The Gall Midge Orseolia javanica, a Candidate BioControl ...€¦ · The Gall Midge Orseolia...
Transcript of The Gall Midge Orseolia javanica, a Candidate BioControl ...€¦ · The Gall Midge Orseolia...
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The Gall Midge Orseolia javanica, a
Candidate BioControl Agent of Cogongrass
(Imperata cylindrica)
James P. Cuda1, William A. Overholt2,and Purnama Hidayat3
1Entomology & Nematology Dept., Gainesville, FL 2Retired, Biological Control Research & Containment Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, FL
3Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia
22nd Annual Southwest Florida Invasive Species Workshop
Florida Gulf Coast University
22 February 2018
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Acknowledgements
• Stephen Enloe
• Luke Flory
• Rachel Watson
• Lyndall Brezina
• Kiki Simamora
_____
FWC, Bureau of Invasive
Plant Management
FIPR (Florida Industrial &
Phosphate Research Institute)
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Outline
• Background on Cogongrass
• Potential for Biological Control
• Research on Orseolia javanica
• Cogongrass IPM
• Questions and Comments
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Outline
• Background on Cogongrass
• Potential for Biological Control
• Research on Orseolia javanica
• Cogongrass IPM
• Questions and Comments
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Cogongrass
• Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel (Poaceae)• Federal Listed Noxious Weed• Established in southeastern US as forage
grass• Invasive in Alabama, Mississippi, & Florida
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Statement of Problem
• Perennial
• Rhizotomous (60% of biomass
in rhizome)
• C4 photosynthesis
• Displaces native/desirable
vegetation
• Evidence of allelopathy
• Increases frequency and
severity of fires
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Worldwide Distribution
World distribution of Imperata cylindrica based on the Global Biodiversity
Information Facility (www.gbif.org).
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US Distribution
(www.eddmaps.org)
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US Distribution by Genotype
Burrell et al. (2015)
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Outline
• Background on Cogongrass
• Potential for Biological Control
• Research on Orseolia javanica
• Cogongrass IPM
• Questions and Comments
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Rationale for Biololgical Control
• Once established, non-native
invasive plants often develop
high populations
• Why?– Suitable climate & geography
– ‘Enemy Release’ Hypothesis –Escape From Natural Enemies that
Regulate Plants in Native Range (Williams 1954)
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Biological Control• Use of living organisms, such as insects,
nematodes, bacteria, viruses, or fungi to
suppress weed populations
• Three approaches:
– Importation or classical (Arthropods, Pathogens)
– Augmentation (Arthropods, Pathogens, Grass
Carp)
– Fortuitous (Adventive organisms)
• Importation or Classical Approach
– Most widely used method for weeds
– highly regulated
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Importation (Classical) BioControl
• Introduction and release of host specific natural enemies from the weed’s native range to reduce Its population density in the adventive1 range
1Arrived into a specified geographical region from elsewhere by ANY means.
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Goal of Importation BioControl
• Reunite natural enemies with their hosts
(Broad Sense)
• Natural enemies introduced to suppress &
maintain the density of the pest at
“ACCEPTABLE” levels
• Important Caveats
– Biological control is NOT eradication
– Creates opportunity to combine BioControl
w/ other tactics
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How Does BioControl Work ?
TIME
NU
MB
ER
EIL
EDNatural Enemy
Weed
ED
• Weed establishes
equilibrium density
(ED)* above
economic / ecological
injury level (EIL)**
• Natural enemy lowers
ED & maintains it
below EIL*ED - Long term mean density
**EIL – Lowest density causing
economic or ecological
damage
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Grasses as BioControl Targets
• Often thought to have few specialized
herbivores due to:• Simple architecture
• Scarcity of secondary metabolites
• Feeding deterrents (e.g. silica)
• Fear of non-target effects on crop
grasses• 50% of human caloric intake from cereals
• (e.g., wheat, rice, corn, millet, etc.)
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Natural Enemies of GrassesGRASS INSECT REFERENCE
Arundo donax Tetramesa romana
(Eurytomidae)
Goolsby and Moran, 2009
“ “
Rhizaspidiotus donacis
(Diaspididae)
Goolsby et al. 2009
Spartina
alterniflora
Prokelisia marginata
(Delphacidae)
Grevstad et al. 2003
Phragmites
australis
66 monophagous species
outside of North America
Tewksbury et al. 2002
Hymenachne
amplexicaulis
Ischnodemus variegatus
(Blissidae)
Diaz et al. 2010
Imperata
cylindrica
Acrapex spp.
(Noctuidae)
Le Ru et al. 2014
“ “ Orseolia javanica
(Cecidomyiidae)
Mangoendihardjo (1980)
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Why is Cogongrass Invasive?
• Anecdotal evidence for supporting ‘Enemy Release’ Hypothesis
– To date, biological control effort minimal
• Limited surveys in East Africa- suspected center of origin for cogongrass
– Conventional wisdom- grasses lack host specific natural enemies
(Van Loan et al. 2002)
(Evans 1991)
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Outline
• Background on Cogongrass
• Potential for Biological Control
• Research on Orseolia javanica
• Cogongrass IPM
• Questions and Comments
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Bogor Agricultural University
West Java, Indonesia
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Project CollaboratorsBogor Agricultural University
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Cianjur DistrictWest Java, Indonesia
Cibereum, Cianjur
Cilaku, Cianjur
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Galled Stems of Cogongrass
Figure 1. Galled stems of I. cylindrica induced by O. javanica in Cianjur,
West Java, Indonesia (Buhl and Hidayat 2016).
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Photo credits: Ragil Irianto, Ministry of Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia
Galls w/ Emergence Holes
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Orseolia javanica(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Life stages of Orseolia javanica. 4th instar larva (far left), prepupa
(left), pupa (center), adult male (right, top), egg (right, bottom)
(Photo credit: Purnama Hidayat).
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Orseolia javanica Life CycleMangoendihardjo (1980)
• Adults crepuscular
• Females deposit ~ 540 eggs on soil
surface
• Neonates bore into tender leaf sheaths
near apical meristem
• Induce formation of pink / white linear gall
2 days before adult emergence
• Complete development (egg-adult) in 35
days; soil moisture dependent
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O. javanica Host RangeMangoendihardjo (1980)
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Orseolia Galls / m2
West Java, Indonesia
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Parasitoids of O. javanica
Buhl and Hidayat (2016)
Platygaster orseoliae Buhl
Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae
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Project Activities- Indonesia
• On-going studies at Bogor University
Testing compatibility of midge with
Florida and Gulf Coast clones
Develop laboratory rearing procedure
for Orseolia javanica
• Conduct field and laboratory impact
studies
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Project Activities- Florida
• Establish O. javanica laboratory colony at
the BCRCL, Ft. Pierce
• Perform molecular characterization of O.
javanica populations (Initiated)
• Demonstrate O. javanica is cogongrass
specialist
Extensive host range tests
Test Plant List Under Development
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Laboratory Rearing
Cages for rearing Orseolia javanica and conducting host range tests,
BCRCL, Ft. Pierce, FL (Photo credit: Patricia Prade).
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Outline
• Background on Cogongrass
• Potential for Biological Control
• Research on Orseolia javanica
• Cogongrass IPM
• Questions and Comments
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Cogongrass IWM Model
Jose et al. (2002)
Controlled
Colonization
Controlled
Species
Performance
Designed
Disturbance
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Controlled Colonization
C= Cogongrass
A= Maidencane
S= Switchgrass
M= Muhlygrass
Onokpise et al. (2002)
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Cogongrass IWM Model
Jose et al. (2002)
Designed
Disturbance
Controlled
Colonization
Controlled
Species
Performance
Selective herbivory
(permanent)
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Conclusions
• Difficult to control cogongrass with
herbicides and mowing
• Risk to native grasses from introduced
cogongrass bioControl agent(s) is low– O. javanica Cogongrass Specialist?
• Incorporating biological control agents
with conventional physical & chemical
tools can provide more complete and
sustainable control of cogongrass
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Food for Thought*
“Are we as a weed science discipline choosing
to ignore true integrated solutions to the
herbicide resistance problem?”
“More research on herbicide alternatives is
required.”
“Combinations of a diversity of tactics in
[ IPM ] systems augment herbicide-based
weed control . . . and lengthen the useful life
of valuable herbicide tools.”
*Harker et al. 2012. Our view. Editorial, Weed Sci. 60: 143.
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Thanx !
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Outline
• Background on Cogongrass
• Potential for Biological Control
• Research on Orseolia javanica
• Cogongrass IPM
• Questions and Comments
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mtCO1 DNA Sequences of
Orseolia javanica & O. oryzaeNo
Spesies (No. Akses Genbank) Homology (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 O. javanica Indonesia (Cianjur) ID
2 O. oryzae Indonesia (Bogor) 90.0 ID
3 O. oryzae Indonesia (Cianjur 90.0 99.5 ID
4 O. oryzae India (KM888183.1)* 89.8 91.3 91.6 ID
5 Orseolia sp. Kanada (KM862726.1)* 81.7 81.8 82.0 82.5 ID
6 Cecidomyiidae Kanada
(KR432674.1)*
83.2 81.3 81.5 81.2 90.4 ID
7 Cecidomyiidae Kanada
(KM868087.1)*
81.5 82.5 82.7 82.3 91.0 89.9 ID
8 O. oyzae India (KC506565.1)* 71.8 73.2 73.5 78.0 72.1 70.0 70.8 ID
9 S. mosellana Kanada (KM991223.1)* 83.4 80.8 81.1 81.9 90.4 91.0 91.3 70.6 ID
10 F. acarivora Jepang (AB698995.1)* 84.6 84.3 84.6 84.9 88.0 85.7 88.0 73.9 86.6 ID
*) DNA sequences from GenBank