Teacher professional development in China Yan XU Beijing Normal University Oct. 21, 2008...
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Transcript of Teacher professional development in China Yan XU Beijing Normal University Oct. 21, 2008...
Teacher professional development
in China
Yan XUYan XUBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing Normal University
Oct. 21, 2008Oct. 21, 2008
心理学院
contentscontents
☆ ☆ The present situation of elementary and high school teachers.The present situation of elementary and high school teachers.
☆ ☆ Living and development situation.Living and development situation.
☆ ☆ Prominent problems in the construction of the team of teachers.Prominent problems in the construction of the team of teachers.
☆ ☆ Measures in teachers professional development.Measures in teachers professional development.
中国教师职业发展概况
Part OnePart OneThe present situation of The present situation of
elementary and high school elementary and high school teachers teachers
中国教师职业发展概况
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
万人
高中阶段教育在校生情况
高中阶段在校生 2601 2908 3243 3649 3990高中 1436 1717 1986 2240 2431中等职业教育 1165 1191 1257 1409 1559
2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年
Change in the period of senior high school education
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000万人
小学在校生变化情况
在校生数 12543.47 12156.71 11689.74 11246.23 10864.07
2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年5900
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700万人
初中在校学生变化情况
在校生数 6514.38 6687.43 6690.83 6527.51 6214.94
2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年
The Number Change of Students from 2002 to 2005
Change in elementary school Change in junior high school
number of students
senior high school
students in period of senior high school education
Vocational education
ten thousand people
中国教师职业发展概况
小学生师比变化情况
21.64
21.04
20.50
19.98
19.43
18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00
2001年
2002年
2003年
2004年
2005年
17. 00
17. 50
18. 00
18. 50
19. 00
19. 50
2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年
初中生师比变化情况
15. 5016. 0016. 5017. 0017. 5018. 0018. 5019. 00
2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年
普通高中生师比变化情况
The Proportion of Students to Teachers from 2000 to 2005
The change of proportion of elementary students to teachers
The change of proportion of junior high school students to teachers
The change of proportion of senior high school students to teachers
year
year
year
中国教师职业发展概况
The No. of schools, teaching staff, teachers and students in nationwide
20062006No. of schools
No. of teaching staff
No. of teachers No. of studentsPro of
teachers to students
Senior high school
16153 5784564 1387182 25144967
Adult senior high school
839 8173 5125 174716
Junior high school
60550 3463478 59373792 17.15:1
Vocational junior school
335 14110 11546 205699
Adult junior high school
1546 8242 4408 504360
Elementary school
341639 6119992 5587557 107115346 19.17:1
Total 421062 11935081 10459296 192518880
Yearbook in 2006
中国教师职业发展概况
1.2 The distribution of teachers’ age
The average age of teachers is 34.9 years. The average age of elementary school teachers is 36.6 years. The high school teachers’ is 33.4.
中国教师职业发展概况
1.3 The composition of teachers’ educational level
the composition of elementary school teachers’ educational level
the composition of junior high school teachers’ educational level
the composition of senior high school teachers’ educational level
中国教师职业发展概况
1.4 The technical positions of teachers’ holding
The composition of technical positions of elementary school teachers
The composition of technical positions of high school teachers
中国教师职业发展概况
Part TwoPart Two
The Status of Teachers’ Living The Status of Teachers’ Living
and Developmentand Development
中国教师职业发展概况
Work Stress of Teachers
normal84%
burnout16%
2035 elementary and high school teachers had been investigated about job burnout during 2002 to 2004. Among them, 20% suffered from job burnout, and 16% had a high level of job burnout. ( Yan Xu , 2005)
中国教师职业发展概况
The Results of Sina net’s Survey of Teachers ( 2004)
Physical burnoutFeeling worn to frazzle and weak in disease defending? Or have a headache, backache,
stomach, insomnia, or any other uncomfortable body feelings ?
( 5407 participants answered the question )
often
occasionally
never
item proportion the ballot
中国教师职业发展概况
Cognitive burnoutFeeling that your knowledge had been emptied, and can’t meet work
demand?
( 4798 participants answered the question )
item proportion the ballot
often
occasionally
never
中国教师职业发展概况
Emotional exhaustion
Feeling upset, agitated, and blaming others?
( 4295 participants answered the question)
often
occasionally
never
item proportion the ballot
中国教师职业发展概况
Reduced personal accomplishment
often
occasionally
never
item proportion the ballot
Having lower evaluation for your work significance, and working with rigidity and
low efficiency?
(5265 participants answered the question)
中国教师职业发展概况
Depersonalization
Distrusting others, or having difficulty with human relations?
(4159 participants answered the question)
often
occasionally
never
item proportion the ballot
中国教师职业发展概况
Aggressive behavior
More behaviors on beating or abusing others? Or self-damaged?
(4116 participants answered the question)
often
occasionally
never
item proportion the ballot
中国教师职业发展概况
The antecedents model of burnout for Chinese teachers( Xu, Y. & Wang, F. 2006 )
Time pressure
Role conflict
Technical demand
Job demand
Esteem
Energy
Imbalance
Exhaustion
Working load
Self-sufficient resources
-.24***
.19***
.60***
.83***
.59***
.61***
.88***.49**
.69***
.62***
Professional efficacy
.65***
Cynicism
.63***
-.02 ( ns )
中国教师职业发展概况
2.1 Difficulties and Stress ahead of Teachers
2.1. 1 Hardness in Work and Life
2. 1.2 Hardness in Teaching
2.1.3 Hardness in front of the
disadvantaged
中国教师职业发展概况
2.1.1 Hardness in Work and Life
中国教师职业发展概况
2.1.2 Hardness in Teaching Work
中国教师职业发展概况
2.1.3.
Hardness
in front of
the
disadvant-
aged
factors
Lacking competence in
teaching
Lacking opportunities of advanced studies
Over working load
Hardness in
family life
Ill healthIll health of family numbers
Problems on children
schooling and work
Unhappiness in work
not in the establishment others
total 2.6 45.87 57.93 30.8 17.31 7.87 17.73 21.14 4.15 4.69
Poverty counties
4.96 47.94 53.93 44.28 21.73 11.21 18.39 20.58 5.4 3.45
Women teachers
2.07 49.72 57.63 24.84 16.66 6.36 15.7 22.38 5.87 4.54
Substitute
teachers 3.13 30.99 45.02 42.5 6.83 4.37 13.57 18.55 67.78 4.83
Hardness in Work and Life ( multiple answer, no more than 3 ) unit(%)
中国教师职业发展概况
2.1.3. Hardness
in front of the
disadvantaged
Hardness in Teaching Work ( multiple answer, no more than 3 ) ( unit:%)
FactorsTeaching idea and
method didn’t meet the need.
Pressure from
students’ exams
knowle-dge on
the course drop
behind
Poor quality
of Studen
ts
Hardness in
communication with students
Over working
load
too many students
in one class
poor teaching
facilities others
total 26.17 49.85 8.36 38.62 5.57 44.03 38.37 31.32 1.57
Poverty counties
35.1 51 11.35 46.91 5.19 37.12 33.85 40.87 1.57
Women teachers
23.48 50.11 7.69 37.97 5.57 43.49 40.64 30.51 1.25
Substitute
teachers 22.71 35.61 9.35 42.24 6.12 42.34 38.18 38.28 1.28
中国教师职业发展概况
2.2 Working Load of Teachers
2.2.1 Status of Working Load
2. 2.2 Categories of Working Load
中国教师职业发展概况
2.2.1 Working
LoadCategories
Av. Daily Working Time Time on Classes
Time on Preparing Lessons, guidance, and correcting homework
Time on Students’ Activities, Meetings, Research, Training and Other Activities
Av. of All Teachers 9.52 2.79 4.47 2.26
Av. of elementary
School Teachers
9.28 3.14 4.05 2.10
Av. of Junior High School
Teachers9.65 2.51 4.76 2.38
Teachers for Grade 3 in
JHS 9.96 2.55 4.82 2.59
Av. of Senior High School
Teachers9.96 2.31 5.16 2.49
Teachers for Grade 3 in
SHS10.16 2.34 5.22 2.80
Teachers’ Average Daily Working Time (unit: hour)
中国教师职业发展概况
2.2.2 Categories of Working Time
Categories of average working time
中国教师职业发展概况
2.5 Stressors of teachers
Top 7 Affecting Factors %1 Can’t be understood and rewarded. 78
2 Over working load and extra work. 73
3 The gap between social expectation and reality.
69
4 Maladjustment for social change and reformation
66
5 Schools' organization structure and evaluation system.
62
6 Conflicts between multiple roles. 57
7 Worries about unemployment. 48
中国教师职业发展概况
Contrasts between Different Types of Schools
type (teachers’ No.) emotional exhaustion
Deperso-nalization
Cognitive burnout
personal accomplis-
hmentwork stress
job satisfac-
tion
general high school( 650) 23.44 14.15 22.09 19.29 108.89 46.33
schools under the county government( 245) 26.03 15.04 21.25 18.67 113.46 44.82
key secondary school( 63) 23.03 13.68 20.06 19.31 109.37 46.31
Vocational high school( 124) 26.58 17.46 23.06 17.93 116.88 41.56
Special education school( 36) 21.68 11.94 20.08 19.79 97.20 47.71
average score( 969) 24.21 14.41 21.82 19.04 110.07 45.67
中国教师职业发展概况
Part ThreePart Three
The Prominent Problems in the The Prominent Problems in the
team construction of teachersteam construction of teachers
中国教师职业发展概况
3.1 The team of teachers in rural areas
3.1.1 The composition is inappropriate,
and the quality should be improved.
3.1.2 The orientation of training’s
function is unclear, and the training system
makes poor profit.
中国教师职业发展概况
3.1.1 The composition
is inappropriate,
and the quality
should be
improved.
hierarchy
No. of elementary school teachers decrease.
No. of junior high school teachers stays stable.
Senior high school teachers shortage.
中国教师职业发展概况
3.1.1 The composition is inappropriate, and the quality should be improved.
The age composition of rural teachers
The age composition
The aging tendency of elementary school teachers
elementary school
age
中国教师职业发展概况
3.1.1 The composition is inappropriate, and the quality should be improved.
The composition of educational levels and technical posts.
total graduate
undergraduate
Three-year
college
Senior high
school
Below senior high
school
Elementary school
Rural areas 100 0.01 2.14 38.00 57.63 2.22
Nation wide 100 0.02 4.58 44.16 49.55 1.69
Junior high school
Rural areas 100 0.06 18.94 72.31 8.50 0.19
Nation wide 100 0.16 28.97 64.65 6.08 0.14
Senior high school
Rural areas 100 0.35 65.01 33.92 0.70 0.02
Nation wide 100 1.04 78.56 20.00 0.39 0.01
The composition of rural teachers’ educational levels. Unit: %
中国教师职业发展概况
3.2 Living and development of substitute teachers
substitute teachers: people who teach in rural areas, but
not in the establishment of local educational system.
500,000 across the nation, 5% of all the teachers
7.5% in elementary schools, and 97.12% got the qualified
educational level
3.1% in high schools, and 83.17% got the qualified
educational level
中国教师职业发展概况
3.2.1 The heavy working load of substitute teachers
CategoriesAv. Daily Working Time
Time on Classes
Time on Preparing Lessons, guidance, and correcting homework
Time on Students’ Activities, Meetings, Research, Training and Other Activities
Substitute teachers 9.33 3.37 4.11 1.84
teachers 9.28 3.14 4.05 2.10
The Av. Daily Working Time of elementary school teachers.
Unit: hour
中国教师职业发展概况
3.2.3 The expectations of substitute teachers
Passing teacher qualification test and striving
for higher education, and becoming a “real”
teacher
Learning teaching method and theories to
enrich one’s professional quality
Adopting system for teachers’ appointment of
posts, building competing mechanism and
inspiring teachers’ positivity.
中国教师职业发展概况
3.3 Rural teachers professional development
With the guidance of course
reformation, trying to achieve the
improvement of teaching ability
training
87.9% received the training annually
19.1 days on training annually
中国教师职业发展概况
3.3.1 Problems in teacher training
Training system :Normal schools: education before
teachers’ work beginning
Education colleges and local
advanced education schools: education
during teachers’ working
中国教师职业发展概况
3.3.2 The orientation of training’s function is unclear, and the training system makes poor profit.
Supplementary diploma education in continuing education
The educational approach
for elementary and high school teachers' educational level
中国教师职业发展概况
Kinds of training
The participation rate on kinds of training for teachers(%)
中国教师职业发展概况
The participation rate
The contrast of participation rate between poverty counties and nation wide ( unit:%)
中国教师职业发展概况
Teachers’ opinion about training
Rural teachers’opinion about training (%)
中国教师职业发展概况
Teachers’ expectatio
n for training
Categories
Emphasis on education of teacher morality
Deepening the
understa-nding of quality
education
The improve-ment of knowle-dge on course
The reformation of teaching
method
The combination of practice
and theories
others
total 19.0 39.7 63.4 65.0 32.8 1.0
Elementary school 21.0 41.6 59.3 66.1 29.9 0.8
High school 17.4 38.1 67.0 64.0 35.4 1.2
Poverty county 26.1 49.8 62.9 72.5 32.7 1.0
Elementary school 30.0 51.4 57.2 74.1 33.1 0.6
High school 22.1 48.1 68.9 70.8 32.4 1.4
Expectations of rural teachers’ professional development( no more than 3 items ) unit( % )
中国教师职业发展概况
3.4 Teacher professional development in disaster areas
Serious psychological trauma :PTSD
helplessness: no motivation for teaching, loss of happiness
hopelessness: poor living conditions
valuelessness: futility of schooling
exhaustion
Excessive training
中国教师职业发展概况
Score of PTSD( N=508 )
M SD
PTSD 8.63 3.91
PTSD No. of
persons
%
0 8 1.6
1-5 113 22.2
6-10 203 40.0
Above 11 184 36.2
Distribution of PTSD score
Teachers’ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after disaster( testing time: 2.5-3 months after disaster )
Contrast of teachers’ PTSD score with different disaster degrees
中国教师职业发展概况
Teachers’ Psychological well-being in disaster areas
Pre-earthquake Post-earthquake change
男 2.36±1.08 3.78±1.40 1.43±1.53
女 2.02±0.96 3.73±1.45 1.70±1.59
t 3.21** 0.32 -1.66
notice: the higher score represents lower well-being
Pre-earthquake Post-earthquake change
Extremely severe
disaster areas
2.17±1.10 4.07±1.46 1.91±1.77
severe disaster areas 2.04±0.96 3.75±1.42 1.68±1.55
Light disaster areas 2.11±0.97 3.32±1.34 1.17±1.28
F 0.79 8.28*** 6.84***
gender difference (M±SD )
differences on different disaster areas(M±SD)
中国教师职业发展概况
Serious Status of Teachers’ Job Burnout in Disaster Areas
Occurrences
(% )
Emotional
ExhaustionDepersonalization
Reduced Personal
Accomplishment
Teachers in
Disaster Areas
N-508
24.8 6.7 39.2
Nation Wide
Teachers19.00 16.05 17.08
Valulessness: futility of schooling in students and students’
parents
中国教师职业发展概况
The training class of psychological guidance for teachers in disaster areas
中国教师职业发展概况
Psychological Training Books after Disaster
For people in disaster areas: 《Psychological Aid and Reconstruction---Manual for Self-
dealing after 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake》The first psychological book with Braille edition in China
For children in disaster areas: 《We Are Together—for Children in Disaster Areas after
Earthquake》 For teachers in disaster areas: 《Helping Children Building Spirit Garden—The Guidance
Book for Group Activities》( elementary School Edition and High School Edition)
中国教师职业发展概况
3.5 The appointment system for elementary and high school principals
the system of appointment
the credential system
working, training, achieving the qualification certificate
The certificate has no data limitation. The period of 5 years is suggested.
“Qualification ordinance for elementary and secondary school principals”and “management ordinance for elementary and secondary school principals” are in process.
Principal rank system has been used in Beijing and Shanghai.
中国教师职业发展概况
Part FourPart Four
Measures of Teachers Measures of Teachers
Professional DevelopmentProfessional Development
中国教师职业发展概况
The construction goal in the 10th Five-Year Plan for elementary and high school teachers
The Cross-Century project for teachers
The continuing education project in elementary
and high schools
The plan of the combination of nation wide
teachers’ education
The plan from 2003 to 2007 for the education
flourish
中国教师职业发展概况
General Goal Teachers receiving higher education
Stress on the capability improvement of teachers’ in Western and Rural areas
Forming the team with high quality
The implementation of the teachers' position appointment
The fulfillment of the system for the approval of teachers’ qualification
The construction goal in the 11th Five-Year Plan for elementary and high school teachers (from 2006 to 2010)
中国教师职业发展概况
The construction goal for elementary and high school teachers to 2010
Students registered in school
Teachers
Higher than
undergr-aduate
graduate
Undergra-duate in
developed areas
Graduate in in developed
areas
Higher than
undergra-duate in
rural areas
Elementary school 105M 5.55M 15% 30%
Junior high
school50.3M 3M 50% 80% certain 40%
Senior high
school20.80M 1.35M 90% 10% 100% 15% 70%
M: The abbreviation of million.
中国教师职业发展概况
Bringing teachers training into higher education, developing teachers undergraduate education, exploring the cultivation of doctors. Deepening the reformation of teachers education pattern; putting equal stress on professional and academic points, teaching ability and comprehensive quality; exploring multiple teachers training patterns beyond undergraduate education. Integrating and optimizing educational resources to use comprehensive advantages; constructing educational bases with new type, and forming teaching, research and services centers across the national and local areas.
1. Pushing forward the reformation of teacher education, constructing modern, open, and flexible education system
Policies and measuresPolicies and measures
中国教师职业发展概况
2. Fulfilling
professional
qualification
system,
remedying
teacher
revaluation
system.
•Setting up standardized, public, justice procedure of teachers’ qualification authentication according to the law.
•Attracting high quality teachers; fulfilling the national test for teachers’ qualification authentication and re-authentication termly, which benefit the construction of motivation system for teachers lifelong development.
•Combining teachers’ qualification exam and training, improving professional ability and extending the ranges of teachers in support.
•Open and fair teacher selection.
•Reforming the check and evaluation system of teachers. The check indices of contents should accord with the needs of quality education. The check forms should be the combined evaluation of school administrators, students, students’ parents and colleagues.
Policies and measuresPolicies and measures
中国教师职业发展概况
3. Mending teacher education and training system, improving teacher professional level.
• Building the network of normal schools and teacher training
agencies.
• Providing guidance for teacher career development and various
types of continuing education.
• Setting up the public services system of distance education.
• Encouraging teaching research and attempting academic holiday.
• Government invest fees for teacher development. And teachers
will undertake a reasonable proportion of the fee. Teachers in
depressed areas have the special foundation.
Policies and measuresPolicies and measures
中国教师职业发展概况
4.
Strengthening
the construction
of elementary
and high school
teachers in
rural areas
• Widening the qualification access system for teachers.
• Providing better welfare for elementary and high school teachers in rural areas to let them work securely.
• Students who plan to teach go to the rural to practice; teachers in cities exchange with teachers in rural areas.
• Creating good learning environment for teachers.
• Enlarging the number of investment to guarantee the salary of teachers.
• Encouraging volunteers and teachers in developed areas to go to rural areas.
Policies and measuresPolicies and measures
中国教师职业发展概况
5. Facilitating
teacher flow,
optimizing
resource
allocation.
• Facilitating teacher flow between schools and
cities and countries.
• Establishing the system of term exchange and
service period in rural areas.
• Developing teacher talent agency, starting teacher
talent market.
Policies and measuresPolicies and measures
中国教师职业发展概况
Free education in 6 normal universities.
Free for learning and accommodation, and given
living allowance.
Having contact with local government, promising
more than 10-year teaching in elementary and
secondary schools. Those who go to work in town
should service country for 2 years.
Training: Master of Education.
6. Free
Education for
Students in
Teacher
Education
Program
( 2007 )
Policies and measuresPolicies and measures