The Copernican RevolutionThomas S. Kuhn

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ContentsThe Problem of the PlanetsEpicycles and DeferentsPtolemaic AstronomyThe Anatomy of Scientific BeliefCopernicus InnovationThe Assimilation of Copernican Astronomy

Epicycles and Deferents (1)Classical Common Belief () (),

Epicycles and Deferents (2)Planets Retrograde Motion

Epicycles and Deferents (3)Basic Form and Function Eg. Apollonius & Hipparchus (BC 3-2)

& Powerful & Economical Explanation

Epicycles and Deferents (3)Mercurys deviation from one trip to the next : 1 : 116. , 3 : 348

Ptolemaic Astronomy (1)one-epicycle & one-deferent systems problem 45 (eg. : -> vs. ->. 6) minor epicycle, eccentric & equant

Ptolemaic Astronomy (2)Minor epicycle: Basic Forms 6days longerMinor epicycle: westward (b) one revolution(sun) (c) two revolutions

Ptolemaic Astronomy (3)Minor epicycle: Planets

Ptolemaic Astronomy (4)Major epicycle & minor epicycles Major epicycle: Minor epicycle:

major epicycles not minor epicycles

Ptolemaic Astronomy (5)Eccentric & EquantEccentricEquant

Ptolemaic Astronomy (5)Ptolemy & Ptolemaic Astronomy Almagest (complete, detailed & quantitative) : , , (equant )

The Anatomy of Scientific Belief (1)It Never quite Worked , .

The Anatomy of Scientific Belief (2)Longevity of Ptolemaic System ? ( ) ? ( )

The Anatomy of Scientific Belief (3)Logical Outline for Revolution (eg. ) . ( ) / &

The Anatomy of Scientific Belief (4)Logical Outline vs. History : : . -> band-wagon effect ( & )

Contents 2The Problem of the PlanetsCopernicus InnovationCopernicus and the RevolutionMotives for Innovation Copernicus PrefaceCopernicus Physics and CosmologyCopernican Astronomy The Two SpheresCopernican Astronomy The SunCopernican Astronomy The PlanetsThe Harmony of the Copernican SystemRevolution by DegreesThe Assimilation of Copernican Astronomy

Copernicus and the RevolutionDe Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium : (1543) vs. ( ) , (, , ) : : ( )Q1. ?Q2. ?

Motives for Innovation (1)Monsterious Ptolemaic Astronomy : . : ( )

Motives for Innovation (2)Mathematical Astronomer . , : not , vs. Complete, Detailed & Quantitative ->

Copernicus Physics and Cosmology (1)First Book : : - (eg. Oresme) + -> ( ) () () ? : . : .

Copernicus Physics and Cosmology (2)Copernicus Incongruity anomaly not ( ) (, ) .

Copernicus Astronomy The Two Spheres 3 , , : : (horizontal plane) . ( ) : ->

Copernicus Astronomy The Sun & :

Copernicus Astronomy The Plaets (1)Elimination of major epicycle

Copernicus Astronomy The Plaets (2)Still Complex System minor epicycle & eccentric , ,

The Harmony of the Copernican System vs. ? : . + alpha : ->

Revolution by Degrees : & : ( , ), , () ->

Contents 3The Problem of the PlanetsCopernicus InnovationThe Assimilation of Copernican AstronomyThe Reception of Copernicus WorkTycho BraheJohannes KeplerGalileo GalileiThe Decline of Ptolemaic Astronomy

The Reception of Copernicus Work (1)Astronomers Reception: Infiltration : & Almagest 50, Second Ptolemy, 50, Standard Reference, : & As if ~~ : Reinhold Prutenic Table: . .

The Reception of Copernicus Work (2)Peoples Widespread Clamor 1: 2: (. ) 17 ( )17 Counter Reformation ,

Tycho Brahe (1)Tychonic System & . , , -> ->

Tycho Brahe (2)Skillful Observation : . : ->

-> ? , ..

Yohannes Kepler (1)Laws of Mars 1: 2: (2 )

Yohannes Kepler (2)The Third Law 3 vs. 3 . 3

Galileo Galilei : , , : . ( ). .