ± 8AB 52 ± 4BC 13.70 ± 0.73B 4.15 ± 0.32A 19.58 ± 4.47AB 61 ± 4B
R1-2370 175 ± 23A 61 ± 8AB 13.85 ± 0.38B 3.36 ± 0.41C 18.98 ± 4.49AB 64 ± 9B
Mh-93 193 ± 16A 67 ± 4A 13.86 ± 0.76B 3.18 ± 0.25CD 16.79 ± 3.43BC 77 ± 5A
Control 130 ± 10B 47 ± 6C 10.23 ± 1.03C 2.77 ± 0.69D 15.24 ± 4.0C 51 ± 4C
Feng Chi et al.,Applied and Envir. Microbiology 71 (2005), 7271-7278
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• Check out SRI website: http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/
• Email: [email protected] or [email protected] or
• Email: [email protected]