The fundamental classification of Dhatus and Krut pratyayas. · The fundamental classification of...

The fundamental classification of Dhatus and Krut pratyayas. Classification of धातsु & कृत ्/ सनादि / ततङ् प्रत्ययs as per third chapter of Ashtadhyayi for the sake of ततङन्त - tiṅanta & कृिन्त - kṛdanta. Shastradeepika -10. Srinivasa swamiji.

In this book fundamental classification of धातsु - dhātus and pratyayas of Third chapter of Maharishi

Panini’s Ashtadhyayi viz.कृत ्/ सनादद / ततङ् प्रत्ममs - kṛt-pratyayas / sanādi-pratyayas / tiṅ pratyayas

are shown, which will be very useful in learning ततङन्त - tiṅanta & कृदन्त - kṛdanta and makes learning

joyous. In fact this holistic knowledge of classification is a must for students of Ashtadhyayi. This is meant

for teachers and Students of Vyakaranam.

Srinivasa

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This book is under progress, complete edition will be uploaded shortly.

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www.shastradeepika.org [email protected] skype [email protected]

Classification of धातुs, कृत ्& ततङ् pratyayas.

By. Srinivasa Swamiji www.shastradeepika.org [email protected] skype [email protected]

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Preface –

For many years, I am teaching Samskrit Vyakaranam for students of various levels.

Teaching ततङन्त - tiṅanta & कृदन्त - kṛdanta was really challenging for me and learning was

equally challenging for students.

Because, here both धातुs - dhātus and pratyayas of Third chapter of Maharishi Panini’s

Ashtadhyayi viz.कृत ्/ सनादद / ततङ् प्रत्ममs - kṛt-pratyayas / sanādi-pratyayas / tiṅ pratyayas

are classified in some many ways for varieties of functions, and some many names are also

given to them for various operations. If a student lacks a holistic knowledge of these

fundamental classifications, learning will becomes an uphill task.

So, keeping all these in mind, study material is created based on sutras of Ashtadhyayi. Here

content and concepts of sutras are conveyed graphically in form of charts and diagrams,

which makes understanding easier and gives holistic view of classification of 3rd chapter of

Ashtadhyayi.

Though in classification, many sub classifications and nuances are present, but here we have

only given fundamental classifications, which are meant for beginners of Ashtadhyayi. Hope

book will be very useful students.

This book contains two sections;

The first section contains Classification of Dhatus from various stand points of view.

The second section contains of Pratyayas of Third chapter of Ashtadhyayi.



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Contents ;

Preface

Some useful ऩारयबाषषकशब्दs (Technical terms) of Vyakaranam,

1. Section – 1 ………….. Classification of Dhatus

i. Classification of Dhatus into 10 Ganas

ii. Classification of Dhatus into one single group for मक्.

iii. Classification of Dhatus into Three groups based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

iv. Classification of Dhatus into Three groups based on इडागभ.

v. Classification of Dhatus into Two groups based on कभम. vi. Summary of Classification of Dhatus and their uses.

2. Section – 2……… Classification of Pratyayas of Third chapter of Ashtadhyayi.

i. Classification as Sarvadhatukam and Ardhadhutakam.

ii. Classification Sarvadhatuka pratyayas.

iii. Classification of Ardhadhatuka pratyayas as ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas and

Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्pratyayas.

a. Classification of Non शशत ्Ardhadhatuka as ककत ्/ ङङत ्

pratyayas.

b. Classification of Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्into ञित ्/ णणत ्

and other pratyayas.

c. Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातुकभ ् as ककत ्

and ङङत ्.

d. Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातुकभ ् as वरादद

and अवरादद.

iv. Summary of Classification of Pratyayas and their uses.

3. Krut pratyayas

4. Sanadi pratyayas

© copyright 2017. With Author.



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Some useful ऩारयबाषषकशब्दs (Technical terms) of Vyakaranam,

1) सार्वधातकुम ्and आधवधातकुम ्

In samskrit vyakaranam 10 रकायs-10lakāras, कृत्प्रत्ममs- krutpratyayas, सनाददप्रत्ममs-

sanādipratyayas.etc of entire Third adhyaya of Panini maharishi’s Ashtadhyayi are basically divided

into two main groups सावमधातकुभ ्and आधमधातकुभ ्.

1a)The सार्वधातकुम ्means both सावमधातकु रकायs and सावमधातकु प्रत्ममs. Here all three are

used synonymously and anyone includes other also. That is

सावमधातकुभ ्= सावमधातकु रकायs + सावमधातकु प्रत्मम.

सावमधातकुभ ्= सावमधातकु प्रत्मम = सावमधातकु रकायs.

सावमधातकुरकायs (= sārvadhātukalakāras) are four in number and

they are रट् , रोट्, रङ्, & षवञधशरङ्.

So sārvadhātukalakāras means all four lakaras.

सावमधातकुरकायs = रट् , रोट्, रङ्, & षवञधशरङ्.

1b)आधवधातकुम ् means both आधमधातकु रकायs and आधमधातकु प्रत्ममs.

Here all three are used synonymously and anyone includes other also. That is

आधमधातकुभ ्= आधमधातकु रकायs + आधमधातकु प्रत्मम. आधमधातकुभ ्= आधमधातकु प्रत्मम = आधमधातकु रकायs.

आधमधातकु रकायs ( ārdhadhātuka lakāras) are six in numbers viz.

शरट्, रटु्, रटृ्, आशीशरमङ्,रङु्, रङृ्.

So ārdhadhātuka lakāras means all six lakaras.

आधमधातकु रकायs = शरट्, रटु्, रटृ्, आशीशरमङ्,रङु्, रङृ् .

2) अङ्गम ्Anga is a technical term in Vyakaranam, When we add a pratyaya to any prakriti(base) like dhatu or pratipadika etc. then preceding to added pratyaya whatever base is there it is called Anga By sutra मस्भात ्प्रत्ममषवञध् तदादद प्रत्ममेऽङ्गभ ्1-4-13. Eg. 1. Consider prathama purusha singular of ब ूin रट्.



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Then it will be ब ू+ ततऩ,् to this by sutra कतमरय शऩ ् 3-1-68 गणषवकयणप्रत्मम शऩ ् will come come after dhatu and before तत, as shown below.

ब ू + ततऩ ् by sutra 3/1/68 भ ू + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्

Here from ततऩ ्standpoint, what is preceding to it, that is ब ू+ शऩ ्is Angam.

Again from शऩ ्standpoint, what is preceding to it, that is ब ूis Angam.

So both ब ूand (ब+ूशऩ)् are Angas.

Hence ब ूis both an Angam as well as a Dhatu. But to be precise it should be used as Angam, because many grammatical operations like Guna, Vriddhi etc. are meant for Angam only. Here many times word dhatu is used for Angam. This should be noted.

3) कत्ताम karttā = Agent,

4) कभम karma = object of a किमा.

5) बाव means किमा = व्माऩाय=Action.

6) सकभमकधातु = Transitive Verb.

7) अकभमकधात ु= Intransitive Verb.

8)कत्तमरयप्रमोग(=कत्तमरय) – Active voice.

9)कभमणणप्रमोग(=कभमणण) – Passive voice.

10)बावेप्रमोग(=बाव)े – Impersonal form.

11) उऩधा Upadha.

अरो ऽन्त्मात्ऩूवम उऩधा 1/1/65. अर् अन्त्मात ्ऩूवम् उऩधा

अन्त्मात ्अर् ऩूवम् म् वणम् , तस्म वणमस्म उऩधा इतत सञ्ज्ऻा बवतत ॥

Note अर ्means all वणमs of sanskrit.

अर् (is panchami vibhakti ekavachana of अर)् = वणामत ्



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A Varna immediately preceeding the last varna (अन्त्म वणम) of a word is called उऩधा.

In English उऩधा is roughly translated as Penultimate.

Example – a. फुध ् फ ्उ ध ् here ध ्is final and उ is upadha.

b. मज ् म ्अ ज ् here ज ्is final and अ is upadha.

c. शरख ् र ्इ ख ् here ख ्is final and इ is upadha.

d. जाग ृ जा ग ्ऋ here ऋ is final and ग ्is upadha.

12) Agama - दित ् ककत ् & शभत ्- आगभ

Agama is an augment which is added to a prescribed pratyaya in a prescribed way.

There are three types of Agamas. viz.दित ् ककत ् & शभत.्

If Agama is दित ्it is added in beginning by sutra 1/1/46.

If Agama is ककत,् it is added in end. 1/1/46.

If Agama is शभत,् it is added to Upadha. 1/1/47 & 1/1/65.

दित ्& ककत ्Agama sutra

आद्मन्तौ िककतौ॥ 1/1/46

मस्म दित ्आगभ् उक्त्, तस्म अन्त्मावमव् बवतत ।

मस्म ककत ्आगभ् उक्त्, तस्म आद्मवमव् बवतत ।

A. If दित ्agama is prescribed for any pratyaya etc, then that agama is added at

beginning of that prescribed pratyaya etc.

That is दित ्agama becomes beginning part (आद्मवमव्) of the prescribed pratyaya etc.

Example – when तव्म pratyaya is added to ऩठ् dhatu, then by sutra आधमधातुकस्मेड् वरादे् 7-

2-35 इडागभ is enjoined for तव्म.



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In इट् ट् is इत ्by 1/3/3 and becomes Lopa by 1/3/9.

Since ट् is इत,् this is a दित ्, so this becomes beginning part(आद्मवमव्) of तव्म.

So तव्म becomes इतव्म.

ऩठ् *तव्म 7-2-35 & 1-1-46 ऩठ् + इ-तव्म ऩठ् + इतव्म = ऩदितव्म.

B. If ककत ् agama is prescribed for any pratyaya etc, then that agama is added at end of

that prescribed pratyaya etc.

That is ककत ्agama becomes final part (अन्त्मावमव्) of the prescribed pratyaya etc.

Example – when शानच ्(= आन) pratyaya is added to a atmanipadi like रब ्etc, by

rule3/1/124, after such a dhatu comes शऩ ्, when followed by शानच,् by sutra कतमरय शऩ ्3-1-

68.

रब ्+ रट् by 3/2/124 रब ्+ शानच ् by 3/1/68 रब ्+ शऩ ्+ शानच ्= रब ्+ अ + आन = रब

+ आन then by sutra आने भुक् 7/2/82 भुक् agama is prescribed for अकायान्त अङ्ग.

Here in भुक् only भ ्remains, क् is इत.् So this is a ककत ्agama.

Hence this becomes final part (अन्त्मावमव्) of अकायान्त अङ्ग.

रब* + आन by 7/2/82 रब भ ्+ आन रबभ ्+ आन = रबभान

अन्त of अङ्ग final part (अन्त्मावमव्)

आदद of तव्म beginning part (आद्मवमव्)



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शभत ्agama sutra.

शभदचो ऽन्त्मात्ऩय् 1/1/47

शभत ्अच् अन्त्मात ्ऩय् | अच ्means all svaras

अचाॊ भध्मे म् अन्त्म् अच,् तस्भात ्ऩय् (तस्म एव अन्त्मावमव्) शभत ्स्मात ्।

C. If a शभत ्agama is prescribed for an Anga etc, then that Agama is added after final

svara (अन्त्म् अच)् of that anga,

Hence in a way this शभत ्agama becomes final part of final svara.

Example–1. Consider word शत्रन्त ऩुल्लरङ्ग – ऩित,् here in prathama vibhakti

bahuvachana, नुॉभ ्agama will takes place for ऩित ्by sutra उञगदमाॊ सवमनाभस्थानेऽधातो् 7/1/70.

In नुॉभ ्(न ्उ भ)् = न ्remains, उ & भ ् are इत ्by sutras उऩदेशजेनुनाशसक् इत ्1/3/2 &

हरन्त्मभ ् 1/3/3 respectively.

ऩित ्+ जस ् ऩित ्अ् ऩठ् अ त ्अ् Here ऩठ् अ त ्is an Anga ending with त ्and final अच ्of this Anga is अ which is

immediately preceeding त.् So नुॉभ ्agama will takes place after final अ of Anga as

shown below.

ऩठ् अ त ् अ् नुॉभ ्by 7/1/70 ऩठ् अ न ्त ् अ् ऩिन ्त् ऩिन्त्

13) Laghu. ह्रस्वभ ्रघु 1/4/10. ह्रस्वभ ्अऺयभ ्रघुसञ्ज्ऻॊ बवतत If time of pronunciation of a Svara is one matra, then it is called ह्रस्व (Short vowel). The ह्रस्व स्वयभ ्is also called Laghu रघ ुby this sutra. Eg- consider word शशव = श ्इ व ्अ. Here इ & अ are ह्रस्व as well as Laghu.



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14) Guru. A) सॊमोगे गुरु 1/4/11 ह्रस्वभ ्अऺयभ ्सॊमोगे ऩये गुरुसञ्ज्ऻॊ बवतत । If short svara(ह्रस्व स्वय )is followed by सॊमुक्ताऺय conjunct consonants, then it is called as

Guru गुरु.

Eg; 1.Consider word षवष्णु, व ्इ ष ्ण ्उ, here इ a ह्रस्व स्वय in षव is followed by a conjunct

consonant ष्ण ्of ष्णु .

So इ of षव though ह्रस्व स्वय is considered as Guru. 2. Consider इच्छ् here इ is ह्रस्व स्वय but Guru. B) दीघमञ्ज्च 1/1/12 If time of pronunciation of a Svara is two matra, then it is called दीघमभ ्(Long vowel).

दीघम स्वयभ ्is also called as Guru गुरु by this sutra.

Eg - Long vowels आ ई etc.is considered as guru.

1. Consider याभ = य ्आ भ ्अ, here आ is Long as well as Guru.

2. Consider जीव ्= ज ्ई व ्, here ई is Long as well as Guru.

15) Samprasaranam.

1.इग्मण् सॊप्रसायणभ ्॥1/1/46॥

इक्, मण्, सॊप्रसायणभ ्

मण् स्थाने प्रमुज्मभानो म् इक्, स: सॊप्रसायणसञ्ज्ऻ् बवतत॥

The इक् letters, which replace मण ्letters, are called Samprasaranam.

इक् means इ उ ऋ ऌ. मण ्means म ्व ्य ्र.्

So Samprasarana of म ्व ्य ्र ्are इ उ ऋ ऌ respectively.

After samprasaranam like म ्becoming इ, then if this इ followed by any अच ्varnas, then

naturally this इ will again become म ्by मण ्सल्न्ध, so purpose samprasarana will be waste,



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so to stop this, after samprasarana if there is a अच ्varna, then both samprasana letter and

अच ्varna will become one single samprasana letter by sutra सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108.

2. सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108

सॊप्रसायणाद् च । ऩूवमऩयमो् एक् ऩूवम् ।

सॊप्रसायणाद् अञच ऩये ऩूवमऩयमो् स्थाने एक् ऩूवमरूऩ् आदेश् बवतत।

If a samprasarana varna is followed by any svara, then both will be replaced by a single

preceeding samprasarana varna.

3. वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15

वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाभ ्। ककतत । अनु - सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्।

अथम् - वञचस्वपमो् मजादीनाॊ च सम्प्प्रसायणॊ बवतत ककतत ऩयत् ।

The dhatus वच,् स्वऩ,् मज ्etc. undergo samprasaranam when followed by ककत ्pratyayas.

Example1. वच ्dhatu कभमणण रट् वच ्+ रट् वच ्+ ते व ्अ च ्+ मक् + त े

उ अ च ्+ म + ते

उ च ्+ म + ते = उच्छमते

सावमधातुके मक् 3/1/67

Here वच ्dhatu is followed by मक्, which is ककत.् So samprasaranam.Samprasaram of व ्is उ by 1/1/45.

Now this उ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but will not happen, but by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both उ & अ becomes single उ.



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2. Consider मज ्dhatu in karamani prayoga in present tense, then it will be

मज ्+ रट् मज ्+ ते मज ्मक् ते म ्अ ज ्म ते

इ ज ्म त े इज्मत.े

3. Consider वऩ ्dhatu, when क्त added to this, क्त being ककत,् will cause samprasaranam.

वऩ ्+ क्त व ्अ ऩ ्+ क् त व ्अ ऩ ् त by 6/1/15 उ अ ऩ ्त by 6/1/108 उ ऩ ्त उपत.

4. Consider स्वऩ ्dhatu, when क्त is added to this, क्त being ककत,् will cause

samprasaranam by 6/1/15.

स्वऩ ्+ क्त स ्व ्अ ऩ ्+त by 6/1/15 स ्उ अ ऩ ्+त by 6/1/108 स ्उ ऩ ्+ त = सुपत.

By वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15 म ्becomes इ, now this इ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but we should not do, but by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both इ&अ becomes single इ.



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4. ग्रदहज्मावतमव्मञधवल्ष्िषवचततवशृ्चततऩचृ्छछततबजृ्जतीनाॊ ङङतत च । 6/1/16

अन ु- ककतत, सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्।

अथम् - ग्रह - उऩादाने, ज्मा - वमोहानौ, वेिो-वतमरयतत वमादेश्, व्मध - ताडने, वश - कान्तौ व्मच -

व्माजीकयणे, ओव्रश्च ू- छेदने, प्रच्छछ - ऻोपसामाॊ, भ्रस्ज - ऩाके, इत्मेतेषाॊ धातूनाॊ सम्प्प्रसायणॊ ङङतत ककतत

च ऩये बवतत ।

The dhatus ग्रह, ज्मा etc. undergo samprasaranam when followed by either ककत ्or ङङत ्

pratyayas.

Example1. ग्रह –उऩादाने dhatu which is a 9th gana dhatu. The vikarana pratyaya is श्ना, which

is अषऩत ्so ङङत ्by 1/2/4.

In कतमरय रट्, ग्रह् रट् = ग्रह् ततऩ ्by sutra 3/1/81 gana vikarana pratyaya श्ना is added after

dhatu ग्रह् श्ना ततऩ ्

ग्रह् श्ना ततऩ ्

ग्रह् + रट् ग्रह् + ततऩ ् ग ्य ्अ ह् + श्ना + तत

ग ्ऋ अ ह् + ना + तत

ग ्ऋ ह् + ना + तत ग ्ऋ ह् णा तत = गहृ्णातत.

क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना । 3/1/67

Here ग्रह् dhatu is followed by श्ना, which is ङङत ्by 1/2/4. So samprasaranam.Samprasaram of य ्is ऋ by 1/1/45.

Now this ऋ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but will not happen, rather by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both ऋ & अ becomes single ऋ.

Here न ्of ना becomes ण.्



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Example2. ग्रह – उऩादाने dhatu in कभमणण रट्

ग्रह् + रट् ग्रह् + ते ग ्य ्अ ह् + मक् + ते

ग ्ऋ अ ह् + म + ते

गहृ् + मत े गहृ्मत.े

3. Consider व्मध ्dhatu, when क्त added to this, क्त being ककत,् will cause samprasaranam.

व्मध ्+ क्त् व ्म ्अ ध ्+ क् त् व ्इ अ ध ्त् by 6/1/15 व ्इ अ ध ्त् by 6/1/108 व ्इ ध ्त ्अ् षव ध ्त ्अ्

षव द् ध ्अ् = षवद्ध्

सावमधातुके मक् 3/1/67

Here ग्रह् dhatu is followed by मक्, which is ककत.् So samprasaranam by 6/1/16. Samprasaram of य ्is ऋ by 1/1/45.

Now this ऋ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but will not happen, rather by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both ऋ & अ becomes single ऋ.

By certain sandhi rules ध ्

becomes द् and त ्= ध ्.



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16) Rules of Guna;

Guna is a technical term in Ashtadhyayi and is defined by sutra अदेङ् गुण्1-1-2 which means

अ or ए or ओ are called as Guna गुण:

This Guna happens on any one of इक् letter by sutra इको गुणवदृ्धी 1/1/3

Here इक् means इ/ ई, उ/ ऊ, ऋ/ क, ऌ

Guna letter of इ/ ई is ए, उ/ ऊ is ओ, ऋ/ क is अय ्& ऌ is अर.्

Note – here Guna of ऋ/ क and ऌ contains य ्& र ्along with Guna letter अ, though य ्& र ्

are not listed in Guna letters given in Sutra अदेङ् गुण्1-1-2, but by virtue of sutra उयण यऩय् 1/1/51 both are used, for Guna of ऋ/ क and ऌ respectively.

इको गुणवदृ्धी 1/1/3

वषृद्ध् स्मात ्, गुण् स्मात ्इतत ,गुणवषृद्धशब्दाभ्माभ ्मत्र गुणवदृ्धी षवधीमते तत्र इक् इतत षष्िन्त्मभ ्

ऩदभ ्उऩततष्िते ।

गुणवषृद्धशब्दाभ्माभ ्मत्र गुणवदृ्धी षवधीमते, तत्र गुणवदृ्धी इक् स्थाने बवत् When Guna or Vriddhi is enjoined, without mentioning specific sthani (i.e place, where Guna

/ vriddhi will take place), then it should be understood to take place on इक् letter.

ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5

ञगत ्-ककत ्- ङङल्न्नशभत्ते मे इग्रऺणे गुणवदृ्धी प्रापनुत् त ेन बवत्. The Guna and Vriddhi which would have taken place on इक् letter will get prohibited due to

ञगत ्ककत ्& ङङत.्

Guna of

इ/ ई is ए उ/ ऊ is ओ ऋ/ क is अय ् ऌ is अर ्



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A) सावमधातुकाधमधातुकमो् । 7/3/84

सावमधातुकाधमधातुकमो् । अनु - गुण्, अङ्गस्म ।

इगन्त् = इक् अन्ते मस्म स इगन्त् means a unit which contains इक् varnas at its end.

इगन्त अङ्ग means Anga containing इक् varnas at its end.

अथम् - सावमधातुके आधमधातुके च प्रत्ममे ऩयत इगन्तस्माङ्गस्म गुणो बवतत।

The Final इक् of a इगन्त Anga will be replaced by its corresponding Gunas when followed by

either Sarvadhatuka or Ardhadhatuka pratyayas.

Example –

1. Consider बू रट् then बू ततऩ ् by3/1/68 ब ्ऊ शऩ ्ततऩ ्

ब ्ओ अ तत ब ्अव ्अ तत = बवतत 2. Consider ल्ज रट् then ल्ज ततऩ ् by3/1/68 ज ्इ शऩ ्ततऩ ्

ज ्ए अ तत ज ्अम ्अ तत = जमतत

ब ूis इगन्त Anga and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by sutra 7/3/84 ऊ replaced by ओ.

Note by अमाददसल्न्ध् 6/1/78 ओ replaced by अव.्

Note by अमाददसल्न्ध् 6/1/78 ए replaced by अम.्

ल्ज is इगन्त Anga and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka.

So by sutra 7/3/84 इ replaced by ए.



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3. Consider स्भ ृरट् then स्भ ृततऩ ् by3/1/68 स्भ ्ऋ शऩ ्ततऩ ्

स्भ ्अय ्अ तत स्भयतत 4. Consider स्भ ृतव्म् स्भ ्ऋ तव्म्

स्भ ्अय ्तव्म् = स्भतमव्म् Similarly सावमधातुके - तयतत, नमतत, नमत ेetc।

आधमधातुके - कत्ताम, कतुमभ,् कतमव्म्, चतेा, स्तोता etc.

5. Consider स्भ ृdhatu and क्त (=त) pratyaya. क्त is ककत ्and Ardhadhatuka.

स्भ ृ+ क्त्

स्भ ृ+ त् = स्भतृ्

स्भ ृis इगन्त Anga and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by

sutra 7/3/84 ऋ replaced by अय.्

स्भ ृis इगन्त Anga and तव्म is Ardhadhatuka.

So by sutra 7/3/84 ऋ replaced by अय.्

स्भ ृis इगन्त Anga and क्त is ककत ्Ardhadhatuka. Since this is ककत,् Guna for ऋ by 7/3/84 gets prohibited by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.



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B) ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च । 7/3/86

ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म । च ।

अन0ु - सावमधातुकाधमधातुकमो्, गुण्, अङ्गस्म ।

अथम् - ऩुगन्तस्माङ्गस्म रघूऩधस्म च इक् सावमधातुके आधमधातुके च ऩयतो गुणो बवतत ।

Upadha means penultimate see 1/1/65

Laghu means a ह्रस्व (Short vowel) not followed by सॊमुक्ताऺय. See 1/4/10 & 1/4/11.

Anga whose Upadha is laghu इक् is called रघूऩध here.

इक् varna of ऩुगन्त anga will be replaced by its corresponding Gunas and also

इक् varna which is both upadha and laghu of an anga, (i.e इक् of रघूऩध-अङ्ग) will be

replaced by its corresponding Gunas when followed by either Sarvadhatuka or Ardhadhatuka pratyayas.

Example. 1. Consider ञचतीीँ सञ्ज्ऻाने (=ञचत)्dhatu 39, 1st gana.

ञचत ् रट् then ञचत ् ततऩ ् by3/1/68 च ्इ त ्शऩ ्ततऩ ्

च ्ए त ्अ तत चतेतत

Example. 2. Consider भुदॉ हषे (= भुद्) dhatu 16, 1st gana.

भुद् रट् then भुद् ते by3/1/68 भ ्उ द् शऩ ्त े

भ ्ओ द् अ ते भोदत े

ञचत ्contain रघऩूधा इक् and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by sutra 7/3/86 इ replaced by ए.

भदु् contain रघऩूधा इक् and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by sutra 7/3/86 उ replaced by ओ.



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Example. 3. Consider वतृुॉ वतमने (= वतृ ्) dhatu 16, 1st gana.

वतृ ्रट् then वतृ ्त े by3/1/68 व ्ऋ त ्शऩ ्त े

व ्अय ्त ्अ त े वतमत े

Example. 3. Consider जीवॉ प्राणधायणे (=जीव ्) dhatu 562, 1st gana.

जीव ्रट् then जीव ्तत by3/1/68 ज ्ई व ् शऩ ्तत

जीव ्अ तत जीवतत

Example. 4. Consider शबऺ प्राणधायणे (=शबऺ्) dhatu 606, 1st gana. शबऺ् रट् then शबऺ् तत by3/1/68 ब ्इ ऺ् शऩ ्तत शबऺ् अ तत शबऺतत.

वतृ ्contain रघऩूधा इक् and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by sutra 7/3/86 ऋ replaced by अय.्

जीव ्contain ई, which is not रघऩूधा इक्. So no Guna by sutra 7/3/86.

शबऺ ्contains इ, which is followed by सॊमकु्ताऺय, so not रघऩूधा इक्, hence no Guna by sutra 7/3/86.



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Similarly शबद् + तव्मभ ्= बेत्तव्मभ,् बुज ्+ तव्मभ ्= बोक्तव्मभ.्

शबद् + तुभ ्= बेत्तुभ,् बुज ्+ तुभ ् = बोक्तुभ ्etc.



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17. Rules of Vriddhi;

Vriddhi is a technical term in Ashtadhyayi and is defined by sutra वषृद्धयादैच ्1-1-1 which means आ or ऐ or औ are called as Vriddhi र्दृ्धिः

This Vriddhi happens on any one of इक् letter by sutra इको गुणवदृ्धी 1/1/3

Here इक् means इ/ ई, उ/ ऊ, ऋ/ क, ऌ

Vriddhi letter of इ/ ई is ऐ, उ/ ऊ is औ, ऋ/ क is आय ्& ऌ is आर.् ओ अ

Note – here Vriddhi of ऋ/ क and ऌ contains य ्& र ्along with Vriddhi letter आ, though य ्&

र ्are not listed in Vriddhi letters given in Sutra वषृद्धयादैच ्1-1-1, but by virtue of sutra उयण

यऩय् 1/1/51 both are used for Vriddhi of ऋ/ क and ऌ respectively.

अचो ल्ञ्ज्णतत 7/2/115

अच् । ल्ञ्ज्णतत । अनु - वषृद्ध्, अङ्गस्म । अथम् - अजन्तस्म अङ्गस्म वषृद्ध् बवतत, ञितत णणतत च प्रत्ममे ऩयत् ।

अजन्त अङ्ग - Anga which contains अच ्at its end is अजन्त अङ्ग.

The final अच ्of अजन्त अङ्ग is replaced by its corresponding Vriddhi when followed by ञित ्

or णणत.्

Example 1. Consider

अत उऩधामा् 7/2/116

अत् । उऩधामा् । note अत ्1 means ह्रस्व अकाय

अन0ु - ल्ञ्ज्णतत, वषृद्ध्, अङ्गस्म ।

अथम् - अङ्गस्म उऩधामा् अकायस्म स्थाने वषृद्धबमवतत, ञितत णणतत प्रत्ममे ऩयत् ।

1 See topic Taparakaranam in elementary samskrit - 1 by author.

Vriddhi of

अ is आ

इ/ ई or ए

is ऐ

उ/ ऊ or ओ

is औ

ऋ/ क is

आय ्

ऌ is

आर ्



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The Short अकाय which is Upadha of anga, will be replaced by its corresponding Vriddhi (=

आ), when followed by ञित ्or णणत.्

Example – consider dhatus बू & ऩच.्

ब ूis a अजन्त dhatu.

ऩच ्is a अत ्उऩधा dhatu, here ह्रस्व अकाय is upadha.

णणच ्pratyaya = इ, here both ण ्& च ्are इत.् So this is णणत,् सनादद2 & Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम.

घि ्pratyaya = अ, here both घ ्& ि ्are इत.् So this is ञित ् , कृत ् and Ardhadhatuka.

Example - In causal sense णणच ्is added to a dhatu by sutra हेतुभतत च3 3/1/26 and we get a new dhatu by सनाद्मन्ता धातव् 3/1/32. 1) ब ूin causal sense णणच ्= बू + णणच ्= ब ्ऊ + इ

ब ्औ + इ ब ्आव ्+ इ = बाषव

बाषव is a derived dhatu by 3/1/32.

2) ऩच ्in causal sense णणच ्= ऩच ्+ णणच ्= ऩ ्अ च ्+ इ

ऩ ्आ च ्+ इ ऩाच ्+ इ = ऩाञच

ऩाञच is a derived dhatu by 3/1/32.

2 To know seebook Padam of author.

3 For detailed explaination see page -

Here ब ूअजन्त anga, followed by इ a णणत ्pratyaya, so by sutra 7/2/115 ऊ of ब ूwill be replaced by its vriddhi औ

By अमादद सल्न्ध्6/1/78

औ replaced by आव ्

Here ऩच ्contains अत ्उऩधा & followed by इ a णणत ्pratyaya, so

by sutra 7/2/116 अ of ऩच ्will be replaced by its vriddhi आ.





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Example of घि.्

After a dhatu, घि ्is added in sense of Bhava (=action) by sutra बाव ेघि ्3/3/18.

The घि ्pratyaya is ञित,् कृत ्4 and Ardhadhatuka. Since this is krut after adding this to

dhatu we get krudanta, so becomes a partipadikam by 1/2/465

Consider बू in bhave घि.् 1) बू + घि ् = बू + अ = ब ्ऊ + अ ब ्औ + इ ब ्आव ्+ अ = बाव बाव is a krudanta and a derived pratipadika by 1/2/46.

2) ऩठ् in bhave घि ् is ऩठ् + घि ् = ऩ ्अ ठ् + अ

ऩ ्आ ठ् + अ ऩा ठ् + अ = ऩाि

ऩाि is a krudanta and a derived pratipadika by 1/2/46.

Similarly बाग्, ऩाक्, त्माग्, माग् । णणतत - ऩाचमतत, ऩाचक्, ऩािमतत, ऩािक् ।

4 For details of krut pratyaya see Padam by author.

5 ibid

Here ब ूअजन्त anga, followed by अ a ञित ्pratyaya, so by sutra 7/2/115 ऊ of ब ूwill be replaced by its vriddhi औ



Here ऩच ्contains अत ्उऩधा & followed by इ a णणत ्pratyaya, so

by sutra 7/2/116 अ of ऩच ्will be replaced by its vriddhi आ.





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18) अव्मम - Indeclinable

An अव्मम is called as indeclinable in English.

An indeclinable is a word which is same in all 3lingas 3vachanas and 7 vibhaktis.

सदृशॊ त्रत्रषु शरङ्गेषु, सवामसु च षवबल्क्तषु। वचनेष ुच सवेष ुमन्न व्मेतत तदव्ममभ॥्

Eg- च अषऩ ऩदितभु ्कतुमभ ्ऩदित्वा कृत्वा etc.



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ॐ

Section 1

Chapter 1 Classification of Dhatus



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1.Classification of Dhatus.

1.1 Classification of Dhatus into 10 Ganas

These charts gives classification of dhatus into ten different Ganas.

Each Gana is also called as either as 1st Gana or as भ्वाददगण् etc. This classification is valid only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग, and of no use in कभमणणप्रमोग or

बाव प्रमोग. This classification is useful for only सावमधातकुरकायs ( = रट् , रोट्, रङ्, & षवञधशरङ् )

and सावमधातकुप्रत्ममs ( शत,ृ शानच ्etc. ),

This classification is not useful for आधमधातकुरकायs or आधमधातकुप्रत्ममs..

Chart – 1a Classification of Dhatus into 10 Ganas

भ्वाददगण्, 1010 = 52%

अदाददगण् 72 = 3.7%

जुहोत्माददगण्, 24 =1.2%

ददवाददगण्, 140= 7.2%

स्वाददगण्,

34= 1.7%

तुदाददगण्, 157= 80.8

रुधाददगण् 25= 1.3%

तनाददगण्= 10 = 0 .5%

िमाददगण्, 60=3.1%

चुयाददगण्, 410 = 21%

All Dhatus are classified into 10 Ganas, only for सावमधातकुरकायs and only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग.



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Chart-1b. Classification of Dhatus into 10 Ganas

List of Sutras –

कतमरय शऩ ् 3-1-68

ददवाददभ्म् श्मन ्3-1-69

स्वाददभ्म् श्नु् 3-1-73

तुदाददभ्म् श् 3-1-77

रुधाददभ्म् श्नभ ्3-1-78

तनाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् उ् 3-1-79

क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना 3-1-81

अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् 2-4-72

जुहोत्माददभ्म् श्रु् 2-4-75

धातुिः 1943

१ गणिः (1010) भ्र्ादिगणिः शऩ ् - 3.1.68 अ

२ गणिः (72) 1011 - 1082

अिादिगणिः शऩिः ऱुक् -3/1/78 & 2/4/72

_

३ गणिः (24) 1083 - 1106

जुहोत्यादिगणिः शऩिः श्ऱु -3/1/78 & 2/4/75

_

४ गणिः (140) 1107 - 1246

दिर्ादिगणिः श्यन ्- 3.1.69 य

५ गणिः (34) 1247 - 1280

स्र्ादिगणिः श्न ु - 3.1.73 नु

६ गणिः (157) 1281 - 1437

तुिादिगणिः श - 3.1.77 अ

७ गणिः (25) 1438 - 1462

रुधादिगणिः श्नम ् - 3.1.78 न

८ गणिः (10) 1463 - 1472

तनादिगणिः उ - 3.1.79 उ

९ गणिः (60) 1473 - 1533

क्र्यादिगणिः श्ना 3.1.81 ना

१० गणिः (410) 1534 - 1943

चुरादिगणिः शऩ ्- 3.1.68 अ

गण षवकयण प्रत्मम



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1.2 Classification of Dhatus into one single group of मक् (=म) vikarana

pratyaya.

This charts gives classification of dhatus of all ten different Ganas into one single group.

This classification is valid only in कभमणणप्रमोग / बावेप्रमोगand of no use in कत्तमरयप्रमोग.

This classification is useful for only सावमधातकुरकायs ( = रट् , रोट्, रङ्, & षवञधरङ् ) and सावमधातकुप्रत्ममs (शानच ्etc. ).

This classification is not useful for आधमधातकुरकायs or आधमधातकुप्रत्ममs..

Sutra - सावमधातुके मक् 3-1-67

Chart 1.2a - All Dhatus belong to one single Group of मक् (=म) vikarana pratyaya.

All 1943 Dhatus belong to one single

Group of मक् (=म) vikarana

pratyaya and all are Atmanepadi only.

Atmanepadi

All 1943 Dhatus belongs to one single Group of मक् (=म) vikarana pratyaya and all are Atmanepadi only.

For all सावमधातकुरकायs only in कभमणण प्रमोग or बावे प्रमोग.



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Chart 1.2b - All Dhatus belong to one single Group of मक् (=म) vikarana pratyaya.

धातुिः

१ गणिः भ्र्ादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

२ गणिः अिादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

३ गणिः जुहोत्यादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

४ गणिः दिर्ादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

५ गणिः स्र्ादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

६ गणिः तुिादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

७ गणिः रुधादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

८ गणिः तनादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

९ गणिः क्र्यादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

१० गणिः चुरादिगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

गण षवकयण

प्रत्मम



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1.3. Classification of Dhatus into Three groups based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

ऩयस्भऩैददधातु् (parasmaipadi dhātuḥ), आत्भनेऩददधातु् (ātmanepadi dhātuḥ), उबमऩददधातु् (ubhayapadi dhātuḥ).

We all know that there are 18 ततङ् प्रत्ममs of which 1st nine pratyayas are called ऩयस्भऩैदप्रत्मम and later nine pratyayas are called as आत्भनेऩदप्रत्मम. The Atmane pada pratyayas are denoted by तङ् pratyahara (see page - fordetails). These pratyayas are added to Dhatus.

A dhatu which takes only ऩयस्भऩैदप्रत्मम is called ऩयस्भऩैददधातु् (parasmaipadi dhātuḥ),

A dhatu which takes only आत्भनेऩदप्रत्मम is called आत्भनेऩददधातु् (ātmanepadi dhātuḥ),

Both ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्and आत्भनेऩदभ ्together are called उबमऩदभ ्or उबमऩदप्रत्मम. So Ubhayapadam is not a different third variety of pratyaya. A dhatu which takes उबमऩदप्रत्मम.is called उबमऩददधातु् (ubhayapadi dhātuḥ).

This classification is valid for all 10 रकायs in कत्तमरयप्रमोग only, and of no use in कभमणणप्रमोग or बाव प्रमोग.

In कभमणणप्रमोग or बावेप्रमोग all 10 रकायs are आत्भनेऩददधात ु(ātmanepadi dhātu) only.

Note – 1.ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्= ऩयस्भऩैद-प्रत्मम् etc. ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत ऩयस्भऩैदी = ऩयस्भऩैददधातु् (ऩयस्भऩैदी is प्रथभा - षवबल्क्त- एकवचन - रूऩ of प्राततऩददक ऩयस्भऩैददन ्) 2 .आत्भनेऩदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत आत्भनेऩदी (आत्भनेऩददन)् 3. उबमऩदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत उबमऩदी or (उबमऩददन)्.

धातsु are three types – parasmaipadi, ātmanepadi & ubhayapadi for all 10 रकायs only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग.

All धातsु are of one type i.e Atmanepadi only, for all 10 रकायs in कभमणणप्रमोग or बावेप्रमोगonly.



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Chart 1.3a.Classification of धातु् into three groups based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

Chart 1.3b.Classification of धातsु into Three groups based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

धातु्

ऩयस्भैऩददधातु् आत्भनेऩददधातु् उबमऩददधातु्

ऩयस्भैऩदी आत्भनेऩदी उबमऩदी

धातsु are three types for all 10 रकायs in कत्तमरयप्रमोग only.

धातsु are three types for all 10 रकायs in कत्तमरयप्रमोग only.



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Chart 3c.Classification of all धातsु into one single group as Atmanepadi based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

बावकभमणो् 1/3/13

बावकभमणो् । अन0ु - आत्भनेऩदभ ्।

अथम् - बावे कभमणण चाथ ेधातोयात्भनेऩदभ ्बवतत ।

उदा0 - बावे-आस्मत ेदेवदत्तने, ग्रामत ेबवता, सपुमत ेबवता ।

कभमणण - देवदत्तने वेद् ऩठ्मत,े देवदत्तने परॊ खाद्मत,े किमत ेकिस्त्वमा, दह्रमत ेबायी भमा ।

आत्भनेऩदी

Atmanepadi

All धातुs are of one type (i.e Atmanepadi ) only, for all 10 रकायs in कभमणणप्रमोग or बावेप्रमोग only.



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What is Atmanepadi dhatu?

अनदुात्तङङत आत्भनेऩदभ ्। 1/3/12 (sutra of a आत्भनेऩददधात)ु

अनदुातङङत् । आत्भनेऩदभ ्।

अथम् - अनदुाततेो ङङतश्च धातो् आत्भनेऩदॊ बवतत ।

The dhatus which are Anudatta इत ्and ङङत ्in dhatupata, after these type of dhatus only

Atmanepada pratyaya will take place.

That is Anudatta इत ्and ङङत ्dhatus are Atmanepadi dhatus.

वतृुॉ वतमने (1stgana - 758), In वतृुॉ उॉ is Anudatta and Anunasika and is इत ्by sutra

उऩदेशजेननुाशसक इत ्1/3/2 and becomes lopa by तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9, so वतृ ्remains and

प्रथभऩरुुष एकवचन form in रट् रकाय is वतमत.े

भदुॉ हष े(1st gana -16), In भदुॉ, अॉ Anudatta and Anunasika and is इत ्by 1/3/2 and becomes

lopa by 1/3/9, so भदु् remains and प्रथभऩरुुष एकवचन form in रट् रकाय is भोदत.े

शीङ्- स्वपन े।(2nd gana - 1032) In शीङ्, ङ् is इत ्by हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/3 and becomes lopa by 1/3/9,

so शी remains and प्रथभऩरुुष एकवचन form in रट् रकाय is शते.े

What is Ubhayapadi dhatu ?

स्वरयतञित् कत्रमशबप्रामे किमापरे । 1/3/72 (sutra of उबमऩददधात)ु

स्वरयतञित् । कत्रमशबप्रामे । किमापर े। अन ु- आत्भनेऩदभ ्।

अथम् - स्वरयततेो ञितश्च धातोयात्भनेऩदॊ बवतत, किमापरॊ मदद कतामयभशबपे्रतत ।

The dhatus which are Svarita इत ्and ञित ्in dhatupata, after these type of dhatus Atmanepada

pratyaya will take place, if fruit of action (किमापरभ)् accrues to Karta (Agent.)

So on the other hand, if fruit of action doesn’t accrue to agent, that is if meant for others, then after

these dhatus Parasmaipada pratyaya will take place.



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So Svarita इत ्and ञित ्dhatus will take both Atmanepada and Parasmaipada pratyaya depending on

to whom fruit of action (किमापरभ)् is meant, if meant for karta it takes Atmanepada and if meant

for other than karta then it takes Parasmaipada pratayaya.

Since these dhatus are takimg both pratyayas, these are called Ubhayapadi dhatus(उबमऩददधात)ु.

Example 1. मजॉ देवऩजूासङ्गततकयण-दानेष ु। (1st Gana 1002)

In मजॉ, अॉो is Svarita and Anunasika and is इत ्by sutra उऩदेशजेननुाशसक इत ्1/3/2 and

becomes lopa by तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9, so मज ्remains and प्रथभऩरुुष एकवचन form in रट् रकाय is

If किमापरभ ्of Yaga like Svarga etc. is meant for Karta, that is to say

he does yaga to get svarga for himself then dhatu takes Atmanepada

pratyayas,then form will be मजत.े

अध्वमुम् मजत.े The priest Adhvaryu does yaga.

On the otherhand if किमापरभ ्of Yaga like Svarga etc. is meant for

Yajamana but not for himself, then dhatu takes Parasmaipada

pratyayas, then form will be मजतत. अध्वमुम् मजतत. The priest

Adhvaryu does yaga for sake of yajamana.

Example 2. णीि ्प्राऩणे - to carry - 1stgana 901.

Here ि ्is इत ्by हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/3 and becomes lopa by 1/3/9, so this is a ञित ्dhatu, नी remains and प्रथभऩरुुष एकवचन form in रट् रकाय is

If किमापरभ ्accrue to karta then नमत े

Or else नमतत.

Similarly डुऩचष ्ऩाके - ऩच ्(1st gana 996), ऩचतत, ऩचत.े

डुकृि ्कयणे - कृ (8th gana 1472), कयोतत, कुरुत ेetc.

Note – 1.ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्= ऩयस्भऩैद-प्रत्मम् etc.

ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत ऩयस्भऩैदी = ऩयस्भऩैददधातु्

(ऩयस्भऩैदी is प्रथभा - षवबल्क्त- एकवचन - रूऩ of प्राततऩददक ऩयस्भऩैददन ्)



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2 .आत्भनेऩदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत आत्भनेऩदी or आत्भनेऩददधातु्

(आत्भनेऩदी is प्रथभा - षवबल्क्त- एकवचन - रूऩ of प्राततऩददक आत्भनेऩददन)्

3. उबमऩदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत उबमऩदी or उबमऩददधातु् .

(उबमऩदी is प्रथभा - षवबल्क्त- एकवचन - रूऩ of प्राततऩददक उबमऩददन)्.

What is parasmaipadidhatu?

शषेात ्कतमरय ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्1/3/78 ((sutra of ऩयस्भऩैददधात)ु

आत्भनेऩद-तनशभत्त-हीनाद् धातो् कतमरय ऩयस्भऩैदॊ स्मात॥्

A dhatu which is devoid of signs that are meant to apply Atmanepada pratyayas after it, then after

such a dhatu parasmaipada pratyaya should be added in kartari prayoge.

In Panini maharishi’s Ashtadhyayi from sutras 1/3/12 to 1/3/77 various signs are given like Anudatta

इत ्and ङङत(्see 1/3/12)etc. due to which a dhatu gets Atmanepada pratyayas after it. In other

words dhatu will become an Atmanepadidhatu.

If dhatu is devoid of these signs then it is शषे (remaining),that is other than what is mentioned in

1/3/12 to 1/3/77. For these remaining dhatus in Kartari prayoga parasmaipada will be added. In

other words dhatus are parasmaipadidhatus.

Generally उदात्तते ्dhatus i.e. dhatus containing उदात्त इत ्will take parasmaipada pratyayas. Hence

उदात्तते ्are also called ऩयस्भऩैददधातु्

Example1. ऩिॉ ऩठ् व्मक्तामाभ ्वाञच 1st gana 330.

Here in ऩिॉ अॉ is उदात्त इत ्and Anunasika, so इत ्by sutra उऩदेशजेननुाशसक इत ्1/3/2 and

becomes lopa by तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9, so ऩठ् remains. Since ऩठ् is उदात्त इत ्after this dhatu

parasmaipada pratyayas should be added in kartari prayoga. So प्रथभऩरुुष एकवचन form in

रट् रकाय is ऩितत.

2. ब ूसत्तामाभ,् here there is no इत,् so doesn’t have any signs for Atmanepada pratyayas, so

this dhatus will take parsmaipada pratyaya in kartari prayoga. Hence this is a parasmaipadi

dhatu. So प्रथभऩरुुष एकवचन form in रट् रकाय is बवतत.



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3/1/67 सावमधातकेु मक् ।

सावमधातकेु । मक् । अन ु- बावकभमणो्, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - बावकभमवाञचतन सावमधातकेु प्रत्ममे ऩये धातो् मक् प्रत्ममो बवतत ।

In karmani and Bhave मक् will be added after a dhatu if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya.

Examples. बावे - आस्मत ेबवता, शय्मत ेबवता । कभमणण - गम्प्मत ेग्राभ् ॥

Note – Here in मक् , क् इत ्varna, so म remains.

Here, there is no श ्as इत,् so it is अशशत,् hence Ardhadhatuka. And there is no क् as इत,् it is ककत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

3/1/68 कतमरय शऩ ्।

कत्तमरय । शऩ ्। अन ु- सावमधातकेु, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - कतृम वाञचतन सावमधातकेु ऩयतो धातो् शऩ ्प्रत्ममो बवतत ।

शऩ ्will be added after a dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

This sutra applies for 1st /2nd /3rd & 10th gana dhatus.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhatu of 1st /2nd /3rd or 10th gana is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu शऩ ्will be added.

Note – शऩ ्= श ्अ ऩ ्= अ, here both श ्and ऩ ्are इत ्by sutras रशक्वतषद्धत े1/3/8 and हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/3 respectively and both becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in शऩ ्= अ.

In शऩ ्श ्is इत,् so it is शशत6् and and also ऩ ्is इत,् it is षऩत ्also.

6 For details of शशत ्and षऩत,् see pg – 16 and 47.



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उदा0 - बवतत, ऩितत । बवत,ु ऩित ु। अबवत,् अऩित ्। बवेत,् ऩिेत ्।

ब ूरट् ब ू ततऩ ् 3/1/68 ब ूशऩ ्ततऩ ् बवतत

2-4-72 अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् ।

अन0ु- रक्ु ।

अथम् - अदाददगणधातभु्म उत्तयस्म शऩो रगु ्बवतत ।

When शऩ ्comes after a Adadi gana (2nd conjugataioin) dhatu, then such a शऩ ्will become रक्ु(अदशमनभ)्

उदा0 - अल्त्त । हल्न्त । द्वेल्ष्ि ॥

अद् + रट् अद् + ततऩ ् 3/1/68 अद् शऩ ् तत 2-4-72 अद् तत अल्त्त

2/4/75 जुहोत्माददभ्म् श्रु्

अन ु- शऩ् ।

अथम् - जुहोत्माददभ्मो धातभु्म उत्तयस्म शऩ् श्रु् बवतत।

When शऩ ्comes after a juhotyadi gana (3rd conjugataioin) dhatu, then such a शऩ ्will become श्रु (अदशमनभ)्.

शऩ ्= अ शशत ्

•so Sarvadhatuka

षऩत ्

•So allows Guna and vriddhi

शऩ ्disappears due to रक्ु.



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उदा0 - त्रफबतत म । नेनेल्क्त ॥

हु + रट् हु+ ततऩ ् 3/1/68 हु शऩ ्ततऩ ् 2/4/75 हु तत जुहो तत = जुहोतत

Note - how हु + तत becomes जुहोतत, is beyond the scope of discussion of this book.

What is रुक् and श्रु ?

प्रत्ममस्म रुक् श्रु रुऩ्1/1/61 अनु; अदशमनभ ् प्रत्ममस्म मद् अदशमनभ ्रुक् श्रु रुऩ ्इतत एतेभ्म् बवतत, तस्म अदशमनस्म रुक् श्रु रुऩ् इत्मता् सञ्ज्ऻा् बवल्न्त।

The Adarshanam of pratyayas by terms रुक् श्र ु& रुऩ ्will respectively called by रुक् श्रु & रुऩ.्

What is Adarshanam?

अदर्शनम,् अश्रवणम,् अनुच्चारनम्, अनुपलब्धिः, अभावो, वणशबवनार्िः इत्यनथाशन्तरम ्।

Adarshanam means inaudible/ unpronounced etc.

So रुक् / श्रु / रुऩ ्- means substitution of a blank - signifies disappearance.

When a letter or word-form which was previously apparent becomes latent i.e. neither

heard, nor pronounced, not written is said to be Adarshanam.

Samskrit Vyakaranam (Samskrit grammar) is a Sabda Shastram (science of words), so here when we say that the word (may be a single varna – alphabet - or a word) has disappeared, it simply means that particular word or sound is inaudible/ unheard, i.e. not perceptible to ears.

This inaudibleness of the word which was previously audible is technically called अदशमनभ.् Here since this Adarshanam is caused by terms रक्ु श्र ु& रऩु,् so Adarshanam will be called as रक्ु श्र ु& रऩु ्respectively.

शऩ ् disappears due to श्र.ु



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3/1/69 ददवाददभ्म् श्मन ्।

ददवाददभ्म् । श्मन ्।अन ु- सावमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - ददवाददभ्मो धातभु्म् श्मन ्प्रत्ममो बवतत, कत्तमरय सावमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - दीव्मतत, सीव्मतत ।

श्मन ्will be added after a Divadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu श्मन ्will be added.

Note – श्मन ्= श ्म न ्= अ, here both श ्and न ्are इत ्by sutras रशक्वतषद्धत े1/3/8 and हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/3 respectively and both becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श्मन ्= म alone remains.

In श्मन ्श ्is इत,् so it is शशत.् hence Sarvadhatuka, also न ्is इत,् it is तनत ्and since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अषऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

3/1/73 स्वाददभ्म् श्नु् ।

स्वाददभ्म् । श्नु् ।अन ु- सावमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - स्वाददभ्म् धातभु्म् श्नपु्रत्ममो बवतत कतृमवाञचतन सावमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

श्न ुwill be added after a Svadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu श्न ुwill be added.

Note – श्न ु= श ्नु = नु, here श ्is इत ्by sutras रशक्वतषद्धत े1/3/8 and becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श्न ु= न ुalone remains.



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In श्न ुश ्is इत,् so it is शशत,् hence Sarvadhatuka, since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अषऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

उदा0 - सनुोतत । शसनोतत ।

3/1/77 तदुाददभ्म् श् ।

तदुाददभ्म् । श् ।अन ु- सावमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - तदुाददभ्म् धातभु्म् श् प्रत्ममो बवतत कतृमवाञचतन सावेधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - तदुतत । नदुतत ।

श will be added after a Tudadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu श will be added.

Note – श = श ्अ = अ, here श ्is इत ्by sutras रशक्वतषद्धत े1/3/8 and becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श = अ alone remains.

In श, श ्is इत,् so it is शशत ्, hence Sarvadhatuka, since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अषऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

3/1/78 रुधाददभ्म् श्नभ ्।

रुधाददभ्म् । श्नभ ्। अन ु- सावमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - रुधाददभ्मो धातभु्म् श्नभ ्प्रत्ममो बवतत कतृमवाञचतन सावमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - रुणषद्ध । शबनल्त्त ।

श्नभ ्will be added after a Rudadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is

signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a

dhatu श्नभ ्will be added.



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In श्नभ ्= श ्न भ ्= न here both श ्and भ ्are इत ्by sutras रशक्वतषद्धत े1/3/8 and हरन्त्मभ ्

1/3/3 respectively and both becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श्नभ ्= न alone

remains.

In श्नभ,् श ्is इत,् so it is शशत.् Hence Sarvadhatuka,

also भ ्is इत,् so it is शभत ्agama, hence added to dhatu as per sutra 1/1/47.

Since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अषऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

Example. रुध ् रट् य ्उ ध ् तत by 3/1/78 & 1/1/47 य ्उ न ध ् तत = रुणषद्ध.

3/1/79 तणाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् उ् ।

तनाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् । उ् । अन ु- सावमधतकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, प्रश्च ।

अथम् - तनाददभ्मो धातभु्म् कृिश्च उ् प्रत्ममो बवतत कतृमवाञचतन सावमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - तनोतत, सनोतत । कयोतत ।

उ will be added after a Tanadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu उ will be added.

Note – Here in उ there is no इत ्varna. So complete उ remains.

Since here there is no श ्is इत,् so it is अशशत ्so Ardhadhatuka7 And there is no क् as इत,् it is अककत ्8also, hence allows Guna and Vriddhi.

7 Se e page 49 for Ardhadhatuka.

8 See page 51 &52 for अककत ्(= non ककत)्



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3/1/81 क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना ।

क्र्माददभ्म् । श्ना रपुतप्रथभान्ततनदेश् ।

अन0ु - सावमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - डुिीि ्इत्मेवभाददभ्मो धातभु्म् श्नाप्रत्ममो बवतत कतृमवाञचतन सावमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - िीणातत, िीणीत् ।

श्ना will be added after a Kryadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu श्ना will be added.

Note – श्ना = श ्ना = ना, here श ्is इत ्by sutras रशक्वतषद्धत े1/3/8 and becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श्ना = ना alone remains.

In श्ना, श ्is इत,् so it is शशत ्, hence Sarvadhatuka, since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अषऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.



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Some important irregular dhatus. श्रुव् श्र ृच । 3/1/74 श्रुव् । श्र ृरपुतप्रथभान्ततनदेश् । च । अन ु- श्नु् सावमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो् प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च । अथम् - श्रु श्रवणे इतत अस्भाद् धातो् श्नपु्रत्ममो बवतत, श्र ृआदेशश्च श्रधुातोबमवतत। कतृमवाञचतन सावमधातकेु ऩयत्, उदा0 - श्रणृोतत, श्रणृुत् । Though श्र ुश्रवणे 1st Gana 928, but in kartari prayoga when followed by sarvdhatukas, instead of शऩ ्it gets श्नु् and also dhatu श्रु will be replaced by श.ृ श ृशणृोतत in kartari prayoga and sarvadhatukas only. In Ardhadhatukas श्र ुremains as it is. Eg.श्रोष्मतत. श्रु श्रवणे 1st Gana 928 श्रु becomes श ृin

sarvadhatuka lakaras and though 1st gana it takes श्न ुinstead of शऩ ्

श्रु remains श्र ुin all Ardhadhatuka lakaras and pratyaya.

7/3/77 इषगुशभमभाॊ छ् । अन0ु - शशतत, अङ्गस्म । अथम् - इष,ु गभ,ॢ मभ इत्मेतषेाभङ्गानाॊ शशतत ऩयतश्छकायादेशो बवतत । Dhatus इष,ु गभ,ॢ मभ will be replaced become इच्छ् , गच्छ् & मच्छ् when followed by sarvadhatuka. Eg- इच्छछतत, गच्छछतत, मच्छछतत । 7/3/78 ऩाघ्राध्भास्थाम्प्नादाण्ददृश्मतत मसतत मशदसदाॊ षऩफल्जघ्रधभततष्िभनमच्छछऩश्मच्छछमधौशीमसीदा्। अन ु- शशतत, अङ्गस्म । ऩाघ्रा---सदाभ ्। षऩफ----सीदा् । अथम् - ऩा ऩाने, घ्रा गन्धोऩादाने, ध्भा शब्दाल्ग्नसॊमोगमो्, ष्िा गतततनवतृ्तौ, म्प्ना अभ्मास,े दाण,् दान,े दृशशय,् प्रेऺणे, ऋ गततप्राऩनमो्, स ृगतौ, शद्र ृशातने, षद ॢषवशयणगत्मवसादनेष ुइत्मेतषेाॊ धातनूाॊ स्थाने मथािभॊ षऩफ, ल्जघ्र, धभ, ततष्ि, भन, मच्छछ, ऩश्म,ऋच्छछ, धौ, शीम, सीद इत्मेत ेआदेशा बवल्न्त शशतत प्रत्ममे ऩयत् । The Dhatus ऩा ऩाने etc will be replaced by षऩफ etc when followed by a Sarvadhatuka.



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Eg - ऩा-षऩफतत । घ्रा-ल्जघ्रतत । ध्भा-धभतत । स्था-ततष्ितत । म्प्ना-भनतत । दाण-्मच्छछतत । दृशश-ऩश्मतत । ऋ-ऋच्छछतत ।स-ृधावतत । शद-शीमत े। सद्-सीदतत ।

ऻाजनोजाम 7/3/79 ऻाजनो् । जा रपुतप्रथभान्ततनदेश् । अन ु- शशतत, अङ्गस्म । अथम् -ऻा, जनी प्रादबुामवे (दैवाददकस्म ग्रहणभ)् इत्मेतमो् स्थाने शशतत प्रत्ममे ऩयतो जा इत्ममभादेशो बवतत । The dhatus ऻा and जनी will be replaced by जा when followed by Sarvadhatuka. Eg. - जानातत । जनी-जामत े।

वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत । 6\1\15

वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाभ ्। ककतत ।

अन0ु - सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्।

अथम् - षवञचस्वपमोममजादीनाॊ च सम्प्प्रसायणॊ बवतत ककतत ऩयत् ।

The dhatus वच,् स्वऩ,् मज ्etc. undergo samprasaranam when followed by ककत ्pratyayas.

उदा0 - वच ्- उक्त्, उक्तवान ्। स्वऩ ्- सपुत्, सपुतवान ्। मज ्-इष्ि् इष्िवान ्। वऩ ्- उपत्, उपतवान ्। वह् -

ऊढ्, ऊढवान ्। वस ्- उषषत्, उषषतवान ्। वेि ्- उत्, उपतवान ्। व्मेि ्- सॊवीत्, सॊवीतवान ्। ह्वेि ्- हूत्, हूतवान ्। वद् - उददत्, उददतवान ्। िुओीँल्श्व - शनू्, शनूवान।्

ग्रदहज्मावतमव्मञधवल्ष्िषवचततवशृ्चततऩचृ्छछततबजृ्जतीनाॊ ङङतत च । 6/1/16

अन0ु - ककतत, सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्।

अथम् - ग्रह, उऩादाने, ज्मा वमोहानौ, वेिो वतमरयतत वमादेश्, व्मध ताडने, वश कान्तौ व्मच व्माजीकयणे,

ओव्रश्चूच्छछेदने, प्रच्छछ ऻोपसामाॊ, भ्रस्ज ऩाके, इत्मेतषेाॊ धातनूाॊ सप्रसायणॊ बवतत, ङङतत ककतत च ऩयत् ।

The dhatus ग्रह, ज्मा etc. undergo samprasaranam when followed by either ककत ्or ङङत ्

pratyayas.

उदा0 - ग्रह - गहृीत्, गहृीतवान,् ङङतत - गहृ्णातत । ज्मा - जीन्, जीनवान,् ङङतत - ल्जनातत, । वम - ऊमतु् , ऊमु् । ङङदबावात ्ककदेवात्रोदादह्रमत े। व्मध - षवद्ध्, षवद्धवान ्। ङङतत - षवध्मतत । वश - उशशत्, उशशतवान ्। ङङतत -



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उष्ि्, उशल्न्त । व्मञच -षवञचत्, षवञचतवान ्। ङङतत - षवचतत । ओव्रश्च ू- वकृ्ण्, वकृ्णवान ्। ङङतत - वशृ्चतत।

प्रच्छछ - ऩषृ्ि्, ऩषृ्िवान ्। ङङतत – ऩचृ्छछतत । भ्रस्ज - बषृ्ि्, बषृ्िवान ्। ङङतत - बजृ्जतत।

Sutra- इषगुशभमभाॊ छ् ।7/3/77

इष ुइच्छछामाभ,् 6th gana 1351 = इष ् इष ्एषषष्मतत इच्छ् इच्छछतत

गभ,ॢ गतौ, 1st Gana 982 = गभ ् गभ ्गशभष्मतत गच्छ् गच्छछतत

मभ उऩयभ,े 1st Gana 984 = मभ ् मभ ्मॊस्मतत मच्छ् मच्छछतत

Sutra ऻाजनोजाम 7/3/79

ऻा अवफोधन े 9th Gana 1507 = ऻा ऻा ऻास्मतत जा जानातत

जनी प्रादबुामवे 4th Gana 1149 = जन ् जन ् जतनष्मत े जा जामत े



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Sutra- ऩाघ्राध्भास्थाम्प्नादाण्ददृश्मतत मसतत मशदसदाॊ षऩफल्जघ्रधभततष्िभनमच्छछऩश्मच्छछमधौशीमसीदा्।7/3/78

Dhatu In Ardhatuka In sarvadhatuka

ऩा ऩाने 1st Gana 925 = ऩा ऩा ऩास्मतत षऩफ, षऩफतत

घ्रा गन्धोऩादाने 1st Gana 926 = घ्रा घ्रा घ्रास्मतत ल्जघ्र ल्जघ्रतत

ध्भा शब्दाल्ग्नसॊमोगमो् 1st Gana 927= ध्भा ध्भा ध्भास्मतत धभ धभतत

ष्िा गतततनवतृ्तौ 1st Gana 928 = स्था स्था स्थास्मतत ततष्ि ततष्ितत

म्प्ना अभ्मासे 1st Gana 929 = म्प्ना म्प्ना म्प्नास्मतत भन भनतत

दाण,् दान,े 1st Gana 930 = दा दा दास्मतत मच्छछ मच्छछतत

दृशशय,् प्रेऺणे 1st Gana 988 = दृश ् दृश ् द्रक्ष्मतत ऩश्म ऩश्मतत

ऋ गततप्राऩनमो्, 1st Gana 936 = ऋ ऋ अरयष्मतत ऋच्छछ ऋच्छछतत

स ृगतौ 1st Gana 935 = स ृ स ृ सरयष्मतत धौ धावतत

शद्र ृशातने 1st Gana 855 = शद् शद् शत्स्मतत शीम शीमतत

षद ॢषवशयणगत्मवसादनेष ु 1st Gana 854 = सद् सद् सत्स्मतत सीद सीदतत



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Sutra वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत । 6\1\15

Dhatu

When followed by मक् in कभमणण/ बावे which is ककत ्

When followed by क्त / क्त्वा etc. ककत ्pratyayas.

वचॉ ऩरयबाषणे 1063 2nd Gana = वच ् उच्छमत े उक्त्, उक्तवान ् उक्त्वा

ञिष्वऩ ्शमे 1068, 2nd Gana = स्वऩ ् सपुमत े सपुत्, सपुतवान ्सऩुत्वा

मजॉ देवऩजूासङ्गततकयणदानेष ु1002, 1stGana = मज ्

इज्मत े इष्ि् इष्िवान ्इष्ट्वा

डुवऩ ्फीजसन्ताने 1003, 1st Gana = वऩ ् उपमत े उपत्, उपतवान ्उपत्वा

वहॉ प्राऩणे 1004, 1st Gana = वह् उह्मत े ऊढ् ऊढवान ्ऊढ्वा

वसॉ तनवास े1005, 1st gana = वस ् उष्मत े उषषत्, उषषतवान ्उषषत्वा

वेि ्तन्तसुन्ताने 1006, 1st gana = वे ऊमत े उत्, उपतवान ्उत्वा

व्मेि ्सॊवयणे वे 1007, 1st gana =व्म े वीमत े वीत्, वीतवान ्वीत्वा

ह्वेि ्स्ऩधाममाभ ्शब्दे च 1008, 1st gana =ह्व े हूमत े हूत्, हूतवान ् हूत्वा

वदॉ व्मक्तामाभ ् वाञच 1009, 1st gana = वद् उद्मत े उददत्, उददतवान ्उददत्वा

िुओीँल्श्व गततवदृ्धमो् 1010, 1st gana = ल्श्व शमूत े शनू्, शनूवान ्



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ग्रदहज्मावतमव्मञधवल्ष्िषवचततवशृ्चततऩचृ्छछततबञृ्ज्जतीनाॊ ङङतत च । 6/1/16

Dhatu When followed by ङङत ्

When followed by मक् / क्त etc. ककत ्pratyayas.

ग्रहॉ उऩादाने 1533, 9th gana = ग्रह् गहृ्णातत

श्ना is ङङत ्

गहृ्मत े/ गहृीत्, गहृीतवान ्

ज्मा वमोहानौ 1499, 9th gana = ज्मा ल्जनातत,

श्ना is ङङत ्. जीमत े/ जीन्, जीनवान ्

वम ऊमतु् , ऊमु्

ङङदबावात ्

ककदेवात्रोदादह्रमत े

व्मध ताडने 1181, 4th gana = व्मध ् षवध्मतत

श्मन ्is ङङत ्

षवध्मतत / षवद्ध्, षवद्धवान ्

वश कान्तौ 1080, 2nd gana = वश ् उष्ि्, उशल्न्त तस ्& अल्न्त are ङङत ्

उश्मत े/ उशशत्, उशशतवान ्

व्मञच व्माल्जकयणे 1293, 6th gana = व्मच ् षवचतत

श is ङङत ्

षवञचत्, षवञचतवान ्

ओव्रश्चूॉ छेदन े1292, 6th gana = व्रश्च ् वशृ्चतत,

श is ङङत ्

वशृ्च्छमत े/ वकृ्ण्, वकृ्णवान ्

प्रच्छछ ऻीपसामाभ ्1413, 6th gana = प्रच्छ् ऩचृ्छछतत,

श is ङङत.् ऩचृ्छ्मत े/ऩषृ्ि्, ऩषृ्िवान ्

भ्रस्ज ऩाके 1284 6th gana = भ्रस्ज ् बजृ्जतत, श is ङङत.् बजृ्ज्मत े/बषृ्ि्, बषृ्िवान ्



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1.4. Classification of Dhatus into Three groups based on इडागम (= इट्-आगभ).

Dhatus are classified into three types based on status of इट् - आगभ as

1) सेट् धातु. 2) अतनट् धातु & 3) वेट् धातु.

This classification is useful only आधमधातुक रकायs (=शरट्, रटु्, रटृ्, आशीशरमङ्,रङु्, रङृ्)

and आधमधातुक प्रत्ममs in कत्तमरयप्रमोग, कभमणणप्रमोग & बावेप्रमोग.

What is इट्-आगभ

इट् is an आगभ (Augmentive). Here ट् is इत,् so only इ remains.

Since ट् is इत ्this is a दित ् आगभ.

Agama is an augment which is added to a prescribed pratyaya in a prescribed

way.

If an Agama is दित ्, then it is added at the beginning of a prescribed pratyaya as

per sutra आद्मन्तौ िककतौ 1/ 1/46 .

Since इट्(=इ) is a दित ् आगभ it is added at the beginning of a prescribed

pratyaya.

This इडागभ is enjoined by sutra आधमधातुकस्मेड् वरादे् 7-2-35 for सेट् धातुs

(= आधमधातुकस्म इट् वरादे् ) इडागभ is added for वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. Hence by sutras 7/2/35 and 1/1/46, इट् agama (=इ) is added at the beginning of

a र्ऱादि-आधवधातुक प्रत्यय of a सेट् धातु.

For अतनट् धातु, इट् - आगभ is prohibited for a a र्ऱादि-आधवधातुक प्रत्यय by sutra

एकाच उऩिेशे ऽनुिात्तात॥् 7/2/10.

If a dhatu is Anudatta(अनुदात्त) and contains only one Svara varna(एकाच)्, then

after such a dhatu वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम will not get इडागभ. Hence these

dhatus are called as अतनट् धातु.

Note – for details of seṭ, aniṭ and veṭ dhātu classifications see page-



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Dhatus are of classified into three types based on status of इट् - आगभ.

They are

A) सेट् धातु – Dhatus that allow इट् - आगभ are called सेट् धातु. Here इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is added at beginning of a वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. B) अतनट् धातु - Dhatus that does not allow इट् - आगभ are called अतनट् धातु. Here इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is not added at beginning of a वरादद-

आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. C) वेट् धातु - Dhatus that allow इट् - आगभ optionally are called वेट्धातु. Here इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is added optionally at beginning of a

वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम.

Hence by sutras 7/2/35 and 1/1/46, इट् agama (=इ) is added at the beginning

of a वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम.

For a Non वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम there won’t be इट् agama (=इ).

So even in आधमधातुक रकायs or आधमधातुक प्रत्मम

Only for र्ऱादि-आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs, dhatus are of three types viz. सेट्,

अतनट्, र्ेट्.

Whereas for Non-र्ऱादि-आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs (i.e. अजादि or यकारादि

आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs) dhatus are of only one Single group.



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Charts 1.4

Chart 1.4a

Chart 1.4b

धातु्

सेट् धातु् अतनट् धातु् वेट् धातु्

only for र्ऱादि- आधवधातुक ऱकारs or आधवधातुक प्रत्यय, dhatus are of three types viz. सेट्, अतनट्, र्ेट्.

सेट् अतनट् वेट्.

सेट्

अतनट्

only for वरादद- आधमधातकु रकायs or वरादद- आधमधातकु प्रत्ममs, dhatus are of

three types viz. सेट्, अतनट्, वेट्.

वेट्

अतनट्

सेट्



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Charts 1. 4c

For Non-र्ऱादि-आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs (i.e. अजादि or यकारादि आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs)

dhatus are of only one Single group.

धातु्

धातु्

For Non-वरादद-आधमधातकु प्रत्ममs (i.e. अजादद or मकायादद आधमधातकु प्रत्ममs),

dhatus are of only one Single group.



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List of सेट्, अतनट् and वेट् dhatus.

Note – Some important terms.

1.एकाच ्- A dhatu which contains only one (एक) Svara (अच=्vowel).

2.अनेकाच ्- A Dhatu which contains, more than one (अनेक) Svara(अच=्vowel) are called

अनेकाच ्dhatus.

3.अजन्त-धातु् -A dhatu which contains अच ्(svara) and its end is called अजन्त dhatu.

Eg. ब ूdhatu, here final letter of a dhatu is अच ्letter ऊ, so this is अजन्त.

4.हरन्त-धातु् - A dhatu which contains ह्र ्(vyanjana) and its end is called हरन्त dhatu.

Eg. ऩच ् dhatu, here final letter of a dhatu is ह्र ्letter च,् so this is हरन्त.

In Panini’s Ashtadhyayi इडागभ is prohibited to Anit dhatus by sutra

एकाच उऩदेश ेऽनदुात्तात॥् ७,२.१०॥

उऩदेश ेमो धातयेुकाजनदुात्तश्च तत आधमधातकुस्मेण्दन।

(उऩदेश,ेम् धातु् एकाच ्अनदुात्त् च, तत् [=तस्भात ्धातो् ] वरादे् आधमधातकुस्म इट् आगभो न बवतत।)

A dhatu, which is both एकाच ्and अनुदात्त् in dhatupata, will prohibits इट् -आगभ for a वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. Hence these Dhatus are called अतनट्.

Some rules to know सेि and अतनट् dhatus.

1. All अनेकाच ्dhatus are सेि only. -

Eg ; 1.जाग ृ– To be awake 2.ल्जऻास - Desire to know. 3 ऩादि – to teach.

2. Among एकाच ्dhatus all three ie. सेट्, अतनट् and वेट् are there.

The एकाच ्dhatus are divided as अजन्त and हरन्त.

A) Among एकाच ्अजन्त dhatus following list of dhatus given in karika below are सेट् dhatus



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ऊददॄन्तै् - मौतत-रु-क्ष्णु-शीङ्-स्न-ुन-ुऺ-ुल्श्व-डीङ्-ञश्रशब्।

वङृ्-विृ ्भ्माॊ षवना एकाच् अजन्तषे ुतनहता् स्भतृा् ॥

1 ऊदन्त मथा - ब ूसत्तामाभ ्(भ्वा0 ऩयस्भ0ै) दीघम-ऊकायान्त धातु्

2 कदन्त मथा - कॄ षवऺेऩ े(तदुा0 ऩयस्भ0ै) दीघम-ककायान्त धातु्

3 मौतत - म ुशभश्रणाऽशभश्रणमो् (अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

4 रु शब्दे (शब्द कयना, अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै), रुङ् गततयेषणमो् (भ्वा0 आत्भने0)

5 क्ष्ण ुतजेस े(अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

6 शीङ् स्वपन े(अदा0 आत्भने0)

7 स्न ु- ष्ण ुप्रस्रवणे (अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

8 न ु- ण ुस्ततुौ (अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

9 ऺ ु- दुऺ ुशब्दे (अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

10 ल्श्व - िु ओीँ ल्श्व गततवदृ्ध्मो् (भ्वा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

11 डीङ् षवहामसा गतौ (भ्वा0 ददवा0 आत्भने0)

12 ञश्रि ्सेमामाभ ्(भ्वा0 उबम0)

13 वङृ् सम्प्बक्तौ (क्र्मा0 आत्भने0)

14 विृ ्वयणे (स्वा0 उबम0)

All these एकाच ्अजन्त dhatus are सेट्. Other than these are अतनट् ie. They are एकाच ्अनदुात्त् धातु् , so इट् -आगभ will get prohibited by sutra 7/2/10.



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B) Among एकाच ्हरन्त dhatus following list of one hundred and three (103)dhatus given below are

अनदुात्त् धातु् . so इट् -आगभ will get prohibited by sutra 7/2/10. Hence they are called as अतनट्

dhatus.

1. ककारान्त धात ु– 1. शक् - शक्र ृशक्तौ 2. चकारान्त धात ु– 6. । (1) ऩच ्- डुऩचँष ्ऩाके । (2) मचु ्- मचुऱृँ मोऺणे । (3) ररच ्- ररचचर ्द्र्रेचन े। (4) र्च ्- र्च ऩररभाषणे । (6) ससच ्- द्षचँ ऺरणे । 3.छकायान्त – 1 - प्रच्छछ ऻीपसामाभ ्। 4.जकारान्त –15. (1) त्मज हानौ । (2) तनल्जय ्- णणल्जय ्शौचऩोषणमो् । (3) बजॉ सेवामाभ ्। (4) बञ्ज्ज ्- बञ्ज्जोँ आभदमने । (5) बजु ्- बजु ऩारनाऽभ्मवहायमो् । (6) भ्रस्जॉ ऩाके । (7) भस्ज ्- दभुस्जोँ शदु्धौ । (8) मजॉ देवऩजूा - सङ्गततकयण-दानेष ु। (9) मजु ्- मलु्जय ्मोग े। (10) रुज ्- रुजोँ बङ्ग े। (11) यञ्ज्जॉ यागे । (12) षवल्जय ्ऩथृग्बावे । (13) स्वञ्ज्ज ्- ष्वञ्ज्जॉँ॒ ऩरयष्वङ्गे । (14) सञ्ज्ज ्- षञ्ज्ज सङ्ग े। (15) सजृ षवसगे । 5. िकारान्तों 16. (1) अद बऺणे । (2) ऺुद् - ऺुददय ्सम्प्ऩेषणे । (3) णखद् - णखदॉँ॒ दैन्मे । (4) तछद् - तछददय ्द्वधैीकयणे । (5) तदुॉ व्मथन े। (6) नदु् - णुद प्रेयणे ।



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(7) ऩद्म - ऩदॉँ॒ गतौ । (8) शबद् - शबददय ्षवदायणे । (9) षवद्म - श्मन ्षवकयण । (10) षवनद् - श्नभ-्षवकयण, षवद् - षवदॉँ॒ षवचायणे । (11) षवन्द् - नभुागभ षवद् धात ु- षवद्रृॉ राबे । (12) शद् - शद्रृॉ शातने । (13) सद् - षद्रृॉ षवशयण-गत्मवसादनेष ु। (14) ल्स्वद्म - श्मन ्षवकयण ल्स्वद् धात ु- ञिल्ष्वदाॉ गात्रप्रऺयणे । (15) स्कन्द् - स्कल्न्दय ्गततशोषणमो् । (16) हदॉ ऩयुीषोत्सगे ।

6.धकारान्त 11. (1) िुध िोधे । (2) ऺुध फभुुऺ ामाभ ्। (3) फधु्म -श्मन ्षवकयण फधु ्धात ु-फधुॉँ॒ अवगभने । (4) फन्ध फन्धने । (5) मवुॉँ॒ सम्प्प्रहाये । (6) रुध ्- रुषवॉँ॒य ्आवयणे । (7) याध ्- याध सॊशसद्धौ । (8) व्मष ताडने । (9) शधु शौच े। (10) साध सॊशसद्धौ । (11) शसध्म - श्मन ्षवकयण - शसध ्धात ु- षषधु सॊयाद्धौ ।

7.नकारान्त 2. (1) भन्म - श्मन ्षवकयण -भन ्धात ु- भनॉँ॒ ऻाने । (2) हन दहॊसागत्मो् ।

8.ऩकारान्त 13. (1) आऩ ्- अपरृॉ व्मापतौ । (2) क्षऺऩ प्रेयणे । (3) छुऩ स्ऩश े। (4) तऩ ्- तऩ सन्ताऩ े। (5) ततऩ ्- ततऩृॉँ॒ ऺयणे । (6) तपृम - श्मन ्षवकयण - तऩृ ्धात ु- तऩृ प्रीणने । (7) दृपम- श्मन ्षवकयण - दृऩ ्धात ु- दृऩ हषमभोहनमो् । (8) शरऩॉ उऩदेहे ।



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(9) रऩु ्- रपुर ृछेदन े। (10) वऩ ्- डुवऩॉ फीजसन्ताने । (11) शऩ ्- शऩॉ अिोश े। (12) स्वऩ ्- ञिष्वऩ ्शमे । (13) सऩृ ्- सपृरृॉ गतौ । भकारान्त 3. (1) मब भथैुने । (2) यबॉँ॒ याबस्म े। (3) रब ्- डुरबॉष ्प्रापतौ । मकारान्त 4. (1) गभ - गम्प्रृॉ गतौ । (2) नभ ्- णभ प्रह्वत्वे शब्दे च । (3) मभ ्- मभुॉ उऩयभ े। (4) यभ ्- यभुॉ िीडामाभ ्। शकारान्त 10. (1) िुश आह्वाने योदने च । (2) दॊश दशन े। (3) ददश अततसऻमन े। (4) दृश ्- दृशशय ्प्रेऺणे । (5) भशृ श्राभशमने । (6) रुश दहॊसामाभ ्

(7) रुश रयश दहॊसामाभ ्। (8) शरशॉ अलऩीबावे । (9) षवश प्रवेशने । (10)स्ऩशृ सॊस्ऩश े। षकायान्त 11. (1) कृष षवरेखन े। (2) ल्त्वषॉ दीपतौ । (3) तषु प्रीती । (4) द्षवषॉ श्रप्रीतौ । (5) दषु वकृैत्मे । (6) ऩषु्म - श्मन ्षवकयण - ऩषु ्धात ु- ऩषु ऩषु्िौ । (7) षऩष ्- षऩष्रृॉ सञ्ज्चूणमने ।



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(8) षवष ्- षवष्रृॉ व्मापतौ । (9) शशष ्- शशष दहॊसामाभ ्। (10) शषु शोषणे । (11) ल्श्रष्म - श्मन ्षवकयण - ल्श्रष ्धात ु- ल्श्रष श्राशरङ्गने । सकायान्त 2. (1) धस ्- धस्रृॉ अदन े। (2) वसतत - बौवाददक वस ्धात ु- वस तनवास े। हकायान्त 8. (1) दह बस्भीकयणे । (2) ददहॉ उऩचमे । (3) दहुॉ प्रऩयूणे । (4) नह - णहॉ फन्धने । (5) शभह सेचने । (6) रुह फीजजन्भतन प्रादबुामवे च । (7) शरहॉ आस्वादन े। (8) वहॉ प्राऩणे । (1+6+1+15+16+11+2+13+3+4+10+11+2+8 =103) So these 103 एकाच ्हरन्त अनदुात्त् dhatus will not allow इट् -आगभ by sutra 7/2/10. Other than these are सेट् dhatus eg. खाद्, ऩठ्, शरख ्



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1.5. Classification of Dhatus into Two groups based on कभम.

Chart 1.5.

This is based on the sutra र् कभमणण च बावे चाकभमकेभ्म् 3-4-69

रकाया् सकभमकेभ्म् धातभु्म् कत्तमरय, कभमणण च अकभमकेभ्म् धातभु्म् कभमणण, बावे च बवल्न्त।

The Lakaras indicate karta and karma of a सकभमक dhatu and karta and Bhava of an अकभमक dhatu. Generally in a ततङन्तभ ्, dhatu denotes Kriya (action), whereas the ततङ् प्रत्मम denotes

I. कत्ताम in कत्तमरयप्रमोग् of both सकभमक and अकभमक dhatus.

II. कभम in कभमणणप्रमोग् of सकभमक dhatus only. III. बाव itself in बावेप्रमोग् of अकभमक dhatus only.

धातु

सकभमकधातु

कत्तमरयप्रमोग् कभमणणप्रमोग्

अकभमकधात ु

कत्तमरयप्रमोग् बावपे्रमोग्

This classification is for all 10रकायs, useful only in कभमणण प्रमोग् and बावेप्रमोग्. कभमणण प्रमोग् for सकभमकधातsु बावेप्रमोग् for अकभमकधातsु.



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1. सकभमकधातु are those dhatus which will have a कभम (object of किमा) separately in

second case (द्षवतीमा षवबल्क्त्)

In a sentence. Eg. याभ् ग्राभॊ गच्छछतत . Here ग्राभॊ is object कभम of Verb गच्छछतत.

So गभ ्धातु is सकभमक. Pratyaya तत indicates karta.

2. अकभमकधातु are those dhatus which will not have a कभम (object of किमा) separately in

second case (द्षवतीमा षवबल्क्त्).

In a sentence. Eg. याभ् बवतत । Here there is no object कभम of Verb बवतत.

So बूधातु is अकभमक.

3. कत्तमरयप्रमोग – Active voice – This is in the case of both सकभमकधातु & अकभमकधातु, here कताम will be in प्रथभाषवबल्क्त् & कभम in द्षवतीमाषवबल्क्त्.

Eg. याभ् यावणॊ हल्न्त । Here in kriyapadam हल्न्त, Pratyaya तत indicates karta.

4. कभमणणप्रमोग – Passive voice – This is only in the case of सकभमकधातु, here कताम will be

in ततृीमाषवबल्क्त् & कभम in प्रथभाषवबल्क्त्.

Eg.याभेण यावण् हन्मते।

Here in kriyapadam हन्मत,े pratyaya त ेindicates karma.

All other karaka will remain unchanged.

5. बावेप्रमोग – (Impersonal form)This is only in the case of अकभमकधातु.

Here कताम will be in ततृीमाषवबल्क्त् and since there is no कभम there won’t be first

case.

Eg. याभेण बूमते, गोषवन्देन स्थीमते In this बावेप्रमोग always the dhatu will be in प्रथभऩुरुष एकवचन only.

The word बाव् here means किमा/व्माऩाय् (Activity)

So बावेप्रमोग indicates only धात्वथम् i.e. activity.



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1.6. Summary of Classification of Dhatus and their uses.

Chart 1.6

धातु्

गण knowledge

like भ्वादद्, अदादद् etc.

useful for सावमधातुक रकाय (रट्, रोट्, रङ्, षवञधशरङ्) and सावमधातुकप्रत्ममs - शत ृ/ शानच-्

only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग्

इट् knowledge

ie. सेट्, अतनट् & वेट्

useful for all आधमधातुक रकाय (शरट्, रुट्, रटृ्, आशीशरमङ्, रुङ्, रङृ्) and for आधमधातुकप्रत्मम like तव्म

etc. both in कत्तमरय and कभमणणप्रमोग्

ऩयस्भैऩदी, आत्भनेऩदी,

उबमऩदी

useful only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग् for all 10 lakaras

and शत ृ/ शानच ्प्रत्ममा्

All धातुs are आत्भनेऩदी only in

कभमणण and बावेप्रमोग

सकभमक अकभमक useful for कभमणण प्रमोग /बावेप्रमोग

for all 10 lakaras



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Example 1 : ब ूसत्तामाभ ्

Example 2 : मज देवऩजूासङ्गततकयणदानेष ु

धातु् ब ू

भ्वाददगण useful forरट्, रोट्, रङ्, षवञधशरङ् -सावमधातुकरकाया् in

kartari prayoga only.

सेट्

useful for शरट्, रुट्, रटृ्, आशीशरमङ्, रुङ्,रङृ् -

आधमधातुकरकाया् both in kartare and karmani prayoga.

अकभमक useful for bhava

prayogah

ऩयस्भैऩदी useful for all 10

lakaras in kartari prayoga only.

in karmani/ bhave, all dhatus are Atmanepadi only, in all 10 lakaras.

So this is also Atmanipadi .

धातु् मज ्



अतनट्


आधमधातुकरकाया् both in kartari and karmani prayoga.

सकभमक useful for karmani

prayogah

उबमऩदी useful for all 10






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Example 3 : जाग ृतनद्राऺमे

Example 4: डुरबष ्प्रापतौ

धातु् जाग ृ

अदाददगण useful forरट्, रोट्, रङ्, षवञधशरङ् -सावमधातुकरकाया् in


सेट्


आधमधातुकरकाया् both in kartari and karmani prayoga.

अकभमक useful for bhava

prayogah

ऩयस्भैऩदी useful for all 10




धातु् रब ्



अतनट्


आधमधातुकरकाया् both in kartare and karmani prayoga.

सकभमक useful for karmani

prayogah

आत्भनेऩदी useful for all 10

lakaras in kartare prayoga only.





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List of sutras used.

सावमधातुके मक् 3-1-67

कतमरय शऩ ् 3-1-68

ददवाददभ्म् श्मन ्3-1-69 स्वाददभ्म् श्नु् 3-1-73 तुदाददभ्म् श् 3-1-77

रुधाददभ्म् श्नभ ्3-1-78

तनाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् उ् 3-1-79

क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना 3-1-81

अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् 2-4-72

जुहोत्माददभ्म् श्रु् 2-4-75 आधमधातुकस्मेड् वरादे् 7-2-35

आद्मन्तौ िककतौ 1/ 1/46 . एकाच उऩदेश ेऽनुदात्तात॥् रसक_४७७ = ऩा_७,२.१०॥2246



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ॐ Section 2

Classification of Pratyayas of Third chapter of Ashtadhyayi



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Note – 1.शशत ्pratyaya - A pratyaya which contains श ्as इत ्वणम is called शशत ्pratyaya.

2.षऩत ्- A pratyaya which contains ऩ ्as इत ्वणम is called षऩत.्

3.अषऩत ्- A pratyaya which doesn’t contain ऩ ्as इत ्वणम is called अषऩत.्

अषऩत ्means षऩत ्शबन्न = Nonषऩत.्

4.ककत ्pratyaya - A pratyaya which contains क् as इत ्वणम is called ककत ्pratyaya.

5.ङङत ्pratyaya - A pratyaya which contains ङ् as इत ्वणम is called ङङत ्pratyaya.

Classification of Pratyayas of Third chapter of Ashtadhyayi –

2.1 Classification as Sarvadhatukam and Ardhadhutakam

These pratyayas are broadly classified as Sarvadhatukam and Ardhadhutakam bassed on sutras

ततङ्शशत्सावमधातकुभ ्3/4/113 and आधमधातकुॊ शषे् 3/4/114.

Chart 2.1

अष्िाध्मामी ततृीमाध्मामे प्रत्ममs

सावमधातुकभ ्

By sutra

ततङ्शशत्सावमधातुकभ ्3/4/113

see chart 2

आधमधातुकभ ्

By sutra

see chart 3



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2.2 - Classification Sarvadhatuka pratyayas.

ततङ्शशत्सावमधातकुभ ्3/4/113 pratyayas

By this sutra ततङ्9 and शशत ्are called Sarvadhatukam.

a) ततङ् pratyayas that is रट्, रोट्, रङ्, षवञधशरङ् are called Sarvadhatukam. So these 4 lakaras are also called as सावमधातकुरकायs.

b) शशत ्pratyaya – This is also called सावमधातकुभ.् Eg. शत ृpratyaya. - Here श ्is इत ्वणम by sutra रशक्वतषद्धत1े0 1/3/8, so it is a शशत ्pratyaya. Hence Sarvadhatuka.

Note – सावमधातकुभ ्= सावमधातकुप्रत्ममs + सावमधातकुरकायs. Any one will include other also. All are used as synonymously.

Chart 2.2

9 For details of ततङ् see book padam tin prakaranam.

10 For this sutra see book Padam - it prakaranam.

सावमधातुक - प्रत्मम् ततङ्शशत्सावमधातुकभ ्3/4/113

ततङ्

रट्, रोट्,

रङ्, षवञधशरङ्

शशत ्

शत ृ& शानच ्



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Chart 2.2a – Classification of Sardhatuka pratyayas as षऩत ्and अषऩत.्

The Sarvadhatuka pratyayas are further classified as षऩत ्and अषऩत,् this classification is useful for Guna operations. This based on following sutras.

सावमधातकुभषऩत ्1/2/4 A अषऩत ्Sarvadhatuka pratyaya is considered as ङङत.्

ल्क्क्ङतत च 1-1-5. The ककत,् ञगत ्and ङङत ्pratyayas will stop Guna and Vridhhi of इक11 letters in a dhatu12.

So all Sarvadhatuka अषऩत ्which are ङङत ्by 1/2/4, will stop Guna and Vriddhi by 1/1/5.

Whereas all Sarvadhatuka षऩत ्will not stop Guna and Vriddhi.

11

इक् means इ/ ई, उ/ ऊ, ऋ / क, ऌ. 12

To be more precise it should be अङ्ग, but for easy understanding we are using dhatu directly.

सावमधातुक - प्रत्मम्

षऩत ्

ततऩ ्(= तत) etc.

This is षऩत ्, so allows Guna.

अषऩत ्(= non षऩत)्

तस ्(त्),शत ृ& शानच ्etc.

These are nonषऩत ्,so no Guna.

अषऩत ् will become ङङत ्and stops guna.



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1. Example of a षऩत ्pratyaya. Consider pratyaya ततऩ ्this is a ततङ् pratyaya of रट्. In ततऩ,् ऩ ्is a इत ्वणम by sutra हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/313 and इत ्letter ऩ ्gets lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in ततऩ,् तत alone remains. So ततऩ(्=तत) is Sarvadhatuka by 3/4/113 and also a षऩत ्pratyaya. Consider sutra सवमधातकुाधामतकुमो् 7/3/84 which says if an अङ्ग (Anga) contains इक् letter at its end and followed by a Sarvadhatukam or Ardhatukam, then such a इक् letter will replaced by its suitable Guna. A) इण ्गतौ here dhatu is इ in the sense of motion. It’s prathama purusha

ekavachana roopam is as follows

इ + ततऩ ् 7/3/84 guna ए तत एतत B) जाग ृ ततऩ ् 7/3/84 guna जागय ् तत जागतत म

13

For details of it and this sutra see Padam it prakarana.

Since this is a षऩत ्pratyaya this won’t stop guna

of sutra 7/3/84, so इ gets replaced by ए.



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2. All अषऩत ्(= non षऩत)् pratyayas will not allow Guna to take place, even if there is a provision.

Here first अषऩत ्pratyayas will become ङङत ्by sutra सावमधातकुभषऩत ्1/2/4, being ङङत ्it will stop guna by sutra ल्क्क्ङतत च 1-1-5. So अषऩत ्pratyayas will not allow Guna to happen. Eg. 1. जाग ृ+ तस ् जाग ृ त् जागतृ् 2. Here also no guna.

इ + तस ् इ + त् इत्

Since this is a अषऩत,् so will not allow Guna.



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2.3 – Classification of Ardhadhatuka pratyayas as ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas and Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्pratyayas.

Ardhadhatukam is defined by sutra आधमधातकुॊ शषे् 3/4/114. A pratyaya which is not a Sarvadhatuka is called Ardhatuka.

a) Lakaras शरट्, रटु्, रटृ्, आशीशरमङ् रङु्, रङृ् are Ardhatukas, so they are also called as Ardhadhatuka Lakaras.

b) All pratyayas which are Non शशत ्will be Ardhadhatukas. eg. तव्म, क्त्वा, तभुनु ्etc.

Chart 2.3

आधमधातकुभ ्

शरट्, रटु्, रटृ्,

आशीशरमङ्, रङु्, रङृ्

आधमधातकुरकाय

non शशत ्

ककत ्/ ङङत ्

No Guna or Vridhhi

नी + क्त = नीतभ ्

Non ककत ्/Nonङङत ्

Others

will cause Guna

eg.तव्म, तभुनु ्etc.

नी+तव्म = नेतव्मभ ्

ञित ्/ णणत ्

Will cause Vriddhi

ऩच ्+ घि ् = ऩाक् नी + ण्दवरु ्= नामक्



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2.3a. Classification of Non शशत ्Ardhadhatuka as ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas

1. Again these Non शशत ्Ardhadhatuka are classified as ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas and Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्pratyayas.

2. This classification helps us to understand Guna & Vriddhi.

The ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas will not allow Guna and vridhi to take place, i.e. they will stop Guna Vriddhi by sutra ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.

eg. नी dhatu and क्त pratyaya, since pratyaya is Ardhadhatuka and is ककत ्there won’t be guna for dhatu.

chart 2.3a.

नी + क्त नी + त नी त नीतभ ्

Non शशत ्आधमधातुकभ ्

ककत ्/ ङङत ्

No Guna or Vridhhi




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2.3b. classification of Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्into ञित ्/ णणत ्and other pratyayas.

i. The ञित ्/ णणत ्pratyayas will allow Vriddhi to take place if there is a provision.

Eg. 1. ब ू+ घि ्= बौ अ = बाव ्अ = बाव , here घि(्=अ) is ञित,् so vriddhi of dhatu’s ऊ. Vriddhi of ऊ is औ. Eg.2. नी + ण्दवरु ्= नी + अक = न ्ई +अक = न+ैअक = नाम ्अक = नामक् . Here ण्दवरु ्(=अक) is णणत.् So Vriddhi of dhatu’s ई, Vriddhi of ई is ऐ.

ii. Other pratyayas will allow only guna to take place, if there is a provision.

Eg.1. नी + तव्म = ने+ तव्म = नेतव्मभ.् Here तव्म is Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत,् so other Ardhadhatuka pratyaya, so guna. Guna of ई is ए . Eg.2. श्र ु+ तभुन ्= श्रु + तभु ्= श्रो + तभु ्= श्रोतभु ्. Here तभुन ्is Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत.् so other Ardhadhatuka pratyaya, so Guna. Guna of उ is ओ.



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Chart 2.3b.

Non शशत ्आधमधातुकभ ्

Non ककत ्/Nonङङत ्

Others

will cause Guna

eg.तव्म, तुभुन ्etc.

नी+तव्म = नेतव्मभ ्

ञित ्/ णणत ्

Will cause Vriddhi

ऩच ्+ घि ् = ऩाक् नी + ण्दवुर ्= नामक्



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2. 3c. Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातकुभ ्as ककत ्and ङङत ्to stop Guna गणु / Vriddhi वषृद्ध of इक् वणमs and also सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्(sutra 1/1/45) of मण ्वणमs of a धातु् or an अङ्गभ ्

.

Chart 2.3c.

ककत ्/ ङङत ्- आधमधातकु प्रत्मम.

ककत ्

stops Guna and Vriddhi


सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्- Samprasaranam वऩ ्क्त्वा =उऩ ्त्वा

=उपत्वा

ङङत ्stops Guna and Vriddhi and other functions

like ई आदेश etc.

अध्मगा स ्त = अध्मगीष्ि by 6/4/66. This is

beyond scope of this book, just

given for sake of example.



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2.3d - Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातुकभ ्as वरादद and अवरादद for sake of इट्

आगभ –

Note-

1. र्ऱ ् is a प्रत्माहाय which contains all Vyanjanas expect मकाय.

so वर ्= हर ्- म ् = व्मञ्ज्जन – मकाय.

2. र्ऱादि आधवधातुक प्रत्यय If वर-्वणम is at beginning of a आधमधातुक प्रत्मम then it

is called वरादद आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. Eg. तव्म, तुभुन ्etc.

3. इट् is an आगभ (Augmentive) which is added at the beginning of a prescribed

pratyaya. In इट् only इ remains, because ट् is इत्.

I. इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is added at beginning of a

वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम if dhatu is a सेट् धातु. II. इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is not added at beginning of a

वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम if dhatu is a अतनट् धातु. III. इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is added at beginning of a

वरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम if dhatu is a वेट् धातु.



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Chart 2.3d. Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातुकभ ् as वरादद and अवरादद for sake of

इट् आगभ –

आधमधातुक प्रत्मम

वरादद आधमधातुक प्रत्मम

इट् - आगभ for सेट् धातु

eg. तव्म- प्रत्मम बू + तव्मभ ्

= बू + इतव्मभ ्

= बषवतव्मभ.्

Non-वरादद-आधमधातुक-प्रत्मम (=मकायाददप्रत्मम

& अजादद प्रत्मम)

NO इट् - आगभ for अतनट् धातु

Eg. मत ्प्रत्मम ब+ूमत ्= बव+्म = बव्मभ.्

eg. अनीमय ्प्रत्मम. ब+ूअनीमय ्= बव ्अनीम =

बवनीमभ ्



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2.4. Summary of Classification of pratyayas and their uses.

Chart 1.6

प्रत्मम

knowledge of

सावमधातुक

useful for सावमधातुक रकाय (रट्, रोट्, रङ्, षवञधशरङ्) and सावमधातुकप्रत्ममs - शत ृ/ शानच-्

only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग्

knowledge of

आधमधातुक.

useful for इट् - आगभ ,

for all सेट्, अतनट्,वेट् dhatus, both in कत्तमरय and कभमणणप्रमोग्

knowledge of ऩयस्भैऩद, आत्भनेऩद for all 10 lakaras

and शत ृ/शानच ्प्रत्ममा्

सकभमक अकभमक useful for कभमणण प्रमोग /बावेप्रमोग .

knowledge of ककत ् Guna prohibition and Samprasaranam

knowledge of ङङत ् Guna prohibition

knowledge of षऩत ् Allows Guna in sarvadhatuka.

knowledge of अषऩत ् stops Guna in sarvaddhatuka.

ञित ्/ णणत ् Allows Vriddhi



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धातुऩािस्थाधातु् 1/3/2

धातु्

+ ततङ्

ततङन्तभ ्

किमाऩदभ ्/ ऩदभ ्

Ready for use in a sentence.

+ कृत ्

कृदन्तभ ्

प्राततऩददकभ ्

+ सुँऩ ्

सुफन्तभ ्

ऩदभ/् नाभऩदभ ्

Ready for use in a sentence.

+ सनाददप्रत्मम

सनाद्मन्त्

धातु् 3/1/32



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प्राततऩददकभ ्

अव्मुत्ऩन्न प्राततऩददकभ ्

सफुन्तभ ्

कृदन्तभ ्

तद्धतान्तम ्

Some pratyayas

like काम्प्मच,् क्मच ् etc. are

added to

subanta to get

new Dhatu by

Two or more Subantas, syntactically

connected, will undergo samasa

and become a single pratipadika

तषद्धतप्रत्ममा् Add

सुऩ ्

व्मतु्ऩन्न

अव्मतु्ऩन्न



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ॐ

Section 3

Lakara tables.

ऱकार प्रत्यय



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Lakara tables.

रट् रकाय् ऩयस्भैऩदप्रत्ममा् एकवचनभ ् द्षववचनभ ् फहुवचनभ ्

प्रथभऩुरुष् तत त् अल्न्त

भध्मभऩुरुष् शस थ् थ

उतभऩुरुष् शभ व् भ्

रट् रकाय् आत्भनेऩदप्रत्ममा् एकवचनभ ् द्षववचनभ ् फहुवचनभ ्

प्रथभऩुरुष् ते इत े अन्ते भध्मभऩुरुष् से इथ े ध्वे उतभऩुरुष् इ वहे भहे

रङ् रकाय् ऩयस्भैऩदप्रत्ममा् एकवचनभ ् द्षववचनभ ् फहुवचनभ ्

प्रथभऩुरुष् त ् ताभ ् अन ्

भध्मभऩुरुष् स ् तभ ् त

उतभऩुरुष् अभ ् व भ



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रट् रकाय् ऩयस्भऩैदप्रत्ममा्

तत त् अल्न्त

शस थ् थ

शभ व् भ्



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ॐ

Section 4

Few कृत ् प्रत्ययs



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तव्म/ अनीम

तव्मत्तव्मानीमय् 3-1-96

अन0ु - धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - धातो् तव्मत ्तव्म अनीमय ्इत्मेत ेप्रत्ममा् बवल्न्त ।

The pratyayas तव्मत,् तव्म and अनीमय ्come after verbal roots, in the sense of कभमणण (passive) and

बावे (impersonal).

उदा0 - कँ॒ त्तमँ॒ व्मोभ ्। कँ॒ त्तमव्मोभ ्। कँ॒ यँ॒णीमभ ्।

याभेण ऩसु्तकाणण ऩदितव्मातन / ऩिनीमातन

In तव्मत,् त ्is इत,् so तव्म remains.

In तव्म no इत,् so तव्म remains.

In अनीमय,् य ्is इत,् so अनीम remains.

Not e - तव्मत ्/ तव्म = तव्म, though these two are same for all practical purpose, but difference in इत ्varna त ्is useful only in svara prakriya.

All these three are अशशत,् so Ardhadhatuka by sutra 3/1/114.

All these three are अककत/्अङङत ्(= nonककत ्/ nonङङत)्, so won’t stop guna. So guna takes place for

dhatus by sutra 7/3/84 and 7/3/86.

The तव्मत ्& तव्म contains त ्at beginning, which is a वर ्letter, so both are वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम.

So takes इट् आगभ for सेट् dhatus, by sutra 7/2/35.



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Example – 1.Consider ल्ज dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense

of कभमणण after ल्ज.

ल्ज + तव्म जेतव्म

तव्मत ्/ तव्म = तव्म

अशशत ्, so Ardhatuka by 3/1/114

अककत ्/अङङत ्- hence allows guna by 7/3/84 and 86.

वराददप्रत्मम - so इट् आगभ by 7/2/35

for सेट् dhatus.

सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is a must

अनीमय ्(अनीम)



अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use.

Though तव्म is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. तव्म is अककत/्अङङत.् allows guna , so by 7/3/84 guna.



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Example – 2.Consider ल्ज dhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after ल्ज.

ल्ज + अनीम जे अनीम

जे अनीम जम ्अनीम = जमनीम

Example – 3.Consider ब ूdhatu, which is अकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense of बावे after बू. ब ू+ तव्म बो इतव्म

बो इतव्म बव ्इतव्म = बषवतव्म

Example – 4.Consider ब ूdhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after बू. ब ू+ अनीम बो अनीम

बो अनीम बव ्अनीम = बवनीम.

अनीम is a non वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत.् allows guna , so by 7/3/84 guna.

अमादद सल्न्ध 6/1/78 ए becomes अम ्

तव्म is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम and is अककत/्अङङत.् So by 7/2/35 इट् agama and by 7/3/84 guna.

अमादद सल्न्ध 6/1/78 ओ becomes अव ्

अनीम is a non वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत,् allows guna, so by 7/3/84 guna..

अमादद सल्न्ध 6/1/78

ओ becomes अव ्



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Example – 5.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense

of कभमणण after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ तव्म स्भय ्+ तव्म = स्भतमव्म

Example – 6.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ अनीम स्भय ्अनीम = स्भयणीम14

Example – 7.Consider शरख ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense of कभमणण after शरख.् शरख ्+ तव्म रेख ्इतव्म = रेणखतव्म. Example – 8.Consider शरख ्dhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after शरख.्

शरख ्+ अनीम रेख ्अनीम = रेखनीम

14

Here न ्becomes ण ् due to presence of य ्by sutra 8/4/2.

Though तव्म is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. तव्म is अककत/्अङङत.् allows guna , so by 7/3/84 guna.

अनीम is a non वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत.् allows guna, so by 7/3/84 guna.


अनीम is a non वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत,् so allows guna, so by 7/3/86 guna.



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Example –9.Consider भदु् dhatu, which is अकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense of बावे after भदु्. भदु् + तव्म भोद् इतव्म = भोददतव्म Example –10. Consider भदु् dhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after भदु्.

भुद् + अनीम भोद् अनीम = भोदनीम

Similarly कृ कतमव्मभ/् कयणीम ऩठ् ऩदितव्मभ,् ऩिनीमभ ् ऩच ् ऩक्तव्मभ ्/ ऩचनीमभ ्

All तव्म-प्रत्ममान्तशब्द and अनीमय-्प्रत्ममान्तशब्दs in ऩुल्लरङ्ग will be like याभशब्द, in स्त्रीशरङ्ग will be like यभाशब्द, in नऩुॊसकशरङ्ग will be like परशब्द.

कृ = कतमव्म्/कतमव्मा/कतमव्मभ ्and कयणीम्/कयणीमा / कयणीमभ ्.

ब ू= बषवतव्म् / बषवतव्मा /बषवतव्मभ ्and बवनीम् / बवनीमा / बवनीमभ.्


अनीम is a non वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत,् so allows guna, so by 7/3/86 guna.



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ण्दवुर ्& तचृ ्

ण्दवुलतचृौ 3/1/133

धातुभ्म् णुवलतचृौ प्रत्ममौ बवत् कत्रमथे

The pratyaya ण्दवुर ्and तचृ ्are placed after all dhatus in the sense of karta(agent).

उदा0 - कायक्, हायक्, ऩािक् । कताम, हताम, ऩदिता ।

Consider ण्दवुर,् here both ण ्and र ्are इत ्by 1/3/7 and 1/3/8 वु remains and this व ुbecomes अक by sutra 7/1/1.

So ण्दवुर ्= वु = अक. This is अशशत ्so sarvadhatuka by 3/1/114, णणत ्allows vriddhi, अवराददप्रत्मम so no इट् आगभ by 7/2/35, hence knowledge of सेट् अतनट् and वेट् is of no use.

तचृ ्= त.ृ Here च ्is इत ्by 1/3/3.

This is अशशत ्so Ardhatuka, Also अककत ्/अङङत ्hence doesn’t stops guna, that is allows guna of sutras 7/3/84 & 86. Also वराददप्रत्मम, so इट् आगभ by 7/2/35 for सेट् dhatus, hence knowledge of सेट् अतनट् and वेट् is a must.

मवुोयनाकौ 7/1/1

म ुव ुइतत एतमो् िभाद् अन अक इत्मेतौ आदेशौ बवत्

म ुwill be replaced by अन and व ुwill be replaced by अक.

Eg –1.Consider लमटु्, here र ्and ट् are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/7,म ुremains and becomes अन. So लमटु् = अन.

2. Consider ण्दवरु,् here both ण ्and र ्are इत ्by 1/3/7 & 8, व ुremains and becomes अक. So ण्दवरु ्= अक.



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Example – 1.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-133, ण्दवरु ्is added in

sense of कतमरय after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ ण्दवरु ् by 7/1/1 स्भ ृ+ अक = स्भ ्ऋ + अक

स्भ ्आय ्+ अक = स्भायक

ण्दवुर ् = अक

अशशत ्so Ardhatuka by 3/1/114

णणत ् - hence Vriddhi by 7/2/115 and 116.

अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट्

knowledge is of no use.

तचृ ्= त ृ






ण्दवुर ्is अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use.

णणत ्- so vriddhi by 7/2/115. Vriddhi of ऋ is आय.्



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Example – 2.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-133, तचृ ्is added

in sense of कतमरय after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ त ृunder this condition though त ृis a वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but being अतनट्, there won’t be इट् agama by 7/2/35.

स्भ ृ+ त ृ स्भय ्+ त ृ = स्भतृम

Example – 3.Consider ऩठ् dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-133, ण्दवरु ्is added in sense

of कतमरय.

ऩठ् + ण्दवरु ् by 7/1/1 ऩठ् + अक = ऩ ्अ ठ् + अक

ऩ ्आ ठ् + अक = ऩािक Example – 4.Consider ऩठ् dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-133, तचृ ्is added in

sense of कतमरय

ऩठ् + त ृunder this condition though त ृis a वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, dhatu being सेट्, there will be इट् agama by 7/2/35. ऩठ् + इ त ृ= ऩठ् + इत ृ

ऩठ् + इत ृ ऩदित ृ

अककत/्अङङत ्Ardhadhatuka, allows guna. So by 7/3/84 guna. So ऋ = अय ्

ण्दवुर ्is अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use.

णणत ्so उऩधा vriddhi by 7/2/116. Vriddhi of अ is आ.

No इक् letters in dhatu so no guna provision.



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Similarly ऩाचक / ऩक्त ृ. नी dhatu नामक/ नेत ृ. कृ dhatu कायक/ कतृम शरख ्dhatu रेखक/रेणखत ृ

All ण्दवरु ्-प्रत्ममान्तशब्द in ऩलु्लरङ्ग will be like याभशब्द. so ऩाचक् नामक् कायक् रेखक् etc.

In स्त्रीशरङ्ग they will get इका at the end and become as ऩाञचका नातमका रेणखका कारयका and forms will be like यभाशब्द,

In नऩुॊसकशरङ्ग forms will be like परशब्द. so ऩाचकभ ्नामकभ ् कायकभ ्रेखकभ ्

All तचृ ्-प्रत्ममान्तशब्द in ऩुल्लरङ्ग are ऋकायान्तशब्द ऩक्त ृनेत ृकतृम रेणखत.ृ

In स्त्रीशरङ्ग they will get at the end and become as ऩक्त्री, नेत्री कत्री and forms will be like नदीशब्द.

In नऩुॊसकशरङ्ग also forms will be ऋकायान्तशब्द ऩक्त ृनेत ृकतृम रेणखत.ृ



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क्त / क्तवतुॉ pratyayas

1-1-26 क्तक्तवत ूतनष्िा .

अथम् - क्तक्तवत ूप्रत्ममौ तनष्िासॊऻकौ बवत् ।

उदा0 - ऩदित्, ऩदितवान ्। ञचत् ञचतवान ्। स्ततु् स्ततुवान ्। शबन्न् शबन्नवान ्। ऩक्व् ऩक्ववान ्।

The affixes क्त and क्तवतुॉ are called Nishtha. क्तवतुॉ तवत ्

Here in क्त - क् is इत ्by 1/3/8, so क्त = त. In क्तवतुॉ both क् and उॉ are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/2 respectively. So क्तवतुॉ = तवत.्

3-2-102 तनष्िा अन0ु - बतू,े धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - धातो् बतू ेकार ेतनष्िाप्रत्मम् ऩयश्च बवतत । क्तक्तवत ूतनष्िा (1/1/26) इत्मनेध तनष्िा सॊऻा कृता तौ तनष्िासॊऻकौ प्रत्ममौ बतू ेकारे बवत् ।

The pratyayas called तनष्िा come after a dhatu, employed with the sense of past tense.

उदा0 - शबन्न्, शबन्नवान ्। बकु्त्, बकु्तवान ्। कृत्, कृतवान ्।

The तनष्िा pratyays viz. क्त and क्तवतुॉ are used in sense of past tense and are called as past

participle in English.

क्त is used in कभमणण (passive) and बावे (impersonal).

Where as क्तवतुॉ is used in sense of कतमरय (active).

क्त / क्तवतुॉ


ककत ्- hence stops guna by

ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5 and does samprasarana by 6/1/15.



सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is a must.



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Example – 1.Consider ल्ज dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-2-102, क्त is added in sense of कभमणण or क्तवतुॉ in कतमरय after ल्ज.

ल्ज + क्त ल्ज + त = ल्जत

Similarly ल्ज + क्तवतुॉ ल्ज + तवत ्= ल्जतवत ्

Example – 2.Consider शरख ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-2-102, क्त is added in sense of कभमणण or क्तवतुॉ in कतमरय after शरख ्. शरख ्+ क्त शरख ्इत = शरणखत Similarly शरख ्+ क्तवतुॉ शरख ्+ इतवत ्= शरणखतवत ्

Though क्त/क्तवतुॉ is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. क्त्वा is ककत,् so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.

क्त/क्तवतुॉ is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, So by 7/2/35 इट् agama. क्त/क्तवतुॉ is ककत,् so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.



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Example – 3.Consider वच ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-2-102, क्त is added in sense of कभमणण or क्तवतुॉ in कतमरय after वच.्

वच ्+ क्त वच1्5 + त

उ च ्त उ क् त = उक्त

Similarly वच ्+ क्तवतुॉ = उ क् तवत ्= उक्तवत.्

ल्ज dhatu - ल्जत्/ ल्जतभ ्/ ल्जता. ल्जतवत ्/ ल्जतवती / ल्जतवत ् शरख ्dhatu – शरणखत्/ शरणखतभ/् शरणखता. शरणखतवत ्/ शरणखतवती / शरणखतवत ्

ऩठ् dhatu – ऩदित् / ऩदिता / ऩदितभ ्. ऩदितवत ्/ ऩदितवती / ऩदितवत ् वच ्dhatu - उक्त् / उक्तभ ्/ उक्ता. उक्तवत ्/ उक्तवती / उक्तवत.्

Example sentences –

यभमा ऩुस्तकभ ्ऩदितभ ्

याभेण ऩुस्तकातन ऩदितातन

याभ् ऩुस्तकभ ्ऩदितवान ्

यभा ऩुस्तकभ ्ऩदितवती

15

For details of samprasaram see 1/1/46, 6/1/15 and 6/1/108 page 9 and 10.


By वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15 and सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 samprasaranam takes place व becomes उ

Here च ्becomes क्



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तुभुन ्pratyaya

तुभुन्ण्दवुरौ किमामाॊ किमाथाममाभ ्3-3-10

किमाथाम किमा - An action intended for the future action.

उऩऩद - conjunction

किमाथाममाभ ्किमामाभ ्उऩऩदे बषवष्मत्मथे धातो् तुभुन ्ण्दवुर ्इत्मेतौ प्रत्ममौ बवत् ।

The तभुनु ् and ण्दवरु ्pratyaya are added to a dhatu in the sense of future, which is used in conjuction

with an action intended for the future action.

Example - ऩदितभु ्गच्छछतत He is going for the purpose of reading.

Here गच्छछतत is a किमाथाम किमा, which is intended for reading and which is in conjunction (उऩऩद) with the dhatu ऩठ्. So तभुनु ्is added to ऩठ्, we get ऩदितभु.्

In तभुुॉन ्pratyaya उॉ and न ् are इत ्by 1/3/2 and 1/3/3. So तभु ्remains.

तुभुॉन ्= तुभ ्








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Example – 1.Consider ल्ज dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-3-10, तभुुॉन ्= तभु ्is added.

ल्ज + तभुुॉन ् जे + तभु ्= जेतभु ्

Example – 2.Consider शरख ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-3-10, तभुुॉन ्= तभु.् शरख ्+ तभु ् रेख ्इतुभ ्= रेणखतुभ ् Example – 3. Consider वच ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-3-10, तभुुॉन ्= तभु ्is added.

वच ्+ तभुुॉन ् वक् + तभु ्= वक्तभु ्

Similarly स्भतुमभ ्कतुमभ ्बषवतभु ्ऩदितभु ्श्रोतभु ्ऩातभु ्दातभु ्etc.

All तभुनु-्प्रत्ममान्त-शब्दs are अव्ममs (indeclinables).

So in all three lingas, in all 7 vibhaktis and 3vachanas, they will have the same form.

An अव्मम is called as indeclinable in English.

An indeclinable is a word which is same in all 3lingas 3vachanas and 7 vibhaktis.

Though तुभुॉन ्is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. तुभुॉन ्is अककत ्/अङङत,् so allows guna by 7/3/84.

तुभुॉन ्is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, So by 7/2/35 इट् agama. तुभुॉन ्is अककत ्/अङङत,् so allows guna by 7/3/86.

Though तुभुॉन ्is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. Here च ्becomes क्



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क्त्वा pratyaya

सभानकतृमकमो् ऩवूमकारे 3-4-21

सभानकतृमकमो् धात्वथममो् ऩवूमकारे षवद्मभानाद् धातो् क्त्वा स्मात ्।

Pratyaya क्त्वा is added after a dhatu which denotes purva kriya (prior action) relative

to some subsequent action provided when karta of both kriyas (action) are same.

When a same karta does two kriyas in sequence, the purva kriya gets त्वा prtayaya.

Here in क्त्वा - क् is इत ्by 1/3/8, so क्त्वा = त्वा.

Example – 1.Consider ल्ज dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-4-21, क्त्वा is added after ल्ज.

ल्ज + क्त्वा ल्ज + त्वा = ल्जत्वा

क्त्वा = त्वा


ककत ्- hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5 and does samprasarana by 6/1/15.



सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is a must.

Though क्त्वा is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. क्त्वा is ककत,् so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.



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Example – 2.Consider शरख ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-4-21 क्त्वा is added after शरख ्. शरख ्+ क्त्वा शरख ्इ त्वा = शरणखत्वा

Example – 3.Consider वच ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-4-21 क्त्वा is added after वच.्

वच ्+ क्त्वा वच1्6 + त्वा

उ च ्त्वा उ क् त्वा = उक्त्वा

Similarly कतुमभ ्कृत्वा श्रुत्वा स्भतृ्वा ऩदित्वा etc.

All क्त्वा -प्रत्ममान्त-शब्दs are अव्ममs (indeclinables).

16


क्त्वा is वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, So by 7/2/35 इट् agama. क्त्वा is ककत ्, so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.


By वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15 and सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 samprasaranam takes place व becomes उ




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घि ्pratyaya

बावे 3-3-18

अन0ु - घि,् धातो् प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - बावे - धात्वथम वाच्छमे धातोघमि ्प्रत्ममो बवतत ।

उदा0 - ऩाक्, त्माग्, याग् । बाव Bhava means धात्वथम means mere action.

The affix घि ्comes after a root when mere action is denoted.

Here in घि ्(= घ ्अ ि)् घ ्& ि ्are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/7 so घि ्= अ.

Example – 1.Consider ऩठ् dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-3-18, घि ्is added in sense of

बावे.

ऩठ् + घि ् ऩठ् + अ = ऩ ्अ ठ् + अ

ऩ ्आ ठ् + अ = ऩाि = ऩाि्

घि=् अ


ञित ् - hence Vriddhi by 7/2/115 and 116.

अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ.

सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use.

ण्दवुर ्is अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use. ञित ्so उऩधा vriddhi by 7/2/116. Vriddhi of अ is आ.



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Example – 2.Consider ब ूdhatu, When by 3-3-18, घि ्is added in sense of बावे. ब ू+ घि ् ब ्औ अ

ब ्औ अ ब ्आव ्अ = बाव ्अ = बाव = बाव्

Similarly नश ्- नाश्, फधु ्- फोध् .

मज ्- माग् मजु ् -मोग् ऩच ्ऩाक् त्मज ् - त्माग्17

All घि ्-प्रत्ममान्त-शब्दs are like याभशब्द.

17

observe here all चवगम varnas beomes corresponding कवगम varnas.

घि ्is अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use. घि ्is ञित,् so vriddhi by 7/2/115, vriddhi of ऊ = औ



Note – Apart from बावे, घि ्is also added in many other senses also.



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लमुट् pratyaya 3-3-115 लमटु् च

अन0ु - नऩुॊसके बावे, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - नऩुॊसकशरङ्गे बावे लमटु् प्रत्ममो बवतत । The pratyaya लमटु् is added to the root, when mere action is denoted in the neuter gender.

Consider लमटु्, here र ्and ट् are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/7, मु remains and by sutra 7/1/1 it becomes अन. So लमटु् = अन.

उदा0 - हसनॊ छात्रस्म शोबनभ ्। शमनभ,् आसनभ ्।

Example – 1.Consider ब ूdhatu, When by 3-3-115, लमटु् is added after बू. ब ू+ लमुट् बो अन

बो अन बव ्अन = बवन = बवनभ ्

लमुट् = अन



अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use.

लमुट् is a non वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, लमुट् is अककत/्अङङत,् allows guna, so by 7/3/84 guna. Also by 7/1/1 लमुट् = अन





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Example – 2.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense

of कभमणण after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ लमटु् स्भय ्+ अन = स्भयणभ1्8

Similarly हसनभ ्ऩिनभ ्गभनभ ् नमनभ ् मजनभ ् ऩचनभ ्कयणभ ् etc. All लमटु् -प्रत्ममान्त-शब्दs are in नऩुॊसकशरङ्ग and will be like परशब्द.

18

Here न ्becomes ण ् due to presence of य ्by sutra 8/4/2.

लमुट् is a non वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, लमुट् is अककत/्अङङत,् allows guna, so by 7/3/84 guna. Also by 7/1/1 लमुट् = अन

Note – Apart from बावे, लमटु् is also added in many other senses. Like कयण instrument, अञधकयण locative etc.



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ल्क्तन ्pratyaya

3-3-94 ल्स्त्रमाॊ ल्क्तन ्

अन0ु - अकत्तमरय च कायके सॊऻामाभ,् बावे, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - धातो् स्त्रीशरङ्ग ेकतृमशबन्ने कायके सॊऻामाॊ बावे च ल्क्तन ्प्रत्ममो बवतत ।

To express an action &etc. by a word, The pratyaya ल्क्तन ्is added to a dhatu in sense of बाव or any

other karakas other than karta and is denoted in feminine gender.

Consider ल्क्तन ्pratyaya , क् and न ्are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/3. So ल्क्तन ्= तत.

उदा0 - कृतत्, ञचतत्, भतत् ।

Note – ल्क्तन ्pratyaya a वराददप्रत्मम would have got इट् आगभ for सेट् dhatus by7/2/35, but इट् is prohibited by sutra

तततुत्रतथशससुसयकसेषु च॥7/2/9॥

एषाॊ दशानाॊ कृत्प्रत्ममानाभ ् इड् न बवतत ।

These ten वराददप्रत्ममs तत- त-ु त्र etc. will not get इट् आगभ, even when followed by सेट् dhatu.

Because of this sutra तत etc won’t get इट्, even if dhatu is सेट्. Otherwise these pratyayas would

have got इट् आगभ by आधमधातकुस्मेड् वरादे् 7/2/35.

So for 10 pratyayas तत- तु- त्र etc. all dhatus are अतनट् only, due to 7/2/9.



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Example – 1.Consider ब ूdhatu, which is अकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-3-94, ल्क्तन ्= तत is added after बू. Though बू is सेट् and ल्क्तन ्is वराददप्रत्मम, yet इट् आगभ by 7/2/35 will not happen, because 7/2/9 prohibits. ब ू+ ल्क्तन ् ब ू+ ल्क्तन ् ब ू+ तत बूतत = बूतत्

ल्क्तन ्= तत


ककत ्- hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5 and does samprasarana by 6/1/15.

Though वराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ by

7/2/35 even for सेट् dhatus. because इट् is prohibited by 7/2/9.

so सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge of no use.

All are अतनट् only.

Since ककत ्- stops guna of

7/3/84 by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5

7/2/35 is prohibited

by 7/2/9, so no इट्



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Example – 2.Consider नी dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-3-94, ल्क्तन ्is added after नी.

नी + ल्क्तन ् नी+तत. = नीतत = नीतत्

Example – 3.Consider वच ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-3-94, ल्क्तन ्is added after वच.्

वच ्+ ल्क्तन ् उ च1्9 + तत

उ च ्तत उ क् तत = उल्क्त्

Similarly स्भ ृस्भतृत् कृ कृतत् वतृ ्वलृ्त्त् शक् शल्क्त्

भुच ्भुल्क्त् मुज ्मुल्क्त् बज ्बल्क्त् here all चवगम letters have become corresponding कवगम

फुध ्फुषद्ध् रब ्रल्ब्ध्

19


ल्क्तन ्is ककत,् so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.

By वञचस्वषऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15 and सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108. samprasaranam takes place व becomes उ.




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ॐ

Section 4

Few सनादि प्रत्ययs



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सनादद प्रत्मम Thes sanadi pratyayas are a group of twelve pratyayas strating from pratyaya सन ्of sutra 3/1/7 to णणङ् of 3/1/30. These सनाददs when added to dhatu as per rules we get सनाद्मन्त word, this सनाद्मन्त word is called as dhatus by सनाद्मन्त धातव् 3/1/32. So सनाद्मन्त is a derived dhatu.

णणच ्pratyaya हेतभुतत च 3/1/26 अन0ु - णणच,् प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च । अथम् - स्वतन्त्रस्म कत्तुम् प्रमोजको हेतु् । तत्प्रमोजको हेतशु्च (1/4/55) इत्मनेन हेतसुॊऻा बवतत । हेतयुस्मास्तीतत हेतभुान,् हेतो् व्माऩाय् प्रेषणाददरऺण् । तल्स्भन ्हेतभुतत अशबधेमे धातोणणमच ्प्रत्ममो बवतत । हेतु् - hetu. प्रमोजक - prayojaka. हेतभुान ्- hetumaan, Here हेतु् - means प्रमोजक prayojaka- instigator also called as causal agent हेतभुान ्means हेतो् व्माऩाय् - the activity of instigator / causal agent. The pratyaya णणच ्is added to a dhatu to indicate an activity of a causal agent.

उदा0 - देवदत्त् ओदनॊ ऩचतत, मऻदत्त् तॊ प्रेयमतत - ओदनॊ ऩाचमतत देवदत्तने मऻदत्त् ।

Yajnadatta has devadatta cook the rice. Here yajnadatta is prompting devadatta to cook rice. Here णणच ्- ण ्and च ्are इत ्by 1/3/7 only इ remains. So णणच ्= इ.

णणच ् = इ


णणत ् - hence Vriddhi by 7/2/115 and 116.

अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ.

सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use.



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Example – 1.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-26, णणच ्is added in sense

of causal action after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ णणच ् स्भ ृ+ इ. = स्भ ्ऋ + इ.

स्भ ्आय ्+ इ. = स्भारय.

This स्भारय is णणजन्त and also a सनाद्मन्त, so becomes dhatu by sutra 3/1/32.

Since it is a dhatu, in रट् it takes शऩ ्by 3/1/68 in kartari prayoge, when रट् is replaced by ततऩ ्

स्भारय + शऩ ्+ रट् = स्भारय + शऩ ्+ ततऩ.्

Under this condition स्भारय is a इगन्त anga followed by शऩ,् so under goes guna by 7/3/84. रय ये यम ्

स्भारय + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ् 7/3/84 स्भा ये + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्

Now by rule of अमादद सल्न्ध 6/1/78 ए becomes अम.् So we get

स्भा यम ्+ शऩ ्+ ततऩ ् = स्भा यम ्अ तत = स्भायमतत,

णणच ्is अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use.

णणत ्so vriddhi by 7/2/115. Vriddhi of ऋ is आय.्



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Example –2. Consider शरख ्dhatu, When by 3-1-26, णणच ्is added in sense of causal action

after शरख.्

शरख ्+ णणच ् रेख ्णणच ्= रेणख

This रेणख is णणजन्त and also a सनाद्मन्त, so becomes dhatu by sutra 3/1/32.


रेणख + शऩ ्+ रट् = रेणख + शऩ ्+ ततऩ.्

Under this condition रेणख is a इगन्त anga followed by शऩ,् so under goes guna by 7/3/84. रेणख रेखे रेखम ्

स्भारय + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ् 7/3/84 रेखे + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्

Now by rule of अमादद सल्न्ध 6/1/78 ए becomes अम.् So we get

रेखे + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ् = रेखम ्अ तत = रेखमतत,

Similarly ऩठ् ऩादि कृ कारय बू बाषव गभ ्गशभ, फुध ्फोञध मज ्माल्ज – all these are called as णणजन्त / सनाद्मन्त dhatus.

णणच ्is अवराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् वेट् knowledge is of no use. णणच ्is अककत/्अङङत,् so allows guna, so by 7/3/86 guna.

Note here for शरख ्+ णणच ्we have done guna by 7/3/86, though pratyaya is णणत.् Here we don’t have any

vriddhi sutra for इक् उऩधा.



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सन ्pratyaya धातो् कभमण् सभानकतृमकाददच्छछामाॊ वा 3-1-7

अन0ु - सन,् प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - इषषकभमणोऽवमवो मो धातु्, इषषणा सभान कतृमक् तस्भाददच्छछामाभथे वा सन ्प्रत्ममो बवतत ।

उदा0 - कत्तुमशभच्छछतत - ञचकीषमतत । हत्तुमशभच्छछतत - ल्जहीषमतत । ऩदितुशभच्छछतत - षऩऩदिषतत । The pratyaya सन ्is added optionally in the sense of wishing (इच्छछामाभ)् after a dhatu expressing the object wished and having same agent of action as wisher thereof.

कत्तुमशभच्छछतत – ञचकीषमतत – he wishes to do. हत्तुमशभच्छछतत – ल्जहीषमतत - he wishes to carry away. ऩदितुशभच्छछतत – षऩऩदिषतत - he wishes to study. ऻातुभ ्इल्च्छ्त ल्जऻासतत – he wishes to know. Here in सन ्– न ्is इत ्by 1/3/3, only स remains. So सन ्= स

सन ्= स








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Example – 1.Consider ऩठ् dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-7, सन ्is added after

ऩठ् सन ्= स

ऩठ् + सन ्under this condition though सन ्is a वरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, dhatu being सेट्, there will be इट् agama by 7/2/35. ऩठ् + इ स = ऩठ् + इस Also when सन ्is added to a dhatu, it gets doubled. Here we are not going to discuss this as this is beyond the scope of this book. In ऩठ् + इस, dhatu gets doubled and becomes षऩऩठ् इष = द्ऩऩदिष This षऩऩदिष is सन्नन्त and also a सनाद्मन्त, so becomes dhatu by sutra 3/1/32.


षऩऩदिष + शऩ ्+ रट् = षऩऩदिष + शऩ ्+ ततऩ.्

Under this condition षऩऩदिष अ तत = षऩऩदिष ्अ अ तत

Here both अ letters become one single अ.

षऩऩदिष ्अ अ तत = षऩऩदिष ्अ तत = षऩऩदिषतत

Similarly ऩठ् षऩऩदिष गभ ्ल्जगशभष ऻा ल्जऻास कृ ञचकीषम etc are सन्नन्त dhatus.



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क्मच ्pratyaya सुऩ आत्भन् क्मच ्3/1/8 अन0ु - कभमण्, इच्छछामाभ,् वा, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च । अथम् -एषषतु् आत्भसम्प्फल्न्धन् इषषकभमण् सुफन्ताद् इच्छछामाभथे वा क्मच ्प्रत्ममो बवतत ऩयश्च. The pratyaya क्मच ्is added optionally (padam) in sense of wishing after a सुफन्तभ ्expressing the object of wished as connected with wisher’s self. उदा0 - आत्भन् ऩुत्रशभच्छछतत - ऩुत्रीमतत । Here in क्मच ्- क् and च ्are इत,् म remains. So क्मच ्= म. Example – आत्भन् ऩुत्रभ ्इच्छछतत desiring child for one’s ownself. Here क्मच ्is added after ऩुत्रभ ्a subantam by 3/1/8. So we get ऩुत्रभ ्+ क्मच ्Here various rules will apply, we are not going to discuss them as they are beyond the scope of this book. ऩुत्रभ ्+ क्मच ् = ऩुत्रीम This word ऩुत्रीम is क्मजन्त and also a सनाद्मन्त, so becomes dhatu by sutra 3/1/32. Here we get a derived dhatu from a subanta. So these dhatus are also called as नाभधातुs.


ऩुत्रीम + शऩ ्+ रट् = ऩुत्रीम + शऩ ्+ ततऩ.्

Under this condition ऩुत्रीम ्अ तत = ऩुत्रीम ्अ अ तत

Here both अ letters become one single अ. ऩुत्रीम ्अ अ तत = ऩुत्रीम ्अ तत = ऩुत्रीमतत

The fundamental classification of Dhatus and Krut pratyayas. · The fundamental classification of...

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