The Different Ideological Systems of Innovation in Smarter City Development: Case Analysis, Cultural Explanation, and

Practical Implication 智慧城市发展中创新理念的差异：案例分析、文化阐释

与实践意义ZHANG Nan ( 张楠 )

School of Public Policy & Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

清华大学公共管理学院 中国 . 北京

Nov. 14th 2013

Introduction Background ( 背景）

Web of things, cloud computing, big data processing （物联网、云计算、大数据…… )

Related applications in urban governance and service ( 城市治理与服务中的应用）

Different modes ( 不同发展模式 ) Living Lab (Almirall & Wareham, 2011)

R&D and innovation ( 研发与创新 ) Full scale urban laboratories for such service development and

innovation ( 面向服务发展与创新的全方位城市实验室） Fab Lab (Beyes, 2010; Gershenfeld, 2005)

Personal fabrication ( 个人制造 ) Equipped with the tools to achieve every aspect of the

technology development process ( 配备技术发展过程所需的各方面条件 )

Introduction (Cont.)

Smarter urban governance (SUG) practices in Beijing ( 北京的智慧城市管理实践 ) have been carried out since 2006 ( 始自

2006 年 ) following the European Living Lab model ( 学

习欧洲的 Living Lab 模式 ) encourage voluntary innovation by

individuals and communities, and incorporates them into the overall innovative system of the city ( 鼓励个人与社区层面的自主创新，将上述创新活动纳入城市的整体创新体系 )

Research Questions

What are the differences between the two innovative ideological systems, Living Lab and Fab Lab? ( 两种创新理念的差异何在 ?)

How can these differences be explained ? ( 如何解释这些差异 )

Husted's Cultural Consequences Framework

Cultural Consequence Theory ( 文化价值理论） (Hofstede 2001) Based on: surveys, more than 110,000

employees, IBM, 5 years ( 基于面向全球 11 万IBM 员工的调查，历时五年 )

National culture: the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another. National differences can be interpreted in terms of national culture ( 国家文化 : 那些能够区分人类群体成员的共同特征 )

Husted's Cultural Consequences Framework (Cont.)

Power Distance ( 权力距离 ) (PDI): highest degree of distance across social groups (e.g., boss v.

employee) .

Uncertainty Avoidance ( 不确定性规避 ) (UAI): discomfort with the unknown; desire to reduce ambiguity.

Individualism/Collectivism ( 个人主义 / 集体主义 ) (IDV): the importance of the individual versus the group.

Masculinity/Femininity ( 男性主义 / 女性主义 ) (MAS): the emphasis on stereotypically “masculine” goals (power,

achievement, etc.) / “feminine” goals and attributes (caring, consensus, etc.)

Long-term orientation (LTO), or the Confucian dynamism ( 长期导向 / 儒家文化 ) The extent to which a culture programmes its members to

accept the delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional need

Living Lab, Fab Lab and Their Cultural Explanation

Living Lab, Fab Lab and Their Cultural Explanation (Cont.)

Living Lab Fab Lab Cultural Explanation

Target level目标

facilitate the living conditions for the public改善公众生活条件

endow individuals with a stronger innovation capability增强个体创新能力

• country with masculinity endeavors to build a performance society ( 男性主义国家青睐绩效社会 )

• country with femininity strives for the construction of a welfare society ( 女性主义国家青睐财富社会 )

Participants参与者

advocate extensive public engagement 倡导广泛公众参与

encourages wide public participation鼓励广泛的公众参与

• individualism-oriented innovative model

• integral social innovation system 个人主义创新模式 VS 整体社会创新体

系

Process流程

Prefer application-oriented integral innovation system青睐应用导向的创新体系

the innovation system is only a supporting model rather than production paradigm创新体系是支撑模式而不是生产范式

• higher uncertainty avoidance, tend to use more laws, regulations and regimes with a higher precision, to ensure management performance 高不确定性规避意味着青睐运用更多法律、规则和制度确保高效 .

Case Analysis of the Smarter Urban Governance (SUG) Practices

Background and Methodology ( 背景与方法 ) SUG endeavors to enhance the urban

governance level of Beijing, the capital of China, by using information technology innovation ( 智慧城市管理旨在利用信息技术创新加强首都城市管理 )

The cases of Living Lab and Fab Lab are studied through second-hand data analysis, the case study of SUG is performed by conducting several field interviews with the key principals involved in the project (Living Lab 和 Fab Lab 的材料来源于二手数据，只是城市管理的案例分析则基于对项目主要负责人的多次现场访谈 )

Case Analysis of the Smarter Urban Governance (SUG)

Practices (Cont.) Description of the Process of SUG

( 过程 ) The first phase (2005-2008):

The initial development concept for SUG originated from the effort to bridge the gap between the technology development and social demand in the area of city operations management. ( 理念来源于弥补城市管理中技术发展与社会需求间的缝隙 )

The second phase (2008-2010): In the following two years’ development, SUG was filled with

more Fab Lab elements and incorporated into the innovation system of SUG by binding with ordinary citizens to become closer communities as innovative subjects. ( 逐渐鼓励普通工程成为创新主体 )

The third phase (2010-curent): Ever since 2010, two transformations have brought about new

opportunities and challenges for the development of the SUG project. ( 两方面转型提供了新的机遇和挑战 )

Case Analysis of the Smarter Urban Governance (SUG)

Practices (Cont.) Discussion from the Cultural

Perspective • Masculinity and uncertainty avoidance scores: those of China closer to those of America

• Power distance and long-term orientation: China is characterized by long power distance and high long-term orientation

• Individualism: the cultural environment of collectivism in China is more powerful than in Europe

Concluding Remarks

The smarter city should include not only the applications of new ICT, but also the process of pursuing a more convenient and comfortable urban life by virtue of human innovative ideas. ( 智慧城市不仅包括新技术的应用，而更应该是以创新理念追求便利舒适城市生活的过程 )

The innovation system differs under diverse cultural contexts. ( 不同文化背景下适用的创新体系存在差异 )

Thank You !Questions and Comments