The Need For Value-Based The Need For Value-Based Reference Policy:Reference Policy:John Rawls at the reference deskJohn Rawls at the reference desk

第二組第二組 : :

游淑婷游淑婷楊琬雯楊琬雯謝佩均 謝佩均 何涴恬何涴恬

SUMMARY:SUMMARY:

Practical concerns of the reference librarian Practical concerns of the reference librarian

and the principles stated in the Library Bill of Right and the principles stated in the Library Bill of Right

and the ALA Code of Ethics.and the ALA Code of Ethics.

衡量價值基準的參考服務衡量價值基準的參考服務 :: 是參考館員的實務關心和是參考館員的實務關心和準則之間，是否滿足準則之間，是否滿足 (( 美國美國 )) 讀者權利與讀者權利與 (( 美國美國 )) 圖圖書館協會法則的道德倫理標準。書館協會法則的道德倫理標準。

「政策」「政策」 (policy)(policy) ：是一種原則的確定，是理 ：是一種原則的確定，是理 念明確化的過程，屬於念明確化的過程，屬於 理念決策的層次。理念決策的層次。

「準則」「準則」 (guideline)(guideline) ：是一種工作手冊，是實：是一種工作手冊，是實 際工作時指引，屬於際工作時指引，屬於 實務工作的層次。實務工作的層次。

INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION:

Doesn’t list “ethics” as subheading to the Doesn’t list “ethics” as subheading to the general sub-heading” “reference service”.general sub-heading” “reference service”.

以前的倫理學沒有當做副標目加在主標目參考以前的倫理學沒有當做副標目加在主標目參考 服務之下。服務之下。 1990-921990-92 才只有六篇文章有關倫理學才只有六篇文章有關倫理學 編入圖書館學之下，卻沒有任何文章有關參考服編入圖書館學之下，卻沒有任何文章有關參考服 務倫理。務倫理。

level of reference servicelevel of reference service 參考服務在大學裡對於新鮮人與二年級生也要有參考服務在大學裡對於新鮮人與二年級生也要有

不同服務的層次。不同服務的層次。

Bill of Rights:Bill of Rights: 圖書館資源應提供大眾圖書館資源應提供大眾 興趣、資訊和啟蒙興趣、資訊和啟蒙

ALA:ALA: 圖書館提供最高層次服務適當的有效圖書館提供最高層次服務適當的有效 的公平的和殷勤的援助的公平的和殷勤的援助

PROFESSIONAL CODES PROFESSIONAL CODES

AND THE ACADEMIC REFERENCE LIBRARIAN:AND THE ACADEMIC REFERENCE LIBRARIAN:

Relevancy of professional codes of conduct for Relevancy of professional codes of conduct for professional librarians.professional librarians.

相關專業法法規閨範相關專業圖書館相關專業法法規閨範相關專業圖書館 suggest some guidelines of occupational suggest some guidelines of occupational

conduct for librarians.conduct for librarians.

建議美國圖書館協會應該擬定實務方針要有相關建議美國圖書館協會應該擬定實務方針要有相關職業領域背景的圖書館員職業領域背景的圖書館員NIUNIU 美國伊利諾州大學圖書館美國伊利諾州大學圖書館

不一定要相關背景不一定要相關背景

How can the academic reference librarian How can the academic reference librarian ethically adjudicate competing claims on ethically adjudicate competing claims on reference servicereference service 這這

兩個例子可以知道參考服務中讀者與館員兩個例子可以知道參考服務中讀者與館員之「衝突」之「衝突」

讀者與館員之間的認知、價值觀常有差距，讀者與館員之間的認知、價值觀常有差距，彼此溝通與了解的不足，加上種種的外在彼此溝通與了解的不足，加上種種的外在背景因素，導致實際參考服務過程中經常背景因素，導致實際參考服務過程中經常存在某些外在的、潛在的，來自讀者、館存在某些外在的、潛在的，來自讀者、館員，甚至來自圖書館本身的「衝突」。員，甚至來自圖書館本身的「衝突」。

THE NEED FOR THE NEED FOR VALUE-BASED VALUE-BASED REFERENCE POLICYREFERENCE POLICY

The answer to this challenge rests partly on whether the The answer to this challenge rests partly on whether the library or the reference department itself has a policy in library or the reference department itself has a policy in place which dictates the level of service which is to be place which dictates the level of service which is to be

rendered to each particular patron.rendered to each particular patron.

這具有挑戰性的答案這具有挑戰性的答案 ,, 無論是圖書館或是參考部門必須要有適無論是圖書館或是參考部門必須要有適當的政策來支配並提供各式各樣的讀者各種層級的服務當的政策來支配並提供各式各樣的讀者各種層級的服務 !!

參考資源的基本價值應為大眾服務而不是只服務某些特定的參考資源的基本價值應為大眾服務而不是只服務某些特定的讀者讀者

In lieu of such a policy the reference librarian is often left to In lieu of such a policy the reference librarian is often left to his or her own individual interpretation of ALA Code of Ethics his or her own individual interpretation of ALA Code of Ethics

and Library Bill of Rights.and Library Bill of Rights.

參考館員以自己的觀點去解釋圖書館權利書和道德標準參考館員以自己的觀點去解釋圖書館權利書和道德標準 !!

THE NEED FOR VALUE-BASED THE NEED FOR VALUE-BASED REFERENCE POLICYREFERENCE POLICY

Hauptman raises the question of personal responsibility viz. the Hauptman raises the question of personal responsibility viz. the absolute dicta of the Library Bill of Rights. He contends that library absolute dicta of the Library Bill of Rights. He contends that library ethics may be framed in terms of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy, three ethics may be framed in terms of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy, three elements of which are pertinent:elements of which are pertinent:

霍普曼提出一個關於個人的責任感的問題霍普曼提出一個關於個人的責任感的問題 ,, 即圖書館權利書裡的格即圖書館權利書裡的格言言 ,, 他主張圖書館的道德倫理必需以馬內利康德的哲學而論而被架構他主張圖書館的道德倫理必需以馬內利康德的哲學而論而被架構成成 ,, 以下三要素是在其中較恰當的以下三要素是在其中較恰當的

(1)good will (1)good will 善意 善意 (2)duty (2)duty 職責 職責 (3)thecategorical imperative (3)thecategorical imperative 必須履必須履行的事行的事

Hauptman suggests three questions that the reference librarian may Hauptman suggests three questions that the reference librarian may ask him- or herself when faced with a questionable request for ask him- or herself when faced with a questionable request for information:information:

霍普曼建議三個問題霍普曼建議三個問題 ,, 參考館員被要求面對不確定的請求參考館員被要求面對不確定的請求 (1)Is the request for information within an ethical context?(1)Is the request for information within an ethical context? 這個請求這個請求

是否合乎道德的背景是否合乎道德的背景 ?? (2)Is dispensing the information wrong?(2)Is dispensing the information wrong? 如果執行這個請求是對的嗎如果執行這個請求是對的嗎 ?? (3)Must I take precaution in order to avoid physical harm?(3)Must I take precaution in order to avoid physical harm? 必須謹慎必須謹慎小心以避免身體的傷害小心以避免身體的傷害 ??

參考館員所應該面對的問題非常廣泛更應該要依據規則並回答該回答參考館員所應該面對的問題非常廣泛更應該要依據規則並回答該回答的問題的問題

THE NEED FOR VALUE-BASED THE NEED FOR VALUE-BASED REFERENCE POLICYREFERENCE POLICY

It is curious that Hauptman feels he must defend the thesis that human It is curious that Hauptman feels he must defend the thesis that human life takes precedence over the Library Bill of Rights. If nothing else ,this life takes precedence over the Library Bill of Rights. If nothing else ,this final question certainly points out that codes of conduct fall short in final question certainly points out that codes of conduct fall short in providing a value based reference policy.providing a value based reference policy.

這是非常難以理解的這是非常難以理解的 ,, 霍普曼認為他必須保護書館權利書的這些論點 霍普曼認為他必須保護書館權利書的這些論點 的優先權的優先權 ,,

最後的問題無疑地指出引導不符合標準的規則提供了基本價值的政策最後的問題無疑地指出引導不符合標準的規則提供了基本價值的政策 !!

The concept of justice provides a value which can be applied to a The concept of justice provides a value which can be applied to a reference policy at a university library. In the western philosophical reference policy at a university library. In the western philosophical tradition, justice is recognized as the first virtue of societies and tradition, justice is recognized as the first virtue of societies and individuals. individuals.

這些內容提供益處是適用於參考的政策在大學的圖書館中使用這些內容提供益處是適用於參考的政策在大學的圖書館中使用 ,, 在西在西方的哲學傳統方的哲學傳統 ,,正義是被認定為第一美德不論在社會或是個人的觀點正義是被認定為第一美德不論在社會或是個人的觀點 ..

THE NEED FOR VALUE-BASED THE NEED FOR VALUE-BASED REFERENCE POLICYREFERENCE POLICY

The definition of justice is divided into two categories: distributive The definition of justice is divided into two categories: distributive and commutative. The first category which provides the basis for and commutative. The first category which provides the basis for the present discussion, presupposes a limit to available the present discussion, presupposes a limit to available resources.resources.

合法的定義被劃分成兩個種類合法的定義被劃分成兩個種類 ::分配的和交替的 第一個種類提供分配的和交替的 第一個種類提供基礎為目前的商討基礎為目前的商討 ,,已可取得的資源為前提已可取得的資源為前提 !!

The present essay assumes that reference service in an The present essay assumes that reference service in an academic library is a limited resource.academic library is a limited resource.

現有的論文認為參考服務在大學的圖書館是一項被限制的資源現有的論文認為參考服務在大學的圖書館是一項被限制的資源 !! 參考服務在大學圖書館裡是經常被利用的參考服務在大學圖書館裡是經常被利用的 ,, 不過如何有效的運用或不過如何有效的運用或

是有些問題是不能被回答的應該都還要再深入探討是有些問題是不能被回答的應該都還要再深入探討 ~~ 至於為什麼說至於為什麼說是被限制的資源我認為是因為有些問題是不能回答的所以才會是被是被限制的資源我認為是因為有些問題是不能回答的所以才會是被限制住的資源限制住的資源 !!!!

A THEORY OF JUSTICEA THEORY OF JUSTICE

At the heart of Rawls’ argument is the distinction between the At the heart of Rawls’ argument is the distinction between the “most-advantaged” and “least-advantaged” members of society.“most-advantaged” and “least-advantaged” members of society.

羅爾斯的核心辯論是用來區別“最大優勢”和“最低優勢”的社會羅爾斯的核心辯論是用來區別“最大優勢”和“最低優勢”的社會成員成員 !!

To ensure just implementation Rawls reasons that any contract To ensure just implementation Rawls reasons that any contract must meet three criteria of measurement: must meet three criteria of measurement: coordination ; efficiency ; coordination ; efficiency ; and stability.and stability.

為了確保完成為了確保完成 ,,羅爾斯思考任何內容必須達到三個測量的標準羅爾斯思考任何內容必須達到三個測量的標準 : : 同同等 對等等 對等 ,, 效率效率 ,,穩定心 恆心穩定心 恆心

根據約翰羅爾斯的正義論中說”正義是社會的首要德性“而社會是根據約翰羅爾斯的正義論中說”正義是社會的首要德性“而社會是一個公開的體系一個公開的體系

並具有規則的並具有規則的 !!

TOWARD A JUST TOWARD A JUST REFERENCE REFERENCE

POLICYPOLICY

•Principles must assign basic Principles must assign basic rights and duties .rights and duties .

JUSTICEJUSTICE

most-advantaged V.S ‧most-advantaged V.S ‧less-advantagedless-advantaged

(in academic library)(in academic library)

utilitarianism‧utilitarianism‧ 功利主義功利主義

•Same level of service.Same level of service.

The reference policy described The reference policy described above meets the three criteria of above meets the three criteria of

measurement:measurement:

coordination coordination

efficiency efficiency

stability stability

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

to enable freshmen and sophomores to to enable freshmen and sophomores to use reference services, and use reference services, and

to prevent graduate students and faculty to prevent graduate students and faculty members from monopolizing reference members from monopolizing reference services to the detriment of undergraduate services to the detriment of undergraduate students. students.

Code of EthicsCode of Ethics 道德規範道德規範ALA Code of EthicsALA Code of Ethics 美國圖書館協會職業道美國圖書館協會職業道德規範德規範Library Bill of RightsLibrary Bill of Rights 圖書館權利書圖書館權利書bibliographic instruction (BI)bibliographic instruction (BI) 書目文獻使用書目文獻使用指南或書目指導指南或書目指導Bill of RightsBill of Rights 權利法案權利法案