Teste Anpad

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www.anpadcurso.com [email protected] 128 "#$%# &'(&) *+,-./ 0#%#123/ 4556 (3/78 +# _<?Rg$ TEXT l Performance Perceptions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours at Work: a Bi-Level Study among Managers and Employees Organizations comprise individuais whose behaviours range from the minimalists, who contribute the least possible to maintain membership, to others who go the 'extra mile', discretionarily engaging in extra-role behaviours advantageous to the organization. These 'extra' work-related behaviours, which are beyond those prescribed by job descriptions and measured by formal evaluations, are named Organizational Citizenship behaviours, or OCB (Bateman and Organ, 1983). Because OCBs are 'extra' and beyond the requirements that are specified in advance for a particular job (Bateman and Organ, 1983), they cannot be enforced (Organ, 1988a), nor can their absence be formally penalized (Van Dyne, Cummings and Parks,1995). Cooperation with peers, personal initiatives and performing extra duties without complaint are examples of OCB (Bateman and Organ, 1983; Organ and Konovsky, 1989; Smith, Organ and Near, 1983). Other examples are punctuality, helping others, volunteering (Organ, 1988a), innpvation and using time efficiently (Smith, Organ and Near, 1983), not wasting resources, sharing ideas, and representing the organization favourably (Van Dyne, Graham and Dienesch, 1994). These are among the spontaneous behaviours described by Katz and Kahn (1978) as instrumental for effective Organizational functioning (Organ, 1988a). After Bateman and Organ introduced the original concept of OCB in 1983, the literature turned first to defining the antecedents of citizenship behaviour, and then to linking the construct to performance. For example, studies by Karambayya (1990), MacKenzie, Podsakoff, and Ahearne (1996), Podsakoff and MacKenzie (1994), Podsakoff, Ahearne, and MacKenzie (1997), Turnipseed (2002, 2003a), Turnipseed and Murkison (2000a), and Walz and Niehoff (1996, 2000) investigated OCB dimensions with regard to Organizational performance. The main conclusion of these studies was that citizenship behaviours are positive for organizations, and they simultaneously benefit employees and managers. The impact of OCB, according to Organ (1988a), is that they promote 'the effective functioning of the organization' by facilitating adaptability, resource transformations, and innovativeness. Managers particularly value citizenship behaviours that 'lubricate the social màchinery of the organization' (Bateman and Organ, 1983, p. 588), causing managerial economies. For example, creating a work environment conducive to cooperation may reduce the time a manager spends on conflict management, thus freeing up time for long-range planning and improving chances for Organizational success. Given that OCB is positive for organizations, managers should attempt to increase their frequency and intensity. To optimize the constructive impact of interventions, effective managers must identify linksbetween various OCB dimensions and performance, and then understand their employees' perceptions of Organizational citizenship. Similarly, employees should be made aware of the positive connection between OCB and performance. Equipped with this insight, managers can accurately assess OCB prior to intervention, and design effective strategies for maximizing citizenship behaviours that positively impact performance. The argument for a link between citizenship-type behaviours and performance hás been more logical and conceptual than empirical (Borman and Motowidlo, 1993). Results of the few empirical studies vary, depending on the sample and the specific characteristics of the observations, and have not produce consistent support for the OCB-performance link. As Podsakoff, MacKenzie and Hui (1993)

Transcript of Teste Anpad

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TEXT l

Performance Perceptions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours at Work: a Bi-Level Study among Managers and Employees

Organizations comprise individuais whose behaviours range from the minimalists, who contribute the least possible to maintain membership, to others who go the 'extra mile', discretionarily engaging in

extra-role behaviours advantageous to the organization. These 'extra' work-related behaviours, which are beyond those prescribed by job descriptions and measured by formal evaluations, are named Organizational Citizenship behaviours, or OCB (Bateman and Organ, 1983). Because OCBs are 'extra' and beyond the requirements that are specified in advance for a particular job (Bateman and Organ,

1983), they cannot be enforced (Organ, 1988a), nor can their absence be formally penalized (Van Dyne, Cummings and Parks,1995).

Cooperation with peers, personal initiatives and performing extra duties without complaint are examples of OCB (Bateman and Organ, 1983; Organ and Konovsky, 1989; Smith, Organ and Near, 1983). Other examples are punctuality, helping others, volunteering (Organ, 1988a), innpvation and using time efficiently (Smith, Organ and Near, 1983), not wasting resources, sharing ideas, and representing the organization favourably (Van Dyne, Graham and Dienesch, 1994). These are among the spontaneous behaviours described by Katz and Kahn (1978) as instrumental for effective Organizational functioning (Organ, 1988a).

After Bateman and Organ introduced the original concept of OCB in 1983, the literature turned first to defining the antecedents of citizenship behaviour, and then to linking the construct to performance. For example, studies by Karambayya (1990), MacKenzie, Podsakoff, and Ahearne (1996), Podsakoff and MacKenzie (1994), Podsakoff, Ahearne, and MacKenzie (1997), Turnipseed (2002, 2003a), Turnipseed

and Murkison (2000a), and Walz and Niehoff (1996, 2000) investigated OCB dimensions with regard to Organizational performance. The main conclusion of these studies was that citizenship behaviours are positive for organizations, and they simultaneously benefit employees and managers. The impact of OCB, according to Organ (1988a), is that they promote 'the effective functioning of the organization' by facilitating adaptability, resource transformations, and innovativeness.

Managers particularly value citizenship behaviours that 'lubricate the social màchinery of the organization' (Bateman and Organ, 1983, p. 588), causing managerial economies. For example, creating a work environment conducive to cooperation may reduce the time a manager spends on conflict management, thus freeing up time for long-range planning and improving chances for Organizational success. Given that OCB is positive for organizations, managers should attempt to increase their frequency and intensity. To optimize the constructive impact of interventions, effective managers must identify linksbetween various OCB dimensions and performance, and then understand their employees' perceptions of Organizational citizenship. Similarly, employees should be made aware of the positive connection between OCB and performance. Equipped with this insight, managers can accurately assess OCB prior to intervention, and design effective strategies for maximizing citizenship behaviours that positively impact performance.

The argument for a link between citizenship-type behaviours and performance hás been more logical and conceptual than empirical (Borman and Motowidlo, 1993). Results of the few empirical studies vary, depending on the sample and the specific characteristics of the observations, and have not produce consistent support for the OCB-performance link. As Podsakoff, MacKenzie and Hui (1993)

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suggest, OCBs may influence managerial evaluations only because they positively affect managers and the organization. Therefore, managers rate employees who display these behaviours higher than employees who do not. Moreover, if a manager believes that OCB is linked to performance and he/she observes an employee repeatedly exhibiting good citizenship, the manager's evaluation of that employee, influence by the presumption of implicit performance, tends to reflect his/her inference that the employee is a top performer.

Some scholars suggest that OCB may only be acts of impressíon management rather than extra-role behaviours (cf. Bolino, 1999; Bolino and Turnley, 2003; Hui, Lam and Law, 2000). Pretending to be a good citizen can mislead managers to the conclusion of superior performance independent of the authentication of the levei of production. As a result of these and other similar conceptual problems, some studies document stronger connections among OCB, managerial evaluation and performance than others.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate perceptions of OCB among managers and employees, and assess the relationship between OCB and performance. We posit that disaggregating the data and distinguishing between 'best' and 'worst' performers will reveal a more dependable linkage.

TURNIPSEED, D.; RASSULI, A. Performance perceptions of organizational citizenship behaviours at work: a bi-level study among managers and employees. Brítish Journal of Management, v. 16, n.3, p.231-ss. Scpt. 2005.

INSTRUÇÃO: As questões de l a 7 dizem respeito ao conteúdo do Text 1. Leia-o atentamente antes de respondê-las. Escolha a melhor resposta para cada questão.

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INSTRUÇÃO: As questões de 8 a 10 consistem de uma expressão, em inglês, seguida de cinco opções de expressões, também em inglês, identificadas de A até E. Escolha a opção que se apresentar como melhor sinônimo da expressão escrita em inglês na linha indicada do Text 1.

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INSTRUÇÃO: A questão 11 diz respeito a aspectos formais do Text l, mais especificamente a relações de coesão e inferência. Escolha a opção que melhor substitui a palavra especificada nesta questão tendo em vista a linha indicada no Text 1.

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TEXT 2

The new old age

The Japanese senior citizens who founded Jeeba knew they were making history when they coined their company motto: "Of the elderly, by the elderly and for the elderly". By the time the 25 founders met one another in the mid-1990s, at a series of business-networking events hosted by the government of southern Saga prefecture, many companies were making products for the elderly, the fastest-growing 5 demographic market in Japan. But those goods were not made by the elderly. AH the Jeeba founders were older than 60 and believed they had a special insight into the needs of older consumers. In 1997, they launched Jeeba (the name means "old man and old woman") to build senior-friendly bathtubs, toilets and hammock lifts to help the infirm into wheelchairs. They do not hire young people, and the oldest of their workers is 75. Annual sales are only $272,000, but senior director Kazuhiro Noda, 67, expects revenues to start growing soon, as the company is putting more money and resources into sales development. He also believes copycats are sure to follow. Says Noda: "There will be a lot more companies like ours".

He's probably right. Firms run by senior citizens are still a rarity, in Japan and worldwide. But the elderly have numbers on their side. Thanks to the post World War II baby boom, healthier and longer-living seniors are reaching retirement age in unprecedented numbers ali over the developed world. Rock-bottom birthrates in those same countries mean there are far fewer young workers to take their place. The potential consequences for industrialized economies are now clear: shrinking work forces, soaring health costs and collapsing pension systems. Nihon University demographer Naohiro Ogawa is not exaggerating muth when he says: "Old people are Japan's only growing asset".

As a result, many of the rich world's notions about old age are dying. While the streamlining effects of international competition are focusing attention on the need to create and keep good jobs, those

fears will eventually give way to worries about the growing shortage of young workers. One unavoidable solutíon: putting older people back to work, whether they like it or not.

Newsweek, January 30, 2006, p.20-21.

INSTRUÇÃO: As questões de 12 a 16 dizem respeito ao conteúdo do Text 2. Leia-o atentamente antes de respondê-las. Escolha a melhor resposta para cada questão.

12. According to the text, Jeeba is a

A) business-networking event. B) company motto. C) governmental institution. D) historical movement. E) senior-friendly firm.

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Gabarito e Justificativas 1

A

6

B

11

A

16

A

2

D

7

A

12

E

17

C

3

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D

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C

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C

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B

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E

5

D

10

B

15

D

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C

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TEXT l

Financial Risk Exposures in the Airline Industry: Evidence from Australia and New Zealand

Introduction Airlines face substantial strategic, financial, operational and hazard risks. Financial risks create

uncertainty about future cash flows due to changes in general economic conditions and specifïc changes in revenues, operating expenditure and financing costs. Managing exposure to key financial risks is an integral part of the corporate finance function. This paper studies exposure to three major financial risks confronting the airline industry in Australia and New Zealand. It analyses the interest-rate, currency and fuel-price risk exposures for Qantas and Air New Zealand, which are the dominant airlines in Australia and New Zealand, respectively. Considerable volatility and a variety of trends occurred in interest rates, currency values and the fuel price throughout the period studied. This suggests that there were potentially large gains to be derived from managing these risks effectively.

In addition to volatility in key market variables, these airlines also confronted severe turbulence in their operating environment during the sample period. The global airline industry faced intense external pressure as a result of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Furthermore, the airline industry in both Australia and New Zealand underwent a major shakeout with the demise of Ansett and the related financial difficulties of its parent company, Air New Zealand. Ansett was the principal domestic competitor of Qantas until it was placed into voluntary administration on September 12, 2001. In the latter part of the period of this study, the airline industry also faced declining demand due to the Bali bombings, the war in Iraq and the outbreak of the SARS virus. Throughout the time frame of this study, airlines also faced actual and potential competition from new entrants to the industry.

Interest-rate, currency and fuel-price exposure are acknowledged to be important risks affecting the airline industry and are commonly hedged. For example, in its 2003 annual report to shareholders, Qantas states in note 32 that it 'is subject to interest rate, foreign currency, fuel price and credit risks'. This same note indicates that Qantas 'manages these risk exposures using various financial instruments' and provides examples of hedging instruments which they employ. These include interest-rate swaps, forward rate agreements and options to manage interest rate risk; cross-currency swaps, forward foreign exchange contracts and currency options to manage currency risk; options and swaps on aviation fuel and crude oil to manage fuel price risk. As this set of risk management tools provides both linear and non-linear payoffs, it is apparent that management can identify important symmetric and asymmetric components of exposure.

Three related literatures are relevant for our paper. Several papers develop theoretical models that examine the determinants of currency exposure, including Shapiro (1975), Marston (2001), Allayannis and Ihrig (2001), Bodnar, Dumas and Marston (2002). This literature establishes the prime importance of the competitive structure within the industry. Another stream of literature analyses stock returns to provide empirical measures of corporate exposure to risks such as exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Risks analysed in this manner include foreign exchange (Jorion 1990), interest rate (Sweeney & Warga 1986), gold price (Tufano 1998) etc. Finally, an extensive literature canvasses theoretical arguments for and against hedging of financial risks by non-financial corporations. For example, Stulz (1984), Smith and Stulz (1985), Froot, Scharfstein and Stein (1993) and Nance, Smith and Smithson (1993) identify tax minimisation, managerial risk aversion, financial distress, resolution of the underinvestment problem as motives for corporate hedging. Carter, Rogers and Simkins (2002) make the

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case that the airline industry is one in which corporate hedging is likely to add value by minimising the underinvestment problem.

Our study seeks to contribute in the following ways. Many previous studies have tested for the existence of a single extra-market risk. Most of these have been for exchange-rate exposure and while some have tested for interest-rate exposure, this has been largely for financial corporations. In contrast, we simultaneously examine interest-rate, currency and fuel-price exposures. Most previous papers haveexamined either broadly aggregated industries or a wide spectrum of individual companies, without controlling for industry effects. We argue that the analysis of companies within a single industry in a specifíc context provides useful incremental knowledge. Ongoing external threats to the global airline industry and public debate about competition in the Australian-New Zealand region makes these two airlines an interesting place to analyse the existence and relevance of financial risk exposures.

Our main findings are as follows. Short-term returns for Qantas and Air New Zealand are negatively exposed to fuel-price risk, but not significantly exposed to interest-rate or currency risk. Using multi-week returns, the incidence of significant linear and non-linear exposures to these three risks tends to increase with the horizon length. A possible explanation for this evidence is that airlines are better able to manage their short-term exposures. Although the extraordinary events of September 2001 had a substantial impact upon airline returns, they had virtually no influence on the degree of exposure exhibited by our sample airlines to either interest-rate or currency risk. In contrast, fuel-price exposure measures show some sensitivity to these events.

The rest of our paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 provides a theoretical analysis of financial risk exposures in the airline industry. Section 3 describes the data and methods employed. Results are reported and analysed in section 4. Finally, section 5 concludes the study.

LOUDON, G. Financial Risk Exposures in the Airline Industry: Evidence from Australia and New Zealand. Australian Journal of Management, Sydney, v.29, n. 2, p.295-317, Dec. 2004.

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TEXT2

The truth about sugar The buzz says a dizzying price spike is all about sugar for biofuels. But the reality is more

complicated.

The surprising thing about the price of oil, which hit a new record of $75 a barrel last week, is how little visible impact it has had on a booming global economy. But that hasn't stopped market watchers from looking for and finding peripheral shocks, even where they don't really exist. Consider the recent rush to sugar, which spiked to a 25-year high of 20 cents a pound, driven largely by buzz about an old 5 phenomenon: the largest producer, Brazil, devotes half its crop to the production of ethanol, which is an increasingly competitive source of energy for cars as gas prices spike.

Sugar for fuel is an interesting story, but it's a relatively small one that at the moment is still largely confined to Brazil. The share of global sugar production that goes to biofuels is roughly 15 percent, or about what it was 20 years ago, and the vast majority of that production is now in Brazil. In fact, Brazil used to devote a lot more of its (then much smaller) crop to biofuels, and most of its booming sugar production now fuels a much bigger story: sugar for food. Demand is rising relentlessly, at a pace of about 2 percent a year, driven by increasingly sweet tastes in developing nations, even as sugar consumption slows in the West. Meanwhile, a combination of underinvestment and bad weather in producing regions (from Gulf Coast hurricanes to drought in

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Thailand and a March cyclone in Australia) has disrupted supply. The result: last year demand reached 151 million tons, against a supply of 149 million tons, driving prices up, with more rises in store.

Trade wars, not oil shocks, are the key going fonvard. Next month the European Union, its hand forced by a World Trade Organization ruling, must dramatically cut export subsidies to its sugar growers. In anticipation of falling profits, several big sugar companies, like Germany's Südzucker, Poland's ! 20 British Polska and Denmark's Danisco, have been cutting production. Analysts say some European companies will likely collapse, further tightening supply and driving up prices, which closed last week at 17 cents a pound. "This time next year, it will be much higher than where we are today," predicts Michael Overlander, CEO of Sucden, the London-based commodities-brokerage unit of Groupe Sucres & Denrées, a company that handles 20 percent of the world's sugar business.

Newsweek, May l, 2006, p. 44.

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!g")B�)-6)0?%)6-@@-ú5.A)0%7(1)'7%)/1%:)5.),-..%,05-.)ú50?)ñ1/A'7ñ)5.)0?%)0%G0)*k@*("!YA9)BI) ,7-F")KI) :%('.:")LI) F7-:/,05-.")MI) 7%,-7:")NI) 1/FF@o"

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INSTRUÇÃO: As questões 18 e 19 consistem de uma expressão, em inglês, seguida de cinco opções de expressões, também em inglês, identificadas de A até E. Escolha a opção que se apresentar como melhor sinônimo da expressão escrita em inglês na linha indicada do Text 2.

18. BUZZ(line4)

A) Analysis B) Reservation C) Rumor D) Skepticism E) Suspicion

19. ITS HAND FORCED (lines 17-18)

A) Allowed B) Coerced C) Guided D) Helped E) Stimulated

INSTRUÇÃO: A questão 20 diz respeito a aspectos formais do Text 2, mais especificamente a relações de coesão e inferência. Escolha a opção que melhor substitui a palavra especificada nesta questão tendo em vista a linha indicada no Text 2.

20. THAT(line2)

A) The fact that the economy is booming despite rises in the price of oil. B) The fact that the effects of oil prices on the global economy is visible. C) The fact that $75 a barrel will no longer be a striking surprise. D) The fact that global oil production reached record numbers last week. E) The fact that little can be said about when oil prices will hit new records.

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Gabarito e Justificativas 1

C

6

E

11

C

16

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3

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B

13

A

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A

9

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14

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B

5

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10

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15

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"#$%#!&'(&)!*+,-./!GH<W/!455K!

TEXT l

The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Web Site Design

Introduction Close your eyes. Envision a succulent two-inch slab of dripping-rare prime rib. Is your

stomach rumbling, your appetite peaked, or are you offended since your fundamental belief system precludes harming animals? A single image or idea can create many different feelings or interpretations. Consider the diversity within your own organization, campus, or community. Does everyone agree on what is appropriate, acceptable, appetizing, or attractive? An image pleasing to one group of people may alienate or even seriously offend many others. Something as simple as color may elicit dramatically different' mental images. For example, in the U.S., white is generally associated with purity, but in Japan it represents death (Chau et a/, 2002).

Herein lies the danger inherent in cross-cultural Web site design: the audience must be considered. 10 Good designers know that ascertaining the needs and preferences of people who are or will be the users of

a Web site, database, or fishing pole, is critical to success. The apparent simplicity of this task belies its daunting nature. The complexity of defining user preferences can be appreciated by considering the vast number of sub-groups composing the global community, each with its unique array of tastes, preferences, and mores. Failure at this rudimentary level will nullify even the boldest and brightest design ideas.

15 In 2005, roughly 75% of the Internet population is estimated to be non-English speaking (Marcus, 2003). Nevertheless, language differences are not the real challenge, as spoken language is an easy hurdle to overcome. No imagination or deep intellectual discovery is necessary for linguistic translations. Most Web browsers are equipped with multi-lingual support. A more vital and infinitely more delicate task is to understand the unspoken language of a culture, which is deeply rooted in a system of values, beliefs, and expectations that ultimately shapes users' preferences.

COOK, J., FINLAYSON, M. The impact of cultural diversity on Web site design. Advanced Management Journal, v.70, n.3, p. 15-23, 2005.

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TEXT 2

The Case Against Pay Inversion

Mary, a health care employee, joined the firm 10 years ago and has become a highly skilled. employee. She has always received high performance evaluations and is viewed as one of the best employees on the staff. Another member of the department retired, and Mary 's manager went outside for a replacement. They hired a new employee who had just graduated from a program no better than the one Mary attended. The new person's job duties were identical to Mary 's, but the new person wasn't as proficient as Mary, so Mary was asked to train and mentor her. Nonetheless, this new employee was offered a salary 10% higher than Mary's.

This example describes an ever-growing phenomenon, pay inversion. This is different from salary compression because the less-qualified new hire is making more than a more qualified current employee. 10 In a 2002 study, the Institute of Management and Administration asked Human Resources professionals to

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list their top compensation problems ("How to handle," 2002). Salary compression was mentioned most often (25%), followed by retention and recruiting (18%), hot skills (15%), and offering competitive pay (15%). Since these last three issues may also be linked to pay inversion, the problem may be greater than the compression figure (25%) alone suggests.

Although the difference between compression and inversion may be a few hundred dollars, it is not unreasonable to expect current employees to react much more negatively to pay inversion because they are going from "earning more" to "earning less" than the less-qualified new hire. Inversion is expected to have a much greater negative impact on employees than compression because it is likely to be seen as being more unfair. While employees may be able to shrug off compression, they may have much greate difficulty ignoring inversion.

MCAFEE, R., GLASSMAN, M. The case against pay inversion. Advanced Management

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TEXT 3 A Tell-AH List For Tellers

If you've been a bad boy or girl at your bank job, beware. Your name could soon be posted on an industry list of bank employees fired for causing financial loss or compromising customer data. BITS, a Washington-based consortium of 100 big banks, is putting the finishing touches on a database due to launch next spring. It could contain the names of scores of ex-employees, who presumably would be 5 banned from working in the industry. Insider-assisted crimes are running amok, say the banks: They lose an estimated $2.2 billion per year to scams ranging from tellers pilfering cash to bankers colluding with identity thieves and credit-card hustlers. "This will serve as a strong deterrent to current employees when they are approached by criminals", says Shirley Inscoe, senior vice-president for loss management at Wachovia.

10 Workers' rights advocates worry that a blacklist could include former workers who were falsely accused or never charged. But banks appear to have legal cover. The USA Patriot Act authorizes federally insured banks to disclose information about former employees involved in nefarious doings when they apply for jobs at other banks.

Business Week, n.3960, Nov 21, 2005, p. 13.

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