Tea gafrindaSvili egzistencialisturi tendenciebi ... Gaprindashvili, Disertacia.pdf · A. Lesky,...
Transcript of Tea gafrindaSvili egzistencialisturi tendenciebi ... Gaprindashvili, Disertacia.pdf · A. Lesky,...
Tea gafrindaSvili
egzistencialisturi tendenciebi Tanamedrove berZnul egzistencialisturi tendenciebi Tanamedrove berZnul egzistencialisturi tendenciebi Tanamedrove berZnul egzistencialisturi tendenciebi Tanamedrove berZnul
mwerlobaSi mwerlobaSi mwerlobaSi mwerlobaSi
(a.(a.(a.(a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi)frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi)frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi)frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi)
Tbilisi 2005
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sarCevi:
Sesavali________________________________________________ 3
pirveli nawili pirveli nawili pirveli nawili pirveli nawili
1. egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /________ 7
2. meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli
literatura_____________________________________________ 24
3. egzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literatura________ 35
4. a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)_ 42
meore nawilimeore nawilimeore nawilimeore nawili
1. andreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis
gmirebi_________________________________________________ 54
2. “Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi____ 80
3. adamianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSi__ 92
4. adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis “wylis
moqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi” mixedviT____________________ 108
5. s. plaskovitisi “kaSxali ” – sityva-simbolo__________________ 123
6. “Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaazreba s. plaskovitisis
romanSi “kaSxali”_________________________________________ 133
daskvna__________________________________________________ 140
gamoyenebuli literatura__________________________________ 145
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SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali
egzistencializmi filosofiuri gamoxatulebaa Zalagamoclili
samyarosi - werda Jan pol sartri. berZeni mecnieris, markos avRerisis
azriT ki es aris filosofia, romelic sxva danarCeni ideologiuri
mimdinareobebisagan gansxvavebiT, yvelaze metad asaxavs adamianis
sulier da moralur mdgomareobas. igi gaJRenTilia im pesimizmiT,
romelic sul ufro da ufro Rrmad idgams fesvebs evropul azrovnebaSi.
egzistencializmi hegesiasis “sikvdilis mqadagebel” filosofiasac
mogvagonebs, romelic im epoqaSi aRmocenda, roca antikuri berZnuli
samyaro daRmavlobisaken miemarTeboda da cxovrebisagan
imedgacruebul adamianebs masobrivi TviTmkvlelobisaken ubiZgebda.
hegesiasis filosofiis Tanaxmad, cxovreba gausaZlisi tkivlia,
TviTmkvleloba ki erTaderTi gamosavalia cxovrebis problemebisagan
Tavis dasaRwevad.1 sainteresoa, rom jer kidev XIX saukuneSi berZenma
poetma, ioanis griparisma, gamoiyena ra “masobrivi TviTmkvlelobis”
Tema, Seqmna saucxoo leqsi, romelic udavod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
egzistencialisturi tendenciebiTaa gaJRenTili. aRniSnul leqsSi
mocemuli yvela detali sikvdilis simboloa, sicocxle warmodgenilia
rogorc sikvdilisaken mimavali gza. es ki aris Sexeduleba, romelsac
egzistencialur azrovnebaSi centraluri adgili ukavia. i. griparisis
pesimizmi saocar TanxvedraSia evropaSi gabatonebul pesimizmTan,
romelic XIX saukunidan moyolebuli sul ufro da ufro imyarebda
fesvebs. adamianebSi Cabudebuli grZnobebi gadamdebi seniviT edeboda
1 Sdr.: A. Lesky, Ιστορία της αρχαίας ελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, Θεσσαλονίκη 1990, 697.
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mTels samyaros, erTi qveynidan meoreSi inacvlebda, gansakuTrebiT ki
maSin, roca arsebuli garemoeba yvelgan erTmaneTis identuri xdeboda.2
Tanamedrove berZnulma literaturam ver SeZlo gverdi aevlo am
pesimisturi ganwyobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT im epoqaSi, (aq saubaria
meore msoflio omze da mis Semdgom periodze), roca sazogadoebis
ganwyoba identuri iyo egzistencialisturi tendenciebisa.
dasavluri egzistencialisturi ideebis berZnul inteligenciaSi
popularizaciasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove berZnuli literaturis
mkvlevarTa mxridan araerTi urTierTgamomricxavi azri iqna
gamoTqmuli. ase magaliTad, kritikosi d. ravtopulosi erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi werda: “igulisxmeba, rom egzistencializmis gavlena ar
iyo, vinaidan ar arsebobda kavSiri. Cvenamde mxolod im
antikonformistuli ideebis gamoZaxilebi aRwevda, romlebic
ganTavisuflebis pirvelsave wlebSi parizis axalgazrda inteligencias
aRelvebda. es iyo ZiriTadad sen-Jermen-de pres bulvaris Ramis klubebis
folklori da ara sartris wignebi. arc sorbonis universitetSi
Catarebuli misi leqciebis mosmena iyo SesaZlebeli... am ideebis
gamoZaxili maSin saberZneTSi iSviaTad aRwevda da isic cenzuris qveS
gatarebuli da saxecvlili iyo. saberZneTSi Jids, kamius, moruas,
kostlers da ra Tqma unda, sartrs “antikomunistebis” ricxvs
miakuTvnebdnen da maT amerikuli imperializmis mqadageblebs
uwodebdnen. “dasavlur” sazogadoebebSi, Cven varT Tanamedrove epoqaSi
samyarosagan yvelaze metad mowyvetili axalgazrdoba, pasportis,
ideebis, informaciis gareSe”.3 aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
2 Sdr.: Μ. Αυγέρης, Αφιέρωµα στην Φιλοσοφία του Υπαρξισµού 1, Ο Καµύ στην Ελλάδα, ∆ίµηνο περιοδικό λογοτεχνίας και προβλιµατισµού, Αθήνα 1971, 64. 3 ∆. Ραυτόπουλος, Άρης Αλεξάντρου, Ο εξόριστος, Αθήνα 1996, 21-25.
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gansxvavebul azrs ayalibebs d. cakonasi. misi azriT winaaRmdegoba, ara
imdenad, rogorc erovnuli moZraoba, aramed rogorc sazogadoebrivi
protesti, modernizmTan, dasavleTis moazrovneTa egzistencialur
filosofiasTan, froidizmTan da postsiurealizmTan erTad qmnis
omisSemdgomi periodis SemoqmedTa ideologiur polifonias.4 SesaZloa
nawilobriv orive kritikosis azrs daveTanxmoT. marTlac Znelad
savaraudoa, ramdenad SesaZlebeli iyo omisSemdgom periodSi
gabatonebuli politikuri atmosferosa da diqtaturis pirobebSi
sartrisa da kamius wignebs iseTive aRtacebiT Sexvedroden saberZneTSi,
rogorc es evropis sxva qveynebSi moxda, Tumca amis absoluturi
gamoricxvac SeuZlebelia.
vfiqrobT, rom egzistencializmis berZnul literaturaSi SeRwevisa
da funqcionirebis kanonzomierebani saTanadod ar aris gamokvleuli.
rogorc Tanamedrove berZnuli literaturis istoriis specialistebi
aRniSnaven, es Tema neogrecistikaSi erT-erT yvelaze nakleb Seswavlil
mxares warmoadgens. ucxour samecniero literaturaSic ar arsebobs
specialuri naSromi, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis
berZen mweralTa egzistencialisturi msoflmxedvelobis warmoCenas
eZRvneba.
Cveni naSromi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis berZnul
mwerlobaSi egzistencialisturi tendenciebis gamovlenisa da detaluri
Seswavlis pirveli mcdelobaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom spiros
plaskovitisis, andreas frangiasis da dimitris xaZisis Semoqmedeba
rogorc berZeni, ise ucxoeli kritikosebisa da mecnierebis mier sakmaod
kargad aris Seswavlili, maTi nawarmoebebi am kuTxiT sagangebod aravis
4 Sdr.: ∆. Τσακωνάς, Επίτοµη ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, πρώτη µεταπολεµική γεννιά,
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gamoukvlevia da am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mxolod sxvadasxva varaudia
gamoTqmuli.5 rac Seexeba qarTul samecniero literaturas, Cven ar
mogvepoveba araTu msgavsi Sinaarsis, aramed zogadi xasiaTis naSromi,
romelic zemoT dasaxelebuli mwerlebis Semoqmedebas eZRvneba.
winamdebare sadisertacio naSromis mizania, im ZiriTad
debulebebze dayrdnobiT, rac zogadad egzistencialistur filosofiasa
da egzistencialistur literaturaSi gamoikveTeba, monografiulad
Seiswavlos is, Tu rogor realizdeba egzistencializmi Tanamedrove
berZnul mwerlobaSi CvenTvis saintereso periodSi. aseve daadginos, Tu
ramdenad didia evropuli, kerZod ki franguli egzistencializmis
gavlena berZnul literaturaze da rac mTavaria, ra ZiriTad
Taviseburebebs gviCvenebs am TvalsazrisiT berZen mweralTa
Semoqmedeba. naSromSi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis sami
berZeni mwerlis, a. frangiasis, d. xaZisisa da s. plaskovitisis
Semoqmedebas ganvixilavT, romlebic, Cveni azriT, TavianT epoqaSi
mimdinare movlenebis qarcecxlSi adamianis arsebobis problemebiT
gansakuTrebiT arian dainteresebulni. calkeul TavebSi saTiTaod
ganvixilavT am mweralTa prozaul nawarmoebebs da maTSi warmodgenil
erTob saintereso da uxv masalas, rac egzistencialisturi
tendenciebiTaa gajerebuli, aseve paralelebs gavavlebT sxvadasxva
egzistencialisti mwerlis literaturul nawarmoebebTan.6 sainteresoa
Αθήνα 1999, 534. 5 amis mizezi, Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli epoqis prozaikosTa SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZafri politizirebaa. aqedan gamomdinare mecnierebi da mkvlevarebi, ZiriTadad, omisSedgomi periodis mweralTa Semoqmedebis politikur aspeqtze akeTeben aqcents da maT mier wamoWril zogadsakacobrio sakiTxebs nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben. 6 ZiriTad aqcents frangi egzistencialisti mwerlebis a. kamiusa da J. p. sartris Semoqmedebaze gavakeTebT, vinaidan isini ara mxolod XX saukunis
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berZeni mwerlebis mier wamoWrili adamianis arsebobis, misi sicocxlisa
da sikvdilis siRrmiseuli gancdebis amsaxveli problemebis kvleva. maTi
Semoqmedebis am TvalsazrisiT Sesawavlisas SevecdebiT vaCvenoT Tu
rogor aris maTTan gaazrebuli rogorc adamianis gaucxoebis, misi
martoobis, gariyulobis sakiTxebi, aseve Tavisuflebis, amboxisa da
absurdis koncefciebi.
Cveni kvlevis am etapze evropeli egzistencialisti mwerlebis
saerTo ganwyobidan da maTi Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare SevecdebiT
Tanamedrove berZnuli prozis warmomadgenelTa konkretuli
nawarmoebi detalurad SeviswavloT da gamovyoT is arsebiTi Strixebi,
rac safuZvels mogvcems maTi Semoqmedeba egzistencialisturi
literaturis prizmaSi ganvixiloT. kvlevisas mimovixilavT erTi mxriv
egzistencialisturi Teoriebis universalur da meore mxriv berZnuli
sinamdvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aspeqtebs.
pipipipirveli nawili / Tavi pirveli rveli nawili / Tavi pirveli rveli nawili / Tavi pirveli rveli nawili / Tavi pirveli
egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /
im literaturul mimarTulebaTa Soris, romelTac mniSvelovani
adgili daikaves XX saukunis evropul literaturaSi, egzistencializmi
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. egzistencializmi (arsebobis filosofia)
laTinuri sityvidan existentia momdinareobs. aRniSnuli filosofiuri
mimdinareoba XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi germaniaSi warmoiSva, saidanac
egzistencialisturi mimdinareobis centralur figurebad iTvlebian, aramed swored maTma literaturulma nawarmoebebma aqcies egzistencializmi popularul literaturul mimdinareobad mTels msoflioSi. aseve yuradRebas SevaCerebT f. kafkas Semoqmedebaze, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom berZeni mwerlebis Sexedulebebi absurdTan da religiur TematikasTan dakavSirebiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, TanxvedraSia avstrieli mwerlis ideologiasTan.
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msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gavrcelda, ganviTarebis mwvervals ki
safrangeTSi miaRwia. egzistencializmi erT-erTi gavrcelebuli
mimdinareobaa Tanamedrove burJuaziul filosofiaSi. “egzistencializmi
dRes sazRvargareT imdenad popularulia, rom mas zogi Cveni saukunis,
“atomisa da SiSis” saukunis filosofiad miiCnevs”, - aRniSnavs qarTveli
mecnieri r. gordeziani.7 egzistencialisturi ideebis farTo gavrcelebas
xeli Seuwyo im garemoebam, rom man filosofiuri meditaciis centrSi
adamianis arsebobis, misi sicocxlisa da sikvdilis siRrmiseuli
gancdebis amsaxveli problemebi daayena.
egzistencializmis mimdevarTa wre metad farToa. igi sxvadasxva
mrwamsis adamianebs aerTianebs, magaliTad aTeistebsa da qristianebs,
ris Tanaxmadac egzistencializmis mkvlevarni religiur (k. iaspersi, g.
marseli) da aTeistur (m. haidegeri, J. p. sartri, a. kamiu) egzistencializms
gamoyofen. egzistencialisturi mimdinareobis mTavari warmomadgenlebi
arian m. haidegeri, k. iaspersi, J. p. sartri, g. marseli, a. kamiu, s. bovuari,
m. merlo-ponti, rusi emigrantebi n. berdiaevi, l. Sestovi, espaneli
mwerali da filosofosi m. unamuno. Tumca egzistencialistebis
winamorbedebad sokrate, avgustine, T. aqvineli, luTeri, kalvini, kanti,
nicSe, kierkegori da dostoevski miiCnevian. isini, egzistencialistebis
azriT, is filosofosebi da moazrovneebi arian, romlebic TavianT
SemoqmedebaSi egzistencialur problemebs warmoaCendnen. 8
egzistencializmis mravalmxrivi gamovlinebis miuxedavad, mainc
SesaZlebelia misi zogadi tendenciisa da xasiaTis dadgena. igi
gamoxatavs imdroindeli dasavleTis inteligenciis mZafr sulier
7 r. gordeziani, egzistencializmi, narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, Tbilisi 1993, 412. 8 Sdr.: k. baqraZe, eqsistencializmi, Tbilisi 1962, 14.
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kriziss, ramac gansakuTrebuli ZaliT ori msoflio omis Sedegad iCina
Tavi. aRmoCnda, rom kapitalistur-industriuli civilizaciis pirobebSi
adamiani araadamianur mdgomareobaSia moqceuli, gaucxoebulia,
dakarguli aqvs Tavisufleba da pirovnuloba. aseT pirobebSi adamiani
ucxo da misTvis ucnob socialur Zalebs sulieri da fizikuri
katastrofisaken mihyavs. swored es ganwyoba gansazRvravs
egzistencialuri azrovnebis zogad xasiaTs.9 rusi filosofosis, n.
berdiaevis azriT, adamianis “gaburJueba”, misi proletarizacia
momakvdinebeli aRmoCnda pirovnebis arsebobisaTvis. kapitalizmi,
uwinares yovlisa, antipersonalizmia, anonimuri Zalaufleba, mTel
adamianur arsebobaze rom vrceldeba; is adamians epyroba, rogorc
nivTs. misi azriT, burJuaziul-kapitalisturi samyaro adamianTa Zmobisa
da erTianobis uaryofa iyo.10
am filosofiuri mimdinareobis qvakuTxedi “egzistenciis” cnebaa.
igi tradiciulad “arsebis arsebobas” gamoxatavda. egzistencia
gagebulia, rogorc sruliad Taviseburi mimarTeba Tavisi Tavisadmi da,
amgvarad, sxvisadmic, anu es aris sxvisadmi “TviTmimarTva”, rac
Tavisuflebas moaswavebs. “TviTmimarTvasa” da TavisuflebaSi
gamoixateba adamianis (Selbst) “sxva”, risaken “TviTmimarTvacaa” adamiani.
“TviTmimarTvis” xasiaTi da mimarTuleba egzistencialistebis mier
erTnairad ar aris gagebuli, magram maTTvis saerToa adamianis namdvil
arsebobad Tavisuflebis, “TviTmimarTvis”, pirovnulobis aRiareba.11
9 Sdr.: z. kakabaZe, egzistencializmi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IV, Tbilisi 1979, 22. 10 Sdr.: n. berdiaevi, adamianis bedi Tanamedrove samyaroSi, Tbilisi 2001, 15. 11 Sdr.: z. kakabaZe, egzistencializmi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IV, Tbilisi 1979, 22
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adamianis egzistencia auxsnelia, “arsebobis filosofia” ki mis
konkretul interpretacias axdens.
qarTveli filosofosi r. gordeziani gamohyofs im arsebiT niSnebs,
rac SesaZloa saerTo maxasiaTeblad CaiTvalos egzistencializmis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis: 1. egzistencialuri filosofiis centrSi dgas
adamiani, rogorc gansakuTrebuli konkretuli arseba - egzistenti;
2. adamianuri egzistenti yovelTvis individualuria. igi ara saeTod
adamians anda adamianTa simravles, aramed individualur, erTeul
adamians exeba; 3. egzistencializmi ar aRiarebs mxolod adamianis
izolirebul “me”-s arsebobas. egzistencializmSi adamiani ar ganixileba
TavisTavSi Caketil izolirebul individualur arsebad. piriqiT,
adamiani masSi gagebulia rogorc gaxsnili, Ria realoba, romelic
Tavisi arsebiT dakavSirebulia garesamyarosTan da sxva adamianebTan.
egzistencia dasawyisidanve samyaroSi, sxva individebTan yofnaa.
egzistencializmi erTeul adamians yovelTvis konkretul situaciaSi
ganixilavs, magram arasodes izolirebulad, aramed yovelTvis
samyarosTan da sxva adamianebTan kavSirSi; 4. egzistenti yofnis ucvleli
forma ki ara aris, aramed dinamiuria, Tavisi arsebiT drosTan da
droulobasTanaa kavSirSi; 5. egzistencialistebi aufasureben
inteleqtualur Semecnebas. realoba ganicdeba da gaigeba pirad
egzistencialur gamocdilebaSi. am cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis wyarod
ki maT miaCniaT “Zrwola”, romelsac adamiani ganicdis maSin, roca
gaacnobierebs amqveyniuri aramyari usafuZvlo yofnis sasrulobas anu
pirad sasrulo droul yofnas, romelic gardauvali sikvdiliT Tavdeba
(haidegeri); 6. Tanamedrove egzistencialistebi kvlevis dros met-
naklebad fenomenologiur meTods iyeneben: maTTan didi mniSvneloba
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eniWeba yofierebis uSualo wvdomas, rogorc amas fenomenologiuri
meTodis avtori, huserli moiTxovda, magram egzistencialistebi didad
daSordnen mis moZRvrebas rogorc gamosavali punqtis, ise saboloo
miznis mixedviT. maTTvis konkretuli egzistenti, adamianis arsebobaa
kvlevis mTavari sagani da ara huserliseuli zogadi, maradiuli
idealuri arsebebi.12
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad egzistencializmi calkeuli
filosofosebis Tvalsazrisi iyo. mogvianebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, misi mimdevrebis ricxvi TandaTanobiT izrdeba.
egzistencialistebi TavianT mosazrebas adamianis arsebobis Sesaxeb ara
mxolod filosofiur naSromebSi, aramed mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi,
romanebsa da Teatralur piesebSi aviTareben. egzistencializmi
mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebSi Tavisi ideebis popularizaciisaTvis
farTod iyenebs mxatvrul literaturas. egzistencialistebisaTvis
mxatvruli literatura ara mxolod maTi Teoriis popularuli gziT
gadmocemis moxerxebul formas warmoadgenda, aramed maT eZleodaT
saSualeba am Teoriis realuroba da WeSmariteba “adamianuri arsebobis”
konkretuli magaliTebiT ufro metad TvalsaCino gaexadaT.13 swored ase
gaxda SesaZlebeli egzistencializmis gavrceleba da popularizacia
gansakuTrebiT im epoqaSi, roca sazogadoebis ganwyoba
egzistencialisturi tendenciebis identuri iyo.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom egzistencialuri msoflmxedveloba farTo
masStabebiT vrceldeba, rogorc geografiuli, ise qronologiuri
12 Sdr.: r. gordeziani, eqsistencializmi, narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, ganaTleba, Tbilisi 1993, 413 13 И. Шкунаева, Современная Французская Литература, Экзистенциалистское направление в философии и художественной литературе, Москва 1961,122.
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TvalsazrisiT. igi espanur (m. unamuno), amerikul (n. meileri, j.
boldvini), inglisur (a. merdiuki, u. goldingi), dasavleT germanul (e.
nosaki, a. dioblini), iaponur (kobo abe) da sxva qveynebis literaturaSi
ikidebs fexs. “egzistencialuri romani ar gamoirCeva formaluri Tu
stilisturi siTamamiT: etyoba igi eswrafvis SeZlebisdagvarad
gaafarTovos mkiTxvelTa wre, da kidec poulobs maT, metwilad
axalgazrdebSi, romlebsac Zalian izidavs praqtikuli zneobis
sakiTxebi”,14 - aRniSnavs d. rabate.
am pesimisturma filosofiurma da esTetikurma koncefciam 40-50-ian
wlebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili frangi mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi daikava.
Jan-pol sartrma, alber kamium, simon de bovuarma, k. iaspersisa da m.
haidegeris burusiT mocul germanul filosofias TavianT
literaturul nawarmoebebSi Taviseburi saxe misces. franguli
egzistencializmi Tanamedrove epoqis sazogadoebriv-politikuri
movlenebis, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis axali, krizisuli etapis
gamoZaxili iyo. es iyo ideologiuri Sexeduleba meore msoflio omze,
faSizmze da mis mier Seqmnil mzakvrul garemoze, im epoqaze roca
individisa da sazogadoebis urTierToba aSkarad krizisul stadiaSi
Sevida.15 egzistencializmis franguli varianti ukiduresad pesimisturia,
romelSiac ZiriTadi debulebebi umowyalod gaSiSvlebul daskvnebamdea
dayvanili, pirvandeli “adamianuri arsebobis tragikuli WeSmaritebis
siSiSvlemde”, - aRniSnavs i. Skunaeva.16
14 d. rabate, franguli romani 1900 wlidan, morali da romanis formebi, Tbilisi 1998, 82. 15 i. RoRoberiZe, Jan Jirodus inteleqtualuri Teatri, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, Tbilisi 1989, 24. 16 И. Шкунаева, Современная Французская Литература, Экзистенциалистское направление в философии и художественной литературе, Москва 1961, 117.
13
13
frangi egzistencialistebi, TavianTi germaneli winamorbedebisagan
gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT mZafrad ayeneben pirovnuli da socialuri
eTikis sakiTxebs, konkretulad ki wamoWril problemebs Tanamedrove
politikur cxovrebas ukavSireben. 40-ian wlebSi safrangeTSi arsebulma
politikurma uTanxmoebam, skepticizmma da rwmenis uqonlobam, rac
farTo burJuaziul wreebSi sufevda safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg,
demoralizaciam, erovnuli damoukideblobis dakargvam da ubedurebebis
mTelma rigma, egzistencializmi wina planze wamowia da gansazRvra misi
zemoqmedeba mimdinare movlenebiT dezorientirebuli adamianebis gulsa
da azrovnebaze.17
“xelovnebam – werda alber kamiu – politika Tavis sagnad ar unda
aqcios, Tumca xelovans, warmoadgens ra Tavisi epoqis nawils, ar ZaluZs
zurgi aqcios mis tragedias”.18 aRniSnuli epoqis literaturisa da
xelovnebis nawarmoebebi savsea apokalifsuri, koSmarul-katastrofuli
xilvebiT. Sveicarieli dramaturgi f. diurenmati Tvlis, rom
Tanamedrove literaturisa da xelovnebis upiratesi forma groteskia
da am ukanasknels gansazRvravs rogorc “usaxo samyaros saxes”.19 “meoce
saukunis dasvlur xelovnebaSi, ZiriTadad, ori xazis gansxvaveba
SeiZleba. es aris, erTi mxriv, formaTa TamaSi, Sinaarsisagan da azrisgan
daclili formebis Tavisufali konstruireba, e. i. formalisturi
artistizmi, meore mxriv ki fantastiur-saocari da Semzaravi Sinaarsis
gamosaxva, e. i. radikaluri groteski. am or xazs xSirad erTi da igive
xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT, isini uSualod exebian erTmaneTs,
erTimeoreSi gadadian. cxadi xdeba, am gansxvavebul esTetikur poziciebs
17 Ibid., 123. 18 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург1999, 89. 19 W. Kayser, Das Groteske in Malerei und Dichtung, München 1961, 8.
14
14
erTi Sinagani motivi aqvs: Semzaravi samyaro, gaucxoebuli samyaro...
groteski Semzaravi, gamaucxoebeli samyaros uSualo gamosaxvaa”.20
istoriis mier gamowveulma imedgacruebam winaswar gansazRvra
SemoqmedTa metafizikisadmi interesi, Tumca es interesi mimarTuli iyo
ara abstraqtuli da yovlismomcveli metafizikisadmi, aramed pirovnebis
metafizikuri aRqmis, individualuri, adamianuri arsebobisadmi.
franguli literaturisa da filosofiis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenelma Jan-pol sartrma e. huserlis fenomenologiisa da m.
haidegeris ontologiis safuZvelze mogvianebiT Camoayaliba sakuTari
“aTeisturi egzistencializmis” moZRvreba. sartris literaturuli
Semoqmedeba, egzistencialuri msoflaRqma warmoiSva filosofiuri
egzistencializmis safuZvelze. misi Semoqmedeba filosofiuri TezisebiT
aris gaJRenTili. egzistencializmis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi _ martooba,
SiSi, Tavisufleba, pasuxismgebloba da sxv. sainteresodaa axsnili mis
literaturul nawarmoebebSi. misTvis mTavari obieqtia konkretuli
adamiani da misi cnobiereba. adamiani aris egzistencia, romelic TviTon
qmnis Tavisi arsebobis konkretul saxeebs. misi arseboba win uswrebs mis
arss.
sartrisaTvis samyaro saSiSi da carielia, amitom gulisrevis
SegrZnebasa da kaeSans iwvevs masSi. igi undoblobiT ekideba cxovrebas,
TiTqos SiSobs, rom igi, sandomiani saxis meZavis msgavsad Tavisi
akrZaluli mSvenierebiT acdunebs mas. imisaTvis, rom Tavi daaRwios
cxovrebis momxibvlelobas, sartri cdilobs gamoiWiros igi saZagel,
gulisamrev momentebSi da Semdeg daufaravi kmayofilebiT mouxmos
20 Sdr.: z. kakabaZe, “egzistenciuri krizisis” problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia, Tbilisi 1985, 8-9.
15
15
mkiTxvels, raTa man cxovrebis siave ixilos.21 misi gmirebi martoobis
morevSi arian CaZirulni da gulgrilobas ganicdian cxovrebis mimarT.
gardauvali sikvdilis SegrZneba ki maT srulebiT ukargavs cxovrebis
azris, mimzidvelobis, Rirebulebebis aRqmis unars. cxovreba, Tavis
uazrobiT, TiTqos sikvdils uTanabrdeba da sartris gmirebi sikvdilis
uaryofiT, Tavad sicocxlesac uaryofen.
sartrma Tavisi Semoqmedebis centrSi moaqcia individis sruli
Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. Tavisufleba ki gulisxmobs pasuxismgeblobas
yvelasa da yvelaferze, rasTanac ki adamians mimarTeba aqvs. es ki, mTeli
kacobrioba, mTeli samyaroa. adamianis samyaro, sartris azriT, misive
arCevanis Sedegia. sxvebTan erTad arseboba Tanaarsia misTvis, iseve
rogorc pasuxismgebloba yvelasa da yvelaferze. uamravi valdebuleba
awevs adamians imitom, rom is adamiania, e. i. Tavisufalia. aqedan naTelia,
Tu ra uzomod Znelia iyo adamiani, Tu ra tvirTia arseboba. amitom
werda sartri “adamiani dawyevlila TavisuflebiT”, adamiani amaod
cdilobs mas gaeqces.22 l. andreevis azriT, egzistencialisturi
“Tavisufleba” mkveTrad gamoxatuli, uxeSi da individualurad aRqmuli
Tavisuflebaa. sartrTan mxolod martoobaSi myofi adamiania
Tavisufali, “sxvebi” zRudaven Tavisuflebas, adamiani TiTqos “sxvebis”
tyveobaSi iyos, “sxvebis” yoveli Sexeduleba es ukve Tavisuflebaze
Tavdasxmaa. misi gmirebis Tavisufleba saboloo jamSi adaptaciisa da
morCilebis mistificirebuli burJuaziuli morali, marcxis moralia.
sartrisaTvis metafizikuri msjelobisasac ki “Tavisufleba” “araa
Tavisufali”. kamius miaCnda, rom pirovnebis TiTqmis paTologiuri
ganadgureba, sartrTan adamianis Tavisuflebis fundamentaluri
21 В. Ерофеев, В лабиринте проклятых вопросов, Проза Сартра, Москва 1990, 274.
16
16
problemidan gamomdinareobs. misi gmirebi marTlac Tavisufalni arian,
Tumca maTi Tavisufleba arafrismTqmelia. adamiani ganTavisuflebulia
yovelgvari crurwmenisagan. igi martoa, sakuTar TavisuflebaSia
gamoketili. es Tavisufleba drosTan kavSirSia, sikvdili mis ukugdebas
iwvevs. aseTi adamianis bedi absurdulia.23 absurdSi Cafluli
yofierebisaTvis amboxi erTaderTi xsnaa, Tumca sartris da misi
gmirebis amboxi dafuZnebulia sasowarkveTilebaze da ara imedze.
absurdi, romelic adamiansa da mis cxovrebas ganagebs - aris swored
is sawyisi Tema, rac ZiriTadad akavSirebda da erTmaneTisagan aSorebda
sartrisa da kamius Semoqmedebas. alber kamius moRvaweoba safrangeTSi
egzistencializmis aRmocenebisa da damkvidrebis xanas ekuTvnis da mis
SemoqmedebaSi am mimarTulebis bevri debulebis mxatvrul asaxvas
vpoulobT. sartrisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic adamiansa da cxovrebas
amazrzenad miiCnevs, kamiu individis sidiades aRiarebs, romelsac ar
ZaluZs kavSiri daamyaros misdami gulgril, Tumca amavdroulad
mSvenier samyarosTan.24 swored es SegrZneba kamius SemoqmedebaSi aris
mizezi absurduli SegrZnebis gamowvevisa. Tavad kamius yovelTvis
aRizianebda is, rom mas egzistencializms akuTvnebdnen. igi aRniSnavda,
rom filosofosi ar aris da arc hqonia rodisme amis pretenzia. “me
mxolod imaze SemiZlia vilaparako, rac ganmicdia... intuitiurad Tu
SegrZnebiT, yoveldRiurobis uazrobas vgrZnobT, vgrZnobT sikvdilis
gardauvalobas, adamianis meqanizmad gadaqcevas”. kamius azriT
egzistencialistebi, acnobiereben ra adamianis bedis sasrulobas, mis
iracionalurobas da imas, rom samyaro miuwvdomelia, mogviwodeben
22 g. TevzaZe, XX saukunis filosofiis istoria, Tbilisi 2002, 455. 23 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 111. 24 В. Ерофеев, В лабиринте проклятых вопросов, Мысли о Камю, Москва 1990, 290.
17
17
vaRiaroT da vcnoT absurdi. adamiani, Tuki absurds aRiarebs, maSin igi
mas urigdeba. egzistencialistebis imedi mxolod Tavis damcirebaSi
gamoixateba. miwieri arsebobis absurduloba arwmunebs maT iwamon
zebunebrivi realoba, RmerTi. kamius azriT ki RmerTis imedi morCilebis
tolfasia, rac misTvis miuRebelia. kamiusaTvis absurdi aris yovelgvari
metafizikuri imedebisagan, transcendeciisagan daclili xedva samyarosi.
“metafizikuri uimedoba”, anu naTeli gacnobiereba yofierebis umaRlesi
Rirebulebebis ararsebobisa, udevs safuZvlad kamius absurdis
koncefcias. amgvari xedva absurdisa SeiZleba nihilistur
filosofiasTanac gavaigivoT.25
romaniT “ucxo” (1942) iwyeba kamius Semoqmedebis pirveli naxevari,
romelsac Tavad mwerali “absurdis cikls” uwodebs. l. andreevis
SexedulebiT, samyaros “absurdulobasTan” dakavSirebuli azridan
gamomdinare, kamiu spekulaciuri, metafizikuri gziT cdilobda
Tavisuflebis, sikvdilis problemebis gadaWras. kamiu gansakuTrebiT
samyaros da sakuTari Tavis Seucnobelobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
kamius Tanaxmad, absurdi ganagebs adamiansa da mis cxovrebas, magram igi
arc adamianSia da arc samyaroSi. absurdi da adamianuri yofa erTi da
igivea. mis SemoqmedebaSi absurds ori mniSvneloba aqvs: erTi _ es aris
mdgomareoba, absurdis instiqturi SegrZneba, xolo meore ki _ naTeli
Secnoba am mdgomareobisa _ absurdis cneba.26
termini “absurdi” jer kidev III saukuneSi, karTageneli
RvTismetyvelis, tertulianes mier iqna gamoyenebuli, romelic ambobda:
25 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 121, 157. 26 m. baqraZe, dasavleT evropis literatura (XX saukune), literaturis istoria, poetika, urTierTobani, sityvis poetika da mzis simbolika a. kamius “ucxoSi”, Tbilisi 1988, 317.
18
18
“rwmena SeiZleba mxolod absurdisa, rasac xedav imas ar iwameb” (Credo
qua absurdum). absurdis mcnebas mogvianebiT b. paskalis da s. kierkegoris
naSromebSi vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki is Tanamedrove filosofosTa da
SemoqmedTa nawarmoebebSi imkvidrebs adgils. absurdis Temis
damuSavebaSi kamius uSualo literaturul winamorbedad SeiZleba a.
malro CaiTvalos. am frangi mwerlis xatovani Sefasebis Tanaxmad,
liToniviT civi batonoba absurdisa, romelic evropas gveliviT
Semoxvexia – sikeTisa da borotebis Semecnebis xe, ufro da ufro Rrmad
da myarad idgams fesvebs Tanamedrove adamianis yofierebasa da
cnobierebaSi, imorCilebs ra mis gonebasa da qcevebs. sikvdili, rogorc
mTavari ganxorcieleba absurdisa, damajereblobiT amtkicebs, rom
maradiuli samyaro warmavali adamianisagan damoukidebelia. malros
azriT, sikvdili miwieri cxovrebis faseulobas srul absolutamde
zrdis. adamiani ver gaeqceva sikvdils, Tumca mas SeuZlia Tavi daaRwios
absurds cxovrebaSi. gaacnobierebs ra sikvdilis garduvalobas, is
agrZelebs yofas sikvdilis winaaRmdeg, anu absurdis winaaRmdeg da amiT
mis cxovrebas eZleva azri.27 absurdis gagebaSi kamiu malros
msoflmxedvelobasTan axlos dgas, Tumca misi filosofiuri koncefcia
ufro rTulia. kamiusTan “absurdi” adamianisa da samyaros Soris
damokidebulebaSi gaiazreba, sxva danarCeni egzistencialistebi, pirvel
rigSi ki sartri, absurdis mcnebas ufro ganazogadeben.28
individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi kamiusTan sikvdilis mcnebasTanaa
kavSirSi. misTvis yovelive, sikvdilis garda, aris Tavisufleba.
sikvdilis SiSisagan ganTavisuflebuli adamiani ki, romelic aRiarebs
27 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 130,131. 28 Sdr.: P. Ginestier, Η ζωή και η σκέψη του Καµύ, µετάφρ. Αλέξ. Βέλιος, Αθήνα 1965, 71.
19
19
sikvdils da mis Sedegebs, anu cxovrebis tradiciuli Rirebulebebis
msxvrevas, misTvis WeSmaritad Tavisufali adamiania.
alber kamiu aseve aRiarebulia, rogorc “amboxis” Teoretikosi.
misi “absurduli” msoflaRqmis ganviTarebis pirvel fazaSi, meore
msoflio omis dawyebisas, kamium wamoayena e. w. amboxis koncefcia.
absurdis nihilisturi koncefciisagan gansxvavebiT, amboxis koncefcia
moralzea dafuZnebuli. kamiusaTvis amboxi adamianis metafizikur
dominants warmoadgens, romelic adamianuri Rirebulebebisa da
Rirsebebis dasacavad protests gamoTqvams yovelgvari Cagvris
winaaRmdeg.29 es aris RmerTisa da istoriis absolutizaciis winaaRmdeg
adamianis galaSqreba. kamiusaTvis amboxi uaryofilis mtkiceba, misi
aRiarebaa. codna, amtkicebs igi, SesaZlebelia mxolod Secnobadis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aRmocendes. aRmaSfoTebel wesrigs Tu
movaSorebT, aRSfoTebac gaqreba da amboxic aRar iqneba. misi azriT,
absurduli mdgomareoba imis aRiarebaa, rom yvelaferi uazrobaa, rac
Tavis Tavad amboxia.30
sartrma da kamium, rogorc “Tavisuflebisa” da “amboxis”
momxreebma burJuaziuli inteligenciis yuradReba miipyres, romelic
maT mimarT did simpatias gamoxatavda. frangi mwerali andre morua
kamius popularobis Sesaxeb werda: “kamius saxelmoxveWilobis, misi
xmauriani warmatebis axsna sakmaod ucnauri saqmea, kamiu xom arc axali
balzaki da arc tolstoia. misi xelovneba da ideebi ar warmoadgens
raRac WeSmaritad dids. Tumca gavixsenoT, rom “sizifosis miTi” omis
wlebSi iqna gamoqveynebuli _ saqme ki swored amaSia. pirveli msoflio
29 Sdr.: В. Ерофеев, В лабиринте проклятых вопросов, Мысли о Камю, Москва 1990, 308. 30 Sdr.: Л. Г. Андреев, О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 130-131.
20
20
omis dros “imedi”, “progresi” azriT savse sityvebi iyo... meore msoflio
omma daamsxvria imedebi, kamiu ki ambobda – samyaro absurdulia, es
gavacnobieroT da viyoT mamacni”.31
arsebobis absurduloba amosavali wertilia franc kafkas
SemoqmedebisTvisac, rac mas metad aaxloebs frangi egzistencialistebis
ideologiasTan. kafkas nawarmoebebSi gamoxatulia adamianis
egzistencialuri SeWirveba, principuli da permanentuli
xelmocaruloba, martooba, sulieri uTvistomoba da socialuri
atomizmi. ukiduresi simkveTriTaa warmoCenili burJuaziuli evropis
agonia, sulier RirebulebaTa gaufasureba da usazRvro qaosis,
absurdisa da sasowarkveTilebis winaSe dgoma. kamius azriT f. kafka,
iseve rogorc s. kierkegori da l. Sestovi, “egzistencialisti
moazrovnea”, romlis egzistencialisturi msoflSegrZnebis sulier
dominants misi azrebis zebunebrivi realobisaken miswrafeba
warmoadgens, rac adamians miwieri samyaros uimedo cxovrebis
tvirTisagan anTavisuflebs.32
egzistencializmis aseTi gavrceleba gamoiwvia moazrovneTa
mxridan adamianis xvedriT gansakuTrebulma dainteresebam im epoqaSi,
“roca individumis da sazogadoebis urTierToba aSkarad krizisul
stadiaSi Sevida, roca adamians moaklda moqalaqeobrivi interesebi,
roca adamiani gamoeyo yoveldRiurobas, pirad emociebs, silamazes,
siyvarulsac ki, sartriseuli sityvebi “jojoxeTi – es sxvebia” – gaisma,
rogorc adamianis Sinagani Tavisuflebis damamtkicebeli sabuTi,
realurad ararsebuli Tavisuflebis da totaluri gaucxoebis
31 Л. Г. Андреев, О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 137. 32 Sdr.: С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург, 1999, 121.
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21
pirobebSi”.33 Semzaravi, gaucxoebuli samyaro da konkretulad ki
“gaucxoebuli adamiani – ai, Tanamedrove burJuaziuli mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis mTavari Tema. xelovani ki swored is adamiania, romelic
Tavis grZnobebsa da warmodgenebSi sazogadoebis arsebiT da tipiur
niSnebs asaxavs”.34
adamianis “gaucxoebis” fenomeni kacobriobis istoriis jer kidev
adreuli epoqis siRrmeebidan iRebs saTaves, rac SemdgomSi araerTi
filosofosisa da Semoqmedis gaazrebisa da interpretaciis sagnad iqca.
“gaucxoeba” maT mier sxvadasxva aspeqtSi iqna aRqmuli da misi araerTi
saxe gamoikveTa.
Tavad termini “gaucxoeba” 1935 wlamde arc erT sociologiur
leqsikonsa da enciklopediaSi ar gvxvdeba, Tumca azri mis Sesaxeb,
zogjer sruliad naTlad gamokveTili, zogjer ki gadakvriT jer kidev
XIX s. da XX s. pirveli aTwleulebis klasikur sociologiur
naSromebSi iqna Camoyalibebuli. Tuki ufro Rrmad moviZiebT mis fesvebs,
Cv. w.-is III s. neoplatonikosi filosofosis, plotinosis naSromebSi,
aseve wminda avgustinesa da luTeris TeologiaSic ki aRmovaCenT
“gaucxoebis” fenomenis sawyisebs.35 Tumca, mecnierTa azriT, yvelaze metad
sarwmuno wyaro, sadac mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli azri “gaucxoebis”
Sesaxeb, hegelis naSromebia. hegelisaTvis “gaucxoeba” ontologiur
movlenas warmoadgenda, bunebis im ganuyofel nawils, rac adamianis
samyaroSi arsebobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mis Tanaxmad, arsebobs
bunebrivi garCeva adamians, rogorc subieqtsa da adamians, rogorc
33 i. RoRoberiZe, Jan Jirodus inteleqtualuri Teatri, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, Tbilisi 1989, 24. 34 z. kakabaZe, “egzistenciuri krizisis” problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia, Tbilisi 1985, 9.
22
22
obieqts Soris, anu adamians, rogorc Semoqmed subieqts, romelic
iswrafvis, rom iarsebos da sakuTari Tavis realizacia moaxdinos da
adamians, rogorc obieqts Soris, romelic sxvebis mier gamoiyeneba da
maTi gavlenis qveS eqceva.36
hegelisagan gansxvavebiT, marqsTan “gaucxoeba” kapitalisturi
wyobis klasobriv-antagonisturi sazogadoebis maxasiaTebeli obieqturi
procesia, romelic Sromis eqspluataciis faqtidan gamomdinareobs da
gamoxatavs mSromeli adamianis gaTiSvas mis mier Seqmnili materialuri
da sulieri Rirebulebebisagan. misi azriT, adamianis bunebaSi Tavad
arsebobs sakuTari Tavis SromiT realizeba, magram misi es SesaZlebloba
ekonomikuri sistemis mier iqna akrZaluli. maSasadame, mTavar
problemas kapitalistur wyobaSi gaucxoebuli samuSao warmoadgens.37
“gaucxoebasTan” dakavSirebuli garda marqsistuli tradiciuli
mosazrebisa, arsebobs kidev erTi Teoria, romelsac e. w. “masebis
sazogadoebis” (mass society) warmomadgenlebi ayalibebdnen. isini
“gaucxoebas” XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisSi industrializaciis Sedegad
tradiciuli sazogadoebis gauCinarebas ukavSireben. maTi azriT, adamiani
izolirebulia ise, rogorc arasdros _ anonimuri da usaxo im masaSi,
romelic mas burJuad aqcevs, igi mowyvetilia Zvel Rirebulebebs da arc
sagnebis axali racionalisturi da biurokratiuli wyoba swams.38
adamianis “gaucxoebis” problemiT gansakuTrebiT egzistencialisti
mwerlebi arian dainteresebulni. maTTvis “gaucxoeba” ufro metad
adamianis gariyulobasTan da martoobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
35 Sdr.: Πάπυρος Larousse Britannica, τ. VII , Αλλοτροίωση, Αθήνα 1981, 59. 36 Ibid. 37 Ibid. 38 Ibid., 60.
23
23
kritikosTa azriT, egzistencialisti mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi adamianis
“gaucxoebis” sami ZiriTadi saxe gamoikveTeba: 1. adamianis bunebasTan
gaucxoeba, rac gulisxmobs adamiansa da bunebas Soris distanciis
arsebobis SegrZnebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi individumi grZnobs, rom samyaro
ar aris logikurad mowyobili garemo da igi Tavis Tavs aRiqvams,
rogorc samyaroSi SemTxveviT gadasrolils. 2. adamiani aseve sxva
adamianebTan mimarTebaSi gvevlineba “gaucxoebuli”. miuxedavad imisa,
rom individumi sxvebis gverdiT cxovrobs, mas ar ZaluZs maTi Sinagani
grZnobebisa da azrebis amokiTxva. igi, Tavisufali arCevanidan
gamomdinare, axdens diferenciacias imisa Tu ra aris misTvis da sxva
adamianebisaTvis mniSvnelovani da azriT savse samyaroSi. swored es
interesTa sxvadasxvaoba iwvevs adamianTa Soris gaucxoebas. 3.
“gaucxoebis” mesame varianti, rac konkretulad kamiusaTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, vinaidan is absurdis Teoriis
principidan gamomdinareobs, aris adamianis samyarosTan “gaucxoeba”.
kamius azriT im samayaroSi, sadac sikvdili arsebobs, yvela adamiani
ucxoa. maSasadame sikvdilis gardauvaloba, is faqti, rom adamians ar
SeuZlia maradiulad iarsebos samyaroSi mas aqcevs “ucxod”. Tavad
samyaro ki indiferentulia rogorc adamianis dabadebis, aseve misi
sikvdilis mimarT. 39
martoobisaTvis ganwiruli adamianis tragediis Temaze mravali
evropeli Semoqmedis nawarmoebia agebuli. aRsaniSnavia franguli
“absurdis Teatris” erT-erTi iniciatoris, romanistisa da eseistis,
semuel beketis Semoqmedebac, romelsac SesaniSnavad aqvs gaazrebuli
Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianuri arsebobis krizisis problema. “yvela
39 Sdr.: P. E. Linda, Existential Literature, An Introduction, Existentialist Views on the Human
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24
Tavis TavSia yrud gamoketili da erTmaneTis ar esmiT, urTierTobis
damyarebis nebismieri cda amaoa”,40 – aRniSnavs igi. sartrisa da
kamiusaTvis, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni egzistencialisti
filosofosisa Tu mwerlisaTvis, adamianis “gaucxoeba” SezRudul da
izolirebul samyaroSi, sadac igi Tavs “ucxod” grZnobs, bunebrivi
movlenaa (aRsaniSnavia, rom kamium Tavis erT-erT romans “ucxo” uwoda).
isini adamianis egzistencialuri aRqmis momentze amaxvileben yuradRebas.
Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili debulebebi aris is ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi, rac zogadad egzistencialistur filosofiasa da
egzistencialistur literaturaSi gamoikveTeba. evropeli
egzistencialisti mwerlebis saerTo ganwyobidan da maTi
Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare SevecdebiT Tanamedrove berZnuli prozis
warmomadgenelTa literaturuli nawarmoebebi egzistencializmis
farglebSi ganvixiloT.
nawili pirveli / Tavi meorenawili pirveli / Tavi meorenawili pirveli / Tavi meorenawili pirveli / Tavi meore
meore msoflio omis Semdgomeore msoflio omis Semdgomeore msoflio omis Semdgomeore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli mi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli mi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli mi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli
literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura
berZnul literaturaSi CvenTvis saitereso periodSi moRvawe
mwerlebis Semoqmedebis analizisaTvis aucilebelia mokled
mimovixiloT is epoqa da istoriuli garemo, romelSiac maT mouwiaT
cxovreba da moRvaweroba.
Condition, Belmont 2000, 50. 40 m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: egzistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, Tbilisi 1989, 47.
25
25
aq saubaria meore msoflio omze da mis Semdgom periodze, im
epoqaze, romelic rogorc saberZneTSi, ise evropasa da saerTod
msoflioSi didi politikuri ZvrebiTa da qartexilebiT aRiniSna. meore
msoflio omma adamianTa sulebs da maT cxovrebas, mTeli evropis
masStabiT, Rrma kvali daatyo. isini usaxur da sisxlian masad aqcia. maTi
erovnuli Tu kulturuli tradiciebi, sazogadoebrivi da pirovnuli
niSanTvisebebi miwasTan gaaswora. msoflio omma adamianur arsebobaSi
dagrovili boroteba, RvarZli, boRma da siZulvili gamoavlina,
gamoaaSkarava Cveni civilizaciis siyalbe. adamianebma dakarges
yovelgvari imedi, isini yvelgan Ralats da sicarieles awydebodnen. es
ganwyoba aRniSnuli periodis araerTi evropeli xelovanis
SemoqmedebaSi iqna asaxuli. gamonaklisi arc Tanamedove berZnuli
literatura iyo.
1940-50 wlebi saberZneTisaTvis didi omebisa da mravali ubedurebis
momtani periodi aRmoCnda. 1940 wlis 28 oqtombris Tavdasxmam berZnul
xasiaTSi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi miZinebuli da TiTqmis miviwyebuli
mebrZoli suli, erovnuli TviTgadarCenis instiqti gamoaRviZa. erovnul
brZolas aRar hqonda Zveli Taobebis TviTmpyrobeluri ocnebebis
romantiuli elferi. amJamad brZolis motivi ufro martivi,
elementaruli da primitiuli iyo. es iyo liberaluri paTosisa da
Seuracxyofili mamakacuri Rirsebis erToblivi gamoRviZeba, ramac
safrTxis winaSe aRmoCenili mTeli eri erT muStad Sekra. yvela berZeni,
miuxedavad misi ideologiuri mrwamsisa, erT did jgufad gaerTianda
sakuTari samSoblos dasacavad. Tumca erovnuli TviTSegnebis am
saocarma Zalam mxolod orweliwad naxevari gastana, omis
gamocxadebidan 1943 wlamde, ris Semdegac pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva
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politikur dajgufebas Soris ideologiuri ganxeTqileba,41 rac
mogvianebiT samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda.
saberZneTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebidan
moyolebuli, qveynis Sida daprispirebani saberZneTis Tanamedrove
politikur da kulturul cxovrebaze Rrma kvals tovebda. pirvel
msoflio omSi saberZneTis monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT mefe
konstantine I-sa da premierminstrs elefTerios venizeloss Soris
arsebulma uTanxmoebam qveyana erovnuli ganxeTqilebis zRvarze miiyvana
(1915-1917), rac Semdgomi araerTi dapirispirebis impulsad iqca.
mogvianebiT, berZnul sazogadoebaSi arsebulma ganxeTqilebam saxe
icvala da evropis sxva qveynebSi arsebuli politikuri
dapirispirebebis nakads SeuerTda, ramac xeli Seuwyo berZeni xalxis or
did politikur jgufad, memarjveneebad da memarcxeneebad Camoyalibebas.
mowinaaRmdege jgufebs Soris dapirispireba ukve 1943 wlidan
SeiaraRebul SetakebebSi gadaizarda. 1944 wels aTenSi egviptidan
devnili saberZneTis mTavroba dabrunda, romelmac ver SeZlo aelagma
TanamemamuleTa Soris gaRvivebuli SuRli. inglisis monarqistulma
politikam ki Zveli Wrilobebi gaaRviZa da 1944 wlis dekembris TveSi
aTenis quCebSi samoqalaqo omma ifeTqa, romelmac mogvianebiT, 1946-49
wlebSi, saberZneTis mTebSi gadainacvla.
aTwleulis dasasrulisaTvis, samoqalaqo omis dros, politikuri
polarizacia yvela sazRvars gascda. 1947 wlidan 1974 wlamde
komunisturi partia kanons miRma rCeboda. arsebuli winaaRmdegoba
gamarjvebul memarjveneebsa da memarcxeneTa SemorCenil nawils Soris,
41 am sityvebiT gadmoscems g. Teotokasi im ganwyobas, rac saberZneTSi omisa da winaaRmdegobis ganmavlobaSi sufevda. ix. περ. Πνευµατική πορεία, 1961, 118-9.
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27
romlebic uaryofdnen maTi damarcxebis faqts, asaxavs civi omis
ganmavlobaSi evropaSi arsebul garemoebas.
saberZneTis samoqalaqo omi civi omis pirvel gamovlinebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. saberZneTis mTavroba samxedro da ekonomikur
mxardaWeras pirvel rigSi didi britaneTidan Rebulobda, SemdgomSi ki,
1947 wlidan aSS-dan. berZeni komunistebi ki msgavs mxardaWeras sabWoTa
kavSiridan da CrdiloeTeli mezoblebisgan moelodnen, romelTa
gavlenis qveSac iyvnen moqceulni. 1949 wels memarjveneebma didi
msxverplis safasurad moipoves gamarjveba. komunistebis didi nawili
egeosis zRvis kunZulebze ganTavsebul sakoncentracio banakebSi iqna
gagzavnili, sadac mTeli momdevno aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi (1950-1960)
patimrobaSi imyofeboda. memarcxeneebi da maTi Tanamoazreebi TavianT
ojaxebTan erTad 60-iani wlebis dasawyisamde idevnebodnen.
politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa devnas da represiebs ufro mZafri saxe
saberZneTSi samxedro diqtaturis dros 1967-1974 wlebSi mieca. am Svidi
wlis ganmavlobaSi politikuri dapirispireba axal fazaSi Sevida.
samxedro saxelmwifo wyoba zogadad metaqsas saxelmwifo wyobis
ritorikaze iyo agebuli da im kanonebis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad,
romelTac samoqalaqo omis dros Caeyara safuZveli da mamarcxene
opoziciis saqmianobis arealis SezRudvas iTvaliswinebda. 1973 wlis
noemberSi saberZneTSi diqtatura daemxo. aTenis politeqnikur
institutSi ganviTarebulma sisxlianma movlenebma, saberZneTSi
diqtaturis damxoba danapiroba.
aseTi iyo is istoriul-politikuri garemo, romelSiac
yalibdebodnen omisSemdgomi periodis mwerlebi, romlebic jer kidev
sruliad axalgazrdebi, meore msoflio omis, “erovnuli
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28
winaaRmdegobisa”42 da samoqalaqo omis qarcecxlSi aRmoCndnen
gaxveulni. axalgazrda Semoqmedebi SeuZlebeli iyo gulgrili
darCeniliyvnen im mwvave istoriuli procesebis mimarT, rac berZen ers
masobrivi ganadgurebisaken miaqanebda. ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebisa
da samoqalaqo omis dros berZenTa urTierTJletis amsaxveli epizodebi
naTlad iqna asaxuli maT SemoqmedebaSi. cxadia, aRniSnul periodSi
saberZneTSi ganvTarebulma movlenebma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia
maTi msoflmxedvelobis, ideologiuri mrwamsisa da SemoqmedebiTi
xedvis Camoyalibebaze.
sainteresoa, am istoriul-politikuri mdgomareobis fonze, ra
ZiriTadi tendenciebi ikveTeba berZnul mwerlobaSi. amis
sailustraciod Cven gamovyofT aRniSnuli periodis berZen SemoqmedTa
moRvaweobis zogierT aspeqts.
XX saukunis berZnuli literatura sxvadasxva Taobis SemoqmedTa
SesaniSnavi nawarmoebebis siuxviTa da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva.
TiToeulma Taobam axali mimarTulebebiTa da saliteraturo gzebis
ZiebiT, garkveulwilad, sakuTari wvlili Seitana axali berZnuli
literaturis ganviTarebis procesSi. ase magaliTad, 30-iani wlebis
Taoba neoelinizmis TviTSemecnebis problemebiT iyo dakavebuli.
amasTanaa dakavSirebuli elinizmis fesvebis Ziebis sakiTxi da omebs
Soris periodis ideologiuri umoqmedoba, rac, nawilobriv, mcire aziis
katastrofisa da “didi ideis” warumateblobis Sedegi iyo. amas mosdevs
omis Semdgomi periodis SemoqmedTa pirveli Taoba, romelic 40-50-ian
wlebSi gamodis samwerlo asparezze da ukeTesi momavlis, omis Sedegad
42 Εθνική Αντίσταση – berZnulad erovnul ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobas niSnavs, rac meore msoflio omis dros germanel da italiel dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
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ganadgurebuli qveynis ayvavebis molodinSi, sabolood imedgacruebuli
rCeba.
meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis mweralTa umetesi nawili
Tavdapirvelad 30-inelTa zegavlenis qveS imyofeba, Tumca mTlianobaSi
axalgazrda prozaikosebi gansxvavebul mimarTulebas iReben. isini,
ZiriTadad, Tanamedrove cxovrebis problemebiT interesdebian da
cdiloben Tavi daaRwion Txrobis tradiciul formebs da yofiTi
scenebis aRweris Zvel stils. aRsaniSnavia, rom romanis ganviTarebis
axali mimarTulebani, rasac dasavleTSi hqonda fexi mokidebuli, am
Taobis TiTqmis arc erT berZen mweralTan ar SeiniSneba. Tumca is
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, rac omis Semdgomi periodis prozaSi
gamoikveTeba da rac mas 30-iani wlebis mwerlobisagan ganasxvavebs, aris
literaturis mZafri politizireba.
meore msoflio omis gamanadgurebelma Sedegebma mkveTri gavlena
iqonia omisSemdgomi periodis berZnuli literaturis Camoyalibebaze.
am epoqis SemoqmedTa interesi ZiriTadad mipyrobili iyo omis
Sedegebisa da misgan miyenebuli tramvebis aRweraze. omisa da “erovnuli
winaaRmdegobis” Tema mravali mwerlis SemoqmedebisaTvis metad
mniSvnelovan da aqtualur masalas warmoadgenda. isini metad
saintereso da gulis amaCuyebel nawarmoebebs qmnian, sadac omis
SemaSfoTebeli epizodebia asaxuli. am periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebidan
SeiZleba gamovyoT l. akritasis “iaraRasxmulni” (1947), g. Teotokasis
“wminda gza” (1950) da sxv.
im dros, roca saberZneTSi dampyrobluri Zalebis, gansakuTrebiT
ki nacisturi xelisuflebis cenzura metad Zlieri iyo, omis Temaze
Seqmnili wignebis Tavisuflad gamocema ver xerxdeboda. nawarmoebebi,
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30
romlis gamocemac SesaZlebeli iyo, ZiriTadad gardasuli wlebis
Tematikaze iyo Seqmnili an socialur problemebs asaxavda. ase
magaliTad, 1943 wels gamodis i. venezisis “eoliis miwa”, sadac mwerali
mcire aziis sanapiroebze bavSvobaSi gatarebul wlebs ixsenebs. aseve
aRsaniSnavia n. kazanZakisis romani “aleqsi zorbas cxovreba da
moRvaweoba” (1945), romelic ufro filosofiuri romanis Janrs SeiZleba
mivakuTnoT. qveynis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg iwyeba im nawarmoebebis
gamocema (ZiriTadad es iyo moTxrobebi), sadac aRwerilia omis
koSmaruli scenebi da “erovnuli winaaRmdegobis” sagmiro saqmeebi. am
periodSi gamoikveTa e. w. “winaaRmdegobis literatura”, rac xalxis
SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis paralelurad, literaturuli
saSualebebiT gamoxatul winaaRmdegobas gulisxmobda. Tumca es
naklebad SeiZleba iTqvas prozaze. am dros poeziis roli, ufro aqtiuri
iyo.
1967 wlis 21 aprils saberZneTSi ganxorcielebulma saxelmwifo
gadatrialebam berZnuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis procesebi
sagrZnoblad Seanela. diqtaturis pirvel wlebSi cenzura imdenad
gamkacrda, rom SemoqmedTa didma nawilma uari Tqva TavianTi
nawarmoebebis saberZneTSi gamocemaze da sazRvargareT gaemgzavra.
saberZneTSi darCenili sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsis mwerlebi erT
jgufad gaerTiandnen, raTa winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT im saxelmwifo
wyobisaTvis, romelsac isini “vulgaruls” da “mCagvrelurs”
uwodebdnen. 1970 wels, maT gadawyvites gamoecaT krebuli saTauriT
“Tvrameti teqsti”, romlis erT-erT TavSi “protestebi” isini
saxelmwifo wyobisa da cenzuris winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdnen. amgvari aqciis
gamo zogierTi maTgani mTavrobis mier iqna dapatimrebuli. momdevno
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wels, saxelovani berZeni poetis, georgios seferisis dakrZalvis
ceremonia moulodnelad saxelmwifo wyobis winaaRmdeg masobriv da
mSvidobian saxalxo gamosvlad gadaiqca. ori wlis Semdeg ki msgavsi
gamosvla uzarmazari msxverpliTa da savalalo SedegebiT dasrulda. 43
winamorbedi Taobis mwerlebisagan gansxvavebiT, erTaderT
siaxled, romelic am Taobis mwerlebma Semoitanes berZnul prozaSi,
weris teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba miviCnioT is faqti, rom maT
nawarmoebebSi mTxrobeli aRar rCeba siuJetSi mimdinare movlenebis
miRma, igi aqtiurad erTveba masSi da Tavad xdeba movlenebis monawile.
am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT r. prevelengiosis romani
“jvarosnuli omis qronika” (1945-58), a. koZiasis “alya” (1953), n.
kasdaRlisis “dolabis kbilebi” da sxv. sainteresoa aRvniSnoT, rom omis
Semdgomi periodis pirveli Taobis prozauli nawarmoebebis SeqmnaSi
didi wvlili mweral qalebs miuZRviT. eseni iyvnen e. vlami (1910), t.
grici-mileqsi (1920), m. kranaki (1922), m. limberaki (1919), g. sarandi (1919).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT SemoqmedebaSi ufro mZafrad SeigrZnoba epoqis
dramatuli movlenebi, gansakuTrebiT ki ZmaTa sisxlismRvreli omis
mier miyenebuli Wrilobebis tkivili.
omisSemdgomi periodis pirvel aTwleulebSi moRvawe mwerlebi
mebrZoli xasiaTiT gamoirCeodnen, Tumca maT ar hqondaT winamorbedi
TaobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli progresulobisaken swrafvis tendencia.44
qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri klimati da uxeSi ideologia am
periodis mwerlebis Semoqmedebaze Rrma kvals tovebda. maTi
43 1973 wlis noemberi, diqtaturis epoqaSi aTenis politeqnikur institutSi ganviTarebuli sisxliani movlenebi. 44 Sdr.: ∆. Τζιόβας, Η πεζογραφία του ∆. Χατζή, ιδεολογία και αισθητική λειτουργία, Ιωάννινα 1980, 5.
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SemoqmedebiTi unari winaaRmdegobriobaSi modioda maTive politikur
mrwamsTan. eris gaorebam, bunebrivia, daRi daasva literaturasac da
mwerlebic or banakad – memarjveneebad da memarcxeneebad daiyvnen. aman
gamoiwvia is, rom mwerlebis ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili iqna mimdinare
politikuri movlenebis zedmiwevniT aRweraze, ris gamoc maT TiTqmis
aRar rCebodaT dro mwerlobaSi axali formebisa Tu rame novatorulis
ZiebisaTvis. omisSemdgomi periodis pirveli Taoba, erTi mxriv
erovnuli tradiciebis aRdgenis (r. provelengiosi, d. frangulosi, a.
koZiasi da sxv. memarjveneebi), meore mxriv ki, socialisturi
cvlilebebis ocnebiT Sepyrobili (k. koZiasi, d. xaZisi, a. frangiasi da sxv.
(memercxeneebi), erTmaneTs devnis da qelavs. “ufro konkretulad, is rac
umeteswilad gamoarCevs mTeli Cveni axali Taobis mwerlebs aris
“konservatuloba” weris teqnikaSi, antipaTia formebis Ziebis
yvelanairi saxis eqsperimentisadmi. Cveni axalgazrdebi am mxriv nakleb
“gabedulni” arian 30-40-iani wlebis mwerlebTan SedarebiT”,45 –
aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi v. varikasi.
daaxloebiT 1960 wlamde arc erT romanistsa Tu novelists
aranairi mcdeloba ar hqonia axal berZnul literaturaSi, Tematikis
TvalsazrisiT, raime mniSvnelovani siaxle an axali mxatvruli formebi
Semoetana. isini, ZiriTadad, meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis
axalgazrda mwerlebi iyvnen, romlebmac maTi winamorbedebis msgavsad
samamulo da samoqalaqo omis dasrulebisTanave ganagrZes an ubralod
ganaaxles omebs Soris periodis realisturi weris ZiriTadi manerebi,
maTve gansazRvres Semdgomi aTwleulis mwerlebis Semoqmedebac.
45 Β. Βαρίκας, Συγγραφείς και κείµενα, Α΄, 1961-65, Αθήνα 1975, 316.
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ukve 1960 wlidan dasabami mieca Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul
literaturas. es iyo Tanamedrove berZnul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare im
cvlilebebis gamoZaxili, rac ZiriTadad burJuaziuli sazogadoebis
CamoyalibebasTan, emigraciis mkveTr zrdasTan, teqnologiis SemoWrasa
da paralelurad politikuri mgdomareobis gamZafrebasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo
mwerlobaSi axali Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas. 60-iani wlebis
pirvelsave naxevarSi yofiT Temaze Seqmnil romanebsa da moTxrobebSi
axali perspeqtivebi Cndeba. centraluri figura kvlav qalaqSi
macxovrebeli adamiania, Tumca warmomavlobiT igi ukve aRar ekuTvnis
tradiciul glexur sazogadoebas, aramed patara Tu didi qalaqis
burJuaziuli sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevria. am kuTxiT
sainteresoa k. taxcisis, g. ioanus, m. kumandareasis, d. xaZisis Semoqmedeba,
romelTa nawarmoebebis Tematikas burJuaziuli mikrosamyaros realuri
suraTebis asaxva warmoadgens.
sagulisxmoa, rom 60-iani wlebis Semdeg mwerlebi ZiriTadad 40-50
wlebis movlenebis sulieri mxareebis gaSuqebiT arian dakavebulni da
ara maTi istoriuli mimoxilviT. gansxvavebuli midgoma warsulsa da
tradiciebisadmi metad mniSvnelovani iyo, vinaidan amgvarma xedvam maT
ufro meti gasaqani misca samwerlobo moRvaweobaSi. paralelurad,
omisSemdgomi periodis pirveli aTwleulebisagan gansxvavebiT,
yalibdeba meti optimizmiTa da TviTrwmenis SegrZnebiT gajerebuli
atmosfero. aRsaniSnavia t. grici-mileqsisa da s. cirkasis Semoqmedeba,
romelic arc Tu ise Soreuli istoriis analizisas, axali mxatvruli
formebis Ziebis TvalsazrisiT, eqsperimentaluria. aseve sainteresoa
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adgilobrivi burJuaziuli sazogadoebis warmoCenis maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli stili, rac sakmaod scdeba “yofiTi Janris” tradicias.
amave periodSi, burJuaziuli samyaros yoveldRiuri, realuri
movlenebis aRwerisas, berZeni prozaikosebi axal formebs mimarTaven,
rac siuJetSi miTisa da fantaziis SemoWriT aixsneba. ase, magaliTad, v.
varilakosi Tavis “trilogiaSi” (“foToli”, “Wa”, “sikvdilis wina
agonia”) misi gmirebis yoveldRiur, autanel realur samyaros miTebisa
da fantaziebis samyaroSi aSuqebs. realuri movlenebis miTopoeturma
asaxvam sxva SemoqmedTa nawarmoebebSic daimkvidra adgili. am kuTxiT
aRsaniSnavia a. samarakisis Semoqmedeba. aseve sainteresoa s.
plaskovitisis romani “kaSxali” (1960), sadac fantastikur siuJetze
dayrdnobiT, gamoxatulia adamianTa is fsiqozuri ganwyoba, rac,
zogierTi berZeni kritikosis azriT, teqnologiuri progresisadmi
SiSTanaa dakavSirebuli.46
sagulisxmoa, rom am peirodis SemoqmedTa nawarmoebebSi epoqis
ekonomikur da socialur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT didi aRtaceba ar
SeiniSneba. piriqiT (Tumca es arc Tu ise mkafiod SeigrZnoba), SeiniSneba
skepticizmi epoqaSi mimdinare nebismieri siaxlis mimarT. isini axali
epoqis mier motanil keTildReobas eWvis TvaliT uyureben. Teotokasi,
romelic 1929 wels Tavisi sabrZolo suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul
manifestSi “Tavisufali suli” berZnuli literaturis dasavluri
modelisaken mimarTvas mouwodebs, 1966 wels did sifrTxiles iCens
dasavluri samyaros racionaluri da teqnokratiuli Rirebulebebis
mimarT, rasac ukve saberZneTSic karga xania fexi hqonda mokidebuli.
erT-erTi faqtori, ramac ueWveli gavlena iqonia am periodis berZnuli
46 M. Vitti, Ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, Αθήνα 1987, 441.
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prozis ganviTarebaze iyo 50-iani wlebis franguli “axali romani”
(nouveau roman), rac kritikulad miudga weris teqnikasa da siuJetis
tradiciul formebs. anti-realisturi proza, romelic saberZneTSi 60-ian
wlebSi ganicdis ayvavebas, umeteswilad 30-iani wlebis berZnuli prozis
eqsperimentebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. zogierTi mwerali, romelic
aRniSnul aTwleulSi aqveynebda nawarmoebebs, TavianT naSromebs
postmodernistuls (µετα-µοντέρνο)47 uwodebda.
Cvens mier zemoT dasaxelebuli mwerlebi is Semoqmedebi arian,
romelTac, 60-iani wlebis Semdeg, weris teqnikisa Tu Tematikis
TvalsazrisiT, progresuli nabijebi gadadges. 1967 wlamde berZnul
prozaSi mravali cvlileba aRiniSneba. Semdgomi winsvlis iniciativa
mwerlebis axal Taobas ekuTvnis. maT ganamtkices berZnuli
literaturuli tradiciebi da Tavadac myarad gaidges fesvebi im
saZirkvelSi, romelsac 1974 wlamde berZeni mwerlebis niWierebisa da
avtoritetis wyalobiT Caeyara safuZveli.
nawilnawilnawilnawili pirveli / Tavi mesamei pirveli / Tavi mesamei pirveli / Tavi mesamei pirveli / Tavi mesame
egzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literaturaegzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literaturaegzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literaturaegzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literatura
adamianis gaucxoebis, misi martoobisa da saerTod, Tanamedrove
samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis sakiTxebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
gansakuTrebiT egzistencialisti mwerlebi arian dainteresebulni. Cven
pirvel TavSi mimovixileT egzistencialisturi filosofiis
literaturaSi damkvidrebis procesebi. marTalia es literaturuli
47 aRsaniSnavia, rom es termini saberZneTSi daaxloebiT 1980 wlamde oficialurad ar iyo miRebuli; Sdr.: R. Beaton, Εισαγωγή στη νεοελληνική λογοτεχνία, Αθήνα 1996, 322.
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mimdinareoba ZiriTadad safrangeTTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram
sagulisxmoa, rom man sakmaod swrafad hpova gavrceleba evropis
danarCen qveynebSic da araerTi mweralis Tu poetis SemoqmedebaSi
aisaxa. gamonaklisi arc Tanamedove berZnuli literatura iyo. meore
msoflio omis periodSi da mis Semdeg saberZneTSi mimdinare movlenebma,
SeiZleba iTqvas, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli berZnul literaturaSi
egzistencializmis gavrcelebis process.
am etapze CvenTvis sainteresoa, Tu rogori iyo egzistencializmis
transformaciis gza Tanamedrove berZnul literaturaSi. mocemul TavSi
naklebad SevCerdebiT calkeuli mwerlebis nawarmoebebze, mxolod
meore msoflio omis Semgdomi periodis berZnuli literaturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel zogierT egzistencialistur tendencias gamovyofT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom egzistencilizms, rogorc literaturul
mimdinareobas, berZeni kritikosebi umeteswilad omis Semdgomi
periodis poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mimarTulebad miiCneven. isini
Tvlian, rom aRniSnuli Taobis berZeni poetebi Tanamedrove samyaroSi
disharmonias grZnobdnen, rac maTSi tragikulobis SegrZnebas iwvevda.
isini samyaroSi Tavs ucxod grZnobdnen. “pirovnebasa da samyaros Soris
disharmoniis arseboba qmnis antigmirs, rac egzistenciuri da istoriuli
gamouvali mdgomareobis SegrZnebis matarebelia”,48 _ aRniSnavs d.
cakonasi.
50-ian wlebSi, zogierTi kritikosi, t. sinopulosis (1917)
Semoqmedebas egzistencialur mimdinareobas ukavSirebda. misi poezia
dramatuli ganwyobiT gamoirCeva. erT-erTi leqsic, romlis saTauria
“absurdis Sesaxeb”, franguli egzistencializmis ZiriTadi debulebebiT
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aris gajerebuli. sainteresoa aseve poeti k. aTanasulisis (1919)
Semoqmedeba. igi Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel fazaSi, TiTqmis yvela
nawarmoebSi, Tanamedrove epoqis mRelvarebas asaxavs. poeti mwvaved
ganicdis Tanamedroveobis udabnoSi usasrulo xetials, saukunis
borotebis samsaxurSi yofnas, misTvis mtanjvelia uSedego molodini,
unayofo Tesva. am Semoqmedis ideologiur momwifebaze didi gavlena
iqonia r. m. rilkem, ris Semdegac berZeni poeti metafizikas uaxlovdeba,
ara imitom, rom zurgi Seaqcios gare samyaros, aramed imisaTvis, rom mas
arsebobis aRqmis axali TvaliT Sexedos. aRsaniSnavia agreTve m.
dimakisis (1915) Semoqmedeba. poeti acnobierebs, rom martooba Cveni
epoqis avadmyofobaa, Tumca is aris erTaderTi adgili, sadac adamiani
Tavs Tavisuflad grZnobs. dimakisisaTvis martooba ar aris sicocxle, is
sikvdilis tolfasia. poeti adamianis sulis bnel da miuwvdenel
sivrceebs ikvlevs, raTa koSmaruli samyaros suraTi dagvixatos.
g. kocirasi (1921) berZnuli egzistencialisturi poeziis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi figuraa. misTvis kamius gmiri sizifosi saocari meore
adamiania, romelic Tanaarsebobs CvenSi. energiuli, meamboxe, romelic
Tamamad ibrZvis umowyalo bedis winaaRmdeg. sizifosi, rogorc Cans,
Seegua Tavis beds, rac sikvdilTan usasrulo brZolaa, rac ar aris
sikvdili, aramed mtanjveli Sromaa. Cveni meore “me” ki gaocebulia misi
SeupovrobiT. egzistencialisturi tendenciebi aseve damaxasiaTebelia n.
karuzos (1926), d. papazicasis (1922), m. saxturisis da sxva poetebis
SemoqmedebisaTvis.
zemoT dasaxelebul poetebTan erTad aucilebelia aRvniSnoT amave
epoqis Tesalonikis “literaturuli skola”, romelsac Rrma
48 Sdr.: ∆. Τσακωνάς, Επίτοµη ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, πρώτη µεταπολεµική γεννιά,
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filosofiuroba da STambeWdavi poeturoba axasiaTebs. am “skolaSi”
gaerTianebuli Semoqmedebi dakavebulni iyvnen metafizikuri
problemebiT, rac maT sxva berZnuli saliteraturo skolebis
warmomadgenlebisagan gamoarCevda. am qalaqSive ibadeba miswrafeba
fsiqoanalizisadmi, rac egzistenciur filosofiasTan erTad “Sinagani
monologis”49 literaturas aZlierebda. am “skolis” warmomadgenlebi
cdilobdnen TavianTi xelovnebiT, sartris koncefciis Tanaxmad
daemtkicebinaT, rom sxva adamianebi CvenTvis jojoxeTs warmoadgenen an
is, rom jojoxeTi Tavad arsebobs CvenSi (joisi). Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom
am SemTxvevaSi saqme omebs Soris periodis Taobis literaturul siaxles
exeba, rac sazogadoebrivi interesebisgan daclilia da gajerebulia ara
socialuri, aramed adamianis arsebobis problemiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1940-iani wlebidan ara marto berZeni
poetebis, aramed prozaikosebis SemoqmedebaSic mkafiod ikveTeba
egzistencialisturi tendenciebi. zogierTi kritikosi aqac gamohyofs
ramdenime mwerlis Semoqmedebas da maT egzistencialisturi
literaturis CarCoebSi ganixilavs. sagulisxmoa, rom aRniSnuli Taobis
berZnuli literaturis warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedebis ZiriTad Temas
saomari moqmedebebi da politikuri brZola, “erovnuli
winaaRmdegobis” moZraoba, sakoncentracio banaki, patimroba da
gadasaxleba, mSvidoba da adaptaciis problemebi, marcxis Sedegebis
Αθήνα 1999, 533. 49 Tesalonikis “saliteraturo skolam” e. w. “Sinagani monologis” literatura Camoayaliba. “Sinagani monologis” warmomadgenlebi (qsefludasi, penZikisi, deliosi, Rianopulosi da sxv.) Tavdapirvelad Tavs iyrian JurnalSi “makedoniis dReebi”. SemdgomSi JurnalSi «Κοχλίας» gadainacvleben. aRsaniSnavia, rom amave JurnalSi ibeWdeba dasavleTeli edzistencialistebis, simbolistebisa da surealistebis nawarmoebTa Targmanebi.
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gadmocema, politikuri paeqroba, arCevanis uflebis uqonloba da
nihilizmi warmoadgens.
berZeni mwerali a. samarakisi, romlis ideologiur
Camoyalibebazec didi gavlena iqonia f. kafkam, Tavis prozaul
nawarmoebebSi ZiriTadad meore msoflio omis Semdgomi, im absurduli
samyaros WeSmarit suraTs gvixatavs, sadac cxovreba uxdebaT adamianebs.
misi gmirebi imedgacruebulni arian, ver pouloben ra gamosavals am
samyaroSi. Tumca miuxedavad imedgacruebisa, isini ar nebdebian da
brZolaSi iwveven mas: uarvyof am absurdul samyaros da, amasTanave,
uarvyof sikvdils... – acxadebs erT-erTi gmiri moTxrobisa “uarvyof”. m.
limberakisis (1919) realisturi weris maneris impresionizmisaken
Setrialebis mizezebs sartris, kamius, bovuaris SemoqmedebaSi Tu
moviZiebT. “sartrisa da limberakis personaJebi ar arian gmirebi,
romlebic mxolod samyaros winaSe ilaSqreben. isini anti-gmirebi arian,
romlebic samyarosTan erTad sakuTar Tavsac ewinaaRmdegebian”,50 _
aRniSnavs d. cakonasi.
aRniSnuli epoqis berZen moazrovneTa Soris, romelTa
Semoqmedebazec didi gavlena iqonia egzistencialuri filosofiisa da
literaturis warmomadgenlebma, ZiriTadad sartrma, kamium, kafkam,
rilkem, aRsaniSnavia R. sarandi (1920), romelic Tavis moTxrobebSi,
novelebsa Tu romanebSi adamianis Sinagan, sulierebisa da cnobierebis
samyaros aSuqebs. “mis wignSi “gaxsovdes vilna”
(1972) ikveTeba mwuxareba, melanqoliuri ganwyoba, skeptikuri midgoma
adamianis bednierebisadmi. misi personaJebis umetesi nawili martosuli
adamianebi arian - an arsebebi, romlebic adamianebis garemocvaSi
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cxovroben da mainc mZafri martoobis SegrZneba euflebaT. maT ar aqvT
sxvebTan urTierTobis da maSasadame bednierebis xSiri SesaZlebloba. am
adamianebs sakuTari Sinagani samyaro gaaCniaT, magram maT yovelTvis
raRac akliaT: sulSi sicarieles grZnoben”.51 aranakleb sainteresoa
misive romani “sazRvrebi”, romelSiac Cveni azriT mkafiod gamosWvivis
egzistencialuri problematika.
t. xaZianaRnostu (1923), berZnuli egzistencialisturi prozis kidev
erTi warmomadgenelia. misi romani “cxovreba” sxva araferia, Tu ara
mwuxarebiTa da nostalgiiT aRsavse uimedobis qronika. misi personaJebi
aRiareben, rom isini Secdnen, vinaidan egonaT, rom amaRlebuli da
didebuli saqmeebisTvis iyvenen Seqmnilni. axla ki imedgacruebulni
arian, radgan gaacnobieres, rom TviTgadarCenisaTvis sxva araferi
darCeniaT garda imisa, rom Seeguon yoveldRiurobas, romelic mxolod
da mxolod sulmdablobiTa da vulgarulobiTaa gaJRenTili. dakarguli
imedebisa da amao Ziebis, mwuxarebisa da imedgacruebis samyaroSi
arseboben t. xaZianaRnostus romanis gmirebi. isini morCili,
damarcxebuli da warumatebeli admianebis ricxvs miekuTvnebian, rasac
qvecnobierad Tavadve aRiareben.
s. vavurisis (1925) literaturul nawarmoebebsac tragikuli elferi
gasdevs. misi gmirebis saSineli, umowyalo martooba, SiSi Soks mohgvris
mkiTxvels.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo da aRsaniSnavia x. aleqsandrus
Semoqmedeba, romelmac literaturul asparezze erT-erT saxelovan
berZen poetad daimkvidra Tavi. Tumca gansakuTrebuli aRiareba mas misma
50 ∆. Τσακωνάς, Επίτοµη ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, πρώτη µεταπολεµική γεννιά, Αθήνα 1999, 529 . 51 Α. Σαχίνης, Μεσοπολεµικοί και µεταπολεµικοί πεζογράφοι, Θεσσαλονίκη 1979, 118.
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erTaderTma romanma “zanduki” moutana. mis ideologiur momwifebaze
didi gavlena iqonia kafkasa da dostoevskis Semoqmedebam. “x.
aleqsandrus 40-50-ian wlebSi SesaZloa haidegeris, sartris an kamius
Semoqmedebidan originalSi erTi gverdic ki ar hqonda wakiTxuli, Tumca
mis Semoqmedebas Tavidanve bevri ram akavSirebda dostoevskis sulier
samyarosTan, romelSiac egzistencializmisa da fsiqoanalizis ideebs
aqvs Cayrili safuZveli”,52 – aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi r.
ravtopulosi.
romani “zanduki” Txrobis Taviseburi stiliT gamoirCeva. masSi ar
arsebobs konkretuli SemTxveveva, konkretuli scena da arc konkretuli
adamianebi gvevlinebian. epizoduri personaJebi, Tavad mTxrobelic ki,
ar gvesaxebian rogorc adamianebi, isini arian ubralod ricxvebi. maT ar
gaaCniaT piradi cxovreba, Sinagani samyaro da arc warsuli, romelic
maT adamianobaze migvaniSnebda. mweralma mTavari simbolos - carieli
zandukis warmoCeniT, miznad daisaxa absurdis SegrZneba, araadamianuri
zewola da brma morCileba mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro TvalsaCino gaexada.
“zanduki” - es aris fantazia, romelic istoriul sinamdviles asaxavs. is,
erTi mxriv, aris fantazia, romelic yoveldRiuri urTierTgaugebrobis,
zewolis, savaldebulo daTmobis koSmarisagan warmoiSva, meore mxriv,
ki warmoadgens adamianis arsebobis “mizandausaxaobis”, “gardauvalis”,
“gaTiSulobis”, “umotivo da gaumarTlebelis”, “amaoebis” simbolos –
gvixatavs ra sazogado da pirovnuli martoobis tragikul suraTs da
gveufleba SegrZneba, TiTqos Tavad “samyaroa oboli”.53
im berZen SemoqmedTa ricxvi, romlebic TavianT nawarmoebebSi did
interess gamoxataven samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis sakiTxebTan
52 ∆. Ραυτόπουλος, Άρης Αλεξάντρου, Ο εξόριστος, Αθήνα 1996, 26.
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dakavSirebiT, Cvens mier warmodgenili poetebiTa da mwerlebiT ar
Semoifargleba. yuradReba gavamaxvileT mxolod maTze, vinc
gansakuTrebiT mniSnelovnad miviCnieT da romelTa ZiriTadi
SemoqmedebiTi principebis formireba Tanxvdeba CvenTvis saintereso
Tematikas. berZnuli egzistencialisturi prozis umniSvnelovanesi
warmomadgenelebi ki, ra Tqma unda, omis Semdgomi periodis saukeTeso
prozaikosebi andreas frangiasi, dimitris xaZisi da spiros
plaskovitisi arian. TiToeulma maTganma SeZlo aesaxa cxovrebis esa Tu
is aspeqti da xelovanis originaluri xedvis wyalobiT didi wvlili
Seetana Tanamedrove qaoturi yofis aRqmaSi. maT Semoqmedebas Cveni
naSromis Semdeg TavebSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT.
nawili pirveli / Tavi meoTxenawili pirveli / Tavi meoTxenawili pirveli / Tavi meoTxenawili pirveli / Tavi meoTxe
a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)
migvaCnia, rom qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis, romelic TiTqmis ar
icnobs Tanamedrove berZnul literaturas da mis warmomadgenlebs,
mizanSewonili iqneboda, pirvel rigSi, Tavad mwerlebis cxovrebasa da
Semoqmedebas gacnoboda. aqedan gamomdinare, vidre a. frangiasis, d.
xaZisis da s. plaskovitisis konkretuli nawarmoebebis analizze
gadavidodeT, SevecdebiT mokled mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTganis
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba.
im mweralTa Soris, romelTac gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes
Tanamedrove berZnuli prozis ganviTarebaSi, mniSvnelovani wvlili
andreas frangiass miuZRvis. igi 1921 w. qalaq aTenSi daibada. mama, emanuel
53 ∆. Ραυτόπουλος, Άρης Αλεξάντρου, Ο εξόριστος, Αθήνα 1996, 266.
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frangiasi saxelmwifo moxeled muSaobda. varvakiosis liceumis
damTavrebis Semdeg, 1939 wels, igi Cairicxa umaRles saswavlebelSi
finansebisa da vaWrobis ganyofilebaze, Tumca garkveuli mizezebis gamo
swavla maleve Sewyvita. 1947 wels mwerali, Tavisi politikuri
orientaciis gamo, k. ikariaze gadaasaxles. 1949 wels igi ubralo
jariskacis rangSi korinToSi msaxurobda, xolo 1950 wels gadagzavnil
iqna k. makronisosze. 1945 wlidan muSaobda Jurnalistad gazeTSi
“elefTeri elada”, mogvianebiT ki TanamSromlobda sxvadasxva gazeTsa
da JurnalSi. mas mWidro saqmiani da megobruli urTierToba hqonda d.
xaZisTan. a. frangiasi samwerlo asparezze 1955 wels gamoCnda Tavisi
pirveli romaniT “adamianebi da saxlebi”. misi romanebi germanul,
ruminul, ungrul, rusul da frangul enebze iTargmna. 1988 wels
romanisaTvis “xalxis masa” man miiRo saxelmwifo premia saukeTeso
romanisaTvis, 2000 wels ki saxelmwifo premia literaturaSi Setanili
wvlilisaTvis. andreas frangiasi 2002 wels gardaicvala.
andreas frangiasi XX saukunis Tanamedrove berZnuli prozis erT-
erTi saukeTeso warmomadgenelia. igi omis Semdgomi periodis pirveli
aTwleulis im memarcxene ideologiis mweralTa ricxvs miekuTvneba,
romlebic socialuri cvlilebebis ocnebiT arian Sepyrobilni da
TavianT epoqaSi mimdinare movlenebis qarcecxlSi adamianis arsebobiT
gansakuTrebiT arian dainteresebulni. “a. frangiasis literaturuli
xedva, arsebiTad, omis Semdgomi periodis adamiansa da misi
problemebiskenaa mimarTuli. igi mtkivneulad ganicdis adamianTa
idealebis msxvrevas, rac omis gamanadgurebelma Sedegebma da SfoTma
gamoiwvia. Tvals adevnebs ganxeTqilebas, romelic sazogadoebidan
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individebisaken miiwevs da maTi sulieri da moraluri dacemis mizezi
xdeba”,54 _ aRniSnavs d. ravtopulosi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom a. frangiasi omis Semdgomi periodis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi mweralia, misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba ar
gamoirCeva didi moculobiT. man STamomavlobas oTxi,55 Tumca metad
saintereso romani uanderZa. misi SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
didi moculobis, mravalpersonaJiani romanebis Seqmna. es romanebi
Tanamedrove berZnuli prozisaTviis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
aRmoCnda.
a. frangiasis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebi mwerlis moRvaweobaSi sam
ZiriTad etaps gamoyofen. periodizaciis amosavali principi misi
SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli weris manera da erT konkretul
periodSi sxvadasxva niSan-Tvisebebis dominirebaa. mwerali Tavisi
Semoqmedebis pirvel fazaSi realisturi weris ZiriTad principebs
misdevs. am periods ori romani “adamianebi da saxlebi” da “gisosiani
kari” miekuTvneba, sadac ZiriTadad movlenebis realisturi,
zedmiwevniTi asaxva xdeba, rac zogjer detalebis aRweraSi gadadis.
Tumca realobis amgvari daJinebuli, dawvrilebiTi aRwera ar aris
statikuri. romanSi “adamianebi da saxlebi” im xalxis brZolis mowmeni
vxdebiT, romlebic cdiloben gadasarCenad warsuls Tavi daaRwion. “am
romanSi didi adamianuri tkivili SeigrZnoba, TiTqmis idumali, Tumca Tu
54 ∆. Ραυτόπουλος, Οι ιδέες και τα έργα, Αθήνα 1965, 151. 55 a. frangiasis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis nayofs Semdegi romanebi warmoadgenen: 1. “adamianebi da saxlebi” - aTeni 1955; 2. “gisosiani kari” – aTeni 1962; 3. “Savi Wiri” ukve 1967 wels mzad iyo pirveli gamocemisaTvis, Tumca 21 aprils, gamomcemloba, sadac wigni unda dabeWdiliyo ganadgurda. sabolood romani, mravali cvlilebebiT, 1972 w. gamoica; 4. “xalxis masa” - I tomi - aTeni 1985, II tomi - aTeni 1986. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs misi gamouqveynebeli eqvsi e. w. “ganuxorcielebeli romani”, romlebic 1995
45
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CavuRrmavdebiT, adamianTa saSinel tragedias amovikiTxavT”,56 _ werda
am romanTan dakavSirebiT kritikosi b. klarasi berZnul gazeTSi
“vradini”. “gisosiani kari” ki meore msoflio omis Semdgomi saberZneTis,
kerZod ki aTenelebis istorias mogviTxrobs. romanis gmirebisaTvis omi
da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi TiTqmis ukve miTiur warsulad aris
qceuli, Tumca, acnobiereben ra yoveldRiuri moraluri dacemisa da
gaucxoebis faqts, es miTi maTTvis mZime tvirTad iqceva.
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore etapze, roca mwerali qmnis
romans “Savi Wiri” realizmi misTvis damaxasiaTebel yvelanair niSans
kargavs. am periodSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mwerali axdens realobis
metamorfozas, rasac igi metaforuli da alegoriuli transfiguraciis
gamoyenebiT axerxebs. aRniSnuli nawarmoebi, sadac epicentrSi
sakoncentracio banakis msjavrdebulTa araadamianuri cxovreba dgas,
warmoadgens “faSisturi zewolis” yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris totalitarizmisa da nacizmis winaaRmdeg
galaSqrebis qronika. Tumca mwerali, Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis
wyalobiT, realuri movlenebis saocar interpretacias axdens, rac misi
romanis warmatebis sawindarad iqca. 1992 wels, berZen prozaikosTa
Sexvedraze, a. frangiasma “Savi Wiris” SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada:
“mwerals Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs: qmnis ara imas rac unda, aramed rac
SeuZlia. mas ar ZaluZs yvelaferi akeTos..., rac ufro mets akvirdebi
realobas, mas miT ufro axlos miyavxar misi TviTsimbolizaciisaken.
realoba Tavisi intensiurobiT zogierT elements simbolod aqcevs.
dRevandeli movlenebis daZabuloba, cvalebadoba, zewola aadvilebs
wlis 24 noembers, mweralma s. tasopulosma Rulandri-xornis fondSi a. frangiasisadmi miZRvnil saRamoze warmoadgina. 56 Μπ. Κλάρας, Κριτική για το Άνθρωποι και σπίτια, εφηµ. «Βραδυνή», 1.02.1956.
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farTomasStabiani da zogadi saxecvlilebebisa da simboloebis
warmoSobas”.57
romanma “Savi Wiri”, romelic berZnuli mxatvruli literaturis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani, dramatuli da amaRelvebeli
nawarmoebia, rac bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmnila,
gansakuTrebuli daintereseba gamoiwvia rogorc kritikosebis, aseve
mkiTxvelis mxridan. berZeni mwerali da kritikosi a. koZiasi werda:
“andreas frangiasis am metad mniSvnelovani wignis qvesaTauri, albaT,
“araadamianurobis etiudi” unda iyos. es wigni, berZnuli
yoveldRiurobis amsaxveli ori mravalgverdiani, realisturi
romanisgan gansxvavebul kalapotSi miedineba. mwerals Tavisi mkiTxveli
yvelasaTvis cnobili aTenis Raribi ubnebidan erT anonimur “xriok
adgilze” gadahyavs... am amaRelvebel romanSi siuJeti ar viTardeba. rac
xdeba, adrec momxdara da momavalSic moxdeba. arsebiTad stagnaciuri
viTareba sufevs: es aris jojoxeTi, romlis sxvadasxva Sreebs romanis
TiToeul furcelze aRmovaCenT”.58
berZen kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom romanSi moTxrobili ambavi
kunZul makronisosze59 ganviTarebul istoriul movlenas asaxavs. maTi
57 Τ. Γουδέλης, Γύρω από την πεζογραφία, περ. «Το ∆έντρο», τ. IX, τευχ. 66, Ιαν.-Μαρτ. 1992, 6. 58 Αλέξ. Κοτζιάς, Κριτική για το Λοιµός, εφηµ. «Το Βήµα» 15.2.63, 31. 59 “makronisosi” saberZneTis erT-erTi kunZulia, sadac 1947-56 wlebSi xalxis masiuri gadasaxleba xdeboda. Tavdapirvelad iq samxedroebs asaxlebdnen, mogvianebiT saeWvo politikuri mrwamsis mqone adamianebs, 1948 wlidan ki politikur patimrebs. xelisuflebis mizani maTi ara mxolod sazogadoebisagan izolireba iyo, aramed saSineli wamebis Semdeg patimrebs sakuTr ideebze sajarod uaris Tqmas aiZulebdnen. makronisosi saberZneTis istoriis erT-erTi Savi laqaa. es movlena ara-erTi berZeni moazrovnis SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. ise rogorc i. ricosis leqsSi “qvis weliwadi” (1949), T. kornarosis romanSi “nacari da finikebi” (1957), m. ludemisis “qvesknelis quCa, nomeri 0” (1962), m. raftopulosis moTxrobaSi “ra ixila xaris Tvalma” (1957) da n. kaszaRlis “netari Semwyaleblebi, isini rom Seiwyales” (1977).
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azriT, frangiasis “Savi Wiri” makronisosis istoriis literaturuli
gardasaxvis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas warmoadgens. am saocari romanis
Seqmnisaken ki mas udaod makronisosze (1950) dagrovilma piradma
gamocdilebam da STabeWdilebebma ubiZges. marTalia Tavad romanSi
kunZuli makronisosi naxsenebi ar aris da saerTod, mwerali, ar
asaxelebs am “jojoxeTuri” adgilis aranair saxels. nawarmoebSi
mocemuli realuri monacemebis safuZvelze SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom
saqme konkretul kunZulsa da iq ganviTarebul konkretul movlenebs
exeba. mwerali romanSi mimdinare movlenebis adgilis Sesaxeb Semdeg
informacias gvawvdis: moqmedeba viTardeba erT xriok kunZulze, sadac
gamudmebiT Zlieri qari qris, sadac aris cixeebi, patimrebi da
zedamxedvelebi, romelnic yvelanairi Zaladobrivi xerxis gamoyenebiT
cdiloben msjavrdebulTa, viTomda, gamosworebis gzaze dayenebas.
berZeni kritikosi, eri stavropulu dabejiTebiT acxadebs, rom romanis
TiTqmis yvela epizodi realur movlenebzea dafuZnebuli da misi
gmirebic sinamdvileSi arsebuli adamianebi arian. marTlac Tanamedrove
saberZneTis istoriis mcodne mkiTxvels ar gauWirdeba gaaanalizos, Tu
sad viTardeba sinamdvileSi moqmedeba.
romani “xalxis masa”, romelic a. frangiasis Semoqmedebis mesame
etaps ganekuTvneba, realursa da alegoriuls Soris meryeobs. romanSi
adamianTa cxovreba mTlianad dagegmilia mmarTvelobis uxilavi
sistemis mier, romelic yvelafers aregulirebs, ucnobi, bneli da
absurduli Zalebi moqmedebaSi mohyavs. arsebuli meqanizmebi
funqcionireben ara mxolod imisTvis, rom dasajon damnaSaveebi, aramed
isinic, vinc maT SemTxveviT CauvardebaT xelSi. sistema, imisaTvis rom
Tavis mizans miaRwios organizebulad muSaobs. misi mizani is aris, rom
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adamianebs pirovnuloba daakargvinos, aRkveTos maTi winaaRmdegoba da
aiZulos isini maT mier gansazRvruli cxovrebis wesiT icxovron.
adamianebi mxolod marionetebs warmoadgenen, romelTa arsebobas
ganagebs mtruli, ukeTuri Zala.
a. frangiasi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas adamians da saerTod adamianis samyaroSi
arsebobis problemas uTmobs. mweralis Sexedulebebi adamianis
garesamyarosTan da sxva adamianebTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb mis yvela
romanSi Taviseburad aris warmoCenili. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom “Savi
Wiri”, sadac adamianis arsebobis sakiTxi ganskuTrebuli simwvaviT aris
dayenebuli, ara mxolod misi Semoqmedebis, aramed Tanamedrove
berZnuli prozis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes prozaul nawarmoebs
warmoadgens. swored aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom berZnuli
egzistencialisturi mimdinareobis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, Cvens mier es
konkretuli nawarmoebi iqna SerCeuli, romelsac qvemoT ufro
detalurad ganvixilavT.
XX saukunis berZen mweralTa Soris, romlebic TavianT
nawarmoebebSi adamianis arsebobis problemas asaxaven, gansakuTrebiT
saintereso da sayuradReboa dimitris xaZisi. igi TiTqmis yvela Tavis
nawarmoebSi, romansa Tu moTxrobaSi, metad mwvaved ayenebs Tanamedrove
samyaroSi adamianis gaucxoebis, martoobis, adamianTa Soris
gaTiSulobis, “arakomunikabelobis” sakiTxs.
dimitris xaZisi daibada 1913 wels q. ioaninaSi. 1925 wels igi qalaq
aTenSi gaemgzavra da ganaTleba aTenis erT-erT gimnaziaSi miiRo. xaZisi
1935 wels komunistur partiaSi Sevida da aqtiurad CaerTo politikur
saqmianobaSi, ris gamoc mTavrobis mxridan devnas ganicdida. igi
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araerTxel iqna gagzavnili gadasaxlebaSi. 1941-44 wlebSi xaZisi
monawileobas iRebda “erovnul winaaRmdegobaSi”. 1947 wels igi
daapatimres da gadaasaxles k. ikariaze. iq mwerali Sexvda Tavis
saukeTeso megobarsa da Tanamoazres, andreas frangiass. d. xaZisi, misi
politikuri orientaciis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda samoqalaqo omis
dasrulebisTanave (1949) mietovebina samSoblo da politikuri
emigrantis statusiT aRmosavleT evropis sxvadasxva qveynebisaTvis
Seefarebina Tavi. 1949 wlidan moyolebuli vidre 1974 wlamde igi aris
adamiani, romlis pirad sabuTebSic weria: “samSoblos gareSe”.60
berZeni kritikosebi d. xaZisis Semoqmedebas sam periodad yofen.
misi Semoqmedebis pirvel etaps (1940-1950) isini “sabrZolos” uwodeben. am
periodSia Seqmnili d. xaZisis moTxrobebis krebuli “samxedro
samsaxuri” (1947) da misi pirveli romani “cecxli” (1946). aRniSnul
romanSi meore msoflio omis periodSi, memarcxene partizanuli jgufis
mier rumelis mTebSi ganxorcielebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebia asaxuli.
kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom es ori nawarmoebi politikuri Sinaarsisaa da
literaturul Rirebulebas naklebad warmoadgens.
d. xaZisis Semoqmedebis meore etapi 1953-1976 wlebiT Semoifargleba.
es aris epoqa, rodesac samSoblos mowyvetili mwerali, saukeTeso
nawarmoebebs qmnis. 1966 wlamde man Tavisi moTxrobebi or krebulSi
gaaerTiana: “Cveni patara qalaqis dasasruli” (1963) da “daucvelni” (1966).
pirveli krebuli saberZneTis erT-erTi eparqiis patara qalaqis
(savaraudod ioaninas) mosaxleTa cxovrebas eZRvneba da ZiriTadad im
samyaros asaxavs, romelSiac Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoeba
ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebebis gamo daRupvis pirasaa misuli.
60 Sdr.: περ. ∆ιαβάζω, ∆εκαπενθήµερη επιθεώρηση του βιβλίου, αφιέρωµα στο ∆. Χατζή, αριθ. 180,
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masSi warmodgenilia adamiani da mTeli sazogadoeba istoriuli
cvlilebebis garemocvaSi. meore krebuli ki, romlis ZiriTadi Tema
kvlav Tanamedrove burJuaziul da mcireburJuaziul sazogadoebaSi
“daucveli” adamiania, ufro metad dramatulia. aRniSnuli krebulis
moTxrobebSi moqmedeba patara eparqiuli qalaqidan did qalaqSi
inacvlebs da sazogadoebidan gariyuli adamianebis, navsadguris uimedo
glaxakis, meZavis, invalidi bavSvis, lukma-puris mosapoveblad momuSave
muSis gauxareli cxovrebis aRweras emsaxureba. ramdenime wlis Semdeg
samSobloSi dabrunebuli mwerali aqveynebs Tavis meoTxe wigns
saTauriT “ormagi wigni” (1976).
mesame periods (1976-1981) kritikosebi “Ziebis xanas” uwodeben. am
periods mekuTvneba moTxrobebis krebuli “swavlani”, romelSic
mwerali Seecada harmoniulad Seerwya erTmaneTSi istoria, poezia da
xelovneba.
d. xaZisis SemoqmedebisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia elegiuri
da sevdiani toni, grZnobebis keTilSobileba, nazi melanqolia,
nostalgiuri ganwyoba. mwerali adamianis Sinagani samyaros, misi
sulieri da fizikuri gancdebis asaxvas emsaxureba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
mTeli misi Semoqmedeba adamianis Sinagani samyaros garegani proeqciaa.
d. xaZisis Tanamedrove mwerali, axali berZnuli literaturis
kidev erTi uniWieresi da gamoCenili moazrovne, spiros plaskovitisi
1917 wels kunZul kerkiraze daibada. saSualo ganaTleba man mSobliur
qalaqSi miiRo. 1931 wels ojaxTan erTad aTenSi dasaxlda, sadac
ganagrZo swavla gimnaziaSi. mogvianebiT ki Cairicxa aTenis
universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, romelic 1939 wels warCinebiT
9.12.87, 35-36.
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daamTavra. aqedan moyolebuli mwerali mraval sapasuxismgeblo
Tanamdebobaze msaxurobda. 1963 w. igi gaemgzavra parizSi, iuridiul
fakultetze filosofiisa da samarTlis leqciebis mosasmenad.
saberZneTSi diqtaturis wlebSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli winaaRmdegobis
moZraobaSi, ris gamoc gadasaxlebul iqna k. kasossze, sadac mas samxedro
tribunalma xuTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja. diqtaturis
damxobis Semdeg igi socialisturi partiis mandatiT xdeba saberZneTis
parlamentis wevri da misi warmomadgeneli evrosabWoSi. mwerali 2000
wels gardaicvala.
samwerlo asparezze spiros plaskovitisi pirvelad 1948 wels
gamoCnda moTxrobiT “saRamo”, romelic Jurnal “nea estiaSi”
gamoqveynda, Tumca misi pirveli literaturuli nawarmoebebi jer kidev
1929-33 wlebSi sxadasxva JurnalnalSi ibeWdeboda. SemoqmedebiTi
moRvaweobisaTvis igi 1956 w. dajildoebuli iqna saxelmwifo jildoTi
saukeTeso moTxrobisaTvis, 1980 w. pirveli saxelmwifo premiiT
saukeTeso romanisaTvis. misi nawarmoebebi mraval evropul enazea
Targmnili.
s. plaskovitisi araerTi moTxrobisa da lirikuli nawarmoebis
avtoria, romlebSiac igi Tanamedrove epoqis problematur da
saWirboroto sakiTxebs ganixilavs. misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis
nayofia Semdegi romanebi da moTxrobaTa krebulebi: “SiSveli xe” 1952,
“elva da Suqura” 1978, “kaSxali” 1960, “daCoqilni” 1964, “mavTulxlarTi”
1976, “qalaqi” 1979, “giJuri SemTxveva” 1984-1985, “moralis mwerloba” 1986.
s. plaskovitisis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili
miiCnevs, rom misi, rogorc egzistencialisti mwerlis Camoyalibebaze
didi gavlena iqonia f. kafkasa da a. kamius Semoqmedebam. Tumca, amasTan
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dakavSirebiT sapirispiro azric arsebobs. berZeni kritikosi k.
steriopulosi werda: “amboben, rom romanze “kaSxali” f. kafkasa da a.
kamius gavlena igrZnoba. vinaidan mqonda SesaZlebloba am wignis Seqmnis
istoriisTvis da winapirobebisTvis Tvali medevnebina, SemiZlia
davadasturo, rom s. plaskovitiss im periodSi arc erTis da arc meores
Semoqmedeba wakiTxuli ar hqonda. maTi gacnoba mxolod 1960 wels
moaxerxa, roca wignis wera ukve damTavrebuli hqonda. maT Semoqmedebaze
s. plaskovitisma erTi-ori wlis mogvianebiT Tavis leqciaze “moralis
mwerlobis Sesaxeb” sajarod isaubra, ramac gamoiwvia sxvadasxva
kritikuli gamoxmaureba, sadac zemoT aRniSnul gavlenaze iyo saubari.
Cemi azriT, is udao msgavseba rac romans kafkasa da kamius
SemoqmedebasTan aaxloebs, gamowveulia im mdgomareobiT, rom berZen
mwerals kafkasa da kamius msgavsad sulisSemxuTvel garemoSi mouwia
cxovreba”.61
meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis saberZneTSi arsebuli
mdgomareoba mweralis SexedulebiT iyo katalizatori, ramac xeli
Seuwyo borotebis amofrqvevas, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
istoriaSi da saerTod adamianur cxovrebaSi iyo dagrovili. msoflio
da samoqalaqo omma mwerlis koncefciaSi istoriis absurdulobas Seasxa
xorci. omi plaskovitisis cnobierebaSi aRiqmeboda, rogorc yofierebis
absurdulobis ukanaskneli gansaxiereba. es ganwyoba gansakuTrebuli
simwvaviT aisaxa mis romanSi “kaSxali”.
realizmi lirikasa da poetur elementebTan, socialuri
problemtika egzistencialur da metafizikur mRelvarebasTan
sinqronuladaa Serwymuli s. plaskovitisis SemoqmedebaSi. yovelive es
61 Κ. Στεργιόπουλος, Παρουσίαση-ανθολόγηση, Η µεταπολεµική Πεζογραφία, τ. VI, Αθήνα 1988,
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ki, mTlianobaSi Sejamebuli, mis literaturul nawarmoebebSi
konkretul simboloebSi iyris Tavs, romelTa saSualebiTac mwerali
adamianis maradiul satanjvels, sazogadoebriv da Cveni epoqis sxva
problemebs warmogviCens. simboloebis gamoyenebiT mwerali gvaiZulebs
ufro Rrmad CaveZioT mis mier wamoWril sakiTxebs, raTa Tavadve
gavacnobieroT sakuTari cxovreba arsebul samyaroSi. ase magaliTad,
romanSi “kaSxali” mwerali simboloebis saSualebiT gvatyobinebs, rom
Cvens planetas teqnikuri kulturis gamo ganadgureba emuqreba.
paralelurad romanSi mocemulia egzistencialuri SeWirveba, mTeli
simZafriTaa gadmocemuli adamianTa mRelvareba, SiSi Tanamedrove
kulturis uzarmazari nagebobis winaSe.62
egzistencialuri da metafizikuri problemebiTaa gajerebuli s.
plaskovitisis TiTqmis mTeli Semoqmedeba. mis nawarmoebebSi
gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT metafizikuri sakiTxi da sikvdilis problemaa
wamoWrili.63 araerT moTxrobasa Tu novelaSi xSirad vxvdebiT
momakvdav adamianebs, romlebic sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebSi sikvdil-
sicocxlis problemebze fiqrdebian. Tumca moTxrobaSi “giJuri
SemTxveva” mwerali ukve sabolood darwmunebuli Cans, rom sicocxlisa
da sikvdilis amoxsna SeuZlebelia, logika uZluria miuaxlovdes
absurdiTa da saidumloebiT mocul samyaros radganac samyaro didia da
aravis ZaluZs Caswvdes mis birTvs aRniSnavs igi.
mis SemoqmedebaSi materialuri da sulieri samyaro, xsna da
daRupva winaaRmdegobriobaSi modis erTmaneTTan. benardi xaritosis
1992, 279-80. 62 Έ. Σταυροπούλου, Προτάσεις ανάγνωσης για την πεζογραφία µιας εποχής, Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Αθήνα 2001, 85. 63 Β. Βαρίκας, Η ωριµότητα ενός πεζογράφου, εφηµ. «Βήµα», 1965.
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ukanaskneli sityvebi romanSi “kaSxali”, romelic gveubneba, rom
yovelive dabrkoleba, romelic gvxvdeba miwaze, romelsac vabijebT,
iqneb gamocdaa, gza, romelic unda gaviaroT?64 – warmoadgens mwerlis
ideologiis ZiriTad birTvs.
meore nawili / Tavi pirvelimeore nawili / Tavi pirvelimeore nawili / Tavi pirvelimeore nawili / Tavi pirveli
andreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis gmirebiandreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis gmirebiandreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis gmirebiandreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis gmirebi
romanSi “Savi Wiri” andreas frangiasi Tavisi epoqis mwvave
socialuri, politikuri da adamianTa moraluri mdgomareobis amsaxvel
suraTebs gvixatavs. mweralma, iseve rogorc misma Tanamedrove
Semoqmedebma, sakuTar Tavze ganicada saberZneTis okupaciis wlebSi da
mis Semdgom datrialebuli dramatuli movlenebi. romanSi igi warsulis
istorias mogviTxrobs, rac misTvis koSmarul awmyos warmoadgens.
“aRwers ra Tavisi epoqis movlenebs, miuxedavad im optimizmisa, rac
romanis dasasruls SeiniSneba, mwerali aSkarad momavlis SiSiT
imsWvaleba... umeteswilad es aris cnobierebis, adamianis arsebobis
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli romani da safrTxeze miuTiTebs: Cvens
irgvliv meqanizmebia ganlagebuli, rac absurdamde dadis. maTi mizani
adamianis arseboba rodia. adamianebi maT sakuTari miznebis
ganxorcielebis saSualebad miaCniaT. maTi warmateba dafuZnebulia
adamianis cnobierebisa da Rirsebis Selaxvaze...”65 – werda berZeni
kritikosi t. karvelisi. a. frangiasis mTavari mizania warmoaCinos
64 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 211. 65 Τ. Καρβέλης, H µεταπολεµική πεζογραφία, παρουσίαση-ανθολόγηση, Αντρέας Φραγκιάς, τ. VII, Αθήνα 1988, 18.
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adamiani, adamianuri cxovreba da Rirseba, adamianuri Rirebulebebi, rac
sruli ganadgurebis piras dgas.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, romani “Savi Wiri” saberZneTis erT-erT
kunZulze ganlagebul sakoncentracio banakSi izolirebul patimarTa
araadamianur cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs. mwerali saocari sizustiT
asaxavs konkretuli epoqis (meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis
saberZneTis) suraTs, kerZod ki, e. w. “ganukiTxaobis epoqaSi” adamianis
arsebobis problemiT interesdeba. absurdis samyaro da absurdis
adamianebi metad sainteresodaa warmoCenili mis mier. “Sav WirSi”
mkveTrad SeigrZnoba amaoebis samyaroSi pirovnebis gaucxoebis momenti,
iseve rogorc TvalsaCinoa adamianis martoobis, izolaciis,
anonimurobis da TviTgaucxoebis elementebi.
mwerali Seecada istoriul movlenebze Camoyalibebuli sakuTari
azrebisaTvis da SexedulebebisaTvis konkretuli forma simboloebis
saSualebiT mieniWebina. man realoba Tavis romanSi ara pirdapir, aramed
alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT gadmosca, ise rom zustad ar mianiSnos
konkretul movlenebze da aseve araferi Secvalos sinamdvileSi momxdar
ambavSi. ra Tqma unda, am romanis Seqmna ara mxolod gansakuTrebulma
istoriulma pirobebma, aramed mis epoqaSi arsebulma literaturulma
atmosferomac ganapiroba. sainteresoa, rom fantaziisa da realobis
SerwymiT mwerali axerxebs im sinamdviles miuaxlovdes, rac movlenebis
realurad gadmocemis saxiT saSiSi da miuRebeli iqneboda. am
TvalsazrisiT, migvaCnia, rom a. frangiasi axlos dgas frangi absurdisti
mwerlebis SemoqmedebasTan.
Cven, kvlevis am etapze SevecdebiT aRniSnul nawarmoebSi gamovyoT
is arsebiTi Strixebi, rac safuZvels mogvcems berZeni Semoqmedis es
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56
SesaniSnavi romani egzistencialisturi literaturis prizmaSi
ganvixiloT.
romanis kiTxvisas naTlad ikveTeba is analogiebi, romlebic
nawarmoebs cnobili egzistencialisti mwerlebis SemoqmedebasTan
aaxlovebs. upirveles yovlisa Tavad nawarmoebis saTaurze gvinda
SevaCeroT yuradReba. “Savi Wiri” gamoCenili frangi mwerlis, alber
kamius “Savi Wiris” asociacias iwvevs. berZen mweralTan, Cveni azriT,
iseve rogorc kamiusTan, Savi Wiri absurduli omis da zogadad
borotebis simbolodaa qceuli. a. frangiasis “Sav WirSi”
egzistencialuri azrovnebisa da istoriuli realobis Serwyma xdeba. es
aris swored is, rasac kamiu Tavis “Sav Wirze” ambobda: “realuri
Sinaarsi “Savi Wirisa” es aris evropuli winaaRmdegobis brZola nacizmis
winaaRmdeg”.66
berZen mweralTan Savi Wiri Tuki, erTi mxriv, sakoncentracio
banakSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis naTeli gamoxatulebaa, meore mxriv, is
qoleris daavadebis gavrcelebis saSiSroebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, risi
momaswavlebelic banakSi momravlebuli Tagvebia: saxifaTo. uTvalavi,
uzarmazari da msuqani Tagvebi, talaxis erTi nagleji, grZeli, gaqonili
bewviT modebulni arian yvelgan, yvelafers abinZureben, anadgureben,
aqeT-iqiT dasunsuleben, Tavi aqaurobis baton-patroni hgoniaT da
TiTqos yvelafris ufleba hqondeT. ufro metic, isini dampyroblebi
arian. adamianebs dascinian, lukmas piridan aclian, Tavsac ki esxmian maT:
Tagvis nakbeni tkbilia, kbenas ver grZnob. rogorc amboben, kbenisas
narkotikul siTxes gamoyofs, romelic xorcs abuJebs da ase Cumad
66 И. Шкунаева, Современная Французская Литература, Экзистенциалистское направление в философии и художественной литературе, Альбер Камю, Москва 1961, 173.
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57
agrZelebs Tavis saqmes.67 iqauri binadrebi xSirad mokvnetili yuriT
iRviZebdnen, zogs ki fexis romelime TiTi aklda. adamianebi didi
safrTxis winaSe idgnen. mravali xerxi moigones Tagvebis SesaCereblad,
Tumca araferi Sveloda: aseTi urCxulebisTvis saTagurs versad
monaxavdi, katebic ki, maTgan SeSinebulni, mTebisaken kudamoZuebulni
garbodnen.68 droTa ganmavlobaSi Tagvebi ufro momravldnen, Sxamic
matulobda, jer tkbili da narkotikuli, SemdgomSi ki qoleris
gamavrcelebeli.
qoleris gaCenis SiSi, Tagvis sxva muxanaTur saqmeebTan erTad,
usasrulo tanjvadaa qceuli “Savi Wiris” personaJebisaTvis. amgvari
ganwyobis gadmocemiT mwerali cdilobs metafizikuri axsna mogvces
adamianis samyaroSi arsebobis maradiul mdgomareobaze.
Tagvi, rogorc cnobilia, uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli monobis
simbolos warmoadgenda. Tagvebis mier zianis uxmaurod miyeneba gaxda
mizezi imisa, rom iudaizmSi isini farisevlobis simbolod, qristianobaSi
ki boroti, damangreveli Zalis simbolod iqcnen.69 Tagvebi berZen
SemoqmedTan swored rom adamianisadmi borotad ganwyobil da
gamanadgurebeli Zalis simbolodaa gaazrebuli.
Savi Wiri frangiasis gmirebisaTvis mxolod qoleris SiSi da
Tavismomabezrebeli Tagvebi ar arian. es is araadamianuri tanjva,
mxecuri, faSisturi da fsiqologiuri zewola da propagandaa, rasac
isini sakoncentracio banakSi maTi zedamxedvelebisgan ganicdian. “Savi
Wiri” sakoncentracio banakSi Seqmnili araadamianuri pirobebidan
gamomdinare, warmoadgens erT-erT, yvelaze aRmaSfoTebel samxils
67 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 60, 62. 68 Ibid., 63. 69 Д. Тресиддер, Словарь Символов, Москва 2001, 232.
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mxecuri, “faSisturi” sistemis zewolisa. es eWvgareSea, miuxedavad imisa,
rom nawarmoebSi konkretulad ar saxeldeba “xelisufalTa”
politikuri ideologia”, _ aRniSnavs italieli kritikosi v. rotolo.70
nawarmoebSi xSirad vxvdebiT iZulebiTi mazoxizmis scenebs, rac
msjavrdebulTa mxridan sruliad absurduli danaSaulis aRiarebaSi
gamoixateba. xelisuflebas dasjis araerTi meTodi aqvs SemuSavebuli,
rogoricaa magaliTad adamianis xangrZlivi izolireba, misi zRvis
sanapiroze cicabo kldeze mibma da aboboqrebuli talRebis anabara
mitoveba, mcxunvare mzeze mavTul-xlarTebSi gabmuli adamianis mitoveba,
galiaSi gamoketva, misi umowyalo cema da sxva mravali. imisaTvis, rom
aaSenon axali Zegli, msjavrdebulebi sxvadasxva masalas zidaven, xolo
wylis gadasazidad xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi metad originalur
xerxs igoneben: TiToeuli Tqvengani wyals pirSi Caigubebs. roca miva
daniSnulebis adgilas iq cariel kasrSi CaafurTxebs. aq sad veZeboT
vedroebi? ... gzaSi wyals vinc dalevs da zust raodenobas ar CaafurTxebs
kasrSi, vai misi brali.71 sistematurad imarTeba damrigeblobiTi
xasiaTis Tavyrilobebi, msjavrdebulTa, viTomda, moraluri da sulieri
aRzrdisaTvis. Tumca, xelisuflebis mTavar mizans adamianis damcireba,
misi fizikurad, moralurad da fsiqiurad ganadgureba warmoadgens, im
donemde, rom adamians sakuTari Tavi SezizRdes. amgvari scenebis
aRweriT a. frangiass surs, erTi mxriv, mkiTxvelis yuradReba
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arsebul sazogadoebriv Tu saxelmwifoebriv
borotebasa da sisastikaze gaamaxvilos, meore mxriv ki, gvixatavs ra igi
“nacisturi”, araadamianuri sistemis realur suraTs, romlis
msxverpladac misi romanis gmirebi qceulan, Cveni azriT, xazs usvams
70 V. Rotolo, Ο Λοιµός του Αντρέα Φραγκιά, περ. «Νέα ∆οµή», τευχ. 1, 1976, 74.
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59
istoriuli movlenebiT ganpirobebul adamianuri arsebobis tragizms.
mwerali cdilobs individebis bedi istoriis CarCoebSi moaqcios. misi
nihilisturi damokidebuleba samyarosadmi ver uZlebs realuri,
istoriul-politikuri cxovrebis gamocdas da igi, iseve rogorc alber
kamiu Tavis filosofiur-publicistur nawarmoebSi “werilebi germanel
megobars”, aRiarebs, rom yovelgvari Rirebulebebisgan daclil
samyaroSi arsebobs erTi ram, rasac namdvilad aqvs azri – da es aris
adamiani.
romanSi warmodgenili saxelmwifo-sadamsjelo meqanizmi, romelic
daundoblad anadgurebs daucvel adamianebs, frangiasTan gaazrebulia,
rogorc samyaros absurdulobis kidev erTi gamoxatuleba. am
TvalsazrisiT metad saintereso paralelebis gavleba SeiZleba f. kafkas
novelasTan “damsjel koloniaSi”. kafkas nawarmoebebze saubrisas
SeuZlebelia ar aRvniSnoT, Tu raoden didi iyo misi Semoqmedebis
gavlena ara mxolod berZnul, aramed mTel evropul literaturaze. misi
absurduli da alogikuri samyaro, masSi gabatonebuli Zalebi, wesrigisa
da samarTlianobis cinikur niRbebs amofarebulni, TviTneburad
iWreboda evropis da masTan erTad saberZneTis realur cxovrebaSi.
okupaciis damRupvel morevSi CaZiruli adamianebisaTvis sirTules ar
warmoadgenda kafkas tragikul-simbolur saxeebSi maTi sakuTari bedis _
tanjvis, mwuxarebis, sikvdilis anarekli aRmoeCinaT.
“damsjel koloniaSi” warmoCenilia Zalauflebis fenomeni, ufro
metic, Tavad oficialuri xelisuflebis, SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmwifo
xelisuflebisa... Tumca, vfiqrob, mTavari arsi amaSi ar aris, aramed im
Zaladobis kultis atmosferoSi, romelic totalur reJimebs axasiaTebs
71 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 190.
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60
da rac ostaturadaa asaxuli moTxrobaSi”,72 _ aRniSnavs rusi kritikosi
d. zatonski. sainteresoa, rom kafkasTanac da frangiasTanac saubaria
sakoncentracio banakze, romelic izolirebul, xriok kunZulzea
ganlagebuli. orive SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs msjavrdebulTa umowyalo
tanjvas. kafkasTan sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas msjavrdebulis sxeulze
tvifraven, rac misi sikvdiliT sruldeba, “Sav WirSi” ki msjavrdebulebi
“daRdasmulebi” arian da imisaTvis, rom laqa moicilon zogjer “tyavis
gaZrobac” ki saWiroa: ar megona ase rTuli Tu iyo laqis moSoreba, -
Caiburtyuna Zilmoreulma kacma, romelic efeqtur rCevas eloda. Seni
Zalian Rrmaa, albaT tyavis gaZroba dagWirdeba... – urCia mas Tavazianma
gancxadebebis mimRebma.73
ra Tqma unda, a. frangiasi ar iyo is erTaderTi evropeli mwerali,
romlis SemoqmedebaSic kafkas sasamarTlo-sadamsjelo procesebis
absurdulma samyarom hpova asaxva. es Tematika alber kamius
SemoqmedebaSic mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. sasamrTlo procesi masTan
gaiazreboda adamianis da istoriis SejaxebaSi, mwerlisaTvis Zvirfasi,
udanaSaulobis ideis sayovelTao braleulobis ideasTan
dapirispirebaSi, rac qristianuli koncefciis pirveli codvidan
gamomdinareobda da totaluri ideologiis sayrdens warmoadgenda.
kamiu Tavis “ucxoSi” procesebis samyaros – burJuaziuli, nacisturi,
komunisturi _ winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, rac misi azriT, “Tanamedroveobis
wylulia”.74
“Savi Wiris” sakoncentracio banakSi gabatonebuli, yovlad
absurduli sistemis absurduli Sedegi aris buzebis Wera. nawarmoebSi
72 Д. Затонский, Предисловие, Франц Кафка, Замок, Москва 1991, 9. 73 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 138. 74 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 91.
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zedmiwevniT aris aRwerili is scenebi, sadac msajavrdebulebi
yoveldRiurad iZulebulni arian Seagrovon buzebi (aucilebeli zRvari
aris 20 buzi), rac maTi Wamisa da wylis safasuradaa qceuli.
msjavrdebulTa Soris buzi SuRlisa da megobrobis sawindaradac kia
qceuli. saqme iqamde mivida, rom buzs “Sav bazarze” yidian. rac ufro
cotaa buzi, miT ufro iwevs misi fasi. ase rom, yvela mixvda, rom buzebis
sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovani iyo.75 imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom igi maTi
cxovrebis miznadaa qceuli: es gansakuTrebuli mweri misi cxovrebis
miznaadaa qceuli, misTvis Tvali ar unda moecilebina. mTeli gasuli
wlebi mas erTaderTi mizani amoZravebda, rom es buzi am SuadRes daeWira.
iqneb, swored amitom daibada igi. da Tu is xelidan dausxlteboda, albaT
mokvdeboda,76 – mogviTxrobs mwerali erT-erT msjavrdebulze.
aSkaraa, rom buzi frangiasTan simbolur mniSvnelobas iZens.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is adamianTa yoveldRiuri, amao, uazro da
absurduli jafis gamomxatvelia: zemodan rom gadmoixedes, Takara mzis
damabrmavebel Suqze dainaxes aTasobiT adamiani, romelic haerSi xelebs
iqnevda, rom raRac uCinari daeWira, mimwvdariyo haerSi raRac uxilavs.77
buzebi, cxadia, maSinaTve sartris piesas “buzebs” gagvaxsenebs, sadac,
kritikosTa azriT, argosSi momravlebuli buzebi mwerals religiuri
ideologiis metaforad aqvs gaazrebuli. a. frangiasTan ki isini, Cveni
azriT, politikuri ideologiis metaforad SeiZleba iqnan miCneuli.
amasTanave, saerTod buzis simbolikidan78 gamomdinare, SeiZleba buzebi,
75 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 30. 76 Ibid., 82. 77 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 57. 78 “buzebi borotebisa da msoflio epidemiebis simbolodaa miCneuli. isini imdenad mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgendnen Zvel samyaroSi, rom maTgan dasacavad RmerTebsac ki mouxmobdnen... buzebs demonebs ukavSirebdnen. mogvianebiT isini
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romlebic sakoncentracio banaks epidemiasaviT mosdebian, xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebTan gavaigivoT, romelTa erTaderTi mizani adamianis
sulieri da fizikuri ganadgurebaa.
absurdis ciklTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi saintereso momentis
gamoyofa SeiZleba frangiasis “Sav WirSi”. garda buzebis Werisa,
msjavrdebulebi iZulebulni arian aSenon sxvadasxva nagebobebi,
moapirkeTon gzebi, aagon xidebi, dadgan Zeglebi, Seqmnan iseTi ram, rasac
aravin arasodes gamoiyenebs. aaSenon qalaqi, romelic arasodes
dasaxldeba. es absurduli Sroma, maTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesadaa
qceuli: mobinadreebi gaemarTnen TavianT samuSaoebze da maTi cxovreba
kvlav Cveul ritms daubrunda. qvaze momuSave brigada, miwis mTxrelebi,
cixesimagreebisa da xidebis mSeneblebi, navsadguris mtvirTavebi,
quCebisa da saflavebis mTxrelebi, moqandakeebi, qvis mzidavebi, wylis da
baTqaSis mtareblebi [...] samuSao win miiwevs, aqauroba saxes icvlis da
mravali profesia, xeloba dRiTi dRe ixveweba da umjobesdeba. iq, sadac
guSin xriok adgilze daabijebdi, dRes Sens winaSe administraciuli
Senobebi, saTavsoebi, eklesiebia aRmarTuli. muSaoba diliT iwyeba,
meore diliT ki Senoba ukve wamoWimulia, TiTqmis dasrulebuli. ra Tqma
unda, ufro masStaburi mSeneblobac midis, rogoricaa cixesimagreebis da
xidebis mSenebloba, rasac meti dro miaqvs. cvlileba iseTi tempiT xdeba,
rom TiTqos aTeulobiT weli gadiodes, saukune wyaliviT miedineba, dRe
usasruloa.79 absurduli Sroma, konkretulad ki qvis tareba, rac buzebis
WerasTan erTad mZime tvirTadaa qceuli msjavrdebulTaTvis, Zvel
berZnul miTs sizifosis Sesaxeb da sizifosis Sromas mogvagonebs, rac
moraluri da fizikuri gaxrwnis qristianul simbolod iqcnen”. ix. Д. Тресиддер, Словарь Символов, Москва 2001, 232. 79 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 23-24, 32-33.
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gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT mZime, dausrulebel uSedego da usargeblo
Sromas niSnavs.80
rogorc cnobilia, am Tematikis saocar interpretacias axdens a.
kamiu Tavis filosofiur eseSi “sizifosis miTi”, sadac igi werda: samyaro
ugunuria, mxolod amis Tqma SemiZlia masze. Tumca am ugunurobis
Sejaxeba misi Secnobis dauSretel survilTan, im ZaxilTan, romelic
adamianuri arsebis siRrmeebSi gaismis, aris swored absurduli. absurdi
imdenadvea damokidebuli adamianze, ramdenadac samyaroze. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi is maTi erTaderTi kavSiria.81 rusi mecnieris e. kuSkinis
azriT, kamiu konkretul nawarmoebSi adamianisa da samyaros absurdul
kavSirSi swored, rom fuW Sromas gulisxmobda.82 Cveni azriT, a.
frangiasis gmirebsa da samyaros kavSirSic sizifosis fuWi da absurduli
Sroma gaiazreba. qvis zidva maTi cxovrebis nawiladaa qceuli: buzebi da
qvebi, maSasadame, warmoadgenen bunebis Semadgenel or ZiriTad elements.
es ori ram gansazRvravs dRisiT Sens cxovrebas. RamiT sazomi icvleba.
TiTqos samyaros Seqmnidan moyolebuli sul ase xdeboda. qvebi da buzebi.
mTeli Seni cxovreba aTrevdi qvebs da iWerdi buzebs. [...] yvelaferi, aq da
yvelgan, exla da mudam, aris qvis tareba da buzis Wera.83 am absurduli
mdgomareobiT, rogorc Cans, frangiass imis aRiarebac surs, rasac
ambobda eJen ionesko: “adamianis yoveli moqmedeba uazrobaa, radgan
absurdulia da usargeblo, adamiani mokveTilia yovelgvari Zirebisagan.
80 RmerTebisagan dasjil sizifoss didi WapaniTa da oflis RvriT ahqonda lodi mTis wveramde, magram RvTaebrivi gangebiT zed mTis wveridan lodi isev ugordeboda da kvlav da kvlav grZeldeboda da meordeboda misi momqancveli, mZime, uSedego da usasrulo Sroma. Sdr.: n. gafrindaSvili, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1972, 276. 81 ix. А. Камю, Миф о Сизифе, Москва 1988. 82 Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 89. 83 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 47-48, 86.
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samyaro moCvenebiTia, iluzoruli... samyaro sayovelTao
ganadgurebisaken mieqaneba”.84
adamians isRa darCenia, rom Seeguos TviTnebobas, anu gaxdes
borotebis mokavSire, an uaryos TviTneboba da aqtiurad
SeewinaaRmdegos mas da amiT amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba. adamiani
Tavisi adamianurobidan gamomdinare amboxisTvis aris ganwiruli.85
frangiasis gmirebi miuxedavad imisa, rom umizno, ganadgurebuli,
yovelgvari potenciisagan daclili adamianebis STabeWdilebas toveben,
cdiloben gamoiCinon simamace, SeewinaaRmdegon absurdul sistemas, win
aRudgnen mCagvrelTa nebas: zogi qvas xmis amouReblad miaTrevda,
TiTqos isini ki ara, maT nacvlad manqanebi asrulebdnen samuSaos. ... iqneb
aRar stkivaT sxeuli, fexebi rkinis gauxdaT, weli da Tirkmelebi TiTqos
msxvili WanWikebiT hqondeT damagrebuli, iseTiT, rkinis xidebs, rom
kraven... ai isic, yviTelCaCiani, isic maseTia _ win miiwevs, TiTqos qvas
simZime ar hqondes da bambis qula iyos. mas yvelaze didi misces, ise
gasarTobad, Tumca amanac wona dakarga. SveliviT airbina aRmarTi.86
frangiasis gmirebi, rogorc Cans, acnobiereben im usamarTlo beds, rac
maT wilad xvdaT. amis gacnobiereba ki ukve maTi gamarjvebis tolfasia.
“Savi Wiris” zogierTi personaJi iseTive “absurdis da meamboxe adamiani”
aris, rogorc kamius romanis gmiri “sizifosis miTSi”.87 kamius es saocari
84 m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: eqsistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 71. 85 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 231. 86 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 108. 87 kamius miaCnda, rom sizifosi gonieri da Rirseuli adamiani iyo. misi tanjvis mizezs Tavad igi ki ara, aramed RmerTebis gulmwyraloba warmoadgenda. igi pasuxs agebda, Tumca ar iyo damnaSave. mas maradiuli, fuWi da mZime Sroma hqonda misjili. miuxedavad amisa igi sakuTar bedze maRla dadga. roca mTidan dagorebuli qvis amosatanad eSveboda, icoda, rom rogorc ki kvlav mwvervals miaRwevda qva isev dagordeboda da is kvlav mwvervalze unda aetana. miuxedavad amisa igi eSveboda
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gmiri, Cveni azriT, frangiasis “yviTelCaCianSi” povebs gansaxierebas,
romelic acnobierebs ra sakuTar absurdul mdgomareobs, Tavis qvaze
ufro mtkice xdeba. mas amboxi exmareba, rom dasZlios sasowarkveTileba
da Tavs “gamarjvebulad” Tvlis: ratom midixar ase swrafad ase mZime
qviT? ratom akeTeb amas? - raTa ar Sevuqmna maT kmayofilebis grZnoba,
rom mtanjaven,88 - pasuxobs yviTelCaCiani mis gverdze myofs.
msjavrdebulTa “gamarjveba”, maTi “amboxi” es ubralod sakuTari
Tavisadmi nugeSiscemaa absurduli sistemis xelisufalTa klanWebSi
moqceuli frangiasis gmirebisaTvis, romelTac ar SeswevT Zala maTgan
sabolood Tavis daRwevisa: yvela Sromobs, iWers buzebs da elodeba
saRamos, rom misi cudi saqcieli davTarSi aRricxon. es misi Zveli da
axali codvebia, rac samaradisod tanjavs mis suls. amis iqiT araferi
arsebobs. arc adre iarsebebda da arc merea SesaZlebeli moxdes raime
sxva, rac ar iqneba imis msgavsi, rac aq xdeba. samyaro, sadac vcxovrobT,
maradiuli da ucvlelia. da ase iqneba samaradJamod. ar gegonos es
kedlebi aqve axlosaa. sicruea! isini samyaroSi usazRvrodaa gadaWimuli.
imis iqiT ki aRaraferi arsebobs. sibnele, umoZraoba da yinva. am
samyaros unda moergo. sxvanairad wasulia Seni saqme.89 rogorc vxedavT,
“Savi Wiris” personaJebs simamace imisTvis gaaCniaT, rom monobas
mTidan, raTa eSroma. igi am dros ufro diadi iyo, vidre misi damsjeli RmerTebi da is qvac ukve RmerTebs aRar ekuTvnoda, is sizifosis saqmed iyo qceuli. Zaldataneba ki, romlisganac TiTqos ar SeeZlo Tavis daRweva, sizifosis nebayoflobiT gmirobad iqca. igi ar daemorCila, ar iqca RmerTebis yurmoWril monad. ar Seswevda ra mas Zala maT mier miCenili tanjva aeridebina, gaacnobiera Tavisi mdgomareoba da amayi winaaRmdegobiT Tavisi monoba Tavisuflebad aqcia, Tundac bedis “kedlebSi”, “sazRvrebSi” datyvevebulma; Sdr.: И. Шкунаева, Современная Французская Литература, Экзистенциалистское направление в философии и художественной литературе, Альбер Камю, Москва 1961, 166. 88 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 111. 89 Ibid., 69-70.
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gauZlon da ara imisTvis rom gaimarjvon masze. berZeni mwerlis amboxi
imaSi gamoixateba, rom monas misi monuri mdgomareoba Seacnobinos,
nacvlad imisa, rom mas STaunergos Tavisufleba, unari da survili
borkilebis damsxvrevisa. misi gmirebis amboxi arafris momtania.
egzistenciuri amboxiT Sepyrobili qurumis sarkeSi areklilia
sicariele – arara.90 mwerals, rogorc Cans, surs dagvarwmunos imaSi,
rom arseboba wreze usasrulo trialia, iziarebs ra im Teziss, romelsac
absurdistebi yovelTvis eyrdnobodnen: “es asea, ase iyo da ase iqneba”.
kedlebi ki, romelic gars Semortymian adamianebs, aiZuleben maT
gaacnobieron maTi ganwiruloba. isini grZnoben, rom dakarguli aqvT
unari imisa, rom akeTon cxovrebaSi umTavresi ram: aSenon momavli.
im nawarmoebTa did nawilSi, romelic absurdis Temas moicavs,
rogorc wesi, fantastikuri elementebi Warbobs. ar aris gamonaklisi arc
a. frangiasis romani, romelSic fantastika da realoba erTmaneTSi
mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli. aq saqme gvaqvs gmirebis metamorfozasTan, maT
ucnaur arsebebad gadaqcevasTan. sakoncentracio banakis jalaTebi
uzarmazar urCxulebad iqcevian xolme. mwerali maT Ramis ucnaur
qmnilebebad moixseniebs, romlebic am jojoxeTuri adgilis
binadarTaTvis Ramis koSmaradaa qceuli: am ucnaur arsebebs, romlebic
mTidan eSvebian, grZeli klanWebi aqvT basri brWyalebiT da uxeSi,
ekliani javSani. oTxiT dadian, xoxaven mucelze, romelic zurgs ufro
waagavs. mZimed sunTqaven. arseboben iseTebic, romlebic arc sunTqaven da
Tvalebsac ar axamxameben. SeuZliaT dapataravdnen, mwerebad iqcnen da
qvebSi da ojaxur saflavebSi CaZvren, sadac SesaZlebelia erT Rames
moulodnelad gaizardon, TavianTi bunebrivi zoma daubrundeT, 90 Sdr.: m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: eqsistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri
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67
SesaZloa ufro didic, mTeli teritoria moicvan, Sen ki, dabneuli da
damfrTxali dauwyeb cqeras dagorgosalavebul sxeulebs banjgvliani
sacecebiT. aseve SesaZloa sisxlic gamogwovon, ise, rom veraferi gaigo,
gulis cemis gareSe da sisxldaclili venebiT gaiRviZo.91 SesaZloa aseve
Sens winaSe mdgomi Cveulebrivi arseba moulodnelad saSinel urCxulad
gadaiqces: Tvalyurs adevneb mas, vinc Sens win dgas. kiserze muwuki aqvs,
saidanac Sededebuli Cirqi gadmosdis. gamomSrali kani naiarevis
adgilas SewiTlebuli aqvs. daeWvebuli Semobrunda. kargad Sexede.
kldeebsa da xevSi mobinadre Ramis frinvelia. saidan warmoiSva es
arseba, ra aris misi, rogorc bunebrivi organizmis istoria da ra
saxeobas ekuTvnis? ver gaigeb irgvliv ras xedavs, sinaTles amCnevs Tu
ara, ra ferebs arCevs, cas rogor aRiqvams? iqneb mweris prizmuli da
mravalwaxnagiani Tvalebi aqvs da yvelafers daqucmacebulad xedavs,
Savi da TeTri SeferilobiT? Semobrunda da giyurebs, TiTqos misma
sacecebma informacia miiRoo, patara, undo, moWutuli TvalebiT. aq
irgvliv bevri ucnauri arsebaa, romlebic kldeebidan aRmocendnen. Sens
azrebs kiTxuloben da grZnoben Sens zizRs, sunTqvas yurs ugdeben da
sacecebiT informacias iReben.92 amgvari elementebis gamoyenebiT,
mwerali miznad isaxavs am adamianebis Sinagani samyaro dagvanaxos da
metamorfozis saSualebiT xazi gausvas maTSi Cabudebuli cxoveluris
warmoCenas. literaturaSi adamianebis cxovelebad gadaqcevis Sesaxeb
aseT axsnas gvaZlevs berZeni kritikosi e. stavropulu: “... elementebi,
romlebic adamianebis ZiriTadad cxovelebad gadaqcevasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, rasac antikuri mxatvruli literaturis araerT
drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tsu, Tbilisi 1989, 57 91 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 35 92 Ibid.,162-163.
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68
nawarmoebSi SevxvedrivaT, gamoiyeneboda umeteswilad, raTa dagvenaxa
moralurad dacemuli, instiqtebsa da SiSs damonebuli, saxeSecvlili,
gaucxoebuli adamianis saxe. XX saukunis mxatvrul literaturaSi es
motivi gamoiyeneba, raTa Tanamedrove sazogadoebis zewolis Sedegad
pirovnebis sruli saxecvlilebis saSiSroeba wina planze iqnas
wamoweuli”.93 gmirebis amazrzen arsebad gadaqceviT frangiasi adamianis
gaucxoebis faqts usvams xazs, irealuris realur samyaroSi SemoWriT igi
adamianuri arsebobis tragedias aRmoaCens. e. w. “jalaTebi”, absurdul
sistemas damonebulni, romelTac sruliad dakarguli aqvT sakuTari
pirovnuloba, totaluri gaucxoebisTvis arian ganwirulni.
adamianebis ucnaur arsebebad gadaqcevis elementebi berZen mwerals
f. kafkas SemoqmedebasTan aaxloebs.94 kafkas gmirebisaTvis samyaro
usaxo, usaxelo, adamianisTvis saSiS da misadmi borotad ganwyobili
arsebebiTaa dasaxlebuli.95 “kafkas asaxvis damaxasiaTebli maneraa
personaJis (faqtobrivad antigmiris) moulodneli gadayvana Cveuli,
banaluri situaciidan absoluturad ucxo, uCveulo da gaugebar
garemoSi. mis yvela TxzulebaSi ori sinamdvilea, ori sibrtye –
konkretuli, yoveldRiuri, empiriuli da simboluri, filosofiuri,
Sinagani”.96 a. frangiasis “Savi Wiris” realuri samyaroc ucnauri da
adamianisaTvis saSiSi arsebebiTaa dasaxlebuli: mTeli samyaro buzma
dafara, romelic uzarmazar da frTian urCxulad iqca, daberili
cecxlovani TvalebiT, wvetiani dingiT, sacecebiT, amouyoravi ybebiT,
javSniT da rkinis dagrexili fexebiT. ... SiSisagan tanSi gzaravs am
93 Έ. Σταυροπούλου, Προτάσεις ανάγνωσης για την πεζογραφία µιας εποχής, Αθήνα 2001, 155. 94 am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos f. kafkas novela “metamorfoza”. 95 Л. Г. Андреев, О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 138. 96 n. kakabaZe, franc kafka, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. V, Tbilisi 1980, 441.
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cxovelis Semxedvare. mas cxoveluri Zala aqvs, rasac mas es auxsneli
manqana aZlevs”.97jalaTebis Semxedvare msjavrdebulebi imis SiSiT
itanjebian, Tavadac rame urCxulad ar gadaiqcnen: RmerTs vevedrebi
xvlikad, Tavfexianad, mravalfexad, javSnianad ar gadaviqce. [...] ar minda
viyo mweri, mZuls yvelanairi cxoveli, didic da patarac, Citebic da
Tevzebic,98 _ amboben sasowarkveTili msjavrdebulebi. am SemTxvevaSi
SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom frangiasi cdilobs gaucxoebuli adamianis
saxe Seqmnas da gamoiwvios tragikuli da usaSvelo martoobis SegrZneba.
aRniSnul nawarmoebSi adamiani, rogorc gansakuTrebuli,
konkretuli arseba, centralur adgils ikavebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mwerali mas xSirad mravlobiT ricxvSi moixseniebs _ “mosaxleoba”
(κάτοικοι), “adamianebi” (άνθρωποι), “xalxis masa” (πληθυσµός), misTvis
adamianuri egzistenti yovelTvis individualuria. a. frangiasi, iseve
rogorc mis sxva romanebSi, “Sav WirSic” TiToeul personaJs ar
warmogvidgens an mis Sesaxeb dasrulebul ambavs ar mogviTxrobs
romelime konkretul TavSi. igi TiToeuli gmiris ambavs sxvadasxva
TavebSi mokle siuJetebad, erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ganviTarebul
epizodebSi warmogvidgens. personaJis Sesaxeb erT TavSi dawyebuli
istoria romanis sxva TavSi grZeldeba. Tumca mTlianobaSi Tu
SevajamebT personaJTa Sesaxeb moyvanil monacemebsa da ambebs, miviRebT
TiToeul gmirze erT srulyofil istorias, rac maTi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis, sulieri da fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis, maTi sxva
adamianebTan da garesamyarosTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs.
“Savi Wiris” tragikuli istoriis TiToeul monawiles TiTqos
97 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 91. 98 Ibid., 173.
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dakisrebuli aqvs Cvenamde moitanos sakuTari cxovrebis tvirTi, rac
erT mTlianobaSi mwerlis cxovrebiseul filosofias ayalibebs.
romanis kiTxvisas mkiTxvels ebadeba SegrZneba, rom yvelaferi
anonimuri da gasaidumloebulia. misTvis ucnobi rCeba siuJetSi
mimdinare movlenebis xangrZlivobac da adgilic, aravin icis ramden xans
grZeldeba msjavrdebulTa tanjuli cxovreba, romelTaTvisac dRe
iZulebiT da absurdul Sromad, Rame ki usasrulo koSmaradaa qceuli.
aseve ucnobi da anonimuria TiToeuli personaJis sakuTari saxeli,
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebian isini Tu Tavad msjavrdebulni.
mwerali Tavis personaJebs maTi sulieri an fizikuri mdgomareobidan
gamomdinare, aseve maT garegnul niSnebTan Sesabamisi zedmetsaxelebiT
moixseniebs.99 romanSi vxvdebiT iseT saxelebs, rogoricaa:
“ugunuri “ugunuri “ugunuri “ugunuri----gadawyvetilebis momlodine” gadawyvetilebis momlodine” gadawyvetilebis momlodine” gadawyvetilebis momlodine” _ pirvelad maSin Cndeba, roca
zedamxedvelis mxarze damjdar buzs iWers. zedamxedveli mas emuqreba,
rom aseTi saqcielis gamo sastikad daisjeba. aqedan moyolebuli igi
dausruleblad elodeba sasjels. maSin rodesac misi gancda imis gamo, Tu
ra moelis da gauZlebs Tu ara wamebas, kulminacias aRwevs, aRmoaCens
99 rogorc Tavad mweralic aRniSnavda erT-erT interviuSi, mas ar surda da arc SeeZlo mocemuli istoria realistur romanSi aesaxa, vinaidan, erTi mxriv, SeuZlebeli iyo sityvasityviT aRewera tragikuli movlenebi, meore mxriv ki miaCnda, rom personaJebisTvis sakuTari saxelebis darqmeviT es Tema nakleb farTomniSvnelobis da mravalsaxovani iqneboda: “romanSi movlenebis aRnusxva ki ar xdeba, aramed iq makronisosTan dakavSirebuli vrceli sakiTxia Sejamebuli. erTi mxriv, sistemis uazrobasa da barbarosobaze xazgasmiT, meore mxriv ki, personaJTa ara fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aramed jgufebad warmoCeniT, Sevecade mTlianobaSi amesaxa es fenomeni. mxolod aseTi saSualebiT SemeZlo warmomeCina movlenebis absurduli mxareebi: zewola, rasac ganicdida pirovneba da Zaladoba, romelic iq sufevda... is faqti, rom ar aris dasaxelebuli adgili, dro da saxelebi da yvela zogadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiTaa moxseniebuli, miznad isaxavs imas, rom ar moxdes sagnebis individualizacia da movlenebis konkretizacia”. Sdr.: nawyvetebi interviudan JurnalebSi: a) «Το ∆έντρο», χρόνος 14, τόµ. 9, τευχ. 66, Ιαν.-Μαρτ. 1992, 38-39; b) Γ. Η. Παππάς, Συνοµιλία µε τον Αντρέα Φραγκιά, «Ελί-τρόχος», τευχ. 2, Απρίλιος-Ιούνιος 1994.
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rom “Ramis ucnaur arsebebs” Soris aris misi megobari, romlisganac
Svelas eloda. misgan Seityobs, rom maTi megobrobac da sasjelis
molodinic xelisuflebis gegmis nawili iyo, rac masSi yovelgvari
winaaRmdegobis unaris aRmofxvrasa da mis ganadgurebas iTvaliswinebda.
a. frangiasis gmiris danaSauli iseve absurdulad warmogvidgeba,
rogorc es f. kafkas personaJis SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba romanSi
“procesi”.100 a. frangiasi, avstrieli mwerlis msgavsad, am konkretuli
personaJis SemTxvevaSi adamianis absurduli cxovrebis gaSuqebas isaxavs
miznad. mwerali migvaniSnebs imaze, rom misi epoqis adamiani
araadamianuri Zalebis tyveobaSia. es Zalebi ki adamianSive warmoiSoba,
raTa gaZlierdnen, iqcnen usaxur qmnilebebad da TiToeuli Cvengani
gaanadguron.
“utvino damaqceveli” “utvino damaqceveli” “utvino damaqceveli” “utvino damaqceveli” _ romelmac kiriT SeTeTrebuli biliki
SemTxveviT gaafuWa. cdilobs TviTon Seqmnas sakuTari arsebobis
konkretuli saxe da arsebul situaciaSi igi arCevans akeTebs. igi
yvelafers aRiarebs, cdilobs xelisuflebis ena iswavlos, wers himnebs,
aRiarebebs da gancxadebebs. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi
egzistencialur Tavisuflebas aRwevs, im Tavisuflebas, rac sartris
koncefciis Tanaxmad morCilebaSi gamoixateba. sainteresoa, rom is
erTaderTi ram, rac mis arsebobas azrs aZlevs aris himnebis,
aRiarebebis, gancxadebebis wera: mxolod ase SeiZleba iarsebo am
100 romanSi “procesi” kafkas gmirs erT dilas moulodnelad ori ucnobi adamiani atyobinebs, rom am wuTidan moyolebuli igi dapatimrebulia da unda daelodos mowvevas sasamarTlodan. es mowveva ki romanis dasasrulamde ar modis. aqedan moyolebuli iwyebs gmiri imis Ziebas, Tu ra brali miuZRvis mas, eZebs mosamarTleebs, fiqrobs Tu ra braldeba SeiZleba wauyenon da rogor unda imarTlos Tavi. surs monaxos adamianebi, romlebic mas daexmarebian, Tumca aRmoCndeba, rom es adamianebi arian mxolod niRbebi, misi fantaziis koSmaruli arsebebi, misi danaSaulis paradoqsuli mowmeni. Sdr.: Ф. Кафка, Процесс, Москва 1991.
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jojoxeTSi,101 _ acxadebs igi, swams ra, rom aseTi saSualebiT SesZlebs
Tavi daaRwios cxovrebis absurdulobas. es personaJi, erTi SexedviT,
sartris rokantensac mogvagonebs, romelic aseve weraSi poulobs Svebas,
gamoxatavs ra sityvebiT sakuTar gancdebsa da mRelvarebas. TumcaRa
misgan gansxvavebiT “utvino damaqceveli” imasac acnobierebs, rom igi ar
qmnis raime faseuls, rac adamianebs sixaruls da siamovnebas mianiWebs da
riTac SeiZleba adamianma gaamarTlos Tavisi arseboba.
“damfrTxali” “damfrTxali” “damfrTxali” “damfrTxali” _ cdilobs xelisuflebis yuradRebis centrSi ar moeqces.
hyavs bavSvobis megobari “qvelmoqmedi-optimisti”, romelic meqanikosia.
igi megobris ubedurebaSi sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebs da es danaSaulis
grZnoba mas gamudmebiT tanjavs.
“qvelmoqmedi“qvelmoqmedi“qvelmoqmedi“qvelmoqmedi----optimisti”optimisti”optimisti”optimisti” _ iRebs gadawyvetilebas gaakeTos gancxadeba
sakuTari monaniebis Sesaxeb. “damfrTxalis” misadmi gulgrili
damokidebuleba da imis SiSi, rom mas megobarTan erTad dainaxaven, xdeba
TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis mizezi. mas saavadmyofoSi moaTavseben, sadac
yvela, misi megobris CaTvliT, xels awers sabuTze, imis dasturad rom igi
nevrasTeniiTaa daavadebuli. mas “sasacilo TviTmkvlels” uwodeben.
sabolood igi manc moaxerxebs Tavis mokvlas.
“fermkrTali“fermkrTali“fermkrTali“fermkrTali----nacemi”nacemi”nacemi”nacemi” _ fsiqiurad gauwonasworebeli xdeba. gamudmebiT
eZebs “megafonSi molaparake” adamians, romelic mis winaaRmdeg gamodis.
erTxelac gamwarebuli megafons dauwyebs qvis srolas, ris gamoc mas
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi qvebiT Caqolaven. amis Semdeg igi
dainvalidebulia, rogorc fizikurad, ise sulierad: yvela kuTxes ara
mxolod unda yavdes, aramed Tavadac unda aqcios adamianebi giJebad102 -
ambobs mTxrobeli. sabolood “fermkrTali-nacemi” SemTxveviT naxavs
101 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 230.
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megafonSi mosaubres da aRmoCndeba, rom igi misTvis sruliad ucnobi
adamiania. mis mokvlas ganizraxavs, Tumca igi Tavad gaxdeba msxverpli.
erT dilasac mas megafonis qveS mkvdars naxaven.
“mtacebeli” “mtacebeli” “mtacebeli” “mtacebeli” _ mas gamudmebuli davidaraba aqvs Tavis “megobarTan”, risi
mizezic aris erTi buzi: maT qaosi aSorebda. es ki erTi buzi iyo103 _
vkiTxulobT romanSi.
“iRbliani adamiani”“iRbliani adamiani”“iRbliani adamiani”“iRbliani adamiani” _ Tavdapirvelad umniSvnelo da garesamyarosTan
adaptirebuli personaJis STabeWdilebas tovebs. mogvianebiT
xelisufleba mas mraval gansacdelSi Caagdebs, Seecdeba ra mis zRvaSi
daxrCobas, galiaSi gamoketavs, tomaraSi gareul katasTan erTad Casvams
da sxv. Tumca es adamiani mraval winaaRmdegobas dasZlevs, did
gambedaobas, sulier da fizikur gamZleobas gamoiCens. am SemTxvevaSi,
vfiqrobT, rom a. frangiasi sartris koncefcias emxroba, romlis
Tanaxmadac garemoeba totalurad gamouvali arasdros araa. adamianis
bedi mis SigniTaa da misi erTaderTi imedi misive moqmedebaa.104
“Semoqmedi” “Semoqmedi” “Semoqmedi” “Semoqmedi” _ xidis mSenebelia, romelic ar aRiarebs ra, rom xidis
mSeneblobas ganzrax aferxebs, saSinlad daisjeba. mas galiaSi
gamoamwyvdeven. yvelasagan izolirebuli “Semoqmedi” aRmoaCens, rom
martoobam gaanadgura. “Semoqmedis” Sromis unayofoba kidev erTxel
adasturebs berZeni mwerlis Sexedulebas adamianis samyaroSi arsebobis
Sesaxeb: adamianis yoveli moqmedeba amaoa.
“is, vinc TviTmkvleloba scada”“is, vinc TviTmkvleloba scada”“is, vinc TviTmkvleloba scada”“is, vinc TviTmkvleloba scada” _ jalaTobaze uars acxadebs, amis gamo
masac mravali gansacdeli elis. im dros, roca zurgzemokidebul
102 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 241. 103 Ibid.,100. 104 g. TevzaZe, XX saukunis filosofiis istoria, Tbilisi 2002, 461.
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daWrils iZulebiT miaTrevs Seecdeba Tavis mokvlas. bolos masac
gareul katasTan erTad tomaraSi svamen.
“mwyurvali”“mwyurvali”“mwyurvali”“mwyurvali” _ romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, pasiuri personaJia. igi
gamudmebiT im eWvis qveS cxovrobs, rom “SavCaCianma” daabezRa.
“SavCaCiani” “SavCaCiani” “SavCaCiani” “SavCaCiani” – metad saintereso personaJia. “SavCaCiani” ormxrivi
zewolis qveSaa. erTi mxriv, igi yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom
“mwyurvals” daumtkicos misi udanaSauloba. es mas did sulier tkivils
ayenebs. meore mxriv ki, igi xelisuflebis mxridan fsiqologiur zewolas
ganicdis. xelisufleba cdilobs masSi pirovnebis gaoreba gamoiwvios
(uwodebs ra mas “yviTelCaCians” da “gamyidvels”). xelisufleba
araerTxel ecdeba aTasgvari sasjeliT mis sulier da fizikur
ganadgurebas. mogvianebiT xelisufleba mas jalaTobis kandidatebis
gamocdaze gamoiyenebs rogorc sacdel cxovels, sadac “SavCaCiani” did
gamZleobasa da gambedaobas gamoiCens. misi saboloo ganadgurebis
mizniT xelisuflebi mas danarCeni msjavrdebulebis winaSe rogorc
TavianT moxeles ise waradgenen. yvelasagan izolirebuli “SavCaCiani”
sabolood giJdeba.
es adamianebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom gamudmebiT erTad arian,
ojaxur saflavebSi gverdigverd ZinavT, TiToeuli maTgani martosulia,
rogorc micvalebuli. [...] xSirad iseT adamianebTan erTad cxovrob,
romelic dRisiT arasodes ginaxavs, mas mxolod sunTqviT cnob105 _
aRniSnavs mTxrobeli. isini erTmaneTs eridebian, gaurbian erTmaneTTan
siaxloves, radganac ar ician, vin aris maTi mteri da vin moyvare: ise
daveciT, rom TiToeuli Cvengani kiTxvis niSnad iqca. gverdze myofs
erideba da daZabulia. bevrma Tvalebze celofani miikra, viTomda
105 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 16, 18.
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75
mtverisgan da xreSisgan dasacavad, Tumca ufro metad imisTvis, rom
anonimurobis niRabiT Seimosos.106 am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, mwerali
cdilobs Seqmnas tragikul da gamouval martoobaSi myofi gaucxoebuli
adamianis saxe.
erTia gqondes SiSi da eWvi sxvebis mimarT, sakuTari Tavisadmi SiSi
es yvelaze didi satanjvelia adamianisTvis. msjavrdebulebs RamRamobiT
erTmaneTis gverdiT CaZinebisac ki eSiniaT, ZilSi rame ar wamoscdeT da
Tavad ar gayidon sakuTari Tavi: ZilSi Tu rame wamogcda, cudad aris
Seni saqme, Seagrove buzebi, xelisuflebis risxvisagan Tavi Sors daiWire
da umjobesia aravin gicnobdes arc Seni cudi da arc kargi saqmisTvis.107 _
aseT daskvnamde midian “Savi Wiris” jojoxeTur da absurdis samyaroSi
mobinadre gmirebi. vfiqrobT, rom frangiasi asaxavs ra Tavisi
personaJebis martoobas, xazs usvams Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis
mier adamianis totaluri uaryofis, maT Soris komunikaciis
ararsebobis, gaucxoebis faqts.
rac Seexeba xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, frangiass Semdegi
usaxo da usaxelo personaJebi Semohyavs: xelisuflebis saTaveSi dgas
“mama”, Semdeg modian “mmarTveli”, “zedamxedvelebi”, “maregulireblebi”,
“damsaqmeblebi”, “organoebi”, “meTvalyureebi”, “TeTrperangianebi”,
“gancxadebebis Camwerebi”, “mcvelebi”, jalaTebi”, “niRabi”, “sqel kisera”
da sxv. v. rotolo ase axasiaTebs maT: “maSasadame usaxo da usaxelo
adamianebi. [...] es SemTxveviTi araa. am adamianebs ise cota ram SemorCaT
adamianuri garegnuli niSnebisgan, rom arc saxelisa da arc sxva
adamianuri Tvisebebis qonis Rirsni ar arian”.108
106 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 236. 107 Ibid., 25. 108 V. Rotolo, Ο Λοιµός του Αντρέα Φραγκιά, περ. «Νέα ∆οµή», τευχ. 1, 1976, 75.
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gaucxoebis savaraudo Sedegebs fsiqozi, TviTmkvleloba, stresi,
fsiqosomaturi moSlilobebi warmoadgens,109 rac “Savi Wiris”
personaJebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. SiSi, gaucxoeba, martooba,
erTmaneTisadmi undobloba frangiasis gmirebs sulierad da moralurad
anadgurebs, rac maTi fsiqiuri moSlilobiTa da TviTmkvlelobiT
sruldeba. nawarmoebSi xSirad vxvdebiT personaJTa TviTmkvlelobis
mcdelobis momentebs,110 bevri maTgani sigiJis zRvramde midis:111 maT Tan
hqondaT qaRaldi, sadac dawvrilebiT ewera qvelmoqmedis fsiqiur
daavadebaTa Sesaxeb, anu maszed, rom igi namdvili giJia, romelic xSirad
saubrobda cxovrebis amaoebaze.112 aseTi SemTxvevebi gaxSirda. es raRac
epidemiis msgavsia, uecrad moedeba aqaurobas, Semdeg ufro Zalas ikrebs,
cota xani mineldeba da Semdeg isev aboboqrebuli talRasaviT Tavs
gvesxmis.113 a. koZiasi amasTan dakavSirebiT Jurnal “vimaSi” werda:
“romanis dasasrulisken, roca sigiJe epidemiasaviT edeba iqaurobas, amas
metad bunebrivad aRviqvamT da TiTqos Svebasac vgrZnobT. es aris
sircxvilisa da zizRis samyarodan Tavis daRweva, romlis Sesaferisi
simboloc gasresili buzia”.114 Cveni azriT ki, yvelaze ufro metad
damaxasiaTebeli ganwyoba, romelic gveufleba romanis kiTxvisas, aris
SiSi amazrzeni sicocxlis winaSe. SiSi am adamianebis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebelia. isini arsebobis uazrobis winaSe dganan, rac maTSi
martoobis SegrZnebas da sasowarkveTilebas iwvevs. SiSis sagani ki
araraobaa: SiSi da araraoba erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli,
109 Sdr.: Πάπυρος Larousse Britannica, τ.: VII, Αλλοτροίωση, Αθήνα 1981, 61. 110 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 69, 80, 96, 130-131, 163-64, 167, 226. 111 Ibid., 41, 130, 132, 163, 168, 241, 243, 245. 112 Ibid., 131-132. 113 Ibid., 245. 114 Αλέξ. Κοτζιάς, Κριτική για το Λοιµός, εφηµ. «Το Βήµα», 15.02. 1963.
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erTmaneTs ganapirobebs.115 swored es SiSi xdeba “Savi Wiris”
personaJebis gagiJebis mizezi. maTi TviTmkvleloba ki, SesaZloa am SiSis
daZlevis saSualebacaa. frangiasi cxovrebis gulisamrev da bnel
mxareebs gvixatavs. misi gmirebi Zrwolas ganicdian da sicocxles
uaryofen. cxovrebis amgvari xedva ki berZen Semoqmeds kidev erTxel
sartris SemoqmedebasTan aaxloebs. Tumca, misi personaJebis
TviTmkvleloba winaaRmdegobaSi modis kamius absurdis koncefciasTan,
romlis Tanaxmadac TviTmkvleloba, ise rogorc egzistencialistebis
“naxtomi” RmerTisken, aris paradoqsi an iracionalurad cnobierebis
sikvdilis tolfasia.116
sainteresoa, rom XX saukunis metafizikuri SiSis daZlevis
saSualebad absurdistebi sicils gvTavazoben. isini uimedobis CixSi
momwyvdeuli adamianis umZimesi sulieri SeWirvebis gadmocemas
tragifarsul formas aZleven. tragifarsi absurdistebisaTvis maTi
msoflaRqmis ZiriTadi formaa.117 “Savi Wiris” gmirebi sicilis
saSualebiTac cdiloben gaimarjvon SiSze. “SavCaCiani” daxtis da icinis,
es misTvis simwris sicilia. igi damfrTxali da SeSinebulia, mas xom
Tanamobinadreebi moRalateobas abraleben. gorakis wverze ki adamiani,
romelmac uzarmazari rkinis kasri daagora icinis, kmayofilia Tavisi
miRweviT, xarxarebs da raRac abda-ubda sityvebs gaiZaxis.118
“sasicilo xelovnebas” Soreuli warsuli aqvs. m. baxtinis
mosazrebiT “Suasaukuneebis adamiani sicilSi grZnobda gamarjvebas
115 k. baqraZe, egzistencializmi, Tbilisi 1962, 26. 116 Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 89, 90. 117 Sdr.: m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: eqsistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 73. 118 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 243.
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SiSze. es iyo ara marto gamarjveba mistikur SiSze da bunebis amoucnob
Zalebze, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, daZleva moraluri SiSisa, romelic
adamians borkavda, abeCavebda, gonebas umRvrevda. sicili angrevda yvela
akrZalvas – “manas” da “tabus”, RvTisa da adamianTa Zalas, avtoritets,
sikvdilis SiSs, imqveyniur tanjvas, jojoxeTs, yvelafer imas, rac
adamians sicocxleze saSineli eCveneboda”. beketi ki gvTavazobs “sicilTa
sicils – risus purus”, romelic sicils dascinis. es aris yovlismomcveli,
didi sicili, romelic icinis maTze _ yuradReba! _ vinc ubeduria”.119
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi dascinian “SavCaCians”, uwodeben ra mas
“yviTelCaCians” da bralad sdeben “mwyurvalis” dabezRebas, ...is
sqelkiserac icinoda, romelmac mowyurebuls neba darTo.120 isini ubedur
adaminze maSinac icinian, roca xedaven rom, momakvdavi msjavrdebuli
zRvis talRebs ebrZvis.121
miuxedavad imisa, rom es adamianebi ver axerxeben gaimarjvon maT
garSemo arsebul absurdul sistemaze, romanis finali optimistur
interpretacias mainc SesaZlebels xdis. am operaciebze mravali miTqma-
moTqma iyo. isini saidumlod sruldeboda da xalxSic sxvadasxva
versiebi vrceldeboda. simarTle ki is iyo, rom es saocari adamianebi
gadarCnen.122 romanis amgvari dasasruliT, CvenTvis cnobili xdeba, rom
sakoncentracio banakis msjavrdebulTa Soris zogierTni gadarCnen,
romelTac mwerali “saocar adaminebs” uwodebs. berZeni kritikosebis
azriT am “saocar adamianebs” mxolod warmoudgeneli fizikuri da
sulieri Zala rodi gaaCniaT. isini, acnobiereben ra, rom maTi brZola
119 Sdr.: m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: eqsistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 72. 120 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 12. 121 ix. Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 38.
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samarTliani da erToblivia, maTSi winaaRmdegobis dauSreteli survili
iRviZebs, rac erTaderTi saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom daicvan maTi
adamianuri arseboba da win aRudgnen SiSisa da gaucxoebis samyaros. es
“adamianuri solidaroba” kamius “Sav Wirs” gvagonebs da im meamboxe
adamianebs, romlebic ukeTesi momavlis imediT aRsavseni, yvelanairi
saSualebiT cdiloben SeewinaRmdegon borotebas. frangiasis “saocari
adamianebi” danarCeni personaJebis msgavsad, zurgs ar aqceven cxovrebas.
acnobiereben ra sikvdilis gardauvalobas, maTi sicocxle faseuli
xdeba.
andreas frangiasis mier adamianuri cxovrebis Rirebulebebis
sartriseuli xedva, rac radikalur pesimizmSi gamoixateba, romanis
dasasruls kamiusaTvis damaxasiaTebel optimistur ganwyobas iZens.
aSkaraa, rom nawarmoebis finalSi mwerali cdilobs adamianTa
cnobierebaSi imedis naperwkali gaaRvivos, rac, SesaZloa, romanis
optimizmis safuZvlad miviCnioT, Tumca mis mier daxatuli, adamianis
sulieri dacemisa da gaxrwnis uimedo suraTebis fonze Znelia misi
gmirebis srul gamarjvebaze laparaki. misi “saocari adamianebis”
cnobierebaSi arsebuli imedi absurdistuli dramis gmirebis imeds hgavs,
romelTac TiTqosda misjili aqvT iqonion is, romelic amave dros
imdenad mtkivneulad Soreuli da auxdenelia, rom sixaruliT
gainTavisuflebdnen Tavs misgan.123 a. frangiasis gmirebi mxolod imitom
ganagrZoben arsebobas, rom adamianuri buneba ar aZlevs maT raime sxva
arCevanis saSualebas.
122 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 252. 123 l. kereseliZe, eduard bondi: socialuri dramis niRabi, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 108.
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amgvarad, zemoT moyvanili dakvirvebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
davaskvnaT, rom a. frangiasis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad Cans
egzistencialisturi tendenciebis gavlena. “Savi Wiris” personaJebi
absurdis samyaros absurduli da gaucxoebuli gmirebi arian. mwerali
Tavisi epoqis istoriul-politikuri movlenebis qarcecxlSi adamianis
arsebobis, misi sicocxlisa da sikvdilis siRrmiseuli gancdebis
amsaxveli problemebiT interesdeba. mwerali sisastikisa da absurdis
asaxviT cdilobs aCvenos kacobriobas Tavisi SeWirveba. adamianis
martooba, uimedoba, uZlureba da ususuroba, misi yofna sikvdilisa da
araras winaSe warmoadgens “Savi Wiris” ZiriTad Temas. igi aRiarebs
adamianebis piradul, profesiul Tu sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
yoveldRiuri Zaladobisa da zewolis faqts. sasurveli sakiTxis asaxvas
ki mwerali alegoriebis, simboloebisa da metamorfozebis gamoyenebiT
axerxebs.
nawili meore / Tavi meorenawili meore / Tavi meorenawili meore / Tavi meorenawili meore / Tavi meore
“Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi“Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi“Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi“Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi
martooba, avadmyofoba, sikvdili, Ronismimxdeli Sroma, rac
adamianur grZnobebs anadgurebs da aufasurebs, adamianuri arsebobis
bnel mxareebs warmoadgenen. Tumca cxovrebaSi sxva ramec arsebobs.
mSvenieri buneba, sulSi Camwvdomi peizaJebi, is siamovneba, rac warmavali
adamianis arsebobas sixaruliT avsebs – werda xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
ulamazes bunebaze Seyvarebuli alber kamiu.124 Tumca misi Semoqmedebis
gvian etapze, “sizifosis miTSi” igi dasZenda: “yovelgvari mSvenierebis
124 Sdr.: С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 145.
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miRma raRac araadamianuri imaleba. am gorakebma, cis saamo sigrilem, xis
varjebma erT wuTSi SeiZleba dakargon is iluzoruli mniSvneloba,
romliTac Cven maT vmosavT da ufro Soreulni gaxdnen, vidre
dakarguli samoTxe”.125
maSasadame buneba, egzistencialistebis azriT, zogjer SesaZloa
mtrulad iyos ganwyobili adamianis mimarT da miuwvdomeli gaxdes
misTvis. am SemTxvevaSi adamiani aris gaucxoebuli bunebasTan, vinaidan es
ukanaskneli iracionalur, ganusazRvrel, Tavdamsxmel Zalas flobs,
romlis gakontrolebac mas ar ZaluZs.126
sainteresoa, ra datvirTvas iZens buneba berZeni mwerlis
SemoqmedebaSi da ra ganwyoba euflebaT bunebis garemocvaSi myof “Savi
Wiris” absurdis samyaros personaJebs?
sagulisxmoa, rom romanSi mimdinare movlenebi xriok kunZulze
viTardeba. usasrulo zRvaSi dakarguli xrioki kunZuli, romelic
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom frangiasTan adamianis samyaroSi
mitovebulobis, misi bedis tragizmis, martoobis metaforadaa
gaazrebuli, migvaniSnebs, rom iq mobinadreni ar unda iyvnen
ganebivrebulebi bunebis mSvenieri peizaJebiT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, a. frangiasis personaJebis garesamyaro
cxovrebis yoveldRiurobis monotonurobiTa da absurdis mZafri
SegrZnebiTaa gaJRenTili, razedac romanSi arsebuli araerTi faqtori
metyvelebs. “Sav WirSi” mwerali adamianis garesamyarosTan mimarTebis
sakiTxebs centralur adgils uTmobs. sainteresoa, rom swored
125 Sdr.: А. Камю, Миф о Сизифе, Москва 1988, 107-108. 126 Sdr.: P. E. Linda, Existential Literature, An Introduction, Existentialist Views on the Human Condition, Wadsworth, Belmont, 2000, 50
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personaJis garesamyarosTan urTierTobis prizmaSi axerxebs avtori
dagvanaxos Tavisi gmiris apaTiuroba, misi yofis monotonuroba da
uperspeqtivoba. igi adamians ganixilavs ara rogorc Tavis TavSi
Caketil, izolirebul individs, aramed rogorc garesamyarosTan
mWidro kavSirSi myofs, rameTu swored gmiris garSemo ganviTarebuli
movlenebi, mis garSemo Seqmnili situacia ganapirobebs gmiris xasiaTs.
im mraval elementTa Soris, romelTac a. frangiasi gamoiyenebs
gmiris xasiaTis Strixebis Sesaqmnelad mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT
bunebis elementebs. mis nawarmoebSi xSirad ar vxvdebiT bunebis aRweris
gavrcobil suraTebs, Tumca maSinac ki, rodesac mwerali amas akeTebs,
TiTqmis yovelTvis igi amas gmiris xasiaTTan akavSirebs. bunebis
movlenebis saSualebiT igi cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi gmirebis emociur-
fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba. metic, nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis mauwyebeli da mizezic ki zogjer bunebis elementia.
aRniSnul nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia bunebis
elementebis zemoqmedeba adamianis xasiaTze. Cven ar ganvixilavT yvela im
elements, romelsac kavSiri aqvs bunebasTan da romelTac iyenebs
mwerali Tavis romanSi. yuradRebas SevaCerebT mxolod ramdenime, Cveni
azriT, yvelaze ufro saintereso da gavrcobil elementebze,
rogorebicaa mze, zRva da qari. vidre TiToeul maTgans SevexebodeT,
unda aRvniSnoT, rom frangiasTan buneba ar aris warmodgenili, rogorc
esTetiuri tkbobis, dasvenebis, Svebis momgvreli an raime dadebiTi
funqciis matarebeli. igi “Savi Wiris” gmirebisaTvis yovelTvis SiSis
momgvreli da mkacria.
maSasadame samyaros adamianisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba,
bunebis stiqiuri Zliereba, romelic mtrulad aris ganwyobili
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warmavali adamianis mimarT “Sav WirSi” qaris, mzisa da zRvis saxiTaa
warmodgenili. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebis am elementebTan
dakavSirebiT, mwerali iseT leqsikur erTeulebs iyenebs rogoricaa:
mze, papanaqeba sicxe, xvati, simxurvale, sikaSkaSe, buRi, gavarvarebuli,
damabrmavebeli, Takara, acxunebs, wvavs, aduRebs, buRs adens, adnobs,
Tvbrus axvevs, CaxuTuli, qari, haeri, qrola, qris, zuzunebs, aSrobs, zRva,
aqoCrili, azvirTebuli, gaSmagebuli, talRebi, Relva, umoZrao,
Camuqebuli da sxv.
q a r i:
romanis dasawyisSi pirvelive winadadeba bunebis aRweriT iwyeba:
erT dRes, roca Zlieri q a r i qroda, viRacam ikiTxa: SeiZleba wyali
davlio? _ da es bunebrivi iyo, radgan igi dilidan miwas Txrida, qviSa
kbilebSi uxraSunebda, tuCebi ki gamomSrali hqonda. Tumca aq nebismieri
rame rom gaakeTo, neba unda dagrTon. es kanonia.127 nawarmoebis
dasawyisSive Zlieri qarisgan gaTanguli da mowyurebuli personaJis
gamoCena mkiTxvels momdevno arasasiamovno movlenebisaTvis ganawyobs.
aseve, am SemTxvevaSi, mwerali bunebis elementis SemotaniT kidev ufro
amwvavebs Tavisi personaJis isedac mZime cxovrebas.
qari, rogorc cnobilia, CineTSi asocirebuli iyo xmebTan – aseTi
simbolika, SesaZloa, nadirobidan da qarisgan motanili nanadirevis
sunidan gamomdinare warmoiSva.128 qaris es simbolika berZen
mweralTanac sainteresod aris warmoCenili. Ramis Semovlisas, roca
“Ramis ucnauri arsebebi” msjavrdebulebze sanadirod gamodian, qari
mZime emociur SegrZnebebs iwvevs personaJebSi: haerSi sxvanairi suni
dgas, nestoebsa da yels wvavs. roca mosaRamovdeba, q a r i s zuzunsa da 127 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 7.
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Ramis marilian, nestiT daxuTul haerSi, safrTxis momaswavlebeli
Setyobineba yurebSi giwuis. saeWvo nabijebis xmis gagonebamde, maTi
gafacicebuli mzadebis ritms grZnob. Tvalis gugebi SuSis mZivebs
emsgavseba da ase, fxizlad da daqaCuli TvalebiT momlodines mkacri
sikvdili saxsrebs gimsxvrevs, sunTqvisagan filtvebi gebereba, sisxli
gideddeba.129 qaris zuzuni frangiasis gmirebs, maTze monadire “Ramis
ucnauri arsebebis” moaxloebas auwyebs, maT ki sikvdilis SiSis grZnoba
euflebaT.
qari, romlis mudmiv tyveobaSic arian moqceulni frangiasis
gmirebi, aseve xSirad gaigivebulia gamZvinvarebul da gamandgurebul
ZalebTan. aq gamudmebiT q a r i qris. SfoTviT Semouqrolebs xolme
borcvebs, romlebic SiSvel da xriok kldeebad aqcia – xan qviSis, xreSisa
da qvebis aliaqoTs daayenebs xolme. gamudmebiT zuzunebs da yvelafers
zRvis aqoCril talRebs atans. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, q a r i c raRac
saerTo, Cveul movlenad iqca... q a r i, maSasadame, bunebis es stiqia,
maradiulobaSi gadaizarda, rogorc aucilebeli da imavdroulad
umniSvnelo, iseve rogorc talRebi, romlebic kldeebs exeTqebian.130 unda
gavacnoebieroT sicocxlis xanmokleoba da viCqaroT, rom Cvens momaval
Taobebs raime davutovoT. unda gavamarTloT Cveni arseboba SromiT –
qva, xidi, qva – unda veZioT is udidesi mizani, rac dagvakisres, raTa
davamtkicoT, rom fuWad ar Caiara Cvenma arsebobam, rom igi mtveriviT
ar waiRo q a r m a, romelic aqaurobas anadgurebs,131 _ aRniSnavs “Savi
Wiris” erT-erTi personaJi, romelSiac gamanadgurebeli qari amao, fuWi
128 Д. Тресиддер, Словарь Символов, Москва 2001, 40. 129 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 34. 130 Ibid., 16. 131 Ibid., 70.
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cxovrebis SegrZnebas iwvevs. qari, rogorc gamanadgurebeli Zala, Cveni
azriT, frangiasTan am SemTxvevaSi sikvdilis eqvivalenturia, im
gardauvali sikvdilisa, romelic yvela individumis cxovrebas
absurdulad aqcevs, vinaidan is miwasTan asworebs yvelafers, rasac
adamiani qmnis cxovrebaSi da rac mas mniSvnelovnad miaCnia.
m z e:
mze iseve, rogorc qari saintereso elements warmoadgens a.
frangiasis “Sav WirSi”. mzis simbolikasTan dakavSirebiT a. kamius
“ucxoSi” kritikosi m. baqraZe saintereso axsnas gvaZlevs: “mze, es
manaTobeli, sicocxlis mimcemi, sixarulis momgvreli, sinaTlisa da
siTbos niSani potenciurad sawinaaRmdego polussac moicavs. igi
harmoniis daSlis, adamianis gabruebis da gamofitvis niSania”.132 kamius
“ucxos” personaJis msgavsad, romelsac mze ukargavs simyares, azrovnebis
unars da misi ngrevisa da gamofitvis simbolod iqceva, frangiasis
personaJebic mzis didi gavlenis qveS imyofebian.
mze da mzis mcxunvareba gamoxatavs “Savi Wiris” personaJebis:
a) fizikur mdgomareobas, Trgunavs da aZabunebs maT: ena gaqvs
gadmogdebuli daRlilobisagan da m z i s g a n; qvis mzidavebis mwkrivi
win ucvlelad miiwevs, rogorc grZeli, m z i s g a n gabruebuli,
gaoflili matli. yvelafers cecxli ekideba da TrTis;133 m z e da qvebi
Tavbrus gaxveven, sicxeSi yvelaferi TrTis;134
132 m. baqraZe, dasavleT evropis literatura (XX saukune), literaturis istoria, poetika, urTierTobani, sityvis poetika da mzis simbolika a. kamius “ucxoSi”, Tbilisi 1988, 323. 133 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 49. 134 Ibid., 44.
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86
b) fsiqologiur mdgomareobas. igi SiSis momgvrelia: m z i s g a n,
wyurvilisagan, SiSisgan, eWvisgan yvelaferi erTmaneTSi ireva;135 aq
yvelaferi saxifaToa, m z e c, Crdilic, zRvac da megafonis simRerebic; mze
“Savi Wiris” personaJebis gagiJebis mizezia: mTeli samyaro nexvisganaa
Seqmnili. m z e batis Tvalia! me Toliebis winamZRvari da zRvis zRarbis
TanaSemwe var!136 _ gaiZaxis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaros
gonebaSeSlili personaJi. misTvis samyaro araraobadaa qceuli, mze ki,
romelic zecidan mTel samyaros Tvals adevnebs da mosvenebas ar aZlevs
mas, personaJSi frinvelis asociacias iwvevs.137
g) manaTobeli da sicocxlis momniWebeli mze a. frangiasTan
momakvdinebeli da gamanadgurebelia: Takara m z e yvelafers axmobs;138
yvela mopirdapire goraks gascqeris. Semoqmedi ar Cans! araviTari
niSani, arc ekliani mavTulxlarTi. xom ar mokvda? m z i s g a n dalRva da
ConCxad iqca, ase umoZraod da gulaRma dawolili.139 ferdobis Suidan da
qvemoT, ukve yvelafers vardisfrad xedav. cota xanSi bac iisferSi
gadadis. m z e carieli fuRuroa, erTi mocisfro naxvreti caze. izrdeba.
iisferi gaxrCobs. ara, es wyliT gamowveuli asfiqsiaa, romliTac piri
gaqvs gamovsebuli. nestoebidan oxSivari gamomdis. erTi wveTic ki ar
unda dageRvaros. Sens gverdiT sxvebi Savi muyaos Crdilebs gvanan.
TiTqos araferi. Semdeg sibnele. vardisferi qvebi, iisferi qvebi, Savi
135 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 106. 136 Ibid., 241. 137 mze miCneulia rogorc samyaros Tvali... igi Soridan xedavs, Tvalyurs adevnebs samyaros... mzis etls cxenebi miaqrolebs, Tavad mze ki warmodgenili aris rogorc ulayi an frinveli, aseve Zera an xari... Sdr.: М. Элиаде, Амбивалентность Солнца, Очерки сравнительного религиоведения, Москва 1999, 144. 138 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 107. 139 Ibid., 162.
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qvebi. araferi. TeTri m z e, cisferi m z e da maSinaTve sibnele.140 mzis
ambivalenturobasTan dakavSirebiT m. eliadesTan vkiTxulobT: “erTis
mxriv, igi WeSmaritad kacobriobis winaparia, meores mxriv ki, mzes
zogjer sikvdilTan aigiveben, vinaidan Sobs ra igi Tavis Svilebs,
imavdroulad STanTqavs maT”.141
d) aseve, SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom mze berZen SemoqmedTan realur
cxovrebaSi arsebuli gaurkvevlobisa da qaosis simboloa: m z i s g a n da
daRlilobisagan daelmebuli saxeebi. yvelaferi zuzunebda, yvelaferi
Camkvdariyo gulgrilobasa da gavarvarebul qaosSi.142
e) mze da mzis mcxunvareba saukeTeso saSualebadaa qceuli, raTa
xelisuflebam msjavrdebulTa dasjis meTodad gamoiyenos: visac
monaniebuli hqonda, erTad Cayares xeobaSi, raTa isini bnel xvats
STaenTqa.143 braldebuli fexze mdgomi borcvze daayenes m z e s a da qars
rom gamoefita igi.144 igi iq, Takara m z i s gulze, didi xniT datoves da
isic dawva, TiTqos eZina. mas WogritiT adevnebdnen Tvals. ixrukeboda
gavarvarebul qvebze...145 “meqsikaSi mzis ukvdaveba misadmi tyveebis
gamudmebuli msxverplSewirviT iyo “uzrunvelyofili”, romelTa
sisxliT mzis daSretili energiis aRdgena iyo SesaZlebeli”.146 a.
frangiasis sakoncentracio banakis tyveebic, Cveni azriT, meqsikuri
tradiciis msgavsad mzis samsxverploze gamoyvanili adamianebi arian,
140 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 191. 141 М. Элиаде, Культы Солнца в классических восточных странах и в Средиземноморье, Очерки сравнительного религиоведения, Москва 1999, 144. 142 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 119. 143 Ibid., 44. 144 Ibid., 74. 145 Ibid., 186. 146 М. Элиаде, Солярные герои; умершие и избранные, Очерки сравнительного религиоведения, Москва 1999, 149.
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romelTa fizikuri da sulieri daZabunebiT mze ufro da ufro met
sikaSkaSesa da mxurvalebas iZens.
mzes da mis mxurvalebas, rogorc Cans, a. frangiasis romanSi
gamanadgurebeli Zala da amavdroulad adamianis gabruebisa da misi
aqtiurobis daTrgunvis unari gaaCnia, rac “Savi Wiris” personaJebs kidev
ufro uZlierebs amqveyniuri amaoebis SegrZnebas.
z R v a:
zRva, romelic saberZneTis ganuyofeli nawilia, gansakuTrebul
simbolur datvirTvas iZens a. frangiasTan. “Savi Wiris” personaJebi Rrma
kavSirSi arian bunebis sidiadis am saocar sanaxaobasTan.
uformo, usazRvro, dauSreteli da moulodnelobebiT savse zRva,
romelic mraval kulturaSi sicocxlis pirvelad wyarodaa miCneuli,
berZen SemoqmedTan sruliad gansxvavebul datvirTvas iZens. zRvis
aRweriloba frangiasis nawarmoebSi umeteswilad sikvdilTan da
sikvdilis SiSTan aris asocirebuli:
a) zRva “absurduli sistemis” mkvlelobis iaraRia: mas maSinaTve
alya Semoartyes da gakoWili z R v i s k e n waaTries. es adamiani,
romelic tanjvas itanda, male z R v a S i aRmoCnda. igi panRurebis
rtymeviT tomarasaviT moisroles.147
b) zRva msjavrdebulTaTvis TviTmkvlelobis saukeTeso saSualebaa:
rogorc Cans nebayoflobiTi sikvdili sasiamovno ideaa, romelic bevrs
izidavs. zogierTma didi mondomebiT scada amis gakeTeba, magram ver
moaxerxa. isini droulad amoiyvanes zRvidan... Tumca erTma es SesZlo.
pirdapir TaviT gadaeSva kldeebSi. talRebi mas umowyalod axeTqebdnen
147 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 36, 37.
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89
maxviliviT wawvetebul kldeebze. z R v a S i adamiania! viRac daixrCo!148
amaoebisagan da yovlad uazro cxovrebisgan gadaRlili da goneba
Seryeuli “qvelmoqmedi”, romelic xSirad laparakobda cxovrebis
amaoebaze,149 gamosavals sikdilSi xedavs, xolo am miznis
gansaxorcieleblad isic, sxva msjavrdebulebis msgavsad, zRvas
mimarTavs. rogorc Cans, frangiasis gmirebisaTvis TviTmkvleloba aris
gamosavali, romelic adamians absurduli cxovrebisagan Tavis daRwevis
saSualebas aZlevs. amavdroulad xdeba maTi bunebasTn - samyarosTn
Serwyma.
g) zogjer zRvis elementis SemotaniT mwerali cdilobs mkiTxvels
Semdgomi arasasiamovno movlenis ganwyoba Seuqmnas: roca aRricxva
dasrulda, dadga saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis dro. sunTqvis xmac
ki ar ismis, aravin irxeva, mcvelebi Tavis adgilze arian, talRebi
kldeebs exeTqebian.150 rogorc aRmoCnda, mcdelobam Sedegi ver gamoiRo.
cariel yuTSi, sadac mkvdar buzebs yridnen, Ziric ki ver amoavses. maTi
ricxvi, visac erTic ar yavda daWerili, didi iyo. Savma Rrubelma Sekra
piri maT Tavze. xalxma gulgriloba gamoiCina kanonebis mimarT. z R v a c
ki ufro metad Camuqda da umoZrao gaxda.151 talRebi kldeebs exeTqebian.
zRva boboqrobs an muqi da pirquSi xdeba. amis Semdeg, orive SemTxvevaSi,
zedamxedvelis xma msjavrdebulebs ganucxadebs, rom isini dasjilebi
arian. mwerali cdilobs isedac daZabuli situacia bunebis agresiulobiT
kidev ufro gaamuqos da amavdroulad winaswar gangvawyos nawarmoebSi
ganviTarebuli momdevno movlenisaTvis.
148 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 79-80, 96. 149 Ibid.,132. 150 Ibid., 29. 151 Ibid., 27.
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90
d) zRva aseve personaJis sulier ganwyobas gamoxatavs: maT irgvliv
iyo qvebi, xrioki mTebi da cota qvemoT aboboqrebuli z R v a.152 _ bunebis
aRweris es monakveTi sruliad moulodnelad Semodis Txrobisas,
swored im dros, roca mwerali Tavisi erT-erTi gmiris Sinagan gancdebs
gadmogvcems. “SavCaCiani”, romelsac “mowyurebulis” dabezRebaSi sdeben
brals, aRelvebuli da aRSfoTebulia. aboboqrebuli zRva ki mkiTxvels
saSualebas aZlevs personaJis Sinagani ganwyoba ufro mZafrad aRiqvas.
e) gamoCndeba Tu ara zRva, maSinaTve icvleba Txrobis toni,
personaJs ewyeba emociuri asociaciebi, ZiriTadad uaryofiTi.
“Semoqmedi” roca zRvas gascqeris martoobis grZnobas ufro mZafrad
ganicdis: z R v a s rom gascqerodnen..., Semoqmedma Tavis megobars
CasCurCula: damtanja martoobam...153 aboboqrebuli talRebi
asocirebulia sikvdilTan, sicocxlis xelmyof ZalasTan: am
mogzaurobisas sruliad ganiwminde da TiTqos aboboqrebulma talRebma
mogtaca Seni mTeli ganvlili cxovreba,154 _ fiqroben sanapiroze
momlodine msjavrdebulebi, romlebic jojoxeTuri kunZulisaken
mimaval gzaze gaSmagebiT ebrZodnen uzarmazar zvirTebs. aravin icis
ramden xans gagrZelda es mogzauroba. iq, bnel triumSi, RelvaSi,
romelic navs zvirTebze aTamaSebda, qaoturi Ramis wyvdiadSi eflobodi.
fskeramde eSveboda da amodioda, bzrialebda da ikargeboda qaris,
wylisa da drois grigalSi.155 “wyalSi yvelaferi “ixsneba”, yvelanairi
“forma” irRveva, yvelanairi warsuli qreba; yvelaferi, rac adre
arsebobda, wyalSi CaZirvis Semdeg aRar arsebobs - aranairi kvali,
152 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001,13. 153 Ibid., 193. 154 Ibid., 122. 155 Ibid., 121-22.
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araviTari “niSani”, aranairi “movlena”. adamianTan kavSirSi CaZirva
sikvdilis eqvivalenturia... yvelanairi formis damrRvevsa da warsulis
gamqarvebel wyals aqvs ganwmendis, aRdgenisa da ganaxlebis unari,
vinaidan wyalSi CaZiruli “kvdeba” da wylidan aRmdgari axal cxovrebas
iwyebs”...156 – vkiTxulobT m. eliadesTan. Cveni azriT, a. frangiassac,
zemoT moyvanili nawyvetidan gamomdinare, swored imis Tqma undoda, rom
sakoncentracio banakisken mimavali msjavrdebulebi azvirTebul
talRebSi ganiwmindnen, raTa gamoTxovebodnen warsul cxovrebas da
absurdis samyaroSi axali, araadamianuri, cxovreba daewyoT.
maSasadame, zemoT moyvanili dakvirvebebis safuZvelze SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom bunebis Zalebi “Sav WirSi” simbolur mniSvnelobas
iReben, rac miuTiTebs personaJis Rrma kavSirze bunebis elementebTan.
mZafrad SeigrZnoba bunebasa da adamians Soris arsebuli disharmonia,
rac imis maniSnebelia, rom adamiansa da garesamyaros Soris
urTierTobam dakarga Sinagani sazrisi, rac, rogorc cnobilia, absurdis
erT-erTi niSania. bunebis adamianisadmi gulgriloba SeiZleba
gaazrebuli iqnas, rogorc samyarosa da adamians Soris gaucxoeba.
frangiasis gmirebisa da bunebis absurduli dapirispireba umeteswilad
adamianis sikvdiliT sruldeba. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali gvamcnobs, rom
sruli da saboloo Serwyma adamianisa da samyarosi, uZRebi Svilis deda-
bunebis wiaRSi dabruneba mxolod sikvdiliT aris SesaZlebeli. xolo
rac Seexeba qars, mzes da zRvas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen “Savi Wiris”
personaJebis fizikur, moralur Tu fsiqologiur mdgomareobaze,
romanSi arsebul sxva faqtorebTan kavSirSi qmnian absurdis atmosferos
156 М. Элиаде, Символизм погружения, Очерки сравнительного религиоведения, Москва 1999, 148-49.
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da adamianis Sinagani ganwyobis, misi absurduli yofis simbolod arian
qceulni.
nawili meore / Tavi mesamenawili meore / Tavi mesamenawili meore / Tavi mesamenawili meore / Tavi mesame
adamadamadamadamianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSiianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSiianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSiianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSi
dimitris xaZisi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis im berZen
prozaikosTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebmac daundobeli da mkacri
cxovrebis gemo sakuTar Tavze gamocades. es ganwyoba, cxadia, mis
SemoqmedebaSic airekla, ramac ganapiroba mis literaturul
nawarmoebebSi iseTi sakiTxebis wina planze dayeneba, rogoricaa
Tanamedrove burJuaziul samyaroSi adamianTa Soris gaTiSuloba,
tragikuli martoobis SegrZneba, yoveldRiuri arsebobis absurduloba
da alogikuroba, borotebisa da ngrevis brma da bneli Zalebis batonoba
adamianebze, romeli Zalebic im uferul cxovrebasa da gare samyaroSi
arian Cabudebulni, romelic adamianebs gars axvevia. aRniSnuli
sakiTxebi swored im problematikas moicaven, romelmac araerTi
egzistencialisti mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi hpova asaxva.
es Tavi eZRvneba imis warmoCenas, Tu rogor axerxebs dimitris
xaZisi, sxvadasxva literaturuli formebis saSualebiT, dagvixatos
Tanamedrove samyaros mankieri mxareebi. aseve, Cveni mizania
gamovavlinoT, egzistencialisturi literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebli
ra ZiriTadi debulebebi gamoikveTeba mis SemoqmedebaSi da, rac
mTavaria, ra Taviseburebebs gviCvenebs am TvalsazrisiT berZeni
mwerali.
93
93
egzistencialisturi literaturis im mraval sakiTxTa Soris,
romelTa saintereso interpretacias gvTavazobs dimitris xaZisis
Semoqmedeba, gansakuTrebuli adgili adamianis “gaucxoebis” problemas
uWiravs. aRniSnuli sakiTxi Tavisebur asaxvas poulobs mis
literaturul nawarmoebebSi. mwerali, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
gansakuTrebiT aris dainteresebuli Tanamedrove samyaros klanWebSi
momwyvdeuli calkeuli individebis bediT. Tumca, sainteresoa, rom
zogierTi berZeni mkvlevaris azriT, xaZisi, umeteswilad, konkretuli
adamianiT ki ara, istoriuli movlenebis qarcecxlSi, zogadad berZnuli
sazogadoebis bediTaa dainteresebuli: “xaZisi, omis Semdgomi periodis
berZnuli prozis erT-erTi pirveli warmomadgenelia, romelic
istoriuli movlenebis mimdinareobisa da socialur, politikur-
ekonomikuri cvlilebebis procesSi berZnuli sazogadoebis problemiT
iyo dainteresebuli, maSin roca umetesi nawili mwerlebisa dakavebuli
iyo istoriuli sinamdvilisa da mogvianebiT ki pirovnuli da
egzistencialuri problemebis aRweriT”.157 _ berZeni kritikosis am
mosazrebas, rac xaZisis berZnuli sazogadoebisadmi interess
iTvaliswinebs, Cven nawilobriv veTanxmebiT, Tumca migvaCnia, rom
mwerali zogadad sazogadoebis problemebiTiT ar Semoifargleba.
xaZisis SemoqmedebaSi berZnuli sazogadoeba misi TiToeuli
warmomadgenelis problemiT ganixileba (“mTrimlavi siulasi”,
“sambeTai kabilisi” da sxv.) da piriqiT, TiToeuli, konkretuli adamiani
mTeli berZnuli sazogadoebis saxea. misi personaJebis martooba
157 ∆. Τζιόβας, Η πεζογραφία του ∆ηµήτρη Χατζή: Ουµανιστικός ρεαλισµός και η ποιητική της µεταβατικής αφήγησης, Επιστηµονικό σηµπόσιο, ∆. Χατζής, µια συνείδηση της ρωµιοσύνης, Πάτρα 1999, 49.
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94
mwerlis epoqis berZnuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
martoobis SegrZnebis nayofia.
am etapze CvenTvis sainteresoa gamovikvlioT, Tu ra aris d. xaZisis
gmirebis gaucxoebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi? am TvalsazrisiT did
yuradRebas ipyrobs misi romani “ormagi wigni”.
d. xaZisis “ormag wignSi” ori erTmaneTisagan sruliad
gansxvavebuli samyaroa gaSuqebuli _ erTi mxriv, axali, Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba, samrewvelo ganviTarebis gzaze mdgomi qveyana,
ganviTarebuli teqnikiTa da uzarmazari fabrika-qarxnebiT (germania) da
meore mxriv, Zveli, dabeCavebuli samyaro volosis xe-tyis saamqrosi
(saberZneTi). romanSi ZiriTadi yuradReba 50-60-ian wlebSi germaniaSi
emigrirebuli berZnebis dramatul cxovrebazea mipyrobili, romlebic
mrewvelobis ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiur monawileobas iReben, Tumca
maTTvis metad rTulia Seeguon ucxo, ganviTarebul da teqnokratiul
samyaros. isini, SeiZleba iTqvas, “teqnikuri gaucxoebis” sindromiT
arian Sepyrobilni. romanis pirvelsave TavSi mwerali samrewvelo
warmoebis meqanizaciis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. maleve CvenTvis naTeli
xdeba muSis warmoebisgan gaucxoebis faqti, misi avtomatizacia, arsebuli
distancia massa da mis samuSaos Soris, sxva muSebisagan misi izolireba,
misi sruli martooba,158 _ aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi s. xristu.
ucxoobaSi yofnis mravali wlis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebuli d.
xaZisi cxovrebis Tanamedrove stils aRiqvams, rogorc gardauvals,
Tumca ki Sinaganad is mas uaryofs. xaZisi uaryofiTadaa ganwyobili
Tanamedrove, ganviTarebuli, industriuli qveynis sazogadoebis mimarT,
romelic, evropaSi misi mravali wlis cxovrebis periodSi, kargad
95
95
hyavda Seswavlili. mwerals miaCnia, rom germaniaSi,
“industrialiazaciis” pirobebSi, adamiani sruliad kargavs Tavis Sinagan
samyaros, berZnul sazogadoebaSi ki, romelSiac teqnologias jer ar
SeuRwevia Tavisi gamanadgurebeli masStabebiT, adamiani ufro metad
inarCunebs adamianurobas, Sinagan samyaros.
mwerali gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT, uzarmazari qalaqis siyalbeSi
Cafluli, ubadruki adamianebis cxovrebas warmogviCens. romanis mTavari
gmiri, saberZneTis erT-erTi patara qalaqis, volosis mkvidri kostasi,
oTxi welia, rac germaniis industriul qalaqSi, StutgardtSi cxovrobs
da qarxanaSi (“auteli”) muSaobs. Tumca misTvis es uzarmazari qalaqi,
reklamebiT, vitrinebiTa da aTasferi SuqebiT aWrelebuli,
arastumarTmoyvare, adamianurobisagan daclilia. kostasi am qalaqSi
Tavs yvelasTvis ucxod, yvelasgan gaucxoebulad da mitovebulad
grZnobs: me aq var, gamzirze, asfaltze... me aravin melis, arsad meguleba
adgili, sadac wasvla momindeboda. TiTqos aq saxlic maqvs da Cemi
samSobloc aq aris, magram aranairi saxli, aranairi samSoblo...
ucxoebad viqeciT yvelani am uzarmazar qalaqebSi... me ki ucxoTa qalaqis
yvelaze WeSmariti moqalaqe var.159 sainteresoa, Tu ram gamoiwvia
mTavari gmiris amgvari mdgomareoba? am kiTxvaze igi Tavad gvcems pasuxs,
acnobierebs ra Tavisi gaucxoebis mizezs: ... asea dRevandeli samyaro.
CvenTvis yvelaferi gamzadebuli aqvs, gansazRvruli, araferi gvaklia –
mxolod sakuTar Tavs ar icis kacma ra uyos,160 _ ambobs kostasi. adamianis
gaucxoebis fenomenTan dakavSirebiT germaneli mecnieri, f. hainemani
158 Σ. Χρήστου, Σκέψεις πάνω σ’ένα βιβλίο, Αποξένωση και παρακµή, ∆ηµήτρη Χατζή, Αθήνα 1976, 51. 159 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 63. 160 Ibid., 67.
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96
werda: “gaucxoeba, es faqtia. Tanamedrove adamians gaucxoebis grZnoba
eufleba, romelic Tavisi intensiurobiTa da moculobiT bolo
aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan izrdeboda. gaucxoeba kavSirSia
adamianTa sazogadoebis garkveul cvalebadobasTan, bunebas mowyvetili
milionobiT adamianis did qalaqebSi TavmoyrasTan, kapitalizmis
saukunesTan da zogadad koleqtivizaciisaken tendenciasTan, romelic
manqanuri warmoebis wesidan gamomdinareobs... aseTi tendencia nebismier
sazogadoebaSi... gamoiwvevs adamianis sabolood daclas individualuri
Tvisebebisagan”.161 hainemanis Sexedulebidan gamomdinare mivdivarT im
daskvnamde, rom adamiani aris gaucxoebuli, vinaidan man dakarga
sakuTari Tavi, individualuroba, man Sewyvita arseboba, rogorc
adamianma, radganac igi gaxda masis, xalxis nawili. es ki, Cveni azriT, aris
swored is SemTxveva, rac xaZisis personaJis SemTxvevaSic mis gaucxoebas
ganapirobebs.
Tumca kostasi ara mxolod uzarmazar qalaqSi grZnobs Tavs
gaucxoebulad, aramed qarxanaSic da Tavis saxlSic yvelasTan da
yvelafris mimarT ucxoa. qarxanaSi igi, mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi,
Tvaluwvdenel koridorebSia datyvevebuli. mas TiTqos dakarguli aqvs
yovelgvari adamianuri Tviseba. derefnebSi “moZraobs rogorc tramvai”,
ufrosebTan erTi da imave Temaze saubrobs, rogorc robots,
datvirTuli sazidavi Sida ezoSi liftiT gadaaqvs. dReSi orjer, erTsa
da imave dros, samuSaoze yofnis damadasturebel talons xvrets,
xelfassac regularulad uxdian da Tanac kargad _ da es aris sul.
kostasis piradi cxovrebac iseve erTferovani da usaxuria, rogorc misi
profesiuli saqmianoba. saxlSi samzareulos kars patara RriWo aqvs.
161 F. Heinemann. Existenzphilosophie lebendig oder tot?, Stuttgart 1954, 17.
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97
aqedan vixdi xolme qiras. fuls konvertSi vdeb, gavivli derefnis mkvdar
zonas da iq vagdeb xolme... anu, igivea, rac “ autelSi” xdeba, Tumca aq
piriqiTaa. iq, me mixdian fuls da verafers vxedav. aq, me vixdi da aqac
verafers vxedav,162 _ ambobs kostasi. berZeni emigranti, romlis
cxovrebac germaniaSi, mxolod qarxanaSi, yvelasagan izolirebulad,
robotiviT SromiTa da frau baumis saxlSi, cariel kedlebSi
ganmartoebiT cxovrebiT Semoifargleba, cdilobs gaacnobieros Tavisi
adgili da moergos am axal, magram misTvis ucxo samyaros, miuxedavad
imisa, rom es arc Tu ise advilia misTvis.163
berZnuli xasiaTidan, tradiciebidan gamomdinare, germaniaSi
emigrirebuli berZnebis gaucxoebis mizezebs metad sainteresod xsnis
berZeni fsiqologi ianis Ralanisi,164 rac Cveni azriT swored d. xaZisis
mier “ormag wignSi” wamoWril “gaucxoebis” problemas asaxavs. i.
Ralanis miaCnia, rom berZeni emigranti-muSis gaucxoeba gamowveulia: a)
162 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 61. 163 saberZneTSi, berZen da evropel moazrovneTa erT-erT Sexvedraze, romelsac alber kamiuc eswreboda, araerTgzis iqna aRniSnuli im uzarmazari zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac mrewvelobis ganviTarebam da teqnologiebma moaxdines Tanamedroveobaze. maTi azriT es gardauvali iyo, Tumca imasac aRiarebdnen, rom sisulele iqneboda Zveli mrewvelobisa da meurneobis epoqaSi dabruneba moesurvebina vinmes. mTeli simdidre da bedniereba, rac teqnikis da mrewvelobis uzarmazar ganviTarebas moaqvs burJuaziuli sazogadoebisTvis ver gaaqarvebs im mRelvarebas, rac momuSave masebis ricxobrivad zrdasTan da mis gaZlierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am sistemebSi momuSave adamianebs ki maT axali saxeobis monebi uwodes. isini, maTi azriT, samSoblos mowyvetili adamianebi arian, romelTac aranairi ekonomikuri sayrdenebi, araviTari usafrTxoeba ar gaaCniaT cxovrebaSi. burJuaziuli pesimizmi maSin warmoiSoba, roca mrewvelobis zrdasTan erTad istoriuli axali Zala Semodis da safrTxes uqmnis ara mxolod burJuaziuli wyobilebis arakontrolebad batonobas, aramed Tavad mis arsebobas. amgvarad, burJuaziul cnobierebaSi adamianis bedi warmoisaxeba bundovnad, momavali ki bneli da safrTxiT savse; Sdr.: Μ. Αυγέρης, Αφιέρωµα στην Φιλοσοφία του Υπαρξισµού 1, Ο Καµύ στην Ελλάδα, ∆ίµηνο περιοδικό λογοτεχνίας και προβλιµατισµού, Αθήνα 1971, 64.
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98
misi uecari mowyvetiT nacnobi da megobruli garemodan (saxli, moedani,
kafe, ubani) da arastumarTmoyvare, misdami mtrul, sxva zne-Cveulebebis
ucxoenovan samyaroSi SesvliT; b) sruliad gansxvavebul pirobebSi
cxovrebiTa da muSaobiT; wynari moednis, nardis, banqos, absoluturad
piraduli, daugegmavi cxovrebisa da samuSaos xmauriani, teqnikurad
ganviTarebuli, daprogramebuli, gaucxoebuli da usaxo sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebiTa da samuSaoTi SecvliT.165
qarxanaSi “teqnikuri gaucxoebis” msxverpli mxolod berZeni
emigrantebi ar arian. is adamianebi, romlebic patar-patara, SuSebiani
kedlebiT dayofil kabinetebSi telefonebis, sabeWdi manqanebis,
teleqsebis, diqtafonebis garemocvaSi saaTobiT sxedan ganmartoebulni
usaxo adamianebad, namdvil meqanizmebad arian qceulni: maT saxes
iSviaTad Tu dainaxav, mudam Tavdaxrilni arian, raRacas amboben,
telefonebs usmenen, manqanebze raRacas uCxakuneben... Cven xom varT da
varT sacodavebi da vwvalobT sakuTari xelebiTa da sxeuliT, eseni ki aq,
SigniT, marTlac rom dasjilni arian... maTTvis Tvalebi dauTxriaT da
maT adgilas autelis ori naTura CaudgamT, romelTac Cven vawarmoebT,
raTa sxva veRaraferi dainaxon dilis rva saaTidan naSuadRevis
oTxamde.166 lamazfexeba, qera qalebic ki, romlebic derefanSi midi-
modian xelovnur, meqanikur Tojinebs gvanan: vfiqrob, rom maT lamazi
fexebis mixedviT arCeven, Semdeg qoqaven da ase daqoqilebi arian mTeli
dRe.167 Tavad miuleri, ganyofilebis ufrosi erT usulo manqanadaa
164 XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi germaniaSi emigrirebuli berZnebis “gaucxoebis” problemam ara mxolod mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi hpova asaxva, aramed mravali berZeni fsiqologis kvlevis sagnadac iqca. 165 Γ. Γ. Γαλανός, Εφαρµοσµένη ψυχολογία, απελεύθερο Εγώ και κατεστηµένο, Αθήνα 1975, 35. 166 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 12,13. 167 Ibid., 13.
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99
qceuli: miulers aranairi suli ar gaaCnia, mas mxolod magnitofoni aqvs
- aq sxva arc araferia saWiro... igi yovelTvis Tavis oTaxSi zis da
TiTqos sakuTar skamTan erTad erT mTlianobadaa qceuli... yvelafers
adgilidanve agvarebs... gamudmebiT raRacas ambobs, arasdros yviris da
arafris gulisTvis xmas ar icvlis. misi sityvebi, yovelTvis erTi da
igive, oTxi sityva, TiTqos maT manqanaze beWdavdeso, romelic mis pirSia
moTavsebuli, pirSi Cadgmuli magnitofonis kaseta.168 berZen kritikos, m.
merakliss miaCnia, rom qarxanaSi momuSave ufrosebic da maTi
qveSevrdomebic im absurdulobis msxverplni arian, rasac warmoebis
sistema ewodeba.169 cxadia, rom xaZisis personaJebi sazogadoebis
industrializaciis gezs Seewirnen. es aris Tanamedrove civilizaciasTan
aSkara ganxeTqilebis SegrZneba, SiSi progresis epoqis winaSe, romelic
damangrevlad moqmedebs rigiTi adamianebis cxovrebaze. es adamianebi
teqnokratiuli sazogadoebis pirmSoni arian. mwerali cdilobs
yuradReba gaamaxvilos im faqtze, rom Tanamedrove civilizebulma
samyarom am adamianebs yovelive adamianuri waarTva da teqnikis
danamatad aqcia isini. Tumca mxolod amis warmoCena ar aris mTavari
xaZisisaTvis. misi mizania mkiTxvels daanaxos, rom zogadad teqnikis
ganviTarebam, sazogadoebis Tanamedrove ganaTlebam, mecnierebam
daimorCila da aiZula adamiani emsaxuros ganzraxvebs, saWiroebas,
aucileblobas. adamianebi gamudmebiT muqaris qveS cxovroben. maTi
goneba da cxovreba “urCxuli” manqanebis riTmSi Cajda. absurdsa da
winaaRmegobriobaSi Caflulni acnobiereben maTi arsebobis
SemTxveviTobas, TavianT martoobas.
168 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 15. 169 Μ. Γ. Μερακλής, Προσεγγίσεις στην ελληνική πεζογραφία, η επανεµφάνιση του ∆. Χατζή: «Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο», Αθήνα 1986, 121.
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100
“ormagi wignis” gmirebi ara mxolod “teqnikuri gaucxoebis”
msxverplni arian. gaucxoebuli da martoobisaTvis ganwiruli adamiania
romanis kidev erTi gmiri, skuroianisi. igi, sakuTar miwa-wyals
mowyvetili, oci welia cdilobs daimkvidros Tavi germaniaSi, magram
Stutgardti, uzarmazari Senobebi, ganaTebuli quCebi, kafe-barebi,
sanaxaobebi _ yvelaferi ucxo, sruliad ucnobi, misgan Sors, misTvis
umniSvnelo, ararsebulia _ kedelia aRmarTuli mis irgvliv.170 aq
aSkarad Cans, rom d. xaZisis gmiri sakuTar arsebaSi gamoketili
adamiania, romlisTvisac es qaoturi samyaro Soreuli da miuwvdomelia.
mTeli oci weli, rac ucxoobaSi gaatara, skuroianisi ocnebobda Tavis
mSobliur dobrinovoSi dabrunebas, mas imedi hqonda, rom mSobliuri
qveyana, axlobeli xalxi misi martoobis, misi xangrZlivi mogzaurobis
dasasruli iqneboda. Tumca dobrinovoSi dabrunebuli skuroianisi
aRmoaCens, rom misi axlobeli adamianebic ki misTvis ucxoni arian. igi
acnobierebs, rom dobrinovo misi samudamo martoobis adgilia,
ararsebuli adgili. oci weli itanja, iocneba, am ararsebul adgilas
rom dabrunebuliyo...171 adamianuri cxovrebis istoria, rogori
cxovrebac ar unda iyos is, aris istoria warumateblobisa _ werda Jan-
pol sartri Tavis filosofiur traqtatSi “yofiereba da arara”.172
“ormagi wignis” personaJebis cxovrebac erTob warumatebelia. “es aris
istoriebi”, _ ambobs a. karandonisi, “TavianTi miwa-wylidan mowyvetili
Cveni Tanamemamuleebisa, romlebic germaniis sawarmoebSi samuSaod
gaeSurnen im ocnebiT, rom rTuli cxovreba daeZliaT da Semdeg ukan
dabrunebuliyvnen TavianT monatrebul sofelSi, magram isini verc ucxo
170 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 117. 171 Ibid., 128. 172 J.-P. Sartre, L’ Étre et le Néant, Paris 1943, 588.
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101
qveyanas eCvevian da TavianT qveyanaSi dabrunebulni axal simartoves
aRmoaCenen. isini sruliad warumatebeli adamianebi arian”.173 aqedan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom skuroianisi ormagad gaucxoebuli
adamiania. igi, verc misTvis ucxo garemoSi (germania), da xangrZlivi
periodis Semdeg Sin dabrunebuli, verc misTvis kargad nacnob, mSobliur
mxareSi (saberZneTi) ver poulobs TavSesafars, im adamianebs, romelTac
guls gadauSlida da mis martoobaze, Tavis Tavze mouyveboda, igi
sakuTar qveyanaSic ki Tavs “martod” da “ucxod” grZnobs. germaniaSi
cxovrebis oci wlis Semdeg skuroianisi aRmoaCens, rom misTvis
dobrinovoc ucxo samyarod qceula. man ver SeZlo moenaxa Tavisi adgili
da daniSnuleba am cxovrebaSi da Tavi gaucxoebulad aRiqva. igi
gaucxoebulia samyarosTan, Tavis TavTan.
Tumca mainc arsebobs gamosavali. egzistencialisturi filosofiis
mixedviT komunikaciis damyareba SesaZlebelia, magram es SesaZlebloba
adamians mas Semdeg eZleva, rac igi martoobis aucilebel safexurs
gaivlis. skuroianisis martooba absoluturia. mas martoobis
aucilebeli safexuri gavlili aqvs da mzad aris “egzistenciuri
komunikaciis” dasamyareblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar gamosdis
adamianebTan urTierToba, martoobisagan da ukontaqtobisgan daRlili,
gamosavals cxovelTan urTierTobaSi poulobs. skuroianisis mier
komunikaciis damyareba amboxis tolfasia. igi sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCens
zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebs, romelic mas aaxloebs sxvebTan. igi
yvelasagan ganmartoebuli midis da guls pindosel daTvs gadauSlis: ...
mas Tavze moefera. cxoveli miendo mis xelebs. es iyo misi mwuxarebis,
martoobis, imedgacruebis amofrqveva – moexvia cxovelis sayvarel
173 Α. Καραντώνης, 24 σύγχρονοι πεζογράφοι, Αθήνα 1978, 227.
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102
Tavs... Cven orni davrCiT aq – sxva aravin – sxva aRaraferi SemorCa
aqaurobas.174 d. xaZisi gulistkivils gamoTqvams im Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis gamo, sadac adamianebs uWirT erTmaneTis gageba da erTi
meorisagan gaucxoebuli da ganmartoebuli cxovrobs. igi Tvlis, rom
sazogadoeba, sadac adamianebi im donemde mivlen, rom daTvi adamianebze
metad eyvarebaT namdvilad daRupvis pirasaa.
swored es dakninebuli sazogadoeba da aranormaluri adamianuri
urTierTobebi gaxda mizezi imisa, rom faqizi bunebis adamiani, romanis
kidev erTi personaJi, anastasia SeSlilad moinaTla: TerZis
naxevradSeSlil gogos meZaxdnen ... vgrZnobdi, rom Cems garSemo qalebs
ukve eSinodaT surpeli gogonasi, Tavs maridebdnen, ar undodaT CemTan
laparaki,175 _ ambobs anastasia, kostasis da. anastasiasTvis realuri
samyaro metad mkacri da tkiviliT savsea, igi Tavs martod, yvelasagan,
sakuTari Tavisganac ki, gaucxoebulad grZnobs: yvelaze ufro ucxo ki
CemTvis Cemi sakuTari Tavia,176 _ aRniSnavs igi. frangi filosofosi
gabriel marseli werda: “...TviTgaucxoeba CemTvis is faqtia, rom adamians
Tavisi Tavi, sakuTari arseba sul ufro metad gaucxoebulad eCveneba”.177
sartrisaTvis ki TviTgaucxoeba, iseve rogorc sxva araerTi
egzistencialisti mwerlisaTvis, bunebrivi mdgomareobaa im samyaroSi,
romelic adamianisaTvis yovlad uazrod da umiznodaa qceuli. swored
aseTi adamiania anastasia. igi TiTqos SemTxveviT samyaroSi cxovrobs.
martosuli da TviTgaucxoebulia, romelic cdilobs, Tavi daaRwios
realobas da Tavis fantaziebSi hpovos sulieri simSvide, sakuTari Tavi.
174 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 131, 132. 175 Ibid., 159, 164. 176 Ibid., 167. 177 z. kakabaZe, “egzistenciuri krizisis” problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia, Tbilisi 1985, 8.
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igi sinamdvilesa da iluziaSi gzaabneuli adamiania. cisferi, oqrosferi,
momwvano-mooqrosfro, mzis Suqze molivlive Citebi arian is arsebebi,
romlebic cxovroben mis fantaziebSi, raTa yvelasagan gaucxoebul
anastasias cota xniT mainc daaviwyon martooba, amaoebiT savse realuri
samyaro. gasakviri arc aris, rom anastasias adamianebTan urTierTobis
survilis grZnoba sul ufro da ufro uqreba, misi gaucxoeba ki mas sxva,
sazogadoebisaTvis miuwvdenel samyaros, zmanebaTa samyaros
Seacnobinebs. es sxva realobis samyaro ki misTvis aris erTaderTi
WeSmariti simarTle, faruli cxovrebis arsi. is, vinc Seimecnebs mas giJad
Seiracxeba da ganwirulia dasaRupavad.
anastasias qorwineba misTvis ucxo adamianze gamoiwvevs misi
iluziebis damsxvrevas. igi sulierad daclilia da erTaderTi, rac mas
SemorCa, es aris yalbi rwmena. man icis, rom Citebi aRar movlen masTan da
iZulebulia Seeguos misi qmris, misTvis samudamod ucxo, samyaros: Cven
orni? erTmaneTisTvis yovelTvis ucxoni viyaviT, maSinac ki roca xeli-
xel Cakidebulebi vmuSaobdiT. exlac esea. amaze meti ucxooba or adamians
Soris SeuZlebebia. es orivem kargad viciT. mas ar vZulvar. ubralod ar
varsebob.178 Cveni azriT mwerali Seecada anastasias saxiT Seeqmna
adamiani, romelsac eSinia gaakeTos arCevani, romelic ar aris Sinaganad
Tavisufali da misdevs yalbi RirebulebebiT savse cxovrebas.
amrigad, SeiZleba mivideT im daskvnamde, rom dimitris xaZisis
“ormagi wignis” personaJebi, rogorc Tanamedrove, industriuli
samyaros anu “teqnikuri gaucxoebis”, aseve dakninebuli sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis msxverplni arian. sazogadoebasa da adamians Soris
gaTiSuloba, zogjer ki Tavad adamianebs Soris ukontaqtoba qmnis
178 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 168.
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“ormagi wignis” TiToeuli gmiris tragedias. Tumca d. xaZisi mxolod
konkretuli adamianis problemiT ar Semoifargleba. kostasis saxiT,
mwerali zogadad berZeni emigrantebis “gaucxoebis” problemas ayenebs.
skuroianisi ki samSobloSi dabrunebuli TiToeuli emigrantis “ormagad
gaucxoebuli” saxea: aq ise dawere, rom mis ukan sazogadoeba gamoCndes,
romelic dacemis pirasaa,179 _ ambobs skuroianisze Tavad mwerali
“ormagi wignis” dasasruls. rac Seexeba “TviTgaucxoebul” anastasias, igi
im dakninebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis anareklia, rac xaZisis
Tanamedrove berZnul sazogadoebaSi iCenda Tavs.
dimitris xaZisis gmirebi “ucxo” mxolod ucxo qveyanaSi rodi arian.
Tuki “ormag wignSi” mwerali germaniaSi emigrirebuli berZnebis ucxo
samyarosTan Sejaxebis problemebiT interesdeba, moTxrobaSi “sambeTai
kabilisi” misi gmirebi “ucxod” da sazogadoebisagan gariyulad TavianT
qveyanaSive warmogvidgebian.
dimitris xaZisis mcirericxovan nawarmoebTa Soris moTxroba
“sambeTai kabilisi” krebulidan “Cveni patara qalaqis dasasruli”,
omisSemdgomi periodis berZnuli literaturis erT-erTi saukeTeso
nawarmoebia, romelmac warmateba da aRiareba moutana avtors. aRniSnul
nawarmoebSi mwerali adamianis “gaucxoebis” zogadsakacobrio
problemas masStabur xasiaTs aZlevs. am SemTxvevaSi gaucxoeba ar
warmoadgens misi TiToeuli personaJis, calkeuli individis problemas.
aq saubaria adamianTa mTel jgufze, romelic gaucxoebis sindromiT
daavadebuli izolaciisaTvis da martoobisaTvis aris ganwiruli.
moTxrobaSi, romelic realur istoriul movlenazea agebuli,
saberZneTSi, kerZod ki qalaq ioaninaSi mcxovrebi ebrauli saTvistomos
179 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 176.
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cxovrebaa aRwerili. mwerali im Caketili sazogadoebis saerTo bediT
interesdeba, romelic cxovrebis ekonomiuri pirobebis cvalebadobis
gamo daRupvis pirasaa misuli. Tuki “ormag wignSi” or erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebul, Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da Zvel, tradiciul
samyaroebs Soris gzaabneuli, gaucxoebuli adamianebi warmogvidgebian,
am SemTxvevaSi ori, gansxvavebuli religiuri da erovnuli tradiciebis
mqone samyaro ejaxeba erTmaneTs.
nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri sambeTai kabilisi da misi saTvistomo
maTi winaprebis msgavsad, romlebic aseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi am miwa-
wylis Svilebi iyvnen, berZen xalxTan Tanacxovroben. Tumca TiToeuli am
adamianTagani, miuxedavad berZnebTan mravalsaukunovani
Tanaarsebobisa, mis irgvliv gablanduli ucxoobis qselSia gabmuli.
ebraelebi berZnebisaTvis arian “ucxoni”, iseve rogorc berZnebi
ebraelebisTvis,180 vinaidan isini sxvadasxva religiur da rasobriv
jgufs warmoadgenen: Cvengan araviTari safrTxe ar elodaT. da mainc,
mdidrebi Tu maTxovrebi, ganaTlebulebi da muSebi TavianTi ebrauli
kvartlebidan fexs ar icvlidnen. aq aris Cveni bude, eubneboda maT
sambeTai kabilisi. budesTan dakavSirebuli azri yvelas sworad da
brZnulad miaCnda _ ra gvinda im ucxo xalxSi? arc aravin tovebda Tavis
180 sakuTar mikrosamyaroSi Caketili sazogadoebisTvis yoveli ucxo adamiani Seucnobelis SiSTan, siZulvilTan da zizRTan asocirdeboda, vinaidan igi maTi samyaros daSlisa da aposinTezis elements warmoadgenda. ase, magaliTad, Zveli epoqis tradiciuli sazogadoebebi maT irgvliv arsebul garemos mikrosamyarod aRiqvamdnen, xolo am Caketili samyaros miRma maTTvis Seucnobeli da uformo sfero sufevda. antikuri kulturis xalxebisaTvis adamiani iyo gaucxoebuli, Tuki igi ar iyo maTi jgufis wevri, maTi gvaris warmomadgeneli. sxvadasxva kulturebSi aseTi adamianebi Sesabamisi epiTetebiT moixseniebodnen. ase, magaliTad, Zveli berZnebi ucxos “barbaross”, ebraelebi “warmarTs”, Cinelebi ki “ucxoel demons” uwodebdnen; Sdr.: M. Eliade, Οικόνες και σύµβολα (1991), Αθήνα 1994, 50; Ζαν Κάζνεβ-Νταβιντ Βικτόρωφ, Βασικά θέµατα της κοινωνιολογίας και κοινωνιολογικό λεξικό, Αθήνα 1988, 350-51.
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106
budes. erT ebraelsac ki ver naxavdi mTels qalaqSi sxvis saxlSi rom
Sesuliyo.181 sagulisxmoa, rom xaZisis personaJebi am “ucxoobas”, rogorc
Tandayolil pirovnul an rasobriv bedad aRiqvamen da miaCniaT, rom
valdebulni arian bolomde ataron es tvirTi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
maTi mama-papani aseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi saxlobdnen ioaninaSi, es
sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom am qalaqSi macxovrebeli
ebraelebi ganTavisuflebuliyvnen “ucxosaTvis” damaxasiaTebeli
niSanTvisebebisagan.182 ebraeli saberZneTSi uZvelesi droidan
moyolebuli adgilobrivi ucxoelia,183 - aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi da
mecnieri frangiski ambaZopulu.
ebraelebis monoTeizmi, jer kidev Zvel berZnebTan, sarwmunoebrivi
sxvaobis kriteriumi iyo, xolo maTi aRmosavluri warmomavloba
nacionalurisa. Tanamedrove berZeni mwerlebi ebraelebs
garkveulwilad dadebiTad axasiaTeben. maT im erad miiCneven, romelic
aRmosavlur sibrZnes asxams xorcs. elinistur epoqaSi ki, SesaZloa
egviptis gavlenis qveS, romelic antiebrauli tradiciebis saxelmwifo
iyo, ebraelebs metad uaryofiTad axasiaTebdnen. berZnul tradiciaSi
181 ∆. Χατζής, Το τέλος της µικρής µας πόλης, Σαµπεθαϊ Καµπίλης, Αθήνα 1999, 46-47. 182 calkeul adamianTa jgufis CarCoSi moqceva qmnis akrZalul zonas maT irgvliv, rac am xalxis izolacias ganapirobebs. ebraelebi saberZneTSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis enasa da kulturas iTvisebdnen, Tumca TavianT religiasa da yofiT Taviseburebebs inarCunebdnen. isini saxldebodnen qalaqebSi, sadac TavianT kvartlebSi (geto) karCaketil Temebad cxovrobdnen. ebraelebs aiZulebdnen CaecvaT gansakuTrebuli tansacmeli, an gansxvavebuli niSnebi hqonodaT samosze, ecxovraT maTTvis gamoyofil ubnebSi. isini ZiriTadad vaWrobasa da xelosnobas misdevdnen, SeZlebulebi ki mevaxSeobas. iudaizmis dogmebi iTvaliswinebdnen ebraelebis Temis gancalkevebas, rasac gabatonebuli klasebisa da qristianuli eklesiis politikac xels uwyobda. adgilobriv vaWrebTan da xelosnebTan konkurencia saberZneTSi antisemitizms aRvivebda. Sdr.: Φ. Αµπατζοπούλου, Ο Άλλος εν ∆ιωγµώ, η εικόνα του Εβραίου στη λογοτεχνία, ζητήµατα ιστορίας και µυθοπλαθίας, Αθήνα 1998, 233.
107
107
“ebraeli” upirveles yovlisa anti-iudaizmis warmonaqmnia, rac
religiur sxvaobasa da maT mier qristes mokvdinebis braldebas
ukavSirdeba. berZnul xalxur simRerebSi gamoikveTeba ebraelis
stereotipuli Tvisebebi, rac Suasaukuneebis evropaSic iyo
gavrcelebuli. ebraelebi am simRerebis mixedviT arin binZurebi,
keTrovanni, jadoqrebi, ebraeli qalebi ki kudianebi da bavSvis
mkvlelebi.184 msgavsi braldebebi ebraelebis mimarT d. xaZisis
moTxrobaSic gaismis: zogadad isini araraobad, uvargis da binZur rasad
miaCndaT. maT gaTaxsirebul ebraelebs da wuwuraqebs eZaxdnen... maTze
aseve uamrav ambebs yvebodnen xolme, romelic mxolod yurmokvriT
icodnen, magram yvelas simarTled miaCnda. TiTqos yvelaferi Cvens
qalaqSi mcxovreb ebraelebs CaedinoT... dedebic Svilebs afrTxilebdnen,
saxlSi gvian ar dabrunebuliyvnen, radgan mobindebisTanave ebraelebi
av aCrdilebTan erTad quCaSi gamodian da bavSvebs iWereno. Semdeg maT
eklebs urWoben, maTi sisxlisgan ki macas akeTeben.185
antisemitizmis problemebiT araerTi Semoqmedi dainteresebula
msoflio literaturaSi, Tumca xaZisis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, am metad
mniSvnelovani sakiTxis miRma adamianis gaucxoebis problemac aSkarad
ikveTeba. berZeni mwerali, aRniSnul nawarmoebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
globaluri problemis winaSe gvayenebs. igi cdilobs istoriis
siRrmeebSi moiZios adamianuri arsebobis tragizmis saTaveebi.
183 Φ. Αµπατζοπούλου, Ο Άλλος εν ∆ιωγµώ, η εικόνα του Εβραίου στη λογοτεχνία, ζητήµατα ιστορίας και µυθοπλαθίας, Αθήνα 1998, 209. 184 Ιbid., 197. 185 ∆. Χατζής, Το τέλος της µικρής µας πόλης, Σαµπεθαϊ Καµπίλης, Αθήνα 1999, 45-46.
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108
nawili meore / Tavi meoTxenawili meore / Tavi meoTxenawili meore / Tavi meoTxenawili meore / Tavi meoTxe
adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis
“wylismoqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”“wylismoqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”“wylismoqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”“wylismoqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”
XX saukunis xelovnebi da moazrovneebi erTsulovnad aRiareben
burJuaziuli sazogadoebis kriziss. maTi mzera Tanamedrove samyaroSi
martoobisgan, ukontaqtobisgan da araraobis SegrZnebiT daqancul
adamianzea mipyrobili. isini undoblobas ucxadeben burJuaziul
samyaros, misi uazro idealebis absurdulobas. amgvari damokidebuleba
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisadmi damaxasiaTebelia dimitris
xaZisisTvisac. Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis arseboba, adamianis
martooba da mitovebuloba, misi siRrmiseuli gancdebis asaxva _ is
Tematikaa, romelic misi Semoqmedebis birTvs warmoadgens. am
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa d. xaZisis moTxrobebi “wylis
moqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”.
d. xaZisi gansakuTrebul interess iCens adamianis mimarT, romelic
didi gardatexebis epoqaSi ebrZvis rogorc sazogadoebriv garemos,
aseve sakuTar Tavs. xaZisis gmirebi (mkeravebi, mtvirTavebi, muSebi,
meZavebi) Cveulebriv, dabal sazogadoebriv fenas miekuTvnebian. isini
yovelTvis Tavmdabalni arian da usamarTlobis msxverplni xdebian.
mwerali maT mimarT did simpaTias gamoxatavs. igi am xalxTan
ideologiur da sulier siaxloves grZnobda, da rogorc Tavad ambobda,
am adamianebSi mas maTi bunebrivoba da ubiwo suli aRelvebda.
mwerlisTvis adamianis Sinagani samyaro, misi sulieri ganwyoba metad
mniSvnelovania da es mis SemoqmedebaSic xazgasmulia.
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109
aRsaniSnavia, rom protagonistis Sinagani samyaros warmoCena ukve
XIX saukunidan moyolebuli berZnuli romanisaTvis siaxles ar
warmoadgens. gmiris fsiqologiur da sulier samyaroSi SeRwevis
mcdeloba damaxasiaTebelia modernizmisaTvis, romelsac saberZneTSic
1930-iani wlebidan moyolebuli araerTi mimdevari hyavda. aRniSnuli
tendenciebi d. xaZisis SemoqmedebaSic mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs.
“miuxedavad misi ideologiuri da politikuri poziciisa, rac mis
memarcxeneobaSi gamoixateba, igi moTxrobebSi adamians ar
warmogvidgens calmxrivad, rogorc umoZrao marionets, rogorc raime
ideis usaxur simbolos an ubralod mizezs qadagebisTvis. mis
personaJebs, soflisa Tu qalaqis macxovreblebs mdidari sulieri
samyaro gaaCniaT, isini mTeli Tavisi grZnobiT, mRelvarebiT, eWvebiTa
Tu winaaRmdegobebiT Semodian CvenSi”.186 _ ase axasiaTebs dimitris
xaZisis Semoqmedebasa da mis personaJebs cnobili berZeni kritikosi a.
saxinisi. gamonakliss arc misi moTxrobis “wylis moqcevis dro”
personaJebi warmoadgenen.
aRniSnul nawarmoebSi mwerali TiToeuli gmiris xasiaTisa Tu
sulieri ganwyobis warmoCenisas wina planze zogadsakacobrio
problemebs wamowevs. igi gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT Tanamedrove
samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis sakiTxs ayenebs. im problemaTa Soris,
romelTac mwerali wamoWris, Cven or ZiriTads gamovyofdiT:
a. sazogadoebidan gariyuli adamianis bedi.
b. Tanamedrove adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe.
moTxrobaSi mwerali erT-erT berZnul ojaxs warmogvidgens da mas
Tavisi epoqis sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs. “wylis moqcevis
186 Α. Σαχίνης, Είκοσι χρόνια νεοελληνικής πεζογραφίας: 1945-1965, Αθήνα 1984, 115.
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110
dro” meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis realur cxovrebasa da
Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebis ganwyobas gadmoscems.
nawarmoebis personaJebi arian: meZavi deda, misi umcrosi invalidi vaJi,
romelsac Tavisi sakuTari samyaro aqvs Seqmnili da masSia gamoketili;
meore Svili, kostandisi, moTxrobis mTavari gmiri, aris axalgazrda
adamiani, romelic misTvis ucxo samyaroSi TviTdamkvidrebis mZime gzas
dasdgomia. igi skolas Tavs anebebs da navsadgurSi iwyebs muSaobas.
nawarmoebSi naTlad aris asaxuli adamianisadmi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis agresiuli damokidebuleba, rac ZiriTadad meZav dedasTan
mimarTebaSi gamoixateba. martoxela qali, socialuri da ekonomiuri
pirobebis gamo, iZulebulia meZavi gaxdes, raTa arCinos Tavisi ori
arasrulwlovani Svili. misi xvedri ki lanZRva da gmobaa mis garSemo
myofi yvela adamianis mxridan. mezoblebi mas aRar esalmebian misi
“profesiis” gamo. igi sazogadoebidan gariyuli da yvelasgan
gaucxoebuli martosuli adamiania, romelsac sakuTari Svilic ki zurgs
aqcevs. misi gandegiloba da martooba, romelic SeiZleba Sefasdes,
rogorc individis socialuri statusi, swored rom sazogadoebrivi
sisastikis Sedegia.
mwerali gansakuTrebul interess gamoxatavs invalidi bavSvis
mimarT, romelic meZavi dedis erT-erTi yofili sayvarlis Svilia.
patara stratiss ori samyaro aqvs. es aris, erTi mxriv, realuri samyaro,
anu misi ojaxi, saxli, meore ki misi fantaziebis samyaro. bavSvis isedac
damaxinjebul cxovrebas ojaxuri garemoeba kidev ufro amZimebs. misi
cxovreba gamudmebiT saxlis (sadac dedis “muStrebi” dadian)
arasasiamovno garemocvaSi yofniT Semoifargleba. misTvis es realuri
samyaro metad rTuli da Seucnobelia. erTaderTi gamosavali sakuTari
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gamogonili samyaros Seqmnaa, romelic naTeli, mxiaruli da
srulyofilia, sruliad gansxvavebuli imisagan, rasac mas cxovreba
sTavazobs. stratisi mxolod warmosaxviT samyaroSi axerxebs sakuTari
Tavis povnas da sulieri simSvidis mopovebas. mwerali muq ferebSi
gvixatavs bavSvis realur samyaros da misi gancdebis gadmocemisas
TiTqos winaswar gvauwyebs im uRimRamo, uimedo da usixarulo yofis
Sesaxeb, rasac bavSvs samomavlod cxovreba umzadebs.
moTxrobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gansakuTrebuli simwvaviTaa
warmoCenili bavSvis misadmi mtrulad ganwyobil, Seucnobel
samyarosTan Sejaxebis problema. d. xaZisi sazogadoebas warmogvidgens
rogorc ierarqiul struqturas, romlis safuZvelSic Zevs bavSvi,
vinaidan igi sazogadoebis yvelaze umweo wevria. misi azriT bavSvi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi yvelaze met agresias ganicdis, Tumca
oficialurad miRebulia azri, rom sazogadoeba yovelive saukeTesos
bavSvebisTvis qmnis. aTi wlis kostandiss, iseve rogorc mis umcros Zmas,
usamarTlod mowyobil samyaroSi uxdeba cxovreba. igi misi garemocvis
agresiis msxverplia. meZavis Svils sazogadoeba mtrulad ganwyobili
xvdeba. adamianebi, romelTa uxeSi da mtruli damokidebuleba bavSvis
sulier samyaros mZime daRs asvams, konstandisisaTvis saSiS arsebebad
iqcevian. es ki misi sazogadoebidan gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba: mxolod isRa
darCenoda, rom aravis aRarasodes dalaparakeboda... dedasTanac ki
arasodes arafris Sesaxeb ar esaubra.187 moswavlisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
rTuli skolis garemocvaSi yofnaa: mas eSinoda klasis maswavleblis,
187 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 60.
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112
skolis darajis, ezoSi myofi bavSvebis _ am skolaSi yvelafris
eSinoda.188
zogadad gavrcelebulia azri, rom skola bavSvis aRzrdasa da mis
ganaTlebas emsaxureba, rom aq yvelanairi pirobaa Seqmnili imisaTvis,
rom moswavlem mis mimarT keTilganwyobil garemoSi igrZnos Tavi.
Tumca sainteresoa, moviyvanoT berZeni fsiqologis, i. Ralanisis
Sexeduleba zemoT aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
radikalurad gansxvavebulia. misi TvalsazrisiT skolis garemocvaSi,
sadac ilaxeba moswavlis Rirseba, ignorirebulia misi pirovneba,
ugulebelyofilia misi survili da gabatonebulia ufrosebis
TviTneboba, usamarTloba... moswavle iZulebas, Zaladobas, zewolas
grZnobs.189 migvaCnia, rom berZeni fsiqologis amgvari Sefaseba Cveni
literaturuli personaJis fsiqologiur aRqmas zustad esadageba.
skolis garemocvaSi adamianebisagan damcirebuli da SeSinebuli
konstandisi iZulebulia skolaSi aRar iaros da quCaSi gavides.
maswavlebeli arc ki intersdeba misi bediT.
skolisa da ojaxis garemocvas gaqceuli kostandisi navsadgurs
Seafarebs Tavs, sadac kvlav agresiul da daundobel samyaros aRmoaCens.
patara kostandisi SeSinebuli da gaucxoebulia da adamianebTan kontaqts
gaurbis.
metad sainteresoa is ori saxe, romelsac mwerali gvixatavs
nawarmoebSi da romlebTanac xdeba gaucxoebuli kostandisis mier
kontaqtis damyareba. es aris, pirvel rigSi, navsadguris mtvirTavi. igi
erTi uzarmazari tanis, veluri da uxeSi adamiania, romelic Tavisi
188 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 61. 189 Sdr.: Γ. Γ. Γαλανός, Απελεύθερο Εγώ και Κατεστηµένο, Εφαρµοσµένη Ψυχολογία, Αθήνα 1975, 116.
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garegnuli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT cxovels ufro hgavs. mwerali
TiTqos gangeb amaxvilebs yuradRebas am personaJis cxovelur
Tvisebebsa da xasiaTze, raTa sazogadoebisagan gaTelili, saxecvlili da
gaucxoebuli adamiani warmogviCinos. meore, gansakuTrebiT saintereso
saxea. is aris ara adamiani, aramed navsadguris erT-erT misadgomTan
wlebis ganmavlobaSi mitovebuli gemi, kerZod ki masze gamokveTili
gorgona. navsadguris mtvirTavisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis garegnobaze
mwerali garkveul informacias gvawvdis, is arafers gveubneba am
miTologiuri arsebis Sesaxeb. Cven mxolod is viciT, rom mas uzarmazari,
mrgvali Tvalebi aqvs, romelic gamudmebiT kostandiszea mipyrobili.
adamianebisagan gamoqceuli da ukontaqtobisgan daRlili kostandisi
gorgonas saxeSi, adamianebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavis erTaderT
mfarvels190 amoicnobs da masTan Seecdeba kontaqtis damyarebas:
kostandisi marto darCa. SeCerda da Semdeg nel-nela dauyva gzas, wavida
iq, sadac yovelTvis midioda - gorgonasTan axlos, [...] gorgona mis win
Tavs zemoT-qvemoT iqnevda. isic, maSin roca navsadgurSi sxvebi
yayanebdnen da naCqarevad midi-modiodnen, ijda umoZraod, martosuli
da sxvebisagan gariyuli da mas Sescqeroda.191 sagulisxmoa, rom orive
SemTxvevaSi mwerals surs yuradRebis gamaxvileba imaze, rom kostandisi
araadamianuri niSnebis mqone arsebebTan axerxebs kontaqtis damyarebas.
am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, mwerals surs xazi gausvas im faqts, rom
adamians sxvebTan urTierTobis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia, Tumca aseve
190 sagulisxmoa, rom berZnul miTologiaSi Γοργόνειον – gorgonioni, romelic meduza gorgonas mokveTil Tavs ewodeboda, gamoiyeneboda rogorc amuleti da mas avi Tvalisagan damcavis funqcia hqonda. gorgonas Tavi gamosaxuli iyo xolme tanisamosze, samkaulebze, iaraRze, WurWelze, taZrebze, Senobebze, saflavebze, monetebze da gemebze; Sdr.: Π. ∆ρανδάκης, Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδια, Αθήνα, τ. VIII, 627. 191 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 67, 76.
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Zalian Znelia Tanamedrove samyaroSi moZebno iseTi adamiani,
romelTanac SesaZlebeli iqneba urTierTobis damyareba.
sainteresoa, rom moTxrobis dasasruls navsadgurSi Svilis
saZebnelad misuli meZavi dedis saxeSi kostandisi gorgonas saxes
amoicnobs: kostandisi mas Sescqeroda... TiTqos pirvelad xedavda dedis
saxes. da ai icno. igive saxe iyo – Zirgamompal gemze gamosaxuli
gorgonas saxe.192 rogorc cnobilia, berZnul miTologiaSi gorgona
msubuqi yofaqcevis qal-urCxulTanac igivdeboda.193 meZavi dedis qal-
urCxulTan gaigivebiT mwerals, albaT, surda kidev erTxel xazi gaesva
meZavi qalisadmi sazogadoebis agresiuli damokidebulebisaTvis.
sazogadoeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meZavs swored rogorc urCxuls ise
aRiqvams, amitom mas epyroba rogorc ucxos da mis mimarT mtrulad aris
ganwyobili.
meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelsac d. xaZisi Tavis moTxrobaSi
“wylis moqcevis dro” ayenebs, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris adamianis
mier Tanamedrove samyaros Seucnobelobis problema. am sakiTxiT
gansakuTrebiT arian dainteresebulebi frangi egzistencialisti
mwerlebi. isini samyaros aRiqvamen rogorc ufskruls, romlis winaSec
Cafiqrebuli da SeSinebuli adamiani dgas. ufskruli ki maTTvis samyaro
ki araa mTlianobaSi, aramed burJuaziis mier Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi
sistemaa.194 Tumca egzistencialistebisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris imis
mtkiceba, rom sazogadoebaa autaneli. isini Tvlian, rom Tavad
adamianuri cxovrebaa gaugebari da saerTod, samyaro absurdulia.
192 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 81. 193 Π. ∆ρανδάκης, Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια, Αθήνα, τ. VIII, 628-629. 194 Sdr.: Л. Г. Андреев. О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 138.
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berZeni Semoqmedis Tanamedrove samyarosadmi damokidebuleba ar
gansxvavdeba frangi egzistencialisti mwerlebis Sexedulebebisagan. misi
personaJebis uferuli da arafrismTqmeli cxovreba mwerlis
cnobierebaSi samyaros absurdulobis aRqmas uwyobda xels. es adamanebi
marTlac rom Cafiqrebulni da SeSinebulni dganan ufskrulis winaSe.
kostandisisaTvis samyaro idumalia. misi orive samyaro (1. ojaxi, skola;
2. navsadguri;) misTvis Seucnobelia. gansakuTrebulad ucxod igi Tavs
navsadgurSi grZnobs. es samyaro: misTvis u a z r o iyo. igi iq u c x o iyo,
misTvis yvelaferi a m a o iyo, a r a f r i s m T q m e l i,195 _ gveubneba
mTxrobeli. Cveni azriT, mwerali iseTi sityvebis gamoyenebiT,
rogoricaa uazro, ucxo, amaouazro, ucxo, amaouazro, ucxo, amaouazro, ucxo, amao, arafrismTqmeliarafrismTqmeliarafrismTqmeliarafrismTqmeli, rac berZeni kritikosis q.
milionisis SefasebiT egzistencialisti mwerlebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli terminebia,196 TvalnaTliv gamoxatavs Tavis
Sexedulebas Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe mdgomi patara adamiani gorgonas
kiTxvebs usvams, Tumca pasuxs ver iRebs: roca cioda, eSinoda da surda
gaego ratom xdeboda es yvelaferi an ra moxdeba bolos da pasuxs ver
poulobda, Tvalebs misken miapyrobda – misgan eloda axsnas. gorgonas
Tvalebi umetyvelod iyo misken mipyrobili.197 adamianis mier dasmuli
kiTxvebis upasuxod datoveba, rogorc cnobilia, aris swored absurdis
SegrZnebis gamowvevis mizezi.198 absurdistuli nawarmoebis Zala da
Rirebuleba ki swored zogadsakacobrio sakiTxebze Segnebuli pasuxis
195 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 63. 196 Sdr.: Χ. Μηλιώνης, ∆ηµήτρης Χατζής: Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, µια ανάγνωση, Επιστηµονικό Συµπόσιο, ∆. Χατζής, µια συνείδηση της ρωµιοσύνης, Πάτρα 1999, 138. 197 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα1966, 65. 198 Sdr.: A. Camus, L’ absurde naît de cette confrontation entre l’appel humain et le silence déraisonnable du monde, Paris 1942, 44.
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gacemis SeuZleblobaSi mdgomareobs.199 absurdistuli nawarmoebi miznad
ar isaxavs amtkicos zeazri. samyaro iracionaluria, miuwvdomeli,
absurdistuli nawarmoebi ki mxolod samyaros uazrobis imitacias
axdens.
sainteresoa Tavad moTxrobis dasasrulic, rodesac navsadguris
mtvirTavi agresiulad gamoxatavs Tavis ganwyobas, gegoneba mTel
samyaros upirispirdebao: ... da maSin, sruliad moulodnelad, ifiqrebdi
goneba daebindao, daixara, xeli daavlo did lods, maRla aswia da
gametebiT moisrola, TiTqos zRvas unda daartyaso, romelic im dros
Suqisa da Crdilis monacvleobisas, mis winaSe naTels hfenda da Semdeg
isev nisliT buravda Tavisi fskeris Seucnobel saidumloebebs...200
migvaCnia, rom mtvirTavis es moqmedeba aris amboxi, usamarTlobiTa da
uazro mdgomareobiT aRSfoTebuli adamianis Seucnobeli samyaros
winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis gamoxatuleba. es aris dasturi imisa, rom
krizisi mZvinvarebs, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis atana SeuZlebelia. Tumca
egzistencialistebisaTvis nebismieri amboxi konkretul, istoriul
situaciaSic ki metafizikur xasiaTs iZens. adamianuri urCobis nebismier
gamovlinebaSi aRiqmeba qmnilebis protesti Semoqmedis winaaRmdeg.
amboxi mWidro kavSirSia samarTlianobis gagebasTan da igi mimarTulia,
upirveles yovlisa, im konkretuli usamarTlobisaken, rac adamianis
Wmunvis mizezia. amasTan dakavSirebiT alber kamiu werda: “revoluciuri
suli gamoxatavs adamianis protests sakuTari bedis winaaRmdeg. es
problematika, sxvadasxvagvari formebiT, xelovnebisa Tu religiis
199 Sdr.: l. kereseliZe, eduard bondi: socialuri dramis niRabi, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 111. 200 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 81.
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maradiuli kvlevis sagnadaa qceuli. revolucia _ promeTes amboxidan
moyolebuli _ yovelTvis mimarTulia RmerTis winaaRmdeg, es aris
adamianis ajanyeba sakuTari bedis winaaRmdeg. am SemTxvevaSi tiranebi da
burJuaziuli marionetebi, mxolod da mxolod sababia”.201 rac Seexeba
berZen mwerals aSkaraa, rom igi aRSfoTebas gamoxatavs burJuaziuli
sazogadoebis mimarT, Tumca isic faqtia, rom misi gmiris amboxSi, rac
erTi SexedviT socialur konturebs iZens, adamianis metafizikuri
amboxicaa gaazrebuli. d. xaZisisTvis zRvazRvazRvazRva mTeli samyaroa, fskeris fskeris fskeris fskeris
Seucnobeli saidumloebaniSeucnobeli saidumloebaniSeucnobeli saidumloebaniSeucnobeli saidumloebani ki misTvis imis aRiarebaa, rom samyaro
Seucnobelia, adamians ar ZaluZs Cawvdes mis saidumloebebs. mwerali
moTxrobis finalSi amgvari metaforuli xerxis gamoyenebiT kidev
erTxel gamoxatavs Tavis Sexedulebas samyaros Seucnobadobaze da
bundovanobaze. finalis gabundovnebis es xerxi ki, romelsac berZeni
mwerali iyenebs, Cveni azriT, absurdistuli dramisagan nasesxebi xerxia
da realur cxovrebaSi arsebuli gaurkvevlobisa da qaosis simbolos
warmoadgens.
maSasadame, adamianis cnobiereba, misi TviTSegneba da mis mier
samyaros Secnobis mcdeloba moTxrobaSi centralur adgils ikavebs.
berZeni mwerali aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom absurds adamianur
cnobierebaSi Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi, Tumca imaSic darwmunebulia,
rom absurduli cnobierebisaTvis samyaros yovelgvari axsna uSedego da
amaoa, radganac samyaro Tavisi araadamianuri TviTmyofadobidan
gamomdinare gamudmebiT xelidan gvisxlteba da zurgs gvaqcevs.202
d. xaZisis kidev erTi, egzistencialuri xasiaTis moTxroba “wminda
giorgi” dakarguli bednierebis, adamianuri arsebobis tragizmis
201 Sdr.: A. Camus, Carnets I. P., Paris 1962, 105-106.
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simboloa, sadac mwerali adamianis cxovrebis, misi arsebobis sakiTxebs
kidev erTxel xazs usvams, raTa ufro Rrmad daafiqros Tavisi mkiTxeli.
fizikurad arasrulfasovani, gonji da kuziani mkeravi stamatisi
Tavis aseve maxinj colTan erTad TavianT Raribul saxlSi mSvidi da
uferuli cxovrebiT cxovroben: sakuTari cxovreba Taviseburad hqoda
mowyobili da misi Secvla arc ufiqria, arc is undoda vinme ucxos
misTvis cxovreba aeria. Tavis meuRlesTan, katerinasTan erTad mSvenier
dros atarebdnen _ sxva aravin WirdebodaT.203 ori dabeCavebuli da
ubeduri adamiani maT mier xelovnurad Seqmnili bednierebisa da
kmayofilebis samyaroSi cxovrobs. es samyaro ki, arsebul situaciaSi,
maT mier arCeuli samyaroa. aq SeiZleba am personaJebis egzistencialur
Tavisuflebaze vimsjeloT. Tumca sartris msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic,
saubaria martoobaSi myofi adamianis egzistencialur Tavisuflebaze.
sakmarisia, erTi sruliad SemTxveviTi movlena, rom es yalbi
bedniereba da kmayofileba namsxvrevebad iqces da isini yovlad
moumzadebelni da daucvelni aRmoCndnen amazrzeni realobis winaSe.
axalgazrda, lamazi da jan-RoniT savse wyvilis gamoCena, romelic maT
gverdiT binaSi dasaxldeba da maTTan megobrul urTierTobas daiWers,
erT dResac, ise rom amas Tavad verc ki acnobiereben, fantaziebSi
mcxovreb gonj col-qmars tragikuli realobis suraTs gadauSlis. aq ki
ukve xdeba maTi Tavisuflebis SezRudva. am SemTxvevaSic SegviZlia
sartris koncefcias daveyrdnoT, romlis Tanaxmadac adamiani
“sxvebisagan” itanjeba, “sxvebi” zRudaven mis Tavisuflebas, magram
Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli “sxvebi” aucilebelia adamianisaTvis, raTa
202 Sdr.: С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 137. 203 ∆. Χατζής, Σπουδές, Αη Γιώργης, Αθήνα 1976, 12.
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man sakuTari Tavi Seicnos.204 mkeravis coli qorfa da mSvenieri ifigenias
gverdiT Tavis warmoudgenel simaxinjes, sakuTar TavSi seqsualurobis
ararsebobas aRmoaCens: SeCerda da sarkis win mdgom ifigenias Sexeda...
Txeli CiTis kabis qveS misi sxeuli moCanda. ubiwo, qaluri, saocari
siSiSvle. misi sxeuli mSvenierebis surnels afrqvevda... man ifigenias
sarkeSi sakuTari bedi Seicno.205 _ gveubneba avtori. katerinaSi Zlieri,
mtanjveli grZnoba, Suris grZnoba iRviZebs. am faqtis gamo ki stamatisi
Tavis Zvirfas myudroebas dakargavs, rac misi erTaderTi bedniereba iyo.
maTi simaxinjis gverdiT mSvenierebis gaCena, maT irgvliv arsebuli
sibnelis kaSkaSa sxivebiT gaCaxCaxeba iyo, rac maTTvis saocar
aRmoCenasTn erTad saSineli sasjelic iyo, vinaidan kaSkaSa SuqSi maT
erTmaneTi moralurad ganadgurebuli da erTmaneTis saSineli simaxinje
ixiles: da maSin manac dainaxa. iq katerina ki ara, erTi maxinji urCxuli,
ubedurebis nayofi iyo. cxovrebisagan daCagruli, ganadgurebuli, bolo
moRebuli.206 am or adamianSi iRviZebs sircxvilis grZnoba maTi
arsebobis gamo. amis Semdeg isini TavianT arsebobas, TavianT sxeuls
aRiqvamen rogorc raRac absurduls da gamousadegars. mwerali
axalgazrdobisa da sxeulis simSvenieris paralelurad zedmiwevniT
aRwers gonji col-qmaris fizikur nakls, raSic aSkarad gamoikveTeba
egzistencializmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli damokidebuleba dacemisaTvis
da gaxrwnisaTvis ganwiruli adamianis sxeulisadmi.
mkacri WeSmariteba katerinas gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. simaxinje,
uazroba da muqariT savse realoba mas aSinebs. igi acnobierebs, rom
204 Sdr.: Л. Г. Андреев, О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 129-130. 205 ∆. Χατζής, Σπουδές, Αη Γιώργης, Αθήνα 1976, 24, 28. 206 Ibid., 33.
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adamianebsa da mas Soris uzarmazari kedelia aRmarTuli, igi maTTvis
mxolod raRac uCveulo sanaxaobad aris qceuli: quCaSi gavidnen. igi
amdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi stamatisTan erTad yofnas iyo miCveuli da
Tavs usafrTxod grZnobda, exla ki ifigenias gverdiT igrZno, rom
TiTqos sxva, misadmi mtrulad ganwyobili samyaro iSleboda mis
irgvliv... maRaziaSi yvela mas misCereboda... quCaSic uamravi xalxis
garemocvaSi suli exuTeboda. undoda Sin male dabrunebuliyvnen,
damaluliyo, Tavi kvlav usafrTxod egrZno.207 – aqedan gamomdinare
mwerals aSkarad imis Tqma undoda, rom adamianis arseboba mkacri da
daundobelia. gansakuTrebiT mZime ki avadmyofi adamianis xvedria.
avadmyofobas “wminda giorgis” gmirebi, iseve rogorc invalidi stratisi
moTxrobaSi “wylis moqcevis dro”, gardauvali gaucxoebisaken miyavs.
“mxolod maSin mixvdnen, rom isini samudamod cxovrebis samoTxis miRma
iyvnen darCenilni, radganac am samoTxeSi mxolod axalgazrdobisTvis,
silamazisTvis da janmrTelobisTvis aris gankuTvnili adgili. yvela
adamians, rom am samoTxeSi moxvedra moesurvebina, umetesi maTgani
namdvilad gareT darCeboda. Tuki amas mkeravisa da misi colis msgavsad
gaacnobiereben? amas namdvilad tragedia moyveba”,208 _ aRniSnavs a.
karandonisi.
“wminda giorgis” gasacodavebul personaJebs raRac imedi mainc
SerCeniaT. stamatisi dReebs iTvlis sanam axalgazrda wyvili maTi
saxlidan wava, imis imediT, rom maTi wasvlis Semdeg cxovreba Cveul
ritms daubrundeba da mis cxovrebaSi kvlav myudroeba daisadgurebs,
Tumca: maSin stamatis siderakisi mixvda. ifigenia wavida – saSveli ki ar
iyo, da arc arasodes iqneboda... maT araferSi – araferSi miuZRodaT 207 ∆. Χατζής, Σπουδές, Αη Γιώργης, Αθήνα 1976, 26.
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brali – Tumca ki Weqa-quxili daacxraT Tavs.209 am usasrulo tragizmis
SegrZnebas mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom adamiani udanaSauloa,
boroteba ar aris masSi, aramed is Tavad miwier cxovrebaSi, umowyalo
bedSi, borot dasasrulSi, SemTxveviTobaSia.
d. xaZisi aRniSnul nawarmoebSi gauxareli da bediswerisgan
gaTelili adamianuri cxovrebis suraTebs gvixatavs, rac CvenSi badebs
kiTxvas: am or adamians, da ara mxolod ors, aramed maT msgavs
adamianebs, romlebic mravlad arian samyaroSi, vin daicavs, romeli
kanoni, romeli morali, romeli sazogadoebrivi sistema?
amgvarad, zemoT moyvanili dakvirvebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
davaskvnaT, rom Cvens mier ganxilul nawarmoebebSi mkafiod igrZnoba
egzistencialisturi tendenciebis dominireba. aSkaraa, rom d. xaZisis
daJinebuli mzera samyaros ugunurebazea mipyrobili. Zneli ar aris imis
mixvedrac, rom berZeni Semoqmedis koncefciaSi gamoxatuleba hpova
garkveulma socialurma realobam, konkretulad ki Tanamedrove
burJuaziulma sazogadoebam. igi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs tragikul
WeSmaritebamde aSiSvlebs. aSkaraa, rom misi gmirebi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis msxverplni arian. orive moTxrobis finali ki dasturia
imisa, rom berZeni mwerlisaTvis adamianis bedi Seucnobel samyaroSi
erTob bundovania.
nawili meore / Tavi mexuTenawili meore / Tavi mexuTenawili meore / Tavi mexuTenawili meore / Tavi mexuTe
s. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” _ sityvas. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” _ sityvas. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” _ sityvas. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” _ sityva----simbolosimbolosimbolosimbolo
andreas frangiasisa da dimitris xaZisis literaturuli
nawarmoebebis analizisas berZnuli egzistencialisturi
208 Α. Καραντώνης, 24 σύγχρονοι πεζογράφοι, Αθήνα 1978, 222.
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literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti
gamovyaviT, ramac saSualeba mogvca gamogvevlina maTi SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis, filosofiuri xedvis sakmaod saintereso mxareebi. maTi
Tanamedrove mwerlis, spiros plaskovitisis Semoqmedebis am kuTxiT
Seswavla aseve saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
dasavlur literaturaSi gavrcelebuli egzistencialisturi
mimdinareoba, romelic qaoturi samyaros suraTs xatavda, sadac
dezorganizacia, panika da absurdi iyo gabatonebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom msgavsive ganwyobiT saberZneTSi, pirvelad, swored spiros
plaskovitisis romanSi “kaSxali” gamoikveTa. aRniSnuli nawarmoebi,
sadac saocari ostatobiTaa asaxuli Tanamedrove epoqis tragizmi,
omisSemdgomi berZnuli sazogadoebis zogad ganwyobas gadmoscems.
s. plaskovitisi miznad isaxavs istoriuli movlenebis realuri
mxareebis gaSuqebas da cdilobs warmoaCinos maTi gavlena adamianis
bedze _ im martoxela, miusafari arsebebis cxovrebaze, romlebic
bedisweris nebiT moxvdnen samyaroSi da moTminebiT elian maTTvis
gaugebari, Seucnobeli movlenebis ganviTarebas. mwerali cdilobs
sworad gadmosces istoriis mTavari azri, romelSiac adamiani sakuTar
Tavze, individualur grZnobebze maRla sazogadoebriv gancdebs ayenebs.
s. plaskovitisisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi ar aris arsebiTi individebis
asaxva, misTvis mniSvnelovania daadasturos, daamowmos cxovrebis
saerTo ganwyoba, romlis mTavari Sinaarsic borotebasTan brZolaa.
realisturi pirobiTobisagan Tavis daRwevas mwerali simboloebis
saSualebiT axerxebs. “kaSxalSi” vigrZeni imis aucilebloba, rom
aRmewera Cveni qveynis tkivili, adgilobrivi koSmari, omisSemdgomi
209 ∆. Χατζής, Σπουδές, Άη Γιώργης, Αθήνα 1976, 33.
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periodis adamianTa mRelvareba. maSasadame, am nawarmoebSi konkretuli
raRac ganusazRvrelSi unda imalebodes, myari dilema movlenebis
cvalebadobaSi da uzustobaSi”,230 – aRniSnavs Tavad avtori sakuTari
nawarmoebis Sesaxeb.
“kaSxalis” personaJebi dramatuli movlenebiT daRdasmuli epoqis
warmomadgenlebi arian. isini itanjebian da xsnas eZeben. mwerali
cdilobs romanSi wamoWrili problebebi simbolurad misi epoqis
mRelvarebas da arasaimedoobas daukavSiros. “am nawarmoebSi mwerals
surs, rom erTi “transcendenturi” kaSxalis miRma daayenos
egzistenciuri problema, romelsac Cveni epoqis arsebiT, adamianur
problemad miiCnevs. mwerali gveubneba, rom samyaros garegani
wonasworoba, romelic logikazea dafuZnebuli, dakavSirebulia uazro
simSvidesTan, romlis Sedegic mxolod da mxolod panikaa. (miuxedavad
imisa sagubari gaskdeba Tu ara, yvela SemTxvevaSi, mis miRma arsebuli
samyaro erTi bneli ufskrulia). mkiTxveli Tanamedrove cxovrebis
fenomens ufiqrdeba, romelic kaSxalis msgavsad meryevi, mRelvarebiT
savse da SemaSfoTebelia, gamudmebiT grgvinavs, magram ar marcxdeba”.231 _
ase axasiaTebs plaskovitisis romans berZeni kritikosi d. cakonasi.
romanSi saubaria im saSiSroebaze, romelic SeiZleba kaSxalis
dazianebam gamoiwvios. es uzarmazari nageboba, romlis Zirasac patara
samrewvelo qalaqia gaSenebuli, sameurneo teritoriebis sarwyavadaa
Seqmnili. is wlebis ganmavlobaSi adamianebis samsaxurSia da aravis
arasdros Sehparvia eWvi mis mdgradobasa da gamZleobaSi. qalaqis
mosaxleni Rrmad arian darwmunebulni, rom es caSi aziduli, uzarmazari
kedeli uzrunvelyofs maT keTildReobas. udardeli cxovreba manamde
230 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Η πεζογραφία του ύθους και άλλα δοκίµια, τ. I, Αθήνα 1986, 160.
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grZeldeba, vidre kaSxalze momuSave adamianebi ar aRmoaCenen, rom raRac
saeWvo niSnebi gaCnda (SesaZloa kaSxalSi bzari arsebobdes, rac mis
gaskdomas gamoiwvevs da mTel qalaqs datboravs). isini, marTalia, amas
did mniSvnelobas ar mianiWeben, Tumca imis damalvac ar SeeZloT, rom
raRac xdeboda. rac Seexeba qalaqis macxovreblebs, isini sruliad
indiferentulni rCebian am movlenis mimarT. es adamianebi udardelad
ganagrZoben cxovrebas an ganzrax iqcevian ise, TiTqos ver amCnevdnen maT
Soriaxlo Casafrebul uxilav safrTxes, romelsac Seswevs Zala maTi
ubadruki cxovreba erTi Tvalis daxamxamebaSi jojoxeTad aqcios. isini
gaSmagebulebi ebRauWebian damamSvidebel tyuils, Tavs ikatuneben,
radganac simarTle Zalze SemaSfoTebeli da SiSis momgvrelia. is SiSi ki,
romelsac qalaqi grizas232 macxovreblebi Seupyria, Cveni azriT,
plaskovitisisaTvis ar aris SegrZneba, romelic garkveuli
warmodgenebis an movlenebis gamo warmoiqmneba, is aris usasrulo
koSmari arafris winaSe, adamianis egzistenciuri mdgomareoba, misi
ZiriTadi ganwyoba.
qalaq grizas mosawyeni peizaJebi mwerlis cnobierebaSi pirquS da
Savbnel dekoraciebad iqcevian, romlebic qalaqis mkvidrTa uintereso
cxovrebas ufro met pesimizms matebs. griza arafriT ar gvagonebs
xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis mSvenier qalaqebs: qalaqi griza kaSxalis
mimdebare teritoriaze bolo dasaxlebuli adgili iyo. is namdvil
saguSagos gavda, alag-alag mocimcime naTurebiTa da darajTaTvis
gankuTvnili Ramis gasaTevi SenobebiT... maSasadame, yveleferi ise iyo,
rom gegoneboda griza sakoncentracio banaki ariso... xeebi TiTqmis ar
231 ∆. Τσακωνάς, Επίτοµη ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, Αθήνα 1999, 547-548. 232 Γκρίζα - berZnulad nacrisfers niSnavs. saxelwodebac Cveni azriT, am qalaqis da mis mcxovrebTa “nacrisferi”, uferuli cxovrebis gamomxatvelia.
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arsebobda. eleqtroenergiis mavTulxlarTebi saxlis saxuravebze iyo
gadaWimuli... mxolod grizas centralur moedanze, ori patara duqniT,
Tu Sexvdebodi CitivaSlas eklian buCqebs, romlebic yvavilobis
periodSi daxlarTul spilenZis mavTulebs hgavda...233 maSasadame grizas
mwerali warmodgvidgens, rogorc Caketil qalaqs, romlis erT mxares
saguSagoebia ganlagebuli, meore mxares ki kaSxali kedladaa
aRmarTuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tematika, romelic daxurl sivrcesTanaa
kavSirSi, didi popularobiT sargeblobs frangi egzistencialisti
mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi. sakmarisia gavixsenoT J. p. sartris “kedeli”,
“cxraklituli”, aseve sapyrobilis daxuruli sivrce, sadac kamius mersoa
gamoketili, an Tundac igive kamius “saalyo mdgomareoba”, “iona anu
mxatvari muSaobisas” moTxrobaTa krebulidan “gadasaxleba da samefo”
da rac mTavaria “Savi Wiri”. sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa azriT “daxurul
sivrces” egzistencialisti mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi metafizikuri
gaazreba aqvs, rac sakuTar arsebaSi gamoketil adamians gulisxmobs.
aseve miaCniaT, rom am Tematikis aqtualoba ganpirobebuli iyo
omisSemdgomi periodis mweralTa sakoncentracio banakebSi piradi
gamocdilebiT.234 berZeni mwerlis SemTxvevaSi, romelmac mravali weli
gaatara patimrobaSi, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qalaq grizas daxuruli
sivrce sakoncentracio banakTanaa asocirebuli. s. plaskovitisi aseve,
Cveni azriT, am usaxuri suraTebis daxatviT, erTi mxriv, xazs usvams
adamianTa cxovrebis rutinas, meore mxriv ki ufro metad amZafrebs
moaxloebuli saSiSroebis SegrZnebas. grizas mcxovrebni didian-
patariana TiTqos cixesimagreSi iyvnen gamoketilni, sadac isini saSineli
safrTxis winaSe dganan. iq yvela msxverplia. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali ar
233 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 71, 73.
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ayenebs pirovnebis garemosTan Sejaxebis problemas, arc marTalTa da
mtyuanTa Soris brZola imarTeba. mTavari gmirebi aq ar arian calkeuli
pirovnebebi, aramed is xalxis masaa, romlis fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobis Seswavla da warmoCena warmoadgens mwerlis mTavr mizans.
aq saubaria uklebliv yvela adamianis usaxo safrTxesTan, uxilav
ZalebTan pirispir Sejaxebis Sesaxeb. mwerals erTi adamianis tragediis
CarCoebidan gamovyavarT da im katastrofis Sesaxeb gvafrTxilebs, rac
yvela adamianTan, mTels kacobriobasTanaa kavSirSi. xolo Tuki
konkretul adamianebze midgeba saqme maTi grZnobebi, fsiqologiuri
ganwyoba da reaqciebi yovelTvis sxvebTanaa kavSirSi.235 swored aseTi
adamiania romanis mTavari personaJi hidrologi valerisi.
hidrologi saministros mier wargzavnili mecnieria, romelmac
kaSxali unda gamoikvlios da gaarkvios, Tu ra xdeba sinamdvileSi.
plaskovitisma am personaJis saxiT dagvanaxa, rom samyaroSi arsebobs
iseTi ram, rac adamianis sulSi Zlier protests iwvevs. es protesti
nakleb mniSvnelovani iqneboda, Tu ki saqme mxolod individualuri
uflebebisa da interesebis dacvasTan gveqneboda. am SemTxvevaSi ki
hidrologis protesti imiT aris gasaocari, rom is uars ambobs iyos
gulgrili TviTmxilveli sxvisi ubedurebisa. mwerali gvamcnobs, rom
arseboben adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar interesebze maRla dganan,
mxolod da mxolod im mizezis gamo, rom isini adamianebi arian.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, berZeni kritikosebi miiCneven, rom
“kaSxalze” aSkarad igrZnoba a. kamiusa da f. kafkas Semoqmedebis
234 P. Ginestier, Η ζωή και η σκέψη του Καµυ, µετάφρ.: Αλεξ. Βέλιος, Αθήνα 1965, 80. 235 Αιµ. Χουρµούζιος, Πριν απο δεκάξι χρόνια, Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 8.
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127
gavlena.236 es marTlac TvalSisacemia. Cveni azriT, berZeni mwerali maT
Semoqmedebas iyenebs, rogorc Tavisebur models, sakuTari filosofiur-
literaturuli amocanebis amoxsnis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebiT kamius “Sav Wirs” gamovyofdiT. kamiusTvis boroteba,
Cveulebriv, im moucilebel “absurdSia”, rac mudam Tan axlavs adamianis
beds. Tumca “Sav WirSi” boroteba im ubedurebaSi gaiazreba, romelic
anazdeulad atydeba Tavs adamianebs da maT sicocxles safrTxes uqmnis.
migvaCnia, rom swored am ganwyobas gadmoscems s. plaskovitisis
“kaSxalic”.
sagulisxmoa, rom plaskovitisis “kaSxalSi”, iseve rogorc
kamiusTan “Savi Wiris” SemTxvevaSi, sityva-simbolos saSualebiT xdeba
mwerlis azrebis mxatvruli da filosofiuri impulsebis sinTezireba.
amgvarad, am etapze CvenTvis sainteresoa gamovikvlioT, Tu ra funqciur-
simboluri datvirTva aqvs berZen mweralTan sityvas “kaSxali”.
s. plaskovitisis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT,
romanSi gamoxatulia SiSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis winaSe, rac
simbolurad swored kaSxalSia gaazrebuli da razedac araerTxel
mianiSnebs mwerali: ratom unda SevqmnaT nagebobani, romlebic
dagvanaxeben Tu raoden ususurni varT sakuTari xeliT warmoebuli
samuSaobis winaSe? Tavad Cven ratom unda CavagdoT sakuTari Tavi
safrTxeSi? eh moxuco, cxovreba erTi usasrulo mdelo rom yofiliyo,
Senobebis, gzebis, mimarTulebebis gareSe, ubralod Tavisufali sivrce,
sadac ar iqneba sasazRvro niSnebi.237 teqstSi arsebuli amgvari
miniSnebebis miuxedavad, migvaCnia, rom romani, Tavisi filosofiuri
236 Κ. Στεργιόπουλος, Παρουσίαση-ανθολόγηση, Σπύρος Πλασκοβίτης, Η µεταπολεµική πεζογραφία, τ. VI, Αθήνα 1992, 279. 237 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 211.
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128
foniT, ufro metad metafizikuri problemebis winaSe gvayenebs. rogorc
Tavad mweralic aRniSnavda, teqnologiebi ar aris arsebiTi problema
mis nawarmoebSi: “kaSxali ar aris romani, romelic teqnologiebTanaa
kavSirSi. ufro metad is aris ambavi Sinagani panikisa, romelic adamianSi
dRiTidRe Rvivdeba. panika ki im kulturis sistemidan momdinareobs,
romelic ukve didi xania CvenTvis sapyrobiledaa qceuli da jer kidev
ver gagvirkvevia, rogor SeiZleba misi Secvla, ra xdeba mis siRrmeebSi,
rogor SeiZleba is ufro adamianuri gaxdes”.238 cxadia, rom mwerali am
uzarmazari urCxuli meqanizmis miRma Tavisi droebis SiSismomgvrel
garemoebas asaxavs: kaSxali ar aris mxolod istoriuli Rirebulebebis
teqnikuri warmonaqmni. is ufro metia: mdgo-ma-re-o-ba... mdgomareoba,
rasac, ver warmomidgenia, ra SeiZleba mohyves,239 _ vkiTxulobT romanSi.
rogor unda iarsebos adamianma iseT garemoSi, romelic misTvis
sapyrobiledaa qceuli? es xom absurduli mdgomareobaa, gaTiSuloba
adamiansa da samyaros Soris. aseT situaciaSi ki, rogorc vxedavT,
adamianis bedi mwerals bundovnad esaxeba.
“kaSxali” is uxilavi Zalaa, romelic adamianebze batonobs da
safrTxes uqmnis maT cxovrebas. es aris istoria Sinagani panikisa,
sayovalTao muqara, romelic yoveli mxridan gars exveva adamianebs da
srul gaurkvevlobaSi agdebs, Zils ufrTxobs maT da panikas unergavs.
grizas mosaxleobis am uxilav ZalasTan Sejaxeba, Cveni azriT,
mweralTan gaazrebulia, rogorc kacobriobis Sejaxeba sakuTar bedTan.
“kaSxali” nawarmoebSi warmodgenilia aseve rogorc caSi aziduli
giganturi kedeli: es uzarmazari kedeli iseT STabeWdilebas qmnida,
TiTqos horozontis Rrublebidan iRebda saTaves, misi Ziri ki okeanis 238 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Η πεζογραφία του ύθους και άλλα δοκίµια, τ. Ι, Αθήνα 1986, 160.
129
129
piras ecemoda, rogorc diadi suli sikvdilis wyvdiadSi.240 adamianebi ki,
romlebic am kedlis tyveobaSi arian moqceulni, acnobiereben TavianT
ganwirulobas. am SemTxvevaSi metafizikuri gaazreba “kaSxalisa” es aris
adamianis maradiuli mdgomareoba samyaroSi. mwerals surs dagvanaxos,
rom absurdi, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis TviTneburi elementi, aRmarTavs
bnelsa da gadaulaxav kedels. adamiani ki ususuria am kedlis winaSe. igi,
mxolod da mxolod imis gamo, rom aRmoCnda am samyaroSi, iZulebulia
icxovros.
romanis kiTxvisas mkiTxveli “kaSxalis” saidumloebiT mocul
fenomenTan rCeba pirispir. aravin icis rogor Seiqmna is. misi agebis
istoria legendasaviT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas. adamianebma mxolod
is ician, rom Tavdapirvelad es nageboba, maTTvis ucnobi statikuri
gaangariSebis safuZvelze, patara xidze aRimarTa. misi struqturisa da
gamZleobis saidumloeba ki maTTvis samudamod amoucnobi rCeba.
saministrodan wargzavnili hidrologi valerisi swored am
saidumloebis gamoaSkaravebas daisaxavs miznad, Tumca maleve aRmoaCens,
rom mecnierebac yovlad uZluria amoxsnas am saocari qmnilebis
saidumlo. man, miuxedavad mravali mcdelobisa, ver SeZlo “kaSxalis”
siRrmeebSi SeRweva, igi mxolod garegnul monacemebze dayrdnobiT
cdilobs gamoitanos daskvnebi, Tumca mas varaudebi ufro meti aqvs,
vidre saboloo pasuxebi. da ai, igi midis daskvnamde, rom logikuri
codna da sxvadasxva mecnieruli meTodebi arasakmarisi da uZluria
imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gasces am erTob amoucnob fenomens. mweralis mier
sakiTxis amgvarad dayenebas, Cveni azriT, kvlav samyaros
egzistencialuri aRqmisaken mivyavarT. aSkaraa, rom “kaSxalSi” am
239 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 66.
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130
SemTxvevaSi gaazrebulia ugunuri samyaro, hidrologis gamokvleva ki
aris adamianis mxridan mcdeloba samyarosTan kontaqtis damyarebisa, es
aris admianis survili Seimecnos samyaros saidumloebani, Tumca pasuxis
miReba SeuZlebelia. hidrologi saministrosTvis akeTebs “moxsenebas
daskvnebis gareSe”,241 maSasadame misi Zieba pasuxebis gareSe rCeba. igi
verasodes gaigebs, Tu ra imalema sinamdvileSi kaSxalis siRrmeSi.
rogorc Cans, berZeni mwerali darwmunebulia, rom samyarosTan
yovelgvari kontaqtis damyarebis mcdeloba uSedegoa.
samyaros absurduloba, misi adamianisadmi aragulisxmieri
damokidebuleba, anu masTan raime kavSiris dasamyareblad adamianis
yoveli mcdelobis sruliad upasuxod datoveba, iwvevs adamianis mxridan
Sesabamis reaqcias: gulgrilobas da mis uaryofas. da ai, grizas
mosaxleoba miatovebs kaSxals, is ki auRelveblad ganagrZobs arsebobas:
diax, is miatoves. Tavisi xalxis, momsaxure adamianebis gareSe kaSxali
marto ganagrZobda muSaobas, wyliT, misi Sinagani winaaRmdegobaniT da
misi wonasworobis ucnobi kanonebiT. rodemde? ganagrZobda iq yofnas,
eWvisa da ndobis sazRvrebTan.242
adamianebi ara mxolod samyaros aqceven zurgs. isini erTmaneTsac
wiraven martoobisaTvis. adamianis bediswera, rac mis mitovebulobaSi
gamoixateba, romanis TiTqmis yvela furcelze TvalnaTliv aRiqmeba. es
gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia mamis Svilebisadmi damokidebulebaSi,
romlebic mas gamudmebiT Tavs abezreben, or Zmas Soris urTierTobaSi,
romlebic Zalian gaxarebulni arian, rom erTmaneTs daSordnen da sxv.
martoobisaTvisaa ganwiruli hidrologic: doqtori dResac martoobis
240 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 18. 241 Ibid., 229. 242 Ibid., 205.
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131
usasrulo zRvaSi curavda,243 _ vkiTxulobT romanSi. martooba, werda J.
p. sartri, ar aris pirveladi, sawyisi mdgomareoba adamianisa, igi
mxolod adamianTa erTianobis garkveul pirobebSi iCens Tavs.
hidrologis martoobac im sazogadoebis agresiis bralia, romelic mas
“ucxod” aRiqvams. misi gamoCena grizas mosaxleobaSi Tavidanve SiSsa da
mRelvarebas gamoiwvevs. es ucxo adamiani maT udardel cxovrebas
aaforiaqebs. sazogadoeba mas xvdeba rogorc mters da xdeba misi
gaucxoeba. hidrologi aris “ucxo” am sazogadoebaSi, radganac igi ar
cxovrobs maTi cxovrebis wesiT. is ar atarebs siyalbis niRabs, ambobs
imas, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba, amis gamo ki sazogadoeba Tavs safrTxeSi
grZnobs. me ucxo var... rogorc Cans didad ar moswonT ucxo stumrebi
grizaSi, Cemi bedi ar aris megobrebis SeZena,244 _ aRniSnavs
imedgacruebuli valerisi. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali saWirboroto
sakiTxis winaSe gvayenebs. igi gvamcnobs, rom adamianuri urTierTobebi
urTierTuaryofa da Seurigebeli mtrobaa. adamianisadmi siyvaruli
yvelaze adamianuri personaJis, hidrologis mierac ki eWvis qveS aris
dayenebuli: axalgazrdobaSi egona, rom ar arsebobs sxva WeSmariteba,
garda adamianisa da TiTqos isini uyvarda. magram romeli adamianebi...
mxolod ideaa adamiani... da maS ... maS Tuki asea, netav ra rCeba am
yvelasaTvis cnobili adamianisadmi saiyvarulisgan, garda akviatebuli
azrisa an carieli romantizmisa?245 aq mwerali aSkarad gvafrTxilebs,
rom Tu ar Sewyveten adamianebi agresias erTmaneTis mimarT,
kacobriobas ar eqneba momavali. igi imaves gulisxmobs, rodesac
gveubneba bolos da bolos, ra ggoniaT, ra aris kaSxali? kaSxali
243 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 233. 244 Ibid., 103, 108-112. 245 Ibid., 159 .
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132
xalxia.246 da Tuki kaSxali ganadgurebis pirasaa maSasadame mwerali
gveubneba, rom Tavad xalxs / kacobriobas emuqreba daRupvis safrTxe.
nawarmoebSi gaismis gulwrfeli Zaxili da moxmoba sifxizlisken,
raTa mitovebul grizaSi dabrunebuli mosaxleoba, romelic cdilobs
cxovrebis Cveul ritmSi Cadges, fxizlad iyos, radganac safrTxis kvlav
warmoSobis muqara jer ar gamqrala. aq kvlav kamius “Savi Wiri”
gvagondeba, sadac eqimi rie usmens ra Wirisagan ganTavisuflebul
adamianTa mxiarul SeZaxilebs, fiqrobs, rom yvelanair sixarulSi
safrTxea Casafrebuli, vinaidan Savi Wiris bacila arasdros kvdeba.
SesaZloa is aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sadme iyos Cabudebuli. Tumca
erTxelac, “adamianebisaTvis Wkuis saswavleblad, Wiri gaaRviZebs
virTxebs da sasikvdilod gaagzavnis bednieri qalaqis quCebSi”.247
plaskovitisis hidrologi valerisic darwmunebulia, rom safrTxe
kvlav mZvinvarebs. da ai igi mouwodebs adamianebs: am wuTamde
konkretuli veraferi aRmovaCine. Tumca nu viqnebiT mSvidaT... sadac ar
aris konkretuli, savaraudod, aris zogadi.248
maSasadame CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom plaskovitisis “kaSxali”
samyaros sabediswero dasasrulis winaswarmetyvelia, sadac ar Cans
aranairi gamosavali, garda mRelvarebis metafizikuri gardaqmnisa
pirovnebis Sinagan buntad. adamianisa da samyaros urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxi ki berZeni mwerlisaTvis kamiusaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
metafizikuri gaazrebaa, rac absurdamde dadis. igi, hidrologis saxiT,
iseve rogorc alber kamiu “sizifosis miTSi”, qmnis absurdul triadas _
246 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 228. 247 ix. А. Камю, Избранное, Чума, Москва 1990, 340. 248 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 235.
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133
naTeli gonebiT dajildovebuli adamiani, uazro, iracionaluri samyaro
da maTi damakavSirebeli absurdi.
nawili meore / Tavi meeqvsenawili meore / Tavi meeqvsenawili meore / Tavi meeqvsenawili meore / Tavi meeqvse
“Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaa“Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaa“Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaa“Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaazreba s. plaskovitisis zreba s. plaskovitisis zreba s. plaskovitisis zreba s. plaskovitisis
“kaSxali”“kaSxali”“kaSxali”“kaSxali”
s. plaskovitisis SemoqmedebaSi individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi
centralur adgils ikavebs. igi adamianuri Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis
didi qomagia. aqedan gamomdinare, Tavisuflebis sakiTxi misTvis
gansakuTrebuli da absoluturia, romelsac viwro sazogadoebrivi
CarCoebidan gavyavarT da mis SemoqmedebaSi sxva masStabebs iZens. erTi
SexedviT, sakiTxi TiTqos sazogadoebriv mTlianobas, adamianTa jgufs
exeba, Tumca vacnobierebT, rom saubaria konkretul individze,
egzistencialur sakiTxze, misi upasuxo problematikiT da
winaaRmdegobriobebiT, yvela im sakiTxiT, rac egzistencialur
problematikasTan aris dakavSirebuli _ aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi
vasos varikasi.249 plaskovitisis gmirebis umetesobas surs Tavi daaRwios
sulisSemxuTvel atmosferos. individsa da sazogadoebas Soris SuRli,
faqtobrivad, gamoxatavs individis ganwyobas, mis survils iyos
“Tavisufali”.
individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi berZen mweralTan calkeuli
personaJebis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxvagvarad aris gagebuli. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom igi Tavis romanSi, aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebul,
sartrisa da kamius Teoriebis saintereso sinTezs axdens.
249 Β. Βαρίκας, Συγγραφείς και Κείµενα, Α’ 1961-1965, Αθήνα 1975, 86.
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134
rogori kargi urTierTobac ar unda iyos adamianTa Soris,
gaucxoeba da dapirispireba mainc rCeba. es urTierToba rogorc ki
stabiluri xdeba, is, SeiZleba iTqvas, yofierebad iqceva, romelic
gamoricxavs Tavisuflebas da pirovnebad yofnis SesaZleblobas. aqedan
gamomdinare sartrs miaCnia, rom adamiani “sxvebis” tyveobaSia. “sxva”
sartrisaTvis aris is “vinc me samyaro mompara”.250 maSasadame, sartrTan
“sxvebisagan” Tavis daRweva Tavisuflebis tolfasia. Cveni azriT,
plaskovitisis personaJebis, pierosa da lambrinosis SemTxvevaSi
wamoWrili individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, berZen mwerals sartris
koncefciasTan aaxloebs. is fizikuri msgavseba, romelic am ori Zmis
erTmaneTisagan garCevas SeuZlebels xdis, TiToeuli maTganis
cxovrebas Crdils ayenebs. sabolood maTi msgavseba dauwereli kanoni
gaxda orivesTvis.251 es adamianebi Tavisuflebas mxolod maSin aRweven,
roca erTmaneTisagan Sors, martoni arian: erTmaneTs Sordebodnen.
xedavdnen, rom maT Soris distancia ufro izrdeboda... pierom Tavi ukan
moatriala... axla erTmaneTisgan gagvarCeven! gaifiqra. aRar viqnebi is...
sxva! rogor vicxovre, marTlac, amdeni weli, am dawyevlili
msgavsebiT!252 am SemTxvevaSi berZen mwerals surs xazi gausvas im faqts,
rom adamianisaTvis arseboben sxvebi, romlebic misi wuxilis, misi
tanjvis mizezi arian da mis Tavisuflebas zRudaven.
Tuki Zmebi Tavisuflebis miRwevas lamoben, mxatvari rezosaTvis
Tavisufleba tanjvadaa qceuli. igi sicocxlesac ki miscemda imisaTvis,
rom sakuTari Tavi aiZulos daemorCilos raime kanons, raTa: Tavi
daaRwios qaotur Tavisuflebas... Tavisufleba, romelsac eTayvaneboda
250 g. TevzaZe, XX saukunis filosofiis istoria, Tbilisi 2002, 457, 459. 251 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 117. 252 Ibid., 215.
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135
axalgazrdobaSi _ es Troba da damcinavi udardeloba aTas rames rom
Caadeninebda, uzneobas daemsgavsa...253 Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSi,
plaskovitisi iziarebs sartris Sexedulebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
adamianis samyaro misive arCevanis Sedegia. “adamiani Tavis safuZvelSi
egzistencialuri Tavisuflebaa, igi “dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT”. roca
adamiani ar irCevs raimes, maSinac ki ararCevas irCevs. amitom igi
TviTonvea pasuxismgebeli Tavis cxovrebaze”.254 rac Seexeba kamius, igi
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis egzistencialuri gagebis winaaRmdegia. misi
azriT Tavisufleba, romelsac adamiani sakuTari survilebisa da
miznebis samsaxurSi ayenebs, monobis tolfasia. plaskovitisis personaJi,
mxatvari rezo swored, rom Tavisuflebis monaa. yvelanairi
Tavisuflebis bolos sasjeli gvelis; ai ratom aris Tavisufleba mZime
tvirTi.255
adamiani unda iyos meamboxe, raTa moipovos Tavisufleba iseT
garemoSi, romelic misTvis sapyrobiledaa qceuli. amboxi ki absurdis im
Rirebulebebs aaSkaravebs, rac Seurigebel cnobierebasa da
TavisuflebaSi gamoixateba. plaskovitisisaTvis kedlad aRmarTuli
“kaSxali” iracionalizmis kedelia, romlis tyveobaSic arian misi
perosnaJebi. “kedelSi” am SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis
gnoseologiuri gaucxoeba gaiazreba. mecnierebas, romlisganac moelian
yovelives axsnas, mivyavarT mxolod hipoTezebamde. amgvari
msoflaRqmis dros, berZeni mwerlisTvis yvelaze metad sarwmuno
adamianis cnobierebaa, romelic aRiqmeba rogorc Tavisufleba.
253 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 167. 254 Sdr.: r. gordeziani, Jan pol sartri, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IX, Tbilisi 1985, 109. 255 Sdr.: Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 113.
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136
hidrologis SemTxvevaSi, plaskovitisi adamianis gonierebas
amarjvebinebs, raTa man gaacnobieros samyaros usazRvro ugunureba,
moxdes racionalizmi iracionalurisa. gmiri, romelsac kariera da
sazogadoebrivi cxovreba aRar ainteresebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, Sinagan
srulyofas da egzistencialur Tavisuflebas aRwevs adamianebs
amboxisaken mouwodebs: Tavad gatexeT... vinaidan SeuZlebelia misi Zalis
gansazRvra! sanam dro gaqvT, sanam SegiZliaT gamoiCinoT iniciativa...
gaskdes kaSxali! radganac sikvdili... sikvdili... aris mxolod
erTaderTi im CaxlarTuli xafangis meqanizmTagan, romelic SeiZleba
kaSxalSi imalebodes.256 biZgi da mizezi misi amboxisa aris pirovnebis
uTanxmoeba Tavis mokvdav bedTan, romelic, misi azriT, samyaroSi
gabatonebuli uwesrigobisa da usamarTlobis mtkicebulebaa. igi
mouwodebs xalxs ibrZolon sicocxlisaTvis.
an unda gailaSqro gamoucnobi samyarosa da misi Semqmnelis
winaaRmdeg, romelic gulgrilad adevnebs Tvals udanaSaulo adamianTa
tanjvasa da sivdils an daijero saswauli da RmerTs daemorCilo. Tuki
hidrologi amboxs amjobinebs, “kaSxalis” kidev erTi personaJis, moxuci
xaritosis imediT savse mzera RmerTiskenaa mipyrobili.
progresulobisaken swrafvis liberalur-burJuaziuli
ideologiis krizisma, romelic TanxvdomaSi iyo qristianobis krizisTan,
evropelTa cnobierebaSi sikvdilis problemisadmi interesi gazarda.
evropeli moazrovneebi imisaTvis, rom garkveuliyvnen am mtanjvel
grZnobaSi, cdilobdnen sikvdili im formebSi gaeazrebinaT, rasac maT
msoflio omebs Soris epoqis zogadi filosofiur-ideologiuri
atmosfero STaagonebdaT. sikvdilis problemas egzistencialistebi
256 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 236.
137
137
sxvadasxva kuTxiT udgebodnen. magaliTad, kamiu darwmunebuli iyo, rom
sikvdili adamianisaTvis yvelaze naTeli gamovlinebaa cxovrebis
uazrobisa. sikvdilis arseboba avaldebulebs adamians an uaryos
sicocxle, an SesZinos mas iseTi azri, romelsac sikvdili ver dajabnis.
kamiu meore gzas irCevs. igi sikvdilis problemas sicocxlis azris
ZiebiT Wris.257 sainteresoa, rom swored amis miRwevas lamobs
plaskovitisis personaJic: Tuki SevqmniT raime WeSmarits, iqneb
davZlioT es yvelaze saSineli SiSi,258 _ aRniSnavs hidrologi. Seavso
cxovreba azriT, romliTac “daiZleva” sikvdili _ am SemTxvevaSi
warmoadgens berZeni mwerlis mizans.
aranakleb sainteresoa is religiuri pasaJebi, rac berZeni mwerlis
im egzistencialist mwerlebTan siaxloves mowmobs, romelTac miwieri
cxovrebis absurduloba zebunebrivi RvTiuri realobis arsebobaSi
arwmunebs. amis dasturia romanSi iseTi elementebis dominireba,
rogoricaa transcendentulobisaken swrafva, “imedi” imqveyniurobis
arsebobisa da morCileba, rac qristianuli msoflSemecnebisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
rogorc aRvniSneT, plaskovitisis Semoqmedebaze, kamius garda,
didi gavlena kafkas Semoqmedebamac iqonia. berZen mweralTan kafkas
msgavsad warmodgenilia ori samyaro. erTi mxriv, es aris yoveldRiuri
samyaro, sazogadoebriv Tu saxelmwifo meqanizmebSi Cabmuli, arafriT
gamorCeuli adamianebis uferuli cxovreba, meore mxriv ki samyaro,
romelic RvTiuri madlis imediTaa gajerebuli. plaskovitisi
gvarwmunebs, rom socialuri adamiani, es ar aris erTi mTlianoba. am
257 Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 83-84. 258 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 211-212.
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138
adamianis erTi nawili istoriis kuTvnilebaa, meore nawili ki
metafizikur kanons, miuwvdomel transcendencias, RmerTs eqvemdebareba.
a. kamius azriT egzistencialistebi, da maT Soris f. kafka. akeTeben
“naxtoms” RmerTisken. es ki niSnavs, rom isini absurdis winaaRmdeg
gamodian. isini adamianebs saiqio cxovrebas pirdebian, absurduli
nawarmebi ki pasuxs ar iZleva – ai aq aris gansxvaveba. dapireba saiqio
cxovrebaze aris swored miuRebeli absurdisTvis. absurdis adamiani
RmerTis gareSe cxovrobs. pirveladi codvis gageba misTvis sruliad
ucxoa. kamiu gamodis “udanaSaulobis” principidan.259 am SemTxvevaSi
plaskovitisis Sexeduleba kamiusagan gansxvavebulia. misTvis adamianis
“udanaSauloba”, maSin rodesac saubaria dauokebel survilebze da
Tavawyvetilobaze, gaumarTlebelia. plaskovitisi cdilobs wina planze
adamianuri codvis problema daayenos, rac misi personaJis zneobriv
satanjveladaa qceuli. misTvis gageba “yvelaferi nebadarTulia”
Tavisuflebis SeZaxils ki ar warmoadgens, aramed samwuxaro aRiarebas:
Tuki sadme gadaRma pasuxi ar unda vagoT, maSasadame am qveyanaze verc
codva iarsebebs.260 Tumca imis dajereba, rom Tuki ar arsebobs
WeSmariteba, arc araferi araa akrZaluli, “kaSxalis” personaJs ar surs.
moxuc xaritosSi adamianurma borotebam imZlvra. man naSvilebi,
oboli qalwulis gaupatiureba scada, Tumca igi ver ascdeba RvTis
wyromas. kaqtusis erTi patara ekali misTvis sasikvdilo iaraRad iqceva.
am movlenis Semdeg moxuci sulier simSvides kargavs, mas ar ZaluZs Tavi
daaRwios Tavis codvas. ra unda mouxerxos adamianma im borotebas,
romelic mis bunebaSia Cabudebuli? da ai, am SemTxvevaSi, mwerali
259 Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 92. 260 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 212.
139
139
gamosavals “metafizikur imedSi”, RmerTSi poulobs. xaritosi
martoobaSi iZireba da grZnobs srul gulgrilobas cxovrebis winaSe:
exla sicocxle, kidevac rom maCuqo, ar minda! mxolod Cems codvas nu
wamarTmev. amis imedi maqvs... Tuki codvis arseboba gwams, es imas xom ar
niSnavs, rom RmerTis imedi gaqvs?”261 xaritosi uaryofs sicocxles,
radgan swams imqveyniuri cxovrebis, RmerTis. rogorc Cans mas mxolod
RmerTis imediRa SerCenia, romelTanac SeZlebs moinanios Tavisi codva.
miuxedavad samyarosa da adamianis kavSiris amgvari metafizikuri
gaazrebisa, ar SegviZlia plaskovitisis egzistencialistur koncefcias
religiuri vuwodoT. Tuki misi erTi personaJi imqveyniuris arsebobaze
msjelobs, meore siamovnebiT icxovrebda aseTi ideis gareSe: ra aris
codva? Cven codva ki ar gvaSinebs, aramed RvTiuri samsjavro, romelic
sikvdilze ufro maRla dgas. SegiZlia warmoidgino ra bedniereba
iqneboda sikvdili RvTiuri samsjavros gareSe?262 – ambobs hidrologi
valerisi. arsebuli safrTxe mas aiZulebs mudam fxizlad iyos.
hidrologi yovelgavari metafizikuri imedisgan daclialia. es sifxizle
da metafizikuri imedis uqonloba masSi sakuTari Tavis srul
TviTSemecnebas iwvevs, mas vaJkacur Rirsebas SeZens, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, igi inarCunebs Tavis Rirsebas, rac Tavisuflebis tolfasia. igi
ibrZvis sicocxlisaTvis, rac niSnavs amtkico misi tragikuli
TviTRirebuleba, yovelgvari imedebis gareSe imqveyniur netarebaze.
maSasadame hidrologi absurdis adamiania, romelic imarjvebs absurdze
Tavisi cnobierebiT da amboxiT Tavisuflebas aRwevs. xaritosi ki
“metafizikuri imediT” savse gamosavals RmerTSi, transcendentulobaSi
eZebs.
261 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 213.
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140
amgvarad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom berZeni mwerali Tavis romanSi
sxvadasxva egzistencialisturi debulebebis saintereso sinTezs axdens.
Tu erT SemTxvevaSi plaskovitiss miaCnia, rom samyaro absurdulia,
meore SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT gamosavali adamianis pirad
gadawyvetilebazea damokidebuli. igi aseve, moxuci xaritosis
SemTxvevaSi fiqrobs, rom mdgomareobidan gamosavali arsebobs, Tumca es
RmerTisadmi rwmenis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
daskvniTi SeniSvnebidaskvniTi SeniSvnebidaskvniTi SeniSvnebidaskvniTi SeniSvnebi
Cveni kvlevis mizans meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis
berZnul mwerlobaSi egzistencialisturi tendenciebis gamovlena da
maTi funqcionirebis kanonzomierebebis gansazRvra warmoadgenda. Cvens
mier Catarebuli analizi, vfiqrobT, saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs.
upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom a.
frangiasis, d. xaZisisa da s. plaskovitisis SemoqmedebaSi
egzistencialisturi tendenciebi sakmaod mravalferovnadaa
warmodgenili. maT romanebsa Tu moTxrobebSi sxvadasxva
egzistencialisturi debulebebisa da Teoriebis monacvleoba SeiniSneba,
rac erT mTlianobaSi maT ZiriTad ganwyobas, Tanamedrove adamianisadmi
da samyarosadmi maT damokidebulebas gamoxataven. sagulisxmoa is
faqtic, rom isini TavianT literaturul nawarmoebebSi absurdis,
amboxis, adamianis gaucxoebis Teoriebis Tavisebur interpretacias
axdenen. adamianuri arsebobis absurduloba, rac egzistencialisti
262 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 115.
141
141
mwerlebis cnobierebaSi metafizikur aRqmasTanaa dakavSirebuli, berZen
mwerlebTan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialur da
politikur konturebs iZens. meore msoflio da samoqalaqo omebma maT
koncefciaSi istoriis absurdulobas Seasxes xorci da maT cnobierebaSi
aisaxen, rogorc gansaxiereba yofierebis uazrobisa. realisturi
pirobiTobisagan Tavis daRwevas ki isini simboloebisa da alegoriebis
saSualebiT axerxeben (a. frangiasi, s. plaskovitisi).
marTalia, warmoudgenelia meore msoflio omisa da mis Semdgom
saberZneTSi ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebis fonze berZnuli
inteligencia da pirvel rigSi berZeni Semoqmedni Tavisdauneburad ar
dainteresebuliyvnen adamianis arsebobis sakiTxebiT, Tumca, migvaCnia,
rom frangi egzistencialistebis (ZiriTadad a. kamiu da J. p. sartri)
berZeni mwerlebis Semoqmedebaze mkveTri gavlena aSkarad sagrZnobia,
iseve rogorc, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, TvalSisacemia maTi ideologiis f.
kafkas msoflmxedvelobasTan siaxlove.
samive mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi adamians, rogorc gansakuTrebul,
konkretul arsebas centraluri adgili uWiravs, romelic yovelTvis
sxva adamianebTan da garesamyarosTan mimarTebaSi ganixileba. Tumca,
sainteresoa aRvniSnoT isic, rom maT nawarmoebebSi TiToeuli individi
yovelTvis mTeli berZnuli sazogadoebis saxes warmoadgens, romlis
miRmac zogadad kacobriobis tkivili aRiqmeba. es gansakuTrebiT
xazgasmulia d. xaZisis SemoqmedebaSi. konkretuli adamianis gancdebis
ganzogadebis mcdeloba SeiZleba berZeni prozaikosis Taviseburebadac
miviCnioT. faqtia, rom istoriis SemoWra amsxvrevs maTi personaJebis
individualur samyaros.
142
142
Tanamedrove berZnul mwerlobaSi egzistencialisturi debulebebi
Semdegnairadaa realizebuli: samive mwerali, berZnuli realobidan
gamomdinare, sainteresod warmogvidgens absurdisa da amboxis
koncefciebs, individis Tavisuflebisa Tu adamianis gaucxoebis
problematikas. isini gansakuTrebiT interesedebian adamianis
sicocxlisa da sikvdilis problematuri sakiTxebiT. sagulisxmoa is
faqtic, rom sxadasxva egzistencialisturi debulebebi samive mwerlis
SemoqmedebaSi Taviseburad aris warmodgenili. ase magaliTad:
1) a. frangiasTan absurdis koncefcia, erTi mxriv, misi personaJebis
absurdul SromaSi gamoixateba. maTi Sromis unayofobaze xazgasmiT
mwerali migvaniSnebs, rom adamianis yovelgvari moqmedeba uazrobaa,
radgan absurdulia, adamianis arseboba ki wreze usasrulo trialia. “Sav
WirSi“ absurdi aseve sakoncentracio banakis yovlad uazro, totalur
reJimSi gaiazreba, romlis saSualebiTac mwerali xazs usvams adamianebis
cxovrebaSi yoveldRiuri Zaladobisa da zewolis faqts. imisaTvis, rom
mkiTxvelma ufro mZafrad SeigrZnos adamianuri cxovrebis absurduloba
a. frangiasi metad originalur xerxs mimarTavs. igi bunebis elementebis
gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa mze, zRva da qari adamiansa da garesamyaros
Soris arsebul disharmoniaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
d. xaZisTan absurdi adamianis mier Tanamedrove samyaros
Seucnobelobis problemaSi aisaxeba. misi personaJebisaTvis samyaro
iracionaluria, miuwvdomeli. am adamianebis uferuli da
arafrismTqmeli cxovreba mwerlis cnobierebaSi samyaros
absurdulobis aRqmas uwyobda xels. Tumca isic naTelia, rom xaZisTan
gamoxatuleba hpova garkveulma socialurma realobam, konkretulad ki
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143
Tanamedrove burJuaziulma sazogadoebam. aSkaraa, rom misi gmirebi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis msxverplni arian.
s. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” gamoxatavs adamianis maradiul
mdgomareobas samyaroSi. mwerali cdilobs dagvanaxos, rom absurdi,
sicocxlisa da sikvdilis TviTneburi elementi, aRmarTavs bnelsa da
gadaulaxav kedels, romlis winaSec adamianebi ususurni arian. adamianis
mxridan samyarosTan kontaqtis damyarebis mcdeloba, misi survili
Seimecnos samyaros saidumloebani, upasuxod rCeba. berZeni mwerali
darwmunebulia, rom samyarosTan yovelgvari kontaqtis damyareba
uSedegoa.
2) a. frangiasTan amboxis koncefcia gaazrebulia, rogorc
kacobriobis galaSqreba totaluri reJimebis winaaRmdeg.
d. xaZisisaTvis ki amboxi, usamarTlobiTa da uazro mdgomareobiT
aRSfoTebuli adamianis Seucnobeli samyaros winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis
gamoxatuleba. amboxi misTvis mWidro kavSirSia samarTlianobis
gagebasTan da igi mimarTulia, upirveles yovlisa, im konkretuli
usamarTlobisaken, rac adamianis Wmunvis mizezia.
s. plaskovitisis personaJis protesti ki imiT aris gasaocari, rom
is uars ambobs iyos sxvisi ubedurebis gulgrili TviTmxilveli.
mwerali gvamcnobs, rom arseboben adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar
individualur Rirebulebebze maRla dganan mxolod da mxolod im
mizezis gamo, rom isini adamianebi arian.
3) a. frangiasTan adamianis gaucxoebis ori aspeqti gamoikveTeba.
mwerali SeiZleba iTqvas, gaucxoebuli adamianis or gansxvavebul saxes
qmnis. igi cdilobs sakoncentracio banakis msjavrdebulTa Soris
ararsebul komunikaciaze, maT gariyulobaze, martoobis grZnobaze,
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144
adamianis mier adamianis uaryofaze xazgasmiT Seqmnas gaucxoebuli
adamianis saxe. amave dros mwerali imisaTvis, rom instiqtebsa da SiSs
damonebuli saxecvlili adamianis saxe warmogvidginos da wina planze
wamoswios pirovnebis sruli saxecvlilebis saSiSroeba fantastikur
elementebs iyenebs, anu saqme gvqvs adamianebis metamorfozasTan.
d. xaZisisTan adamianis gaucxoebis mizezi, erTi mxriv Tanamedrove
industriuli samyaro, meore mxriv ki, arajansaRi sazogadoebrivi
urTierToebebia. aseve sainteresoa, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi misi
personaJebis gaucxoeba religiisa da erovnuli tradiciebis safuZvelze
xdeba. aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebasa da adamians Soris gaTiSuloba,
zogjer ki Tavad admianebs Soris ukontaqtoba qmnis misi TiToeuli
gmiris tragedias.
s. plaskovitisis personaJis gaucxoeba sazogadoebis agresiis
bralia. mwerali gvamcnobs, rom adamianuri urTierTobebi
urTierTuaryofa da Seurigebeli mtrobaa. misi azriT, Tu adamianebi ar
Sewyveten agresias erTmaneTis mimarT, kacobriobas ar eqneba momavali.
yvelaze mTavari ki, Cveni azriT, berZeni mwerlebisaTvis
istoriuli movlenebiT ganpirobebuli adamianuri arsebobis tragizmis
warmoCenaa. isini cdiloben yovelgvari Rirebulebebisagan daclili
samyaros suraTi dagvixaton, sadac erTaderTi, rasac namdvilad aqvs
azri, aris adamiani. isini TavianT nawarmoebebSi swored adamianuri
Rirebulebebisa da Rirsebebis dasacavad gamodian da protests
gamoTqvamen yovelgvari Cagvris winaaRmdeg.
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145
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