Tavi 1 qristianoba - Liberty Instituteliberty.ge/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/chapter-1.pdf ·...

20 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

Tavi 1Tavi 1Tavi 1Tavi 1Tavi 1

qristianobaqristianobaqristianobaqristianobaqristianoba

zogadi mimoxilva

qristianoba msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da yvelaze gavleniani sarw-

munoebaa. misi mimdevrebis saerTo ricxvma 2000 wels 2 miliards gadaaWarba. maT

nebismier rasaSi, ersa Tu saxelmwifoSi naxavT (zogan bevrs, zogan cotas). qristi-

anul moZRvrebasa da RvTismsaxurebas, romelic sxvadasxva Sinaarssa da formas

atarebs, Tanabrad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli sxvadasxva fenasa Tu klasSi, sxvadasxva

inteleqtis, azrovnebis, stilisa da profesiis xalxSi, sxvadasxva kulturisa da

civilizaciis sazogadoebebSi. es bunebrivicaa, radgan qristianoba arsebiT ka-

Tolike, e.i. sayovelTao, universaluri da zenacionaluri aRmsareblobaa.

RvTis gamocxadebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvnelobis srulyofilad gaazreba sazoga-

doebis inteleqtualuri nawilisagan SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gaaqtiurebas

moiTxovs. ase iyo adre da asea dResac. berZnul, laTinur da sxva kulturosan

xalxTa enebze Seqmnilia umdidresi mwerloba, romelSic asaxulia sulieri Semec-

nebis miRwevebi RvTismetyvelebis (dogmatikis), asketikis (zneobis), liturgikis

Tu kanonikis sferoebSi. qristianuli eklesiis wiaRSi aRizardnen msoflio masS-

tabis moazrovneebi da kalmosnebi rogorc sasuliero, ise saero mimarTulebisa,

ramac qristianul sarwmunoebas avtoriteti sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa, nihi-

listTa da aTeistTa TvalSic SesZina. nebsiT Tu uneblieT mas yvela angariSs

uwevs.

qriste mcire aziis erT araprestiJul provinciaSi daibada da gaizarda. iq

iqadaga axali moZRvreba _ axali aRTqma, romelsac misi jvarcmis, sikvdilisa da

aRdgomis Semdeg mociqulebi da samociqulo kacebi avrcelebdnen. maT romis

imperiasa da mis sazRvrebs gareTac morwmuneTa gaerTianebebi, _ sazogadoebebi

Seqmnes, romelTac Zveli berZnuli (elinuri) tradiciis kvaldakval eklesiebi

ewoda.

pirveli eklesia ierusalimSi dafuZnda aRdgomidan ormocdameaTe dRes, ro-

desac mociqulebze suliwmida gadmovida da maT qadagebis gansakuTrebuli unari

SeiZines. im dRes sami aTasma kacma iwama ieso qriste da moinaTla (saq. 2:41). ieru-

salimis eklesia uZvelesi eklesiaa da qristianoba mTel msoflioSi ierusali-

midan gavrcelda.

21Tavi I. qristianoba

qristes mcnebebis aRmsruleblebi da eklesiis wevrebi sul adre, ierusalimSi,

`uflis mowafeebad~ iwodebodnen (saq. 9:1). rodesac maTi devna daiwyo, nawili

ierusalimidan gaixizna da Tavi finikias, kviprossa da antioqias Seafara. swored

antioqiaSi ewodaT mowafeebs pirvelad qristianebi (saq. 11:26) da isini am saxeliT

moevlinen kacobriobas.

qristianoba, iudevelTa da warmarTTa winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, triumfiT

gavrcelda. cecxlma da maxvilma, romelmac morwmuneTa uamravi suli Seiwira da

wmindanis SaravandediT Semosa, eklesia ganamtkica da gaamdidra rogorc Teori-

uli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. misi kanonikuri wyoba da Teologiuri sistema

ZiriTadad da arsobrivad devnilebis Jams Camoyalibda da imdenad moixveWa

avtoriteti, romis imperiaSi imdenad angariSgasawev Zalad iqca, rom saxelmwifos

misi ugulebelyofa aRar SeeZlo da 313 wels imperatorma konstantine didma mi-

lanis ediqtiT igi oficialuradac aRiara. analogiur viTarebas adgili sxva qvey-

nebSic hqonda.

qristianebi TavianT Tavs axal xalxs, axal ers, axali aRTqmis Svilebs uwodebd-

nen da uaryofdnen tomTa da enaTa Soris ufros-umcrosobis, ukeTesoba-uareso-

bis rwmenas, ufro sworad, aseT rwmenas, romelsac ebraelTa da elinTa Soris

Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli, crurwmenad racxdnen.

pirvelqristianTa cxovrebis wesi demokratia, e.i. xelmZRvanel pirTa arCevi-

Toba (saq. 1:23-26; 6:3-6 da sxv.), nebis Tavisufleba, e.i. saerTo-saeklesio cxovre-

baSi nebayoflobiT monawileoba (Sdr. saq. 5:4) da koleqtiuroba, e.i. sarCo-saba-

deblis urTierTganawileba (saq. 2:44-47) gaxldaT. es principebi qristianTa rwme-

nis, qristianTa eklesiis amosavali principebi da maxasiaTeblebia. isini qristes

moZRvrebis fundamentSia. amis gamo maTken, rogorc idealebisaken, iltvis wuTi-

soflis mtvriT damZimebuli da Seviwroebuli eklesia, romlis mizani wuTisoflis

daZleva da wuTisofelze gamarjvebaa. es principebi _ qristianuli principebi _

kvebavs Tanamedrove civilizacias, romlis upirveles monapovrad pirovnebisa

da misi nebis xelSeuxebloba, sindisis, sityvisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba iTvleba.

`demokratia~, `individualizmi~ da `samarTlebrivi sazogadoeba~ qristianuli

cnebebia. maT sayrden punqtebs RvTisa da adamianis urTierTobis qristianul kon-

cefciaSi unda veZebdeT, rac warmoCenili, ganmartebuli, gaanalizebuli da Ca-

moyalibebulia bibliis, bibleistikisa da Teologiis mier.

pirvelwyaro

qristianTa rwmenisa da cxovrebis, e.i. Teoriisa da praqtikis anu, rac igivea,

farTo gagebiT dogmatikisa da asketikis wyaro aris saRvTo werili (biblia) da

saRvTo gadmocema (saeklesio moZRvreba, saeklesio tradicia).


tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT erTic da meorec suliwmindis STagonebis nayofia da,

amdenad, saxelmZRvanelo pirvelwyaro; orive uflisagan momdinareobs, dasabams RvTis

sityvisagan iRebs. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirveli gasrulebulia

winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTa kalmiT, romlebmac RvTis sityva uSualod moismines,

ganicades da Caiweres. maT Caiweres is, risi Cawerac im etapze aucilebeli iyo, magram

bevri ram, rac macxovarma ieso qristem moimoqmeda, ar dawerila, radgan `rom

daweriliyo, ... qveynierebac ver daitevda daweril wignebs~ (ioane 21:25). am dauwerels

(magram WeSmarits) mociqulebi da maxareblebi eklesias gzadagza auwyebdnen da

uqadagebdnen. maTi naambobi, rac legendis saxeliT iyo cnobili, Taobidan Taobas

zepirad gadaecemoda. mogvianebiT sxvadasxva mizezis gamo dRis wesrigSi WeSmariti

da saRvTo legendebis Caweris, garkveulwilad Sevsebis da literaturulad formi-

rebis sakiTxic dadga, rac codniT da madliT gasxivosnebulma adamianebma ganaxor-

cieles. maT Txzulebebs safuZvlad saRvTo gadmocema udevs. misgan STagonebuli li-

teratura moculobiT didi da mravalferovania; moicavs (aerTianebs) sasuliero mwer-

lobis yvela Janris wignebs _ dogmaturs anu rjulmoZRvrebiTs, liturgiuls anu

sxvadasxva locva-galobebsa da Jamiswirvis teqstebs, kanonikas anu saeklesio samar-

Tlis kodeqsebs, agiografiasa da himnografias, e.i. wmindanTa cxovrebebsa da sasu-

liero poezias, romlebSic qristianuli sarwmunoebis arseba Camoyalibebulia mkafiod

da, eklesiis rwmeniT, ucdomlad.

saRvTo gadmocemas meorenairad samociqulo gadmocemasac uwodeben, radgan

masSi mociqulTa sarwmunoeba da suliskveTebaa areklili. es sarwmunoeba da su-

liskveTeba eklesiis sarwmunoeba da suliskveTebaa. eklesiaSi ki bevri iseTi

Txzuleba Seiqmna, romlebsac samociqulo memkvidreobis pretenzia aqvT, magram

mociqulTa moZRvrebas ar Tanxvdebian, e.i. isini ar Seicaven (an naklebad Seicaven)

WeSmaritebas da, amdenad, ar arian wmida sulis STagonebis nayofni.

suliwmidiT STagonebul anu beWeddasmul wignebs kanonikuri da dabeWdili

wignebi (Txzulebebi) ewodebaT, sxvebs ki _ arakanonikuri, daubeWdavi, apokri-

fuli, xolo cruT da mavnebeli azrebis Semcvelebs _ natyuari, nayalbevi.

rogor gairCeva kanonikuri arakanonikurisagan? IV-VI I ss-Si eklesiisaTvis es

seriozuli problema iyo, magram misi gadaWris sarwmuno gzebi da meTodebic Se-

muSavda. kanonikurobis, mociqulebriobis da WeSmaritebis dadgenis ZiriTadi kri-

teriumi eklesiis erTsulovani mowmoba gaxlavT. WeSmarit samociqulo gadmoce-

mad iTvleba mxolod is, rac eklesiis saerTo SegnebiT, misi saerTo TanxmobiT

aris aRiarebuli. ase rom, mxolod is gadmocema, mxolod is teqsti da is nawar-

moebi iTvleba saRvTod da saTnod, rac eklesiisa da, konkretulad, saeklesio

krebebis mier aris damowmebuli, aRiarebuli.

amrigad, rwmenis sferoSi tradiciuli eklesia or avtoritets aRiarebs _

saRvTo werils da saRvTo gadmocemas. is Tvalsazrisi da Teoria, romelic verc


saRvTo werilsa da verc kanonikur wignebSi ver hpovebs sayrdens da safuZvels,

WeSmaritebad ver CaiTvleba.

tradiciuli eklesiis am rwmenas evropaSi (romis eklesiaSi, kaTolikur samya-

roSi) oponentebi gamouCndnen. saRvTo gadmocemis avtoriteti eWvqveS pirvelad

germanelma berma martin luTerma daayena. am faqts adgili XV-XVI saukuneebSi

hqonda, ramac saTave daudo protestantobas anu rwmenis (dogmatikis) da RvTis-

msaxurebis sferoSi tradiciuli Sexedulebebis gadasinjvas, gaprotestebas da

gadafasebas. protestantebma rwmenis erTaderT avtoritetad da pirvelwyarod

saRvTo werili aRiares. maT uaryves saeklesio (e.i. saRvTo) gadmocemis avtori-

teti, riTac gza gaexsna saRvTo werilis sxvadasxvanair (axlebur da mravalfe-

rovan) ganmartebas (interpretacias), amis gamo ki _ nairgvari mimdinareobebis

(denominaciebis), aRmsareblobebis warmoqmnas.

saRvTo werili

sayovelTao interesi

biblia msoflioSi yvelaze popularuli da dafasebuli wignia.

SekiTxvaze, _ samudamo patimroba rom mogisajon da erTaderTi wignis waRebis

ufleba dagrTon, romels airCevdiT? mwignobarTa umravlesoba (filosofosebi,

aTeistebi da araqristianebic ki) iZleva pasuxs _ biblias!

bibliisa Tu misi calkeuli wignebis gamocemaTa raodenoba da saerTo tiraJi

nebismieri sxva wignis gamocemaTa raodenobas da tariJs Seudareblad aRemateba.

dReisaTvis Znelad moiZebneba kulturasa da civilizacias ase Tu ise naziarebi

xalxi, romlis enazec bibliis erT-erTi wigni mainc rom ar iyos naTargmni. bib-

liologiis sakiTxebs samecniero-kvleviT centrebSi yovelTvis sapatio adgili

eTmoba. TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, moqmedebs bibliuri

sazogadoebebi, romlebic kulturul-saganmanaTleblo miznebs isaxaven da

bibliis teqsts yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdian.

saxelwodeba

biblia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs wignebs (`biblon~ _ wigni). igulisxmeba ara

nebismieri, aramed RvTivSTagonebuli da suliwmidis madliT aRvsili wignebis

krebuli.

etimologiurad `biblon~ ukavSirdeba egvipturi mcenaris `papirusis~ (qar-

Tulad `Wilis~) berZnul Sesatyviss _ `biblos~, romelic, garda mcenarisa _ papi-

rusisa anu Wilisa, ewodeboda imave mcenarisagan damzadebul sawer masalas, tyavis

(etratis anu pergamentis), anda qaRaldis magier rom gamoiyeneboda. am sityvam

(`biblos~) Semdeg wignis mniSvneloba SeiZina.


biblias, `saRvTo werilisa~ da `wmida werilis~ garda, SeiZleba vuwodoT `wign-

Tawigni~, `TviTwigni~, martivad _ `wigni~, ~werili~. rodesac ityvian: `wigni

gvauwyebs~, `werili gvauwyebs~, `wignis~ qveS biblia igulisxmeba.

biblia Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignTa saerTo saxelwodebaa. es termini daam-

kvidres IV s-is didma mamebma _ ioane oqropirma da epifane kviprelma.

wignebi, romlebsac bibliurs uwodeben, jgufdeba or kategoriad: kanonikuri

anu dabeWdili (e.i. beWeddasmuli) da arakanonikuri anu daubeWdavi. ukanasknelT

xSirad apokrifulsac eZaxian (àpokrifi~ berZnuli sityvaa da `dafaruls~ niS-

navs). kanonikuri anu wmida sulis madliT dabeWdili wignebis erToblioba spe-

cialur literaturaSi cnobilia kanonis saxeliT. `kanoni~ xSirad bibliis mniS-

vnelobiT ixmareba.

Semadgenloba, Sinaarsi, avtorebi

biblia or nawilad iyofa _ Zveli aRTqma da axali aRTqma. pirvels miekuTvneba

wignebi, romlebic dawerilia qristes Sobamde da romelTa RvTiuroba aRiarebu-

lia rogorc ebraelebis, ise qristianebis mier. meore aerTianebs wignebs, romle-

bic mociqulebisa da maxareblebis kalmiTaa gansrulebuli.

RvTivSTagonebuli wignebis raodenoba sxvadasxva tradiciaSi sxvadasxvagvaria.

es niSnavs, rom zogierTi bibliuri wignis avtoritets anu siwmides yvela erTnairi

TvaliT ar uyurebs.

bibliis kanonikuri wignebis ricxvi, Zveli tradiciis Tanaxmad, udris 49-s. aqedan

22 ganekuTvneba Zvel aRTqmas, 27 _ axals (SedarebiT vrclad qvemoT visaubrebT).

ra aris àRTqma?~

qarTuli àRTqmis~ Sesatyvisebia: ebr. `beriT~, berZn. `diaTeke~, laT. `testa-

mentum~, rus. `zavet~. maTi mniSvnelobebia _ anderZi, dapireba, kavSiri, xelSek-

ruleba. `Zveli aRTqma~ gulisxmobs im dapirebas, im kavSirs, im xelSekrulebas da

im anderZs, romelic qristes Sobamde aRuTqva RmerTma adamians. faqtobrivad,

esaa xelSekruleba or subieqts _ RmerTsa da adamians _ Soris. istoriis konkre-

tul Jams RmerTi gankacda qriste iesoSi, romelmac aRTqma ganaaxla da misi Sina-

arsi srulyo. mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom orive aRTqma arsebiT erTi da igivea. aq

saqme erTi mTelis sxvadasxva safexurebTan gvaqvs. adamianisa da RvTis urTier-

Tobis istoria sxva araferia, Tu ara aRTqmis Sinaarsis etapobrivad gacxadeba

da dazusteba, am Sinaarsis gaRrmaveba. kiTxvaze _ ra aucilebeli iyo droSi aseTi

gangrZobiToba _ pasuxs gzadagza gavcemT.

uzenaesi RmerTi _ yovladwmida sameba _ erTiani nebiT da madliT istoriis

konkretul Jamsa da alags ecxadeboda saTno da marTal adamianebs, rCeul pirov-

nebebs da auwyebda sibrZnes da mecnierebas. es adamianebi cnobili arian winaswar-

metyvelebad da mociqulebad.


winaswarmetyvelni Zveli aRTqmis avtorebi arian, mociqulni _ axlisa. aqve unda

iTqvas, rom Zveli aRTqmis yvela epizodi, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo detalic ki,

aris miniSneba axal aRTqmaze. netari avgustines TqmiT: `Zvel aRTqmaSi dafarulia

axali aRTqma da axal aRTqmaSi gacxadebulia Zveli~.

bibliis pirvel xuT wigns _ xuTwigneuls _ ebraulad, dednis enaze, ewodeba

Tora (kanoni). maT avtorad anu Camwerad iTvleba RmerTTanmetyveli mose, romel-

mac mamebis rjuli aRadgina, monobis qveynidan gamoiyvana eri da auwya zeciuri

gangeba: mcneba da kanoni. maSasadame, moses miewereba xuTi wigni, sadac moTxro-

bilia qveynis Seqmnisa da adamianis gaCenis ambavi, pirveli codva da misi Sedegi,

samoTxidan gamosvla da kacobriobis gamravleba, rCeuli eris _ israelis _

Tavgadasavali aRTqmul qveyanaSi misvlamde.

Zveli aRTqmis danarCen wignebSi asaxulia ebraeli eris TviTdamkvidrebisa da

TviTaRSenebis procesi; 12 tomis monoliTur saxelmwifod gaerTianebisa da am

saxelmwifos daSlis ambavi; omebi gareSe Tu Sinaur mtrebTan; kvlav monoba, kvlav

gafantva da mainc _ xsnis imedi da molodini. aq aris sibrZne, aq aris Segoneba, aq

aris poezia. maTi avtorebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, aRweren cxovrebis avsac da karg-

sac, daufaravad da principulad amxileben didsa Tu mcires, TavianT Tavsac da

ucxo Zalasac. winaswarmetyvelTagan, romlebic bibliuri wignebis avtorebad,

ufro zustad, RvTis kalmebad arian cnobilni, gamorCeuli adgili uWiravT: isu

naves Zes, daviT mefes, romlis wigns (sagalobelTa krebuls) qarTulad `fsal-

munni~ an `daviTni~ ewodeba, solomon mefes _ brZens, romelsac miewereba sami

kanonikuri wigni (igavni, eklesiaste, qeba-qebaTa) da erTi arakanonikuri (sibrZne).

maT mohyvebian winaswarmetyvelebi didni (esaia, ieremia, ezekieli da danieli) da

mcireni ricxviT 12 (osia, ioveli, amosi, abdia, iona, miqia, naumi, ambakum, sofonia,

angia, zaqaria, malaqia).

Tanamedrove ebrauli tradiciis mixedviT, romelsac masoretuls uwodeben,

Zveli aRTqma dayofilia 39 wignad. maT ajgufeben sam nawilad. pirvels ewodeba

kanoni anu rjuli (Tora) da Seicavs moses xuTwigneuls: dabadeba, gamosvla,

levianni, ricxvni, meore rjuli. meore nawils ki _ winaswarmetyvelni da Seicavs

wignebs: iso naves Ze, msajulni, pirveli da meore mefeTa anu samoelis wignebi (iT-

vleba erT wignad), mesame da meoTxe mefeTa (iTvleba erT wignad), esaia, ieremia, ezeki-

eli, Tormeti mcire winaswarmetyveli (iTvleba erT wignad). mesame nawils ewodeba

werilni da Seicavs Semdeg wignebs: iobi, ruTi, fsalmunni, igavni, qebaTa-qeba,

eklesiaste, danieli, ieremias godeba, ezra da neemia (iTvleba erT wignad), pirveli

da meore neStTa (iTvleba erT wignad) da esTeri. Tu ruTisa da msajulTa wignebs

gavaerTianebT erT wignad da, aseve, ieremias godebasa da ieremias winaswar-

metyvelebas erT wignad CavTvliT, miviRebT 22 wigns. ioseb flabiosis mowmobiTac

Zvelad ebraelebi swored 22 wigns Tvlidnen maTi anbanis 22 aso-niSnis Sesabamisad.


Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi

bibliis berZnul TargmanSi, romelic septuagintas (`samocdaaTiseuli~) saxe-

liTaa cnobili, Sesulia Zveli aRTqmis sxva wignebic: epistole ieremiasi da baru-

qi, tobiTi, ivdiTi, sibrZne solomonisa, sibrZne ziraqisa, me-2 da me-3 ezra, maka-

belTa sami wigni da kidev: zogierTi nawyveti, CarTuli kanonikur wignebSi, ro-

goricaa:

1. esTeris wignis is monakveTi, romelic araa danomrili muxlobrivad

berZnul da slavur bibliaSi;

2. manases locva me-2 neStTas boloSi;

3. sami yrmis simRera danielis wignSi (me-13 Tavi);

4. moTxroba susanaze (iqve) da

5. belsa da gveleSapze (iqve, T. 14).

es wignebi da nawyvetebi ebraul bibliaSi ar aris. isini gamoCndnen berZnul

enaze da sxvadasxva dros Seitanes bibliaSi. eklesia ar aRiarebs maT kanonikur

wignebad, magram miiCnevs aRmzrdelobiTad da sulis margeblad.

axali aRTqma

axali aRTqmis wignebis is Tanmimdevroba, romelic qarTul gamocemebSia, uZve-

lesia. amas adasturebs bibliis aleqsandriuli da vatikanuri xelnawerebi (IV s.),

mociqulTa kanonebi, laodikiisa da karTagenis krebaTa aqtebi da sxva, magram

yvelgan ase araa. magaliTad, vulgataSi (laTinurSi) da axali aRTqmis amJamindel

berZnul gamocemebSi kaTolike epistoleebi moTavsebulia pavles epistoleTa

Semdeg, apokalifsamde.

pavles epistoleebis ganlagebis principi aseTia: jer warmodgenilia episto-

leebi, mimarTuli mTliani eklesiebisadmi, Semdeg _ is epistoleebi, romlebic

calkeuli pirebisadmia gagzavnili.

rodis Seiqmna kanoni?

Zveli aRTqmis wignebis erT krebulad Camoyalibeba xdeboda TandaTanobiT, am

wignebis gamoCenasTan erTad.

miTiTebas rjulis Semadgenlobisa da Zveli aRTqmis wignebis sam nawilad ga-

yofis Sesaxeb Cven vxvdebiT ieso ziraqis ZesTan (220 w. qristes Sobamde). septu-

aginta (270 w. qristes Sobamde) imis dasturia, rom Zveli aRTqmis yvela kanonikuri

da arakanonikuri wigni Sedioda erT krebulSi, radgan isini erT TargmanSi arian

warmodgenilni.

rodis Camoyalibda kanoni anu rjuli, e.i. Zveli aRTqma mTlianad? zustad ver

vityviT. miTiTebas `rjulis~ TandaTanobiT Sedgenis Sesaxeb Cven vxvdebiT TviTon

wminda wignebSi: rodesac mosem rjulis yvela sityva Cawera wignSi da Sesanaxad


gadasca levianebs, brZana, daedoT igi aRTqmis kidobnis gverdiT (2 rjuli 31:24-

26). iso naves Zem RvTis sityvebi da gamocxadebebi saRvTo rjulis wignSi Cawera

anu SeuerTa moses xuTwigneuls (ieso 24:26). samuelma gamoucxada xalxs mefis

uflebani, wignSi Cawera da uflis winaSe dado (1 mef. 10:25).

samuelis mier daarsebul winaswarmetyvelTa skolebidan gamovidnen Semdeg-

droindel movlenaTa aRmwerni _ winaswarmetyvelebi: naTani, gadi da sxvebi, rom-

lebic iTvlebian wmida mwerlebad da wmida werilis mcvelebad.

wmida wignebi inaxeboda wmidaTa wmidaSi, aRTqmis kidobnis gverdiT. isini cno-

bilni iyvnen levianTa da mRvdelTaTvis; ivsebodnen axali CanawerebiT Zveli aRT-

qmis mamebis mier da inusxebodnen xolme saeklesio Tu saero miznebisaTvis.

saRvTo wignebis krebulad gaerTianeba dasrulda babilonis tyveobis Semdeg

ezras, neemias da ukanasknel winaswarmetyvelTa mier.

axali aRTqmis kanonic TandaTan iqmneboda ama Tu im wignis samociqulo warmo-

mavlobis dadgenis an uaryofis kvaldakval, sakiTxis gulmodgined Seswavlis

safuZvelze.

wigni, romelsac pirveli qristianebi kiTxulobdnen, iyo Zveli aRTqma. male,

pirvelsave saukuneSi, gamoCnda saxarebebi da mociqulTa epistoleebi, masTan erTad

_ nayalbevi Txzulebebic ieso qristes cxovrebisa da moZRvrebis Sesaxeb. I-I I

saukuneebSi daiwera im mamaTa Txzulebebi, romlebic eklesiaSi cnobilni da

pativcemulni iyvnen rogorc mociqulTa uSualo mowafeebi da mowafeTa mowafe-

ebi: klimenti, polikarpe, egnate da sxvani, romlebic samociqulo kacebad iwode-

bian. amdenad, eklesias hqonda zusti gansazRvris SesaZlebloba, Tu romeli weri-

li CaeTvala WeSmaritad samociqulod, wmindad da RvTivSTagonebulad da gaemij-

na aseTi werilebi anu wignebi rogorc yalbi da arajansaRi moZRvrebis Semcveli

Txzulebebisagan, ise im Txzulebebisagan, romlebic ekuTvnodnen ara uSualod

mociqulebs, aramed _ mociqulTa mociqulebs. ukanasknelTa Txzulebebi, ra Tqma

unda, Seicavda jansaR da swor moZRvrebas, magram isini mainc adamianuri warmomav-

lobis iyo da mniSvnelobiT ver Seedreboda RvTaebriv da gamocxadebul werils.

I I s-Si eklesiaSi eWvis qveS aravin ayenebda oTxi saxarebis, mociqulTa saqmeebis,

pavles cameti epistolis, petres pirveli epistolis da mociqul ioanes pirveli

epistolis WeSmaritebas da originalurobas. im droisaTvis es wignebi Seadgendnen

saerTo-sayovelTao kanons. axali aRTqmis danarCenma nawilma sayovelTao aRi-

areba gvian moipova. magaliTad: origene I I I s-Si jer kidev ar iyo darwmunebuli,

rom epistole ebraelTa mimarT, epistoleebi iakobisa, iudasi, meore petresi,

meore da mesame ioanesi iyo namdvili da WeSmariti. dasavleTSi didxans yoymanob-

dnen ebraelTa mimarT epistolesTan dakavSirebiT, aRmosavleTSi _ apokalifsTan

dakavSirebiT.

mociqulTa werilebTan erTad didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda da IV s-mde


eklesiaSi liturgikuli daniSnulebac hqonda zogierT epistoles. pirvel rigSi

unda davasaxeloT papi klimentisa da barnabas epistoleebi da ermiasis `mwyemsi~.

saeklesio istorikosi evsevi (IV) axali aRTqmis wignebs sam kategoriad yofs:

1. eklesiis erTsulovani azriT da dasturiT mociqulTa xelidan gamosuli

Txzulebani _ oTxi saxareba, saqmeni mociqulTa, pavles ToTxmeti epistole, pir-

veli ioanesi da pirveli petresi.

2. sayovelTaod araRiarebulni da sadavoni. maTgan zogierTni: epistole

iakobisa, iudasi, 2 petresi, 2-e da 3-e ioanesi da apokalifsi eklesiam sabolood

mainc aRiara da Seitana kanonSi. sxvani ki, rogoricaa: saqmeni pavlesi, ermiasis

`mwyemsi~, petres apokalifsi, barnabas epistole, mociqulTa swavlani (`didaqe~)

da saxareba ebraelTa mimarT, maTi aramociqulebrivi warmomavlobis gamo, ar Se-

itanes kanonSi;

3. ueWvelad aramociqulebrivi da udavod eretikulic ki.

kanonis saboloo varianti SeimuSaves laodikiis, hiponiis, karTagenisa da romis

krebebma IV-V ss-Si. am mxriv didia papi inokenti I-isa da, gansakuTrebiT, papi gelasis

Rvawli. ukanasknelma daaxloebiT 493 wels gamoaqveyna dekreti, riTac sabolood

ganisazRvra kanoni. amis Semdeg iq Setanili wignebis winaaRmdeg aqa-iq calkeuli

gaubedavi xmebi Tu ismoda. mxolod germanulma reformaciam daayena eWvis qveS axali

aRTqmis zogierTi wignis kanonikuri Rirseba. luTerma gabeda da apokrifuli uwoda

apokalifssa da epistoles ebraelTa mimarT. mis kvaldakval sxva luTereli

RvTismetyvelebic meorexarisxovans uwodebdnen im wignebs, romlebic Zvelad davas

iwvevdnen (2 petre, 2 da 3 ioane, iakobi, iuda, ebraelTa mimarT epistole da

apokalifsi), Tumca kanonSi mainc tovebdnen meorexarisxovani wignebis uflebiT da,

maSasadame, RirsebiT saRmrTo werilis danarCen nawilTan ar aTanabrebdnen.

XVI I I s-is Sua wlebidan dasavleT evropaSi aRorZinda racionalizmi, romelmac

uaryo rwmena da werilis RvTivSTagonebuloba; man laSqroba daiwyo da Tavi

mouyara argumentebs ara mxolod calkeuli wignebis, aramed mTeli werilis wi-

naaRmdeg. Tumca es mimdinareoba kaTolikeebisa da orTodoqsi protestantebis

erTsulovan da safuZvlian winaaRmdegobas waawyda.

bibliologiis sakvanZo sakiTxebi

biblia iwereboda 13 saukunis ganmavlobaSi (X I I I -I). uZvelesia moses `xuTwigne-

uli~, ugvianesi _ ioanes `gamocxadeba~.

moses rjuli gankuTvnili iyo `rCeuli erisaTvis~, ebraelebisaTvis da, buneb-

rivia, Zveli aRTqma daiwera maTsave enaze. uZveles teqsts Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.

SemorCenilia mxolod IX-X ss-is xelnawerebi. esenia: peterburgis saltikov-SCed-

rinis sax. biblioTekis, britaneTis muzeumis da kidev ramdenime, romelTa gver-

diT dgas e.w. lailaSis biblia, romelic daculia Tbilisis k.kekeliZis sax. xelna-


werTa institutSi. uZvelesi xelnawerebis fragmentebi 1948 wels mkvdari zRvis

auzSi aRmoCnda. isini cnobilia yumranis xelnawerebis saxeliT, romelTa mec-

nieruli Seswavla dResac grZeldeba.

qristianulma samyarom Zveli aRTqma umTavresad berZnulenovani TargmaniT

gaicno. Zv.w. VI s-Si israelis samefo nabuqodonosorma, babilonis mefem, daipyro

da `rCeuli eris~ didi raodenoba msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gafanta. nawili

mcxeTis sanaxebs moadga da Cvens miwa-wyalze hpova TavSesafari. nawili _ aRmosav-

leTSi, nawilic dasavleTSi gaixizna. maT TandaTan daiviwyes dedaena. amis gamo

rabinTa winaSe dadga sakiTxi saRmrTo werilis morwmuneTaTvis gasageb enaze

Targmnisa. es idea momwifda aleqsandriis ebraul diasporaSi, romlis saurTier-

To da saazrovno ena berZnuli iyo. gamoikveTa am enaze Zveli aRTqmis Targmnis

aucilebloba, ramac xorci ptolemeos filadelfosis dros Seisxa. Semonaxulia

gadmocema: 270 w-s aleqsandriaSi 70 (ufro zustad, 72) mTargmneli Sekribes da

or-orad daajgufes. mTargmnelebi dasxdnen cal-calke oTaxebSi da muSaobdnen

erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. maTi Targmanebi (gamovida 35) identuri aRmoCnda,

rac RvTis madlisa da nebis mauwyeblobad CaiTvala. aRniSnul Targmans berZnulad

hebdomekonta, laTinurad septuaginta anu septanta (samocdaaTiseuli) uwodes.

igi gavrcelda berZnulenovan samyaroSi da safuZvlad daedo axal, sxvaenovan

Targmanebs, garda laTinurisa. uSualod ebraeli dednidan biblia am enaze IV s-is

saeklesio moRvawem netarma ieronimem 386-406 wlebs Soris Targmna.

Zv.w. I I -I I I ss-Si berZnul enaze Zveli aRTqmis kidev sami Targmani aRmocenda.

esenia: akvilas, svimaxosisa da Teodotionis. maTi mizani iyo warmoedginaT eb-

rauli teqstis sruli Sesatyvisi, moecaT zedmiwevniTi Targmani. miuxedavad amisa,

am Targmanebma sayovelTao aRiareba ver hpoves, Tumca RvTismetyvelebi yovel-

Tvis uwevdnen angariSs da maT monacemebs iTvaliswinebdnen. septantis xelnawe-

rebis arSiebze, ama Tu im adgilis gaswvriv, xSirad vxvdebiT minawerebs imis Sesa-

xeb, Tu rogor ikiTxeba mocemuli muxli aRniSnul TargmanebSi. aseT Sromas, ka-

tenis saxeliT romaa cnobili, mecnieruli mizani hqonda. samRvdelmsaxuro (li-

turgikul) praqtikaSi yovelTvis da yvelgan 70-Ta Targmans iyenebdnen.

septuagintas pirvandel variants Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. is dayofilia sam

umTavres redaqciad. akademikos korneli kekeliZis TqmiT, `bibliologiis yurad-

Reba axla miqceulia iqiTken, rom es Targmani rogorme aRdgenil iqnes. amas ki

SesaZleblad cnoben sxvadasxva enaze naTargmn teqstTa meoxebiT, romelTac,

ueWvelia, safuZvlad daedo erT-erTi qvemodasaxelebul sam redaqciaTagan. es

redaqciebia: origenis hegzaplebi, romelic palestinaSi iyo gavrcelebuli, luki-

anes, antioqeli mRvdelmowamisa meoTxe saukuneSi, romelsac ewodeba koine da

miRebuli iyo antioqiisa da konstantinopolis sapatriarqoebSi da ivsiqi aleq-

sandrielisa, romelic aleqsandriaSi iyo miRebuli~.


xelnawerebi. aRmoCenebi. daskvnebi

bibliologiis erT-erTi sapatio ubania bibliuri kodikologia anu bibliis

xelnawerTmcodneoba. es iTqmis rogorc septuagintas da axali aRTqmis berZnuli

teqstis, ise sxvaenovan TargmanTa mimarT. aRniSnuli dargi gvexmareba, pasuxi

gavceT kiTxvaze, Tu rodis Seiqmna kanoni, e.i. rodis gaiazres Zveli da axali

aRTqma erT wignad anu erTi mTelis or nawilad. es problema aqtualuri iyo XIX-

XX ss-is mijnaze, aTeizmisa da, kerZod, saRmrTo werilis kritikis mZvinvarebis

xanaSi. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobda, rom I-I I I ss-Si eklesiis mamebs jer kidev ar

hqondaT gaazrebuli Zveli da axali aRTqmebis mTlianoba. ambobdnen: bibliuri

wignebi, romlebic sxvadasxva drosa da garemoSi aRmocendnen, Semdeg gaaerTianes

SemuSavebuli gegmisa da miznis mixedviTo. am Teoriis warmomadgenelni xelze

ixvevdnen im faqts, rom maSin, XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, ar iyo mikvleuli bib-

liis (sruli kanonis) uZvelesi nusxebi; ar egonaT Tu aRmoCndeboda IV s-is xelna-

werebis _ bibliis sinuri da vatikanuri kodeqsebis _ uadresi egzemplarebi. es

bedniereba wilad xvda inglisel mogzaurs Cester-bits. man 1931 wels egvipteSi

felaxebisagan iyida 12 papirusis anu Wilis xelnaweri wigni. isini faiumSi unaxavT,

romeliRac qristianuli monastrisa Tu eklesiis nangrevebSi. mogzaurma es

xelnawerebi gadasca britaneTis muzeums, sadac cnobilma arqeograf-papirolo-

gebma da Teologebma Seiswavles isini. gairkva, rom 12 xelnaweri wigni anu kodeqsi

warmoadgenda erTi mTelis 12 toms da moicavda bibliis (Zveli da axali aRTqmis)

teqsts. mecnierebi darwmundnen, rom es iyo septuagintas uZvelesi nusxa Cvenamde

moRweulTagan. igi daaTariRes I I -I I I ss-iT, ramac Suqi mohfina bevr sakiTxs.

gairkva, rom biblia aris Cvenamde moRweul ydaSi Casmul wignebs Soris uZve-

lesi. am azriTac igi WeSmaritad wignTawignia: ramdenadac mecnierebas Tvali miuw-

vdeba, bibliam misca dasabami furcelTa ydaSi Casmis tradicias anu, SeiZleba

iTqvas, bibliiT iwyeba wignis (kodeqsis) istoria.

garda amisa: am foliantebs Soris aRmoCnda apokalifsi da danielis wigni. es

faqti migvaniSnebs, rom ZvelTaganve, I I I ss-Si mainc, arsebobda ioane RvTismet-

yvelis `gamocxadebis~ kanonad Seracxvis tradicia da Semdeg gamoiTqva eWvi misi

avtoritetis Taobaze. danielis wigni berZnul enaze imxanad (1931 w-mde) mxolod

Teodotionis TargmaniTa da XI s-is xelnaweriT iyo cnobili. Cester-bitis aRmo-

Cenam daadastura misi kuTvnili adgili 70-Ta TargmanSi. amasTanave: meti damaje-

rebloba SeiZina irineos lionelis (I I ) sityvebma: ~oTxive saxareba qristianebisaT-

vis aris RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba~. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom qristianebisaTvis

imTaviTve ara marto oTxive saxareba, aramed mTeli biblia, Zveli da axali aRTqma,

erT ~RvTaebriv gamocxadebad~ moiazreboda.

bibliurma kodikologiam laxvari Casca Teorias, romelic qadagebda: biblia

aris `TeTri ZafiT akinZuli da SeerTebuli romelime gauwafavi redaqtoris xe-


liT~. ase mofiqralni gvarwmunebdnen: moses xuTwigneuli winaswarmetyvelis

gardacvalebidan oTxi saukunis Semdeg (IX s-Si Zv.w.) Seiqmna, saxarebebi _ I I I s-Si

da a.S. istoriul-arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad aseTi Tvalsazrisebi

gaqarwylda. ai ras wers Cveni saukunis udidesi germaneli Teologi da filologi

a. harnaki: `samoci wlis winaT daviT Strausma warmoidgina, TiTqos daamtkica

pirveli sami saxarebis lamis mTliani araistoriuloba. magram Semdegi wlebis

istoriulma kritikam kvlav daamtkica maTi istoriuloba~. arc Tu didi xnis winaT

sabWoTa kavSiris skolebSic aswavlidnen, ieso qriste miTiuri pirovnebaao,

istoriulad ararsebuli, xolo qristianuli religia _ maSvralTa da davrdo-

milTa ocneba-survilebis nayofi. dReisaTvis mecnierebis xelTaa uamravi isto-

riuli wyaro, dokumenti da argumenti iesos istoriulobis damadastureblad.

ase rom, Tavad wyaroTmcodneoba, romelic aris mecnierebis `arsobis puri~,

fantavs skepsiss da amyarebs kaTolike da samociqulo eklesiis tradiciul Tval-

sazrisebs.

bibliis qarTuli Targmani

bibliis (Zveli da axali aRTqmis) Zvel TargmanTa Soris qarTuli Targmani erT-

erTi uZvelesi Targmania. igi qarTlis gaqristianebis (IV s-is 20-30-iani wlebi)

axlo xans unda aRmocenebuliyo, rasac uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi (ZiriTadad

_ palimfsestebi) cxadyofs. isini V-VI ss-iT TariRdeba da maT furclebze (palim-

fsestebis qveda fenaSi) bibliis qarTuli Targmanis nimuSebia Semonaxuli.

irkveva, rom Cvens winaprebs bibliis sxvadasxva wigni sxvadasxva dros da

sxvadasxva pirobebSi uTargmniaT. maT dednad berZnuli originali gamouyenebiaT

(Tumca am Temaze mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa). Semdgomi epoqis

(gansakuTrebiT _ X-XI ss.) swavlulebs pirvelTargmanebisaTvis revizia Cautare-

biaT da gauumjobesebiaT; dednebTan maqsimalurad dauaxlovebiaT da stilis-

turad gauSalaSinebiaT.

xelnaweri wignebi (kodeqsebi), romlebic IX-X I I ss-iT TariRdebian da Cvens siZve-

leTsacavebSi arian daculi, am TvalsazrisiT mdidar masalas Seicaven. bevri

bibliuri wignis Zveli qarTuli Targmani ramdenime redaqciiTaa cnobili. am

redaqciaTagan kanonikuri teqstis ufleba upiratesad giorgi mTawmindelis (XI s.)

Targman-redaqciebma moipova da qarTulenovani marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

RvTismsaxurebaSi dResac isini gamoiyeneba.

XX s-is 80-90-ian wlebSi biblia axal qarTul enazec iTargmna. ZiriTadad ori

Targmani Sesrulda _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqoseuli da stokholmis bibliis

Targmnis institutiseuli. orive gamocemulia. maT gasaumjobeseblad da axali

Targmanebis Sesaqmnelad muSaoba grZeldeba. qvemoT Zveli aRTqmiseuli adgilebi

umetesad amoRebulia sapatriarqos gamocemidan (1989 w.).


bibliis ena

ebraelebs hqondaT sakmarisi saSualeba da swrafva, raTa daecvaT wminda wignebi

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebisagan ara mxolod Sinaarsis, aramed formis da enis mxri-

vac. babilonelTa tyveobis droidan sametyvelo ena gaemijna samwerlo enas. kla-

sikuri ebrauli xalxSi aRar ismoda da gaugebar gaxda. ebraelebma arameulad

daiwyes laparaki. am enaze umartavdnen xalxs kanons, romlis Sinaarsi maT

mSobliur enaze ukve aRar esmodaT (neemia 8:1-8. Sdr. 13:23-25). Zvelebrauli ena

darCa religiis, wminda wignebisa da literaturis enad.

tyveobis xanidan ebraelebi gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen yovelgvar nacionalurs

da gamowvlilviT icavdnen TavianT adaTebs. ierusalimis dangrevis Semdeg (I s.

Cv.w.) swavluli ebraelebi gadasaxldnen tiberiaSi, sadac daaarses cnobili ra-

binTa akademia. I I s-Si Cv.w. iqve Seiqmna TalmudistTa sazogadoeba, romelic aer-

Tianebda wm. werilis Semswavlelebs da ganmmarteblebs. isini erTmaneTs udareb-

dnen xelnawerebs, asufTavebdnen teqsts Secdomebisagan, romlebic ezras dro-

idan Separuliyo da adgendnen wm. werilis erTian saxes gragnilebisaTvis. maT

daTvales sityvebis da asoebis ricxvic ki TiToeul wmida wignSi. magaliTad, Se-

saqmis wignSi aRmoCnda 2078 sityva da 78100 aso. aseTi samuSao, ra Tqma unda, xels

uwyobda teqstis dacvas damaxinjebisa da gadawerismieri Secdomebisagan.

esaa mizezi, rom Talmudistebis xelT arsebuli teqsti I I -I I I ss-isa axlos dgas

Tanamedrove teqstTan. yvela imdroindel ikiTxvisSi Cven vxvdebiT mxolod 220

variants. amasTanave _ umniSvnelosa da araarsebiTs.

rodesac ebrauli cocxali ena iyo, mas tradicia icavda, magram axla, rodesac

eri sxva enaze metyvelebda, dRis wesrigSi dadga xelnawerebis sworad amokiTxvis

problema. amisaTvis ki saWiro iyo mecnierul-arqeografiuli muSaobis Catareba.

es misia ikisres swavlulma rabinebma, romelTac saqmianobis mixedviT masoretebi

anu tradiciis Semnaxvelni (masora _ tradicia) ewodaT. maT yvela sityvas dausves

xmovnebi, Sekribes da erTmaneTs Seudares Zveli xelnawerebi da ganmartebebi.

daadgines muxlebis zoma da punqtuacia. teqstze muSaobis aseT kombinacias

ewodeba didi masora, xolo calkeul saqmes _ mcire masora. es samuSaoebi ebraul

teqstebze, romelic V s-Si daiwyo, Semdegac aseTive gulmodginebiT gagrZelda.

ebraelebma gaakeTes yvelaferi, raTa wmida teqstebi SeenarCunebinaT ucvlelad

da daumaxinjeblad. Cvenamde moRweul teqstTa erTnairoba seriozuli sabuTia imisa,

rom Zveli aRTqmis wignebi mTavarSi da arsebiTSi mainc ucvlelad arian Semonaxulni.

axali aRTqmis yvela wigni berZnul enaze daiwera. gamonaklisi unda iyos maTes

saxareba, romelic, SesaZlebelia, arameulad daiwera da Semdeg iTargmna berZnulad.

berZnuli enis romel dialeqtze daiwera bibliis es monakveTi?

_ ZiriTadad koineze. esaa saerTo-saxalxo, yvelasaTvis gasagebi da xelmisawv-

domi metyveleba.


enisa da stilis ubraloeba Seesabameba saxarebisa da zogadad qristes moZRv-

rebis arsebas, _ mis xalxurobas, sayovelTaobas.

biblia da stamba

biblia iohan gutenbergis gamogonebis pirmSoa. 1445 wels daistamba saRmrTo

werilis fragmentebi germanul enaze, rasac mohyva laTinuri vulgata, romelic

dRemde poligrafiis Sedevrad rCeba.

ama Tu im qveynis stambis istoria saRvTo wignis gamocemiT iwyeba. gamonaklisi

arc Cven varT. pirveli qarTuli wignebi, romlebic daistamba, saRvTo werilisa

iyo (Tumca qarTuli anbani ufro adre eziara stambas, romSi). es wignebia: `daviTni~

(moskovi, 1705) da `saxareba~ (Tbilisi, 1709). sruli biblia ki 1743 wels daistamba

moskovSi.

saRvTo istoria

yvelaferi, rac arsebobs _ xiluli Tu araxiluli, amqveyniuri Tu imqveyniuri,

Seqmnilia, _ qmnilebaa. Semoqmedi aris RmerTi, romelmac ineba da Seqmna.

wuTisofeli, mociqulis sityvis Tanaxmad, `borotsa zeda dgas~ (1 ioane 5:19).

aq yvelaferi miedineba, iJangeba, ixrwneba, lpeba da kvdeba. erTni ampartavneben,

meoreni iCagrebian; cbiereba da muxanaToba laRobs, simarTle da patiosneba

iTrguneba; aris gvalvebi, gadauRebeli wvimebi, mewyerebi da miwisZvrebi; omebi

da katastrofebi. eseni wuTisoflis moucilebeli niSnebia. daismis kiTxva:

RmerTma aseTi sofeli Seqmna?

am kiTxvas biblia da bibliuri Teologia uaryofiT pasuxs scems.

Tu ara wuTisofeli, ra aris `yovelive xiluli~, romelic RmerTma Seqmna?

borotebas amqveynad saTave vin daudo?

_ pasuxismgebloba adamianis kiserzea!

Zveli aRTqma

`Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa~ _ ase iwyeba biblia. aq igulisxmeba

rogorc angelozuri, ise materialuri samyaro. `ca~ moicavs zecis uxorco da

gonier Zalebs, e.i. angelozebs, `miwa~ ki yovelives cisqveSeTSi. Tu rogor Seiqmna

angelozTa dasebi, biblia konkretulad arafers gveubneba, rac gasagebia: igi da-

werilia adamianisaTvis adamianisave enaze da yuradRebas ama qveynis bedze, mis

Tavgadasavalze amaxvilebs.

sityva `Seqmna~ (`RmerTma Seqmna...~), migvaniSnebs RvTis SemoqmedebiT procesze,

nebayoflobiT aqtze, mis Tavisufal nebaze. RmerTi aris yovelives ara iZulebiTi,

ara bunebiTi, ara aucileblobiTi, aramed nebayoflobiTi da SemoqmedebiTi


mizezi. Semoqmedeba ki yovlis uwinares gulisxmobs Tavisuflebas da ZirSive gamo-

ricxavs iZulebas. ase rom, Tavisuflebis idea bibliis pirvel striqonSia Camar-

xuli.

es striqoni imazec migvaniSnebs, rom RmerTma Tavdapirvelad samyaros modeli

Seqmna da es modeli erTbaSad, myisierad Seqmna. esaa potencia, romlis realizacia

momavalSi unda momxdariyo da moxda kidec. xiluli, materialuri, nivTieri

samyaro droSi gangrZobiT, etapobrivad, _ eqvs dReSi Seiqmna. aq igulisxmeba ara

astronomiuli, aramed mistiuri dRe. ufro sworad _ eqvsi droiTi periodi.

maSasadame, kosmosis srulqmnas eqvsi droiTi monakveTi dasWirda. Tumca, vime-

orebT, es araa Cveneuli dro, drois Cveneuli ganzomileba. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom

mze, dedamiwa da maTi traeqtoria (anu dRe-Ramisa da weliwadis sazomi) Sesaqmis

pirvel dReebSi ar arsebobda. fsalmunSi naTqvamia: `aTasi weli, viTarca guSin-

deli dRe~ (89:4), rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Sesaqmiseuli dRe astronomiul Sina-

arss ar Seicavs.

pirvel dRes RmerTma naTeli Seqmna; meore dRes _ ca; mesame dRes _ miwa; meoTxe

dRes _ manaTobelni cisa da qveyanisa: mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi. ase daedo

saTave wuTisofelSi naTelisa da bnelis monacvleobas.

mexuTe dRes RmerTma Seqmna suldgmulTa samyaro _ wylis binadarni da cis

frinvelebi. ase rom, sicocxles amasofluri dasabami wylisa da haeris wiaRSi mieca.

meeqvse dRes RmerTma cxovelTa samyaro da adamiani Seqmna. am dRiT dagvir-

gvinda yovelive zemoTqmuli, radgan Seiqmna cisa da miwis mSveneba, Sesaqmis

udiadesi nayofi da gvirgvini, qveynis patroni da ufali _ adamiani.

`Tqva RmerTma: warmoSvas miwam suldgmuli Tav-Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT _

pirutyvi, qvemZromi da miwis mxecebi Tav-Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT. da iqmna ase.

gaaCina RmerTma nadiri Tav-Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT, saqoneli Tav-Tavisi gvaris-

da mixedviT da qvemZromi Tav-Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT. dainaxa RmerTma, rom

kargi iyo.

Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi

Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze

daxoxavs.

Seqmna RmerTma kaci. Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.

akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa, da-

eufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki deda-

miwaze daxoxavs.

Tqva RmerTma: aha, momicia TqvenTvis yoveli balaxi, Teslis mTesveli, rac ki

dedamiwis zurgzea, da yoveli nayofieri xe, Teslis mTesveli. es iyos Tqveni

sazrdo. miwis yvela mxecs, cis yvela frinvels, yvela qvemZroms, rasac ki sicoc-

xlis suli udgas, mwvane balaxi hqondes saWmelad. da iqmna ase. dainaxa RmerTma


yovelive, rac gaaCina da aha, Zalian kargi iyo. iyo saRamo, iyo dila _ meeqvse dRe~

(dab. 1: 24-31).

meSvide dRes _ SabaTs _ RmerTs araferi Seuqmnia (ebr. SabaT `Sewyveta~, `gan-

sruleba~). man mxolod akurTxa da wmidahyo igi da `daisvena meSvide dRes yoveli

saqmisagan, rac gaakeTa~ (dab. 2:2).

rogorc vxedavT, saRvTo werilis yuradReba meeqvse dRis Sesaqmezea koncen-

trirebuli. yoveli dRis Sesaqmes amkobs fraza: `dainaxa RmerTma, rom kargi iyo~.

xuTgzis aRiniSneba, rom kargia, xolo meeqvsed, Sesaqmis bolo dRes, Seqmnilis

mTlianobaSi moxilvis Semdeg, rogorc Sejameba SemoqmedebiTi aqtebisa, aRmate-

biT xarisxSia naTqvami: `dainaxa RmerTma yovelive, rac Seqmna, da, aha, Zalian kargi

iyo~. `kargs~ ebraulad Seesatyviseba `tob~, rac niSnavs `keTilsac~ da `mSvenier-

sac~. qarTuli `kargi~ moicavs orive mniSvnelobas. marTlac, pirvelqmnili samya-

ro keTili da mSvenieri iyo.

RmerTma rac Seqmna, keTilad qmna. mis mier qmnili samyaro srulyofili, umwik-

vlo da mSvenieri iyo. iq sufevda sruli harmonia da simfonia, absoluturi Tanx-

moba da wesrigi. materia, romelic RmerTma Seqmna, aris sulieri materia. misTvis

ucxoa avadmyofoba, e.i. korozia _ Jangva anu xrwna. am materias ara aqvs simyife,

zoma da wona. es kategoriebi mxolod mis potenciaSia da gamovlindeba garkveuli

mizezis Sedegad. mizezi aris codva, ris gamoc sulieri materia gardaisaxeba

xrwnadad da mokvdavad, _ maradiulobidan wuTisoflad, sulierebidan mSvinvi-

erad, umwikvloebidan mwikvlovanad.

maSasadame, pirvelqmnili buneba da misi binadarni, mTeli galaqtika: ca da miwa

_ xmeleTi, zRva da atmosfero, mineraluri samyaro, mcenareuloba, cxovelebi

da adamiani dasabamier yofaSi, Sesaqmiseul droSi, yovliTurT keTilni iyvnen.

maT Soris siyvaruli, mSveniereba, netareba da bedniereba sufevda. mokled _ Txa

da mgeli erTad Zovda. sulier arsebebs arc sciodaT da arc scxelodaT, ar

SiodaT, ar hqondaT vneba _ seqsualuri swrafva, ar icodnen tkivili. cxovrobdnen

rogorc umanko bavSvebi, angelozTa msgavsni.

ram gaauxeSa RvTis qmnileba? vin gadaaqcia ukvdavi da uxrwneli materia mokv-

davad da xrwnadad? vin Seqmna wuTisofeli anu samyaro, romelsac Cven vgrZnobT,

aRviqvamT da vxedavT; sadac Tanaarsebobs harmonia da, drodadro, disharmonia,

sikeTe da boroteba, siyvaruli da siZulvili, silamaze da simaxinje? erTi sity-

viT _ vin aris mizezi ukeTurebis da umsgavsobis?

gavixsenoT, rom RmerTma Sesaqmis gvirgvinad adamiani Seqmna da ganuzomeli Rir-

sebiT _ sakuTari xatebiTa da msgavsebiT daajildova. RmerTma martoden adamians

mimadla is, rac mas, da mxolod mas, _ cisa da qveynis Semoqmeds, amkobs _ azrovneba,

nebisyofa, arCevanis Tavisufleba da SemoqmedebiToba. RmerTma gamorCeul alagas

daasaxla adami: ~ufalma RmerTma baRi gaaSena edemSi, aRmosavleTSi, da dasva iq


adami, romelic gamosaxa~ (dab. 2:8). edemis baRi anu samoTxe, rogorc momdevno

aRwerilobidan Cans, qveynis Suagulia. RvTisgan qmnili samyaro imTavad Tumca

mTlianad samoTxe iyo, magram aRniSnuli saxeli amSvenebda im mxares _ walkots,

sadac saxlobda RvTis xati da msgavsi. es mxare ara marto qveynis Suaguli, aramed

yvelaze maRali adgilic iyo, rac erTxel kidev usvams xazs adamianis umaRles

adgils qmnilebaTa Soris da mis pasuxismgeblobas sulier da usulo arsebaTa, cisa

da miwis, mTeli galaqtikis winaSe. adamians unda gaegrZelebina Semoqmedisagan

dawyebuli saqme, e.i. unda eSroma da eRvawa, oRond ara lukmapurisaTvis (rogorc

wuTisofelSi), aramed sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, raTa

aRsrulebuliyo RvTis locva-kurTxeva: aRorZindiT da gamravldiT (axali

TargmaniT _ inayofiereT da imravleT)! ra Tqma unda, isini unda aRorZinebuliyvnen,

maT unda enayofieraT da emravlaT, magram ara ise, rogorc dRes _ xrwnilebiT,

aramed sulierad, wmidad da umankod (msgavsad qalwuli mariamisa).

biblia gvamcnobs:

`gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami, uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi.

mxolod keTilis da borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan rogorc ki

SeWam, mokvdebio.

Tqva ufalma RmerTma:. ar varga adamis martod yofna. gavuCen Semwes, mis Sesa-

fers. gamosaxa ufalma RmerTma miwisagan velis yvela cxoveli da cis yvela frin-

veli da mihgvara adams, rom enaxa, ras daarqmevda. romel suldgmuls rasac daarq-

mevda adami, misi saxelic is iqneboda. daarqva adamma saxeli yvela pirutyvs, cis

frinvels da velis yvela cxovels. magram adams ar gamouCnda Semwe, misi Sesaferi.

ufalma RmerTma ZilquSi mohgvara adams da ra daeZina, gamouRo erTi nekni da

mis adgilas xorci Caudo. neknisagan, adams rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma

RmerTma da adams miuyvana.

Tqva adamma: es ki marTlac Zvalia Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci Cemi xorcTagani,

dedakaci erqvas mas, raki kacisagan aris gamoRebuli. amitomac miatovebs kaci

ded-mamas da miewebeba Tavis dedakacs, raTa erTxorcad iqcnen.

SiSvelni iyvnen orTaveni, adami da misi dedakaci, da ar rcxvenodaT~ (dab. 2:16-24).

adamiani avtonomiuri, TavisTavadi, TviTmyofadi da Tavisufali arsebaa. Rmer-

Ti ar ereva mis SemoqmedebiT aqtSi, ar zRudavs mis nebas sagnebisa da movlenebis

saxeldebis Jams. es ki niSnavs, rom uzenaesma moazrovnesa da metyvel arsebas

mimadla yvela suldgmulisagan gamorCeuli niWi anu talanti _ Tavisufleba. da

radgan Tavisufleba mimadla, misca arCevanis gakeTebis, orientaciis damoukideb-

lad aRebis, nabijis SemoqmedebiTad gadadgmis saSualebac. amis niSani iyo edemis

SuagulSi aRmocenebuli ori xe: xe sicocxlisa da xe keTilisa da borotis Sec-

nobisa. pirvelis nayofi ganamtkicebda ukvdavebasa da uxrwnelebas, meorisa _

piriqiT, sofels avadmyofobasa da sikvdils uqadda. ori xe ori gzis simbolo


iyo: keTilisa da borotisa. arCevani ki adamians unda gaekeTebina: saiTac gadad-

gamda nabijs, iqiT warimarTeboda misi bedi. RmerTi kacis neba-survilSi ver

Caereoda. Tu Caereoda, Tavis Tavs daupirispirdeboda, adamianSi ki adamians mok-

lavda, radgan Zexorcieli mxolod TavisuflebiT, pirovnulobiTa da nebis una-

riT ganirCeva araadamianTagan. samive cneba _ azrovneba, neba da Tavisufleba _

erTi mTlianobaa, romlis CaxSoba da Cakvla niSnavs pirovnebis _ RvTis naperwk-

lis, `sicocxlis sunTqvis~, `RvTis sulis~ _ xelyofas, rac miutevebeli codva

da danaSaulia. wm. ioane oqropiri ambobs: RmerTi yovlis SemZlebelia, magram ar

SeuZlia adamianis cxoneba, Tu ukanaskneli TviTon ar inebebs cxonebas. amis gamo

RmerTma edemSi mxolod mcneba misca adams; aukrZala keTilisa da borotis Semec-

nebis nayofis Wama, magram nebisyofisaTvis gza ar dauxSvia.

bibliis komentatorTa TqmiT, boroteba xilul samyaroSi araxilulidan Semo-

iWra (Tu saidan da ra mizeziT aRmocenda boroteba iq, visaubrebT qvemoT). amqvey-

nad es aqti gvelis meSveobiT ganxorcielda. eSmaki Sevida qvemZromis sxeulSi,

eaxla adamis cols _ evas, daainteresa igi keTilisa da borotis Semecnebis xis

nayofiT; acduna igi: `uTxra gvelma dedakacs: ar mokvdebiT. magram icis RmerTma,

rom rogorc ki SeWamT, Tvali agexilebaT da SeiqnebiT RmerTiviT keTilisa da

borotis Semcnobelni. roca dainaxa dedakacma, rom kargi iyo saWmelad is xe, rom

Tvalwarmtaci da saamuri sanaxavi iyo, mowyvita nayofi da SeWama. misca Tavis

kacs da kacmac SeWama~.

ai, dasabami codvisa, sabediswero nabijisa, romelic gadadga adamianma, moaz-

rovnem, Tavis Tavze kontrolis unarmqone arsebam. codva saRvTo ganawesis anu

mcnebis darRvevaSi gamoixata. am faqts pirvelcodva ewodeba. misi masStabi da

Sinaarsi globaluri, kosmiuri, yovlismomcveli iyo. man myisierad, erTbaSad da

Tvisobrivad Secvala kacis sxeulic da xasiaTic. codvis Sedegad dairRva gvamisa

da sulis simrTele: sxeuli xrwnadad da mokvdavad iqca, _ daavadda, dasneulda.

codvis Sedegi imavdroulad gavrcelda garemomcvel samyaroze: usulo da

sulier sagnebze _ mineralebze, florasa da faunaze, kosmosze, mTels galaqti-

kaze, nebismier kuTxesa da kunWulze. materialuri samyaro ganemsgavsa pirvelsa-

xes da SeiZina is qimiuri Semadgenloba, forma da Tvisebebi, rasac dRes vxedavT,

aRviqvamT da vswavlobT. ase rom, Cveni TvalTaxedvis win myofi samyaro _ WuWyiani

da codvili _ Seiqmna adamianis mizeziT, pirvelcodvis gamo, erTbaSad, myisierad,

codvisa da risxvis erTjeradi afeTqebis Sedegad.

wamoiWreba kiTxva: ratom iyo danaSauli keTilisa da borotis Semecnebis xis

nayofis Wama? es kiTxva pirvel rigSi pedagogs unda daebados: gana kacobriobis

ideali ganaTleba, codnis dausruleblad mzardi mwvervalebis daufleba araa?

_ ra Tqma unda, magram amisaTvis aucilebelia pirovnebis zrdisa da ganviTarebis

mravalwaxnagovani gzis gavla, e.i. codnis kibeze asvlisaTvis momzadeba, rom Sua


gzaze ar daveceT da ar daviRupoT. magaliTad, cximiani saWmeli, Cveulebriv

pirobebSi, miswrebaa energiis gasamtkiceblad, magram warmoidgineT, ra mouva To-

To bavSvs misgan? anda: ra Sedegs movimkiT: balRebs umaRlesi saswavleblebis

programiT rom vaswavloT? yvelafers Tavisi dro aqvs. ziarebis saidumlos

Sesaxeb eklesiis moZRvrebas Tu gavixsenebT, bibliis es epizodi SegviZlia asec

gaviazroT: es xe igive vazia da misi nayofis Wama _ ziareba. ziareba sulisa da

xorcis kurnebaa, magram suliT da xorciT moumzadebelTaTvis _ sasjeli da

ubedureba.

kosmiuri tragediis pirvelSedegi werilSi gadmocemulia ase: ~aexilaT Tvali

orives da mixvdnen, rom SiSvelni iyvnen. gadaakeres leRvis foTlebi da ardagebi

gaikeTes.

moesmaT xma ufali RmerTisa, romelic saRamo xans baRSi mimodioda da daemal-

nen ufal RmerTs adami da misi dedakaci baRis xeebs Soris. dauZaxa ufalma Rmer-

Tma adams da uTxra: adam, sada xar? miugo: Seni xma momesma baRSi da SemeSinda,

SiSveli rom var, da davimale. uTxra: vin giTxra SiSveli rom xar? im xis nayofi

xom ar giWamia, me rom agikrZale? uTxra adamma: Sen rom dedakaci momiyvane, man

momca im xis nayofi da mec SevWame. uTxra ufalma RmerTma dedakacs: es ra Caidine?

Tqva dedakacma: gvelma Semacdina da mec SevWame.

uTxra ufalma RmerTma gvels: raki es Caidine, wyeulimc iyav yvela pirutyvs

Soris, yvela gareul cxovels Soris! mucliT ixoxe da mtveri Wame mTeli sicoc-

xle. mtrobas Camovagdeb Sensa da dedakacs Soris, Sens Teslsa da dedakacis Tesls

Soris: is Tavs giWeWyavdes, Sen ki qusls ugeslavde!

dedakacs uTxra: satanjvels gagimravleb da gagiZneleb orsulobas. tanjviT

Sob Svilebs. qmrisken geqneba ltolva, is ki ibatonebs Senze.

adams uTxra: raki Sens dedakacs daujere da SeWame xis nayofi, romlis Wama

akrZaluli mqonda SenTvis, miwa daiwyevlos Sens gamo: tanjviT miiRebde misgan

sazrdos mTeli sicocxle. ZeZvi da ekali aRmogicenos da mindvris balaxi iyos

Seni sazrdo. pirofliani Wamde purs, vidre miwad miiqceode, radgan misgana xar

aRebuli, radgan mtveri xar da mtvradve miiqcevi.

uwoda adamma Tavis dedakacs eva, radgan igi gaxda yoveli sicocxlis deda.

gaukeTa ufalma adams da mis dedakacs tyavis samoseli da Semosa...~ (dab. 3:7-21).

codvis gamo adamianis ara mxolod fsiqika da cnobiereba Seicvala, aramed xor-

cic. adams emosa naTlis sxeuli, romelic aexada akrZaluli nayofis gemos xilvis

Semdeg da SeeZina uxeSi sxeuli _ `tyavis samosi~, romelic yovel wuTs ganicdis

molekulaTa cvalebadobas, rasac Tan sdevs sicive, sicxe da avadmyofoba, ukanas-

knels ki _ sikvdili. amitomacaa saWiro sakvebi dakarguli molekulebis aRsadge-

nad, samoseli sicivisa Tu sicxisagan Tavis dasacavad, medikamentebi sakurnebelad

da a.S. `miwis dawyevla~ simbolurad aRniSnavs garemomcveli samyaros (da ara


marto dedamiwis) nirSecvlas sulieridan fizikurisaken, uxrwnelebidan xrwnado-

bisaken, lpobisa da aRxocvisaken.

ase rom, wuTisofeli adamianis codvisa da danaSaulis Sedegia.

codvas da danaSauls, aucileblobis principiT, sasjeli mohyva. sasjelma

cisqveSeTSi yvelaferi moicva. dairRva harmonia, Tanxmoba adamianisa RmerTTan

da garemomcvel samyarosTan, mcenareebTan da cxovelebTan. zogierTi cxoveli

gaxda mtacebeli da mavnebeli, mcenare ki _ Sxamiani da momwamvleli. yvela da

yovelive daimona codvis marwuxma, romlis mizezi aris adamiani _ xiluli samyaros

patroni, mefe da pasuxismgebeli. amitomac yoveli dabadebuli, pavle mociqulis

sityvis Tanaxmad, adamis gamo `Tanaelmis da Tanakvnesis moaqamomde~ (rom. 8:23).

codvis Sedegebi qristian TeologTa mier asea gaazrebuli: `gvwams, rom pirveli

adamiani, Seqmnili RvTisagan, daeca samoTxeSi maSin, odes eurCa RvTis mcnebas da

aRasrula gvelis mzakvruli rCeva. swored iqidan gavrcelda memkvidreobiT

winaparTa codva Semdgom Taobebze. ase rom, ar arsebobs dabadebulTagan Zexor-

cieli, Tavisufali rom iyos am tvirTisagan da dRevandel cxovrebaSi ar aCndes

pirvelcodvis daRi. amgvar tvirTad anu dacemis Sedegad Cven migvaCnia ara TviT

codva, rogoricaa: upatiosneba, RvTis gmoba, mkvleloba, mZulvareba da sxva

amgvari, rac momdinareobs, RvTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, adamianis boroti gulidan

da ara bunebidan (radgan bevri mamaTmTavari, winaswarmetyveli da sxva uamravi

wmindani Zveli da axali aRTqmisa, agreTve RvTis winamorbedi da, upiratesad,

sityvisa RvTisa mSobeli da yovladwmida mariami ar iyvnen monawileni am da msgavs

codvaTa). es tvirTi anu dacemis Sedegi aris midrekileba codvisaken da is

ubedurebani, rac RvTis marTlmsajulebam ganuCina adamians misive urCobis gamo.

esenia: momqancveli Sroma, mwuxareba, fizikuri uZlureba, salmobani Sobisa,

gansazRvrul dromde amqveynad cxovreba-xetiali. bolos ki xorcieli sikvdili~

(msoflio patriarqebis epistole, `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli~, 1988, #3, gv.61-62).

nuTu RmerTma dawyevla yovelive da ar daindo ZuZuTa bavSvic? pasuxi cxadia

da erTaderTi: adamianma TviTon daiwyevla Tavi; daitexa codvis logikuri Sedegi

_ sasjeli; Tavisive mizeziT, gaukuRmarTebuli nebiT daiavada sxeuli da daasne-

ula sxvac. bibliaSi vkiTxulobT, rom RmerTma gandevna adami da eva samoTxidan,

rac TargmanebiT (komentariT) niSnavs Semdegs: adamma Tavad ganidevna Tavi samoT-

xidan, radgan ganemsgavsa mas. umwikvlo da mwikvlovani erTmaneTis gverdiT ver

Tavsdebian. samoTxeSi ki mxolod sikeTe da siwmide xarobs, borotebis nafrcq-

venic araa iq. miTumetes: iq hyvaoda da hyvavis cxovrebis anu ukvdavebis xe, romlis

nayofi gaaukvdavebda dacemul adams _ mis SebRalul xorcsa da sisxls, mas-

Tan erTad _ yovelives cisqveSeTSi, ukve lpobisa da xrwnisaken midrekils. es

ki aRuwereli tragedia iqneboda, radgan yvelaferi gaxdeboda ukvdavi, magram ma-

rad lpobadi da marad xrwnadi. avadmyofoba, sibere da mixrwnileba ganigrZo-


boda ukuniTi ukunisamde; simyrale da Smori moicavda yvelafers (Sdr. dab. 3:22-

24).

ase dakarga adamianma samoTxe da mis arsebaSi RvTis xateba dakninda, magram ar

aRxocila. mas kvlav SerCa is Zala da buneba, riTac RmerTma Semosa. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi adamiani gardaiqmneboda ugono arsebad, e.i. araadamianad. amis sapi-

rispirod vxedavT, rom adamians SerCa Semoqmedebis da madlis momuSakebis unari.

kacobriobam Semoinaxa agreTve xsovna samoTxisa, RmerTTan uSualo kavSirisa,

netari cxovrebisa; viciT, rom Cveni WeSmariti samSoblo, sadac dagvasaxla zeci-

erma mamam, aris edemi. wuTisofeli ki mdgmurobisa da msxemobis qveyanaa. amitomac

kacTa modgmis narekliani istoria savsea nostalgiiT, samSobloze moTqmiTa da

vaebiT, iq dabrunebis dauokebeli swrafviT, dakarguli samoTxis gancdiT.

am idealis srulyofa ki saTanado gzaTa da saSualebaTa Ziebas gulisxmobs,

rac kacobriobis pirvelive Taobam aRmoaCina. esaa sasjelis moxda anu msxverplis

gaReba danaSaulis gamosyidvis mizniT.

adamsa da evas, ukve dacemulT, SeeZinaT Svilebi _ abeli da kaeni. pirveli mwyemsi

iyo, meore _ miwismuSa. orivem miarTva ufals Sesawiravad Tav-Tavisi Sromis

nayofi. moxeda ufalma abelis ZRvens, kaenisa ki uaryo... `Zalze gamwarda kaeni da

Tavi CaRuna. uTxra ufalma kaens: rad gamwardi, rad CaRune Tavi? Tu sikeTis

mqneli xar, gana Tavaweuli ar unda iyo? Tu sikeTis mqneli ara xar, codva Casaf-

rebulia karTan, Sensken aqvs mas ltolva, Sen ki ibatone masze~ (4:5-7). gafrTxi-

lebis miuxedavad, kaenma Zma velad gaixmo da mokla.

amrigad, samoTxeSi Cadenili codva gaRrmavda: Suris safuZvelze Zmam daRvara

Zmis sisxli. adamiani ara marto mokvdavia, aramed potenciuri mkvlelicaa.

mizanSewonilia daisvas kiTxva: ratom ar Seiwira RmerTma kaenis msxverpli?

martivi pasuxi aseTia: igi orgulebiT da angarebiT iyo gaRebuli, misi Zmisa _

wrfeli guliT da sarwmunoebiT. arsebobs sxvagvari interpretaciac. aq msxverpl-

Sewirvis ori saxea warmodgenili _ sisxliani da usisxlo, da mocemulia winaswar-

metyveleba momavali, WeSmariti da gamomsyidveli msxverplis ragvarobis Sesaxeb.

am konkretul SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba mieniWa sisxlian msxverpls, rac, unda

vifiqroT, gamomsyidveli msxverplis simbolod daisaxa. davakvirdeT da gavixse-

noT, rom abeli iyo mwyemsi. mravali wlisa da Jamis Semdeg mxsneli da macxovari

swored mwyemsTa garemocvaSi moevlina samyaros; boselma da bagam umaspinZla mas;

man daRvara sisxli da am sisxlma gamogvisyida.

`uTxra ufalma kaens: sad aris Seni Zma abeli? miugo: ar vici. Cemi Zmis daraji

xom ara var? uTxra RmerTma: es ra Caidine? Seni Zmis sisxli miwidan SemomRaRadebs.

amieridan dawyevlili xar miwisagan, romelmac gaxsna piri, raTa mieRo Seni Zmis

sisxli Seni xelidan. daamuSaveb miwas, magram aRar mogcems igi Tavis Zalas; dev-

nili da miusafari Seiqnebi am qveyanaze. uTxra kaenma ufals: mZime asatania Cemi


sasjeli. aha, magdeb dRes miwis pirisagan da unda mivefaro Sens saxes; devnili da

miusafari viqnebi amqveynad da yovel Semxvedrs SeeZleba Cemi mokvla. uTxra ufal-

ma: amitomac Svidwilad miezRveba kaenis mkvlels. daado ufalma niSani kaens, rom

ver moekla igi yovel Semxvdurs~ (4:10-15).

ukanaskneli muxli gvinergavs imeds: miuxedavad codvis morevSi CaZirvisa,

adamiani Semoqmeds bedis anabarad ar dautovebia, _ SeunarCuna naperwkali, rome-

lic samoTxeSi mimadla, _ Tavisi xateba da msgavseba. adamiani darCa RvTis

mzrunvelobis qveS. CavuRrmavdeT uflis naTqvams: Svidjer meti sasjeli miezR-

veba kaenis mdgomareobaSi myofTa mkvlels, _ devnilebisa da upatronoebis, qvri-

vebisa da oblebis, sustebisa da xeibrebis damTrgunvelebs. RmerTi yuradRebis

gareSe ar tovebs urC Svilebsac ki da gzadagza, keTili mSoblisa da pedagogis

msgavsad, sjis, rom gazardos da gaakeTilSobilos isini. STaunergos maT sibra-

luli, sinanuli da Tanalmoba. RmerTi drodadro, ama Tu im sabediswero viTare-

bis Jams, roca aucilebelia, ereva kacTa saqmesa da cxovrebaSi, oRond Cvens nebas

ar Trgunavs da xeluxleblad tovebs; pasuxismgeblobis uflebas adamians arc

erT SemTxvevaSi ar arTmevs.

gamosyidva

SeeZlo Tu ara adamians sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT gamoesyida danaSauli da

aRexoca pirvelcodva?

xsna arsaidan Canda, arc pirvelyofil da da arc teqnikis saukuneSi, rasac sa-

Tave lameqis vaJma, Tubal-kaenma, `rvalisa da rkinis yovelgvar saWurvelTa

mWedelma~ (dab. 4:22), daudo. marTalia, RvTis Tanadgomisa da daxmarebis niSani

male gamorCnda, _ abelis nacvlad kvlav moemadla adams Ze _ saxelad SeTi anu

seiTi, romelmac keTili STamomavloba Sva da `daiwyo uflis saxelis xseneba~ (dab.

4:26), magram es ar iyo sakmarisi pirvelcodvis gavlenis gasaqarwyleblad. jer

erTi, rogorc aRvniSneT, wuTisofelSi codvisagan daxsnili aravinaa da, meore _

seiTis STamomavloba male aRiria kaenisaSi da ukeTureba gamravlda. samoTxeSi

Cadenili danaSaulis Sedegebi mxolod maSin ganqardeboda, Tu sasjeli imave

danaSaulis Sesabamisi, tolfasi iqneboda. pirvelcodvis rezonansi globa-

luri, yovlismomcveli iyo. amave masStabis unda yofiliyo sasjeli anu, rac

igivea, msxverpli, gamomsyidveli msxverpli.

ra aris msxverpli anu sasjeli?

rodesac adamiani kanonis sawinaaRmdegod iqceva da Cadis danaSauls, agebineben

pasuxs. sasamarTlo awesebs sasjels danaSaulis simZimis kvalobaze. administraci-

uli sasjelis saboloo da uzenaesi mizania TviTsasjeli, e.i. sasamarTlo valmox-

dilia, Tuki damnaSave gaacnobierebs codvas, miecema sinanuls da nebayoflobiT

itvirTavs sasjels anu Seecdeba mis gamosyidvas. srulyofili gamosyidvis


erTaderTi saSualeba danaSaulis tolfasi sikeTis qmnaa. jarima, patimroba

da, Tundac, sikvdili WeSmariti sasjelis mxolod garegani mxarea da, maSasadame,

gamosyidvis aqtisaTvis arasakmarisi. am aqts agvirgvinebs zneobrivi sasjeli anu

nebayoflobiTi msxverpli. ase rom, religiuri msxverpli anu Sesawiravi igive

TviTsasjelia. misi garegani formebi, samoqalaqo samarTals rom SevadaroT, aris

Semdegi: nivTieri ZRveni, asketizmi anu sulier-zneobrivi gmiroba da, bolos _

Tavis gawirva (Sewirva).

msxverpli SeiZleba iyos sisxliani an usisxlo, riTac morwmuneni moelian

madls, wyalobas da kurTxevas. msxverplSewirva cnobilia yvela sazogadoebaSi,

civilizaciis nebismier safexurze. misi umaRlesi saxea zneobrivi sikeTe, e.i. ara

nivTi, aramed (da pirvel rigSi) wrfeli guli da misi nayofi _ qvelmoqmedeba da,

rac ufro ganviTarebulia pirovneba, miT axlobeli da Sinagania misTvis msxver-

plSewirvis es umaRlesi rangi _ kacisa da RvTis saTno cxovreba.

msxverplSewirvis safuZvelia adamianis mier RvTis winaSe Cadenili danaSaulis

Segneba da misi gamosyidvis survili. amdenad, msxverplis gaReba danaSaulis

gamosyidvis gza da saSualebaa. XIX-XX ss-is rusi Teologi pavle svetlovi ase

msjelobs: religiuri pirovnebis Sinagani samyarosaTvis niSandoblivia molodini

1) sasjelisa da 2) Sendobisa. amis gamo mis winaSe urTierTsawinaaRmdego xmebi

RaRadeben, romelTagan erTi uqadis sikvdils, meore hpirdeba sicocxles. warmo-

iqmneba antinomia _ Tanaarseboba sasjelisa da patiebisa. swored amgvari wina-

aRmdegobis mospobasa da mogvarebas isaxavs miznad msxverpli, romelic, Tavisi

arsiT, aris yvelaze Zvirfasi ram, sicocxlis sadari da misi tolfasi. adamiani

eZebda sakuTari sicocxlis Semcvlels. am azriT yovelgvari `zvaraki~ miiCneoda

adamianuri sicocxlis Canacvlebad anu umaRlesi sikeTis eqvivalentad. amgvari

Canacvleba iyo ori saxis: 1) pirdapiri, _ sakuTaris nacvlad sxvisi sicocxlis

Sewirva (mag. abraamis mier isakisa. am mizniT uZveles droSi, da axlac, veluri

tomebi samxedro tyveebs iyenebdnen) da 2) iribi, _ adamianis sicocxlis Secvla

cxovelebiT an usulo sagnebiT.

zvaraks, Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad, ori mizani aqvs: a) man RmerTTan kavSiri unda

aRadginos da b) WeSmaritad gamomsyidvel msxverplze mianiSnos, e.i. adamianebs

ganumtkicos rwmena, rom aseTi msxverpli momavalSi usaTuod Seiwireba.

Zveli aRTqmis msxverpli WeSmariti msxverplis simbolo iyo da mas gamosyidvis

aqtis Sesruleba ori mizezis gamo ar SeeZlo: 1) adamis STamomavals, ukve dace-

mulsa da naklovans, aRar ZaluZda absoluturi da yovlismomcveli (pirvelcod-

vis masStabis) sikeTis qmna, _ yovlad umwikvlo anu RvTis didebis Sesaferisi

msxverplis gaReba da 2) TiToeuli adamiani aris damoukidebeli pirovneba da

pasuxismgebeli sakuTar saqcielze _ avsa Tu kargze. madli, romelsac igi moimu-

Sakebs, masve adiadebs. amitom: romc davuSvaT yovlad ucodveli kacis dedamiwaze


arseboba, miseuli sikeTe Seamkobs mxolod mis pirovnebas. ra bedena iqneba es

sxvisaTvis?! arsebiTad _ araviTari. Sesabamisad, mis mier gaRebuli msxverpli

ver iqneba yovelTa da yovlisaTvis. imave p. svetlovis TqmiT, `gamomsyidvel

Senacvlebad anu msxverplad SeiZleba vigulvoT mxolod erTi romelime sicoc-

xle, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT tolfasi rom iqneba SesaZlebel sicocxleTa dausru-

lebeli rigisa, warsulsa da myofadSi amqveynad movlinebul adamianTa simravlisa.

igi unda iyos universaluri, zogadadamianuri sicocxle, msoflio msxverpli~.

gamomsyidveli msxverplis misia mxolod da mxolod universalurma pirovne-

bam unda itvirTos, _ ara romelime adamianis Zem, aramed kacobriobis Zem _ kacis

Zem. magram Ze kacisa, naSobi Cvennairi xorciT (mokvdaviTa da xrwnadiT), srulyo-

fili ver iqneba. srulyofili mxolod da mxolod RvTis Svili _ RvTis Ze iqneba,

_ absoluturi siwmide da simarTle. mxsnelis pirovnebaSi unda gaerTiandes sru-

li kaci da sruli RmerTi, unda moxdes mokvdavisa da ukvdavis, xrwnadi da uxr-

wneli sxeulis sinTezi. maSasadame, unda gankacdes RmerTi, romelic sakuTar

kiserze aiRebs kacTa codvebs, gawiravs Tavs, mokvdeba, aRdgeba, amaRldeba da

Tan waritans amaqveynis yvela mwikvlsa da ukeTurebas.

ikiTxavs gamomeZiebeli goneba: ar SeeZlo cisa da qveyis Semoqmeds gankacebis

gareSe, imTaviTve, meyseulad exsna adami da misi STamomavloba? pasuxi erTader-

Tia: ar SeeZlo! radgan am SemTxvevaSi SeibRaleboda adamianis avtonomia. es iqne-

boda Tavsmoxveva da Zaladoba pirovnebis sulze, mis sindisze; es iqneboda misi

Tavisufali nebis daTrgunva. mxsneli Tavad adamiani unda iyos, _ yovliTurT

Cvennairi, Tvinier codvisa.

kvlav wamoiWreba kiTxva: aucilebeli iyo mxsnelis anu, Zveli qarTuliT, _

macxovris sikvdili? pasuxi aqac erTia: diax! yoveli organizmi, rasac sicocxlis

suli udgas, unda mokvdes, rom warmoiqmnas axali sicocxle. Tesli anu marcvali

unda gaixrwnas da ganqardes, rom aRmocendes nergi, rogorc ukvdavebis wyaro,

sicocxlis jaWvis erT-erTi rgoli (Sdr. ioane 12:24). aseTia wuTisoflis kanoni.

mokvdavi da xrwnadi sxeuli, qveynis mxsnelsa da macxovars rom emosa, unda

momkvdariyo, axali _ ukvdavi da uxrwneli sxeuli rom warmoqmniliyo. imave azriT,

yoveli xiluli da materialuri, rac arsebobs, unda mokvdes. sikvdili aucile-

belia axali kosmosis, axali cisa da axali miwis warmosaqmnelad, ufro sworad _

mokvdavi xorcis gaukvdavebisaTvis, dakarguli samoTxisa da sicocxlis xisaken

misasvleli gzis povnisaTvis.

da radgan adamians, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo (rom igi SobiTgan codvi-

lia), ar ZaluZs am idealis srulyofa, Tavad RmerTi exmareba mas. oRond: exmareba

ise, rom ar daiTrgunos pirovnebis neba. RmerTi adamianTan xelSekrulebas debs,

rac niSnavs kavSiris gabmas Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze. RmerTi adamians

udgens religiuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis konstitucias, _ aZlevs rCeva-


darigebebs, Segonebebs; uCvenebs magaliTebs. Tuki ukanaskneli gahyveba TviTgan-

wmendisa da aRorZinebis anu inteleqtualuri da sulieri ganviTarebis gzas, ze-

cieri mama aRasrulebs danapirebs, aRTqmas, anderZs. aRTqmis ideali ki aris gamos-

yidva anu xsna, _ mxsnelis movlineba.

aRTqma moicavs or etaps _ Zvelsa da axals. pirveli aRgviTqvams mxsnels,

meore _ caTa sasufevels.

kidev ibadeba kiTxva: ratom erTbaSad ar gaando RmerTma adamianebs saTqmeli,

anu ratom imTaviTve sisavsiT ar warmoaCina aRTqmis Sinaarsi?

_ albaT imave mizeziT, ra mizeziTac adamiani samoTxeSi daeca. mas zrdisa da

ganviTarebis safexurebi unda gaevlo, rom aRorZinebuliyo, e.i. ganviTarebuliyo

sulierad, inteleqtualurad da fizikurad. igi mzad unda yofiliyo codnis im

donis SesaTviseblad da Sesargebad, rasac moicavda keTilisa da borotis

Semecnebis xe. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi bednierebis nacvlad ubedurebas daimkvid-

rebda... maSasadame, saWiro iyo pedagogiuri principis dacva. adamians zrdisa da

ganviTarebis dro da saSualeba unda miscemoda. mas unda eazrovna, efiqra da

emsjela TavisTavze da garemomcvel samyaroze; unda gamdidrebuliyo codniT da

gamocdilebiT; WeSmaritebasTan miaxlebis Rirsi unda gamxdariyo.

mociquli gvauwyebs: RmerTs vinc uyvars, kidec sjis (ebr. 12:6) anu mouvlens

gansacdels, gamoatarebs qartexilebs, Seagonebs, waaxalisebs da drodadro kidec

dasjis, raTa gamoibrZmedos da gamagrdes, gamdidrdes codniT, praqtikuli, cxov-

rebiseuli gamocdilebiT, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes masTan axali kavSiris, axali

mcnebis, axali aRTqmis dadeba, kontaqtis gaRrmaveba.

aRTqmis kvaldakval

pirveli aRTqma wuTisoflis pirveli globaluri sasjelis Semdeg daido.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sayovelTao anu msoflio warRvna (dab. 6-8), rac ukeTurebaTa

gamrevlebas mohyva. es bibliis erT-erTi STambeWdavi epizodia. uzenaesi bedis

anabarad ar tovebs adamians. mas da mis angelozebs axarebT kacis warmateba, aRo-

nebT da amwuxarebT damarcxeba, dacema. kacobrioba, amave monaTxrobis mixedviT,

zneobrivi Waobisaken mieqaneboda. masTan erTad Seilaxa yoveli suldgmulis zne

da Tviseba; SeibRala, daeca da gadagvarda materiis yoveli molekula da atomi,

mTeli fizikuri samyaro, romlis patronad da mefed RmerTma adami ganaCina. qvey-

nis bedi da ubedoba adamianzea damokidebuli: rogori zneca aqvs Zexorciels

dedamiwaze, iseTive saxe eqneba miwas. gadagvarebisa da ryvnis procesi rom ar

gaRrmavebuliyo, RmerTma sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana miwas da yvelafers, rac

mas avsebs. sikvdili iyo erTaderTi gamosavali, rom axali ca da axali miwa, axali

sicocxle, axali kacobrioba aRmocenebuliyo, Zveli gardaqmniliyo da ganaxle-

buliyo, _ sikvdiliT sikvdili daTrgunuliyo.


es misia erTaderT kacs daevala. `mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi...

marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis TaobaSi, RmerTTan dadioda noe~ . ormocdRiani

kokispiruli wvimebis Semdeg dedamiwaze warRvna daiwyo, rac as ormocdaaT dRes

gagrZelda . gadarCa mxolod noe, misi ojaxi da yvela suldgmulis TiTo-TiTo

wyvili, romlebic kidobanSi iyvnen. kidobani araratis mTas miadga da, aha, mtredma

zeTisxilis rto moitana qveynis gadarCenis niSnad.

noem RmerTs sakurTxeveli augo da msxverpli Seswira.

ufalma keTilsurneleba iynosa, msxverpli Seiwira da aRTqva: amieridan aRar

davwyevli miwas adamianis gamo; metad aRar gavanadgureb cocxal arsebas, rogorc

moviqeci. `vidre qveyana iqneba _ arc Tesva da mka, arc yinva da sicxe, arc zafxuli

da zamTari, arc dRe da Rame ar gauqmdeba~ (dab. 8:22).

am dapirebis `saswaulad~ anu saxilvel niSnad RmerTma cisartyela dasaxa,

cisartyelaze ukeT ras unda gamoexata uflis msasoebeli aRTqma? pirveli

aRTqma sayovelTao sasjels mohyva, radgan sasjelma ramdenadme Seamsubuqa

codva. marTalma kacma kacTa modgma gadagvarebisagan ixsna da axali civilizacia

daasaZirkvla.

warRvna arsebiTad axal aRTqmasa da mis ideals _ wuTisoflis ukanasknel dRes,

samoTxisa da sasufevlis ganaxlebas moaswavebda. sasufevelSi ki mxolod naTelRe-

buli, zeciuri wyliT ganwmendili da ganbanili daisadgurebs. rogorc qaosisagan

RmerTma Tavdapirvelad Seqmna kosmosi, aseve ganaxlda sicocxle warRvnis Semdeg

da misi wyalobiT. warRvna Sesaqmemdeli qaosis, xolo warRvnis dasasruli da

cisartyela samyaros Seqmnis, kurTxevisa da RvTismieri aRTqmis simboluri saxea.

warRvna istoriuli faqtia. amas adasturebs rogorc arqeologia da Zveli

literatura, ise folklori. Cvenamde moRweul literaturul ZeglTa Soris

uZvelesi `gilgameSis eposi~ iwyeba ase: `romelman siRrme ixila xmeleTis kidegan...

saunjes miagno, gaxsna dafaruli, mcneba mogvitana warRvnamdel dReTa~. platoni

gviambobs: mas, Turme, egvipteli qurumebisagan smenia, rom `erT bnelsa da avbediT

Rames~ dairRva kanonzomiereba; cTomilebma traeqtoria icvales da moxda katas-

trofa _ CaiZira da wyliT daifara kontinenti, romelsac atlantisi ewodeboda...

prof. aleqsandre lopuxini Tavs uyris gadmocemebs warRvnis Sesaxeb da ambobs,

rom isini mTel dedamiwazea gavrcelebuli. yoveli maTganisaTvis saerToa xsovna

sayovelTao warRvnis Sesaxeb, _ Tu rogor aRxoca RmerTma kacTa modgma erTi

keTilSobili ojaxis gamoklebiT. yvelaze did msgavsebas bibliur TxrobasTan

avlens meqsikaSi gavrcelebuli gadmocema: iqauri noe, koqs-koqsi, colTan erTad

Tavs Seafarebs gems. qveyana wyliT daifareba. ramdenime dRis Semdeg col-qmari

gemidan gamouSveben Zeras, raTa Seityon, iklo Tu ara wyalma. frinveli ar

dabrundeba. magram Semdegi mociquli, patara Citi _ kolibri, niskartiT ayvavebul

rtos moitans da amiT warRvnis damTavrebas amcnobs patrons...


axali istoria msxverplSewirviT daiwyo: moxeda ufalma noes sakurTxevels da

Seiwira samadlobeli msxverpli, radgan marTali kacisagan iyo gaRebuli. Tumca

es ar iyo WeSmariti da kacTa modgmis gamomsyidveli msxverpli, radgan noesac

adamianuri sisusteebi gaaCnda. srulyofil msxverplamde vrceli gza iyo gasav-

leli.

dRevandeli kacobrioba noes Svilebisagan _ semis, qamisa da iafetisagan _

warmoiSva. qamma saTave daudo aziisa da afrikis mkvidr tomebs, semma _ semitebs,

e.i. ebraelebsa da ebraelebis monaTesave erebs, iafetma _ danarCen xalxebs.

noem Svilebidan semi daloca, rac imaze mianiSnebda, rom momavalSi semis STamo-

mavalTa Soris gamoikveTeboda rCeuli eri, romlis wiaRSic Seisxamda frTas

gamosyidvis idea.

kacobriobis rasebad, erebad da enebad dayofa, Tumca es araa RvTis saTno da

mosawoni saqme, gardauvali da bunebrivi procesi iyo, rac noes STamomavalTa

gamravlebisTanave daiwyo. am procesis SeCerebis cda, rac qalaqisa da godolis

mSeneblobaSi gamoixata (dab. 11:1-9), ar moxerxda. ufalma erTpir da erT enaze

molaparake xalxs ena auria da isinic daifantnen.

gana cisa da miwis kavSiri wuTisoflis ideali da religiis qvakuTxedi araa?

maS, ratom SeuSala ufalma xeli erTianobisaken swrafvas? erTianoba im SemTxve-

vaSia sasurveli, rodesac saqme marTali da patiosani adamianebis erTianobasTan

gvaqvs. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi uaryofiTi movlenaa. udidesi qalaqisa da giganturi

godolis (babilonis) mSeneblebs ampartavneba amoqmedebdaT. isini RvTis locva-

kurTxevis, misi Semweobisa da sasoebis gareSe ikafavdnen gzas cisaken; isini im

angelozebs hgavdnen, romlebic gaampartavdnen da moindomes ufalTan gaTanab-

reba. amis gamo maT myisve aeyaraT uxorco da gonier ZalTa pativi. asea amjeradac:

urCobasa da janys RmerTma dasturi ar dasca da ZirSive aRkveTa im kulturis

gezi, romelic adamianur siamayes efuZneboda.

rCeuli eris pativi israelianebs (ebraelebs) ergoT. aRTqmis Sinaarsi RmerTs

maTTan urTierTobaSi unda gaecxadebina. es xalxi RvTis gansakuTrebuli yurad-

Rebis qveS moeqca, magram ara imitom, rom uzenaesTan TiTqos mikerZoebas, Tval-

Rebas aqvs adgili. ara, es araa RvTis buneba (saq. 10:34-35). israelma Tavad gamoir-

Cia Tavisi Tavi, radgan misma mamaTmTavrebma da winamZRvrebma gamoamJRavnes mosme-

nisa da morCilebis kultura. RmerTmac am ers azidina aRTqmis tvirTi. da radgan

mZime iyo es tvirTi, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, ufalma igi neba-nebad daadga mis mxrebs.

amgvari ~datvirTva~ sxva ara aris, Tu ara Zveli aRTqmis warmoCinebis istoria,

rac ebraelTa Tavgadasavlis ganuyofel nawils Seadgens. biblia sisavsiT gviam-

bobs am Tavgadasavals. Tvals ar xuWavs araferze, ar Cqmalavs arc erT samarcx-

vino faqts, fardas xdis msajulTa da winaswarmetyvelTa cxovrebasac ki, sadac

uxvad poulobs biwsa da talaxs. Tumca RvTis gangeba ucvalebelia; aRnaTqvami


unda aRsruldes, _ israelianTa modgmam unda gamoiaros tanjvisa da gansacdelis

okeane, iwvnios sasjeli, gamoicados, aRiWurvos codniT da madliT, raTa gaizar-

dos, davaJkacdes, rom swored mis wiaRSi Seisxas xorci aRTqmam da gamosyidvis

aqti aRsruldes.

aRTqmis cxadCenis gza sami etapisagan Sedgeba.

1. aRTqma abraamisa, isakisa da iakobisa (Zv.w. XIX-XVII ss.)

abraami semis STamomavali iyo, im semisa, romelic mamam (noem) akurTxa da es

kurTxeva mis STamomavlobasac gadaswvda.

abraami daemorCila uflis sityvas, datova mamiseuli kera SuamdinareTSi (meso-

potamiaSi) da qanaanis qveyanaSi gadasaxlda. am faqts simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs

_ abraami zurgs aqcevs Zvel tradicias da safuZvels uyris axals. qaldea da

SuamdinareTi cis mnaTobTa sakulto qveynebi iyo. savaraudebelia, rom Tarexi

(abraamis mama) da misi ojaxi mTvares scemda Tayvans (`Tarex~ ebraulad mTvares

niSnavs). amitom, abraams unda gamoecvala adgilsamyofeli, rom axali xalxisa da

religiisaTvis, axali cnobierebisaTvis daedo saTave. abraami `aRTqmul miwaze~

mdgmuris uflebiT dasaxlda. `mdgmurobis qveyana~ qanaani, sadac dasaxlda

abraami, aris wuTisoflis saxe. wuTisofelSi ki adamianebi mdgmurebi da stumrebi

arian. oRond adamianma wuTisoflis daZlevaze, mis gamaradisebaze unda izrunos.

RmerTma aRuTqva abraams, rom misi STamomavalni `mdgmurobis qveyanas~ daimkvid-

reben. uzenaesi samgzis gamoecxada mas (dab. 12:7; 13:14-17; 15). magram abraams

memkvidre ar hyavda, radgan berwi iyo misi kanonieri coli sara. ufalma axara

abraams _ mas, asi wlis moxucs, SeeZineba vaJi, romelic gaamravlebs ers.

ase dado xelSekruleba RmerTma rCeuli eris _ israelis _ mamamTavarTan. ai,

am xelSekrulebis prezentacia:

`oTxmocdacxra wlis iyo abrami, roca gamoecxada ufali da uTxra: me var Rmer-

Ti Zlieri. iare Cems winaSe da sruli iyavi. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da

didad, didad gagamravleb.

pirqve daemxo abrami da ase elaparaka mas RmerTi: es me var, da, aha, Cemi aRTqmac:

uamrav xalxTa mama Seiqnebi! aRar gerqvas amieridan saxelad abrami, radgan uricxv

xalxTa mamad gaqcev. didad, didad gagamravleb, xalxebad gaqcev da mefeni

gamovlen Sengan. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da Sens STamomavalTa Soris

Taobidan Taobamde, samaradiso aRTqmas, rom Seni da Seni STamomavlobis RmerTi

viqnebi~ (dab. 17:1-7).

ase iqca abrami abraamad (abraham `mama mravlisa~) anu `mravali xalxis~ mamad. kur-

Txeva, romelic abraams miemadla, ganivrco mTels erze. am kurTxevis garegani niSani

anu ~aRTqmis saswauli~ winadacveTa iyo; abraamis ojaxis wevrebs da maT STamomavalT,


yvela mamakacs, dabadebidan rva dRis Semdeg CuCa unda moeWra (dab. 17:10-11). am aqts

simboluri azri hqonda: rogorc cisartyela, pirveli aRTqmis saswauli anu niSani,

STaagonebda adamianebs RvTis mSvidobismyofel nebas, winadacveTa ama qveynis biwsa

da ukeTurebaze uaris Tqmas mianiSnebda. igi saxeobrivad moaswavebda WeSmarit

naTlisRebas, rogorc axali aRTqmisa da axali rjulis sawindars. maSasadame,

winadacveTa iyo Zveli aRTqmis da Zveli rjulis beWedi da ar gauqmdeboda manam,

sanam Tavad Zveli aRTqma da Zveli rjuli ar aResruleboda. es wesi TaobaTa yofaSi

damkvidrda da dRemde SemorCenilia ebraelTa da muslimanTa Soris.

abraams vaJi SeeZina _ isaki. Tumca mas meore vaJic hyavda _ ismaeli, romelic

mosamsaxure qalisagan _ agarisagan _ gauCnda. ismaili ~mxevlis Svili~ iyo, isaki

_ aRTqmis. amitom memkvidreoba ukanasknels unda rgeboda, mas rCeuli eris erT-

erTi mamaTmTavris misia unda etvirTa. ismaelisagan arabTa tomebi warmodgnen,

romlebsac agarianebi an ismaitelebi ewodaT.

RmerTma gamoscada abraami _ isakis msxverplad Sewirva mosTxova... da, ai, ro-

desac abraamma Svilis dasaklavad dana aiRo, mouxmo mas uflis angelozma da

uTxra: nu aRmarTav xels am ymawvilze, radgan mivxvdi, rom RvTismoSiSi yofilxar

_ mxolodSobili Svili gamoimete CemTvis. abraamma verZi dainaxa, romelic buC-

qebSi rqebiT gaxlarTuliyo. aiyvana verZi da Seswira msxverplad Svilis magier.

es epizodi, aRwerili gasaocari ostatobiT (dab. 22:1-19), migvaniSnebs, rom xsna

rwmenas, siyvarulsa da erTgulebaSia. TiToeuli moiTxovs msxverpls. msxverpli

ki sanukvari sagnis daTmobas niSnavs. abraami swored amgvari `mTmobelis~ saxea.

man uflas ZRvnad miarTva sakuTari mze _ aRTqmisa da siberis Svili. aq aris

winaswarmetyveleba _ kacobriobas ixsnis msxverpli, siyvarulismieri msxverpli,

rac realurad dakargvas ki ara, SeZenas niSnavs. Tuki erTgulebiT gavscemT, ab-

raamis msgavsad, RvTis madliTa da kurTxeviT aRvsili dagvibrundeba ukan! am

winaswarmetyvelebam maSin Seisxa xorci, rodesac RmerTma kacTa cxovrebisaTvis

wuTisofelSi mxolodSobili Ze moavlina.

isaks tyupiscalebi SeeZina _ esavi da iakobi. esavma pirvelad gamoaRo saSos

kari. igi banjgvliani iyo, iakobi _ sruli kaci. esavi monadire gamovida, velebis

kaci, iakobi _ karvebSi mcxovrebi (dab. 25:27). isini, cxadia, sxvadasxva stilis

adamianebi iyvnen. memkvidreoba, tradiciisamebr, pirmSoze, esavze, unda gadasu-

liyo, rac progresisa da civilizaciis gzidan gadaxveva iqneboda, radgan kultu-

ra tyeebsa da nadirTa Soris, sadac, faqtobrivad bina daedo esavs, ver Seiqmneba.

aq ki TiTqos gangebis xeli Caeria... iakobma esavs pirmSoebac dastyua da mamis

kurTxevac (dab. 25:29-34; 27). kurTxeva aseTi iyo: `mogces RmerTma cvari cisa,

sinoyivre miwisa, uxvi xorbali da Rvino; gemsaxuron xalxebi da Tayvani gcen

tomebma! gaxdi batoni Seni Zmebisa da Tayvani gcen dedaSenis Svilebma. wyeulimc

iyos mawyevari Seni, kurTxeul iyos makurTxeveli Seni~.


aq TiTqos gamosworda `bunebis Secdoma~. kurTxeva da rCeuleba iakobis naSi-

erebze gadavida da sityvebi _ `gemsaxuron xalxebi da Tayvani gcen tomebma!~

naTqvamia mxsnelis misamarTiT, romelic potenciurad mkvidrobda iakobis genSi.

iakobma cxovrebis didi nawili msxemobas, mdgmurobasa da sxvis samsaxurSi

gaatara, magram mamisa da papis kurTxeva ukafavda gansacdeliT savse bilikebs.

...da, aha, `marto darCa iakobi da erkineboda mas kaci vinme gaTenebamde. roca

Seatyo, rom ver ereoda, Seexo igi mis TeZos saxsars; da eRrZo iakobs TeZos saxsari

masTan Serkinebisas. uTxra: gamiSvi, ukve Tendeba. uTxra: ar gagiSveb, sanam ar

makurTxeb. uTxra: ra gqvia? miugo: iakobi. uTxra: amieridan aRar iTqvas Sens

saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli, radgan RmerTsa da adamianebs SeebrZole da sZlie.

hkiTxa iakobma: miTxari Seni saxeli. uTxra: risTvis mekiTxebi saxels? da iqve

akurTxa. uwoda iakobma im adgils saxelad fenueli, radgan Tqva: pirispir vixile

RmerTi da gadavrCi~ (dab. 32:24-30).

`RmerTTan Serkinebis~ epizodSi gacxadebulia bibliuri koncefcia RvTisa da

adamianis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. uzenaesi TiTqos `Tavs uyadrebs~ adamians da Ser-

kinebis uflebasac aZlevs. amaze miuTiTebs saxeli, _ israeli (kurTxevasTan erTad

rom eboZa iakobs), rac niSnavs _ RmerTTan mebrZoli. es saxeli iakobis STamomav-

lobazec ganivrco, im STamomavlobaze, romelmac mravali wlisa da Jamis Semdeg

aramc Tu brZola gamoucxada gankacebul RmerTs, aramed jvars acva igi. amdenad,

`RmerTTan Serkinebis~ epizodi samomavlo ambavzec metyvelebs.

iakobs Tormeti Svili SeeZina: reubeni, simoni, levi, iuda, zabuloni, isaqari,

dani, gadi, aSeri, nafTali, iosebi, beniamini. maT warmoSves ebraelTa Tormeti

tomi, romelic gaerTianda erTi eris ganuyofel da Tanac danawilebul sxeulad.

ase Seiqmna `israelis saxli~ Tormeti Zis, Tormeti gvaris, Tormeti Stos Semadgen-

lobiT. maTgan TiToeuls individualuri saxe, sakuTari bedi da misia ganesazRvra.

Tormetive TavTavianTi kurTxeviT akurTxa mamam _ israelianTa winaparma (dab.

49:1-28). mamis kurTxevam frTa Seisxa: iakobis saxli erad iqca. paradoqsia, magram

faqti, rom es moxda ara aRTqmul miwaze, aramed monobis qveyanaSi _ egvipteSi.

mamas gamorCeulad uyvarda umcrosi Svili iosebi, ris gamoc Zmebma SeiZules

igi. am siZulvils aZlierebda sizmrebi, romelTac iosebi xedavda da romlebic

mis amaRlebasa da ZmaTa damdablebas winaswarmetyvelebda. amitomac Zmebma

Tavidan moiSores igi. jer WaSi Caagdes. Semdeg ki oc vercxlad egvipteSi mimaval

vaWrebs miyides. iosebma mravali gansacdeli gamoiara, magram gadarCa da faqtob-

rivad egviptis paton-patroni gaxda. rodesac msoflioSi mousavlianobam, SimSi-

lobam da sikvdilma ifeTqa, misi niWisa da sizmarTmcodneobis wyalobiT (dab. 39)

mxolod egvipteSi ipoveboda puri da beRelsac iosebi ganagebda. miswvda iakobis

yurs egviptis simdidris ambavi da gagzavna Svilebi egvipteSi. aRsrulda

winaswarTqmuli: Zmebma Tayvani sces iosebs, Tumca ver icnes. `dabadebis~ 41-46


TavebSi es ambavi moTxrobilia STambeWdavad, didi xibliTa da ostatobiT;

naTqvamia, rom didsulovnad Seundo iosebma saxlikacebs; RvarZlis namcecic ar

dautovebia gulSi. piriqiT, _ aRiara, rom yvelaferi moxda gangebiT: aq RmerTma

Tqveni sicocxlis gadasarCenad gamomgzavnao; ~Tqven boroti ganizraxeT CemTvis,

xolo RmerTma sikeTed CaTvala, raTa ise momxdariyo, rogorc moxda: mravali

xalxis sicocxle exsna~ (dab. 50:20).

iakobi da mTeli misi jalaboba egvipteSi gadasaxlda. faraonma isini saukeTeso

miwebze daasaxla... gamoxda xani, iakobma Svilebi `TavTavianTi kurTxeviT~ akurTxa

da `SeerTo igi Tavis ers~ (dab. 49:29-33).

wuTisofelma araerTi paradoqsi icis. israelisaTvis egvipte erTdroulad

xsnac aris da monobac. egviptelTa momdevno Taobebma daiviwyes iosebi da misi

Rvawli. maT daimones ebraelebi da daCagres. `magram rac ufro Cagravdnen, miT

ufro mravalricxovani xdeboda da vrceldeboda xalxi. SiSma moicva egviptelebi

israelianTa winaSe. uwyalod amuSavebdnen israelianebs egviptelebi. sicocxle

gaumwares mZime SromiT...~ (gam. 1:22-14). magram, rac metad amwarebdnen, miT metad

erTiandeboda eri. ukidures gasaWirSi xalxs aRmoxda kvnesa da am kvnesas imedi

mohyva.

`gaixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma. moxeda

RmerTma israelianebs, icno isini RmerTma~ (gam. 2:24-25) da gamoaCina winamZRoli.

2. moses rjuli (Zv.w. XIII s.)

faraonma brZaneba gasca, gaewyvitaT ebraeli axalSobilebi. asec moxda. mxolod

mose gadarCa, radgan dedam gafisul kalaTSi Caawvina da nilosis talRebs gaatana.

mdinarem ki lelianSi gariya, sadac faraonis asuli banaobda. ufliswulma igi

iSvila da gazarda. rodesac davaJkacda, moses Tavisianebisken gauwia gulma, mag-

ram Tavisianebma igi ar miiRes da aiZules ucxo mxareSi gadakarguliyo.

`gamosvlis~ me-3 TavSi aRwerilia sakvirveli xilva:

`mwyemsavda mose Tavisi simamris, midianeli mRvdlis, iTros, cxvars da gamo-

ecxada mas uflis angelozi cecxlis alSi Suagul mayvalSi. da dainaxa: aha, mayvals

cecxli ukidia, magram mayvali ar iwvis. dainaxa ufalma, rom modis mose sanaxavad

da dauZaxa ufalma Suagul mayvlovanidan: mose! mose! miugo: aqa var. uTxra: axlos

nu moxval! gaiZvre fexsamosi, radgan es adgili, sadac Sen dgexar, wmida miwaa.

uTxra: me var mamaSenis RmerTi, abraamis RmerTi, isakis RmerTi, iakobis RmerTi.

saxe daifara mosem, radgan RvTis xilvisa SeeSinda. Tqva ufalma: vixile Cagvra

Cemi erisa egvipteSi da momesma zedamxedvelebisagan gamwarebulTa RaRadi. raki

gavige misi gasaWiri, Camovedi rom vixsna igi egviptelTagan da waviyvano mag


qveynidan madliansa da vrcel qveyanaSi, sadac Rvarad moedineba Tafli da rZe...

axla gaggzavni faraonTan, rom gamoiyvano egviptidan Cemi eri, israelianebi...

uTxra mosem RmerTs: kargi, mivedi israelianebTan da vuTxari: Tqveni mama-papis

RmerTma gamomgzavna-meTqi. Tu mkiTxes misi saxeli, ra vupasuxo? uTxra RmerTma

moses: me var, romeli var...~

`me var, romeli var~ ebraulad gamoiTqmis _ ehie aSeT ehie. mas ukavSireben

RvTis saxels, romelic daaxloebiT ase JRers _ iahve (damaxinjebulad _ `ieRova~)

pirvelad aq, mayvlis buCqTan, gacxadda RvTis erT-erTi saxeli, _ iahve.

mose Tavisianebs Soris ar gazrdila. SesaZlebelia, igi dedaenasac ver flobda

srulyofilad. amis miuxedavad, eris mxsnelis misia mas daekisra. mosem itvirTa

es misia da col-SvilTan erTad egvipteSi Cavida.

bibliaSi vrclad da dramatuladaa moTxrobili faraonisa da moses anu egvip-

telTa da ebraelTa brZola, rac aris satanisa da RmerTis, wuTisoflisa da zeSTa-

soflis urTierTobis saxe. mosem daamarcxa faraonis karze qurumebi da grZne-

ulebi; cxadyo, rom WeSmariti RmerTi ebraelTa RmerTia, romelic uxmobs Tavis

xalxs aRTqmuli qveynisaken. gausastikda guli faraons da manam ar gauSva isra-

elis STamomavloba, sanam iZulebuli ar gaxda.

ase `gamoglija xelidan~ mosem rCeuli eri monaTmflobels da waiyvana aRTq-

muli qveynisaken, magram ara saqaravno gziT (riTac iosebi da misi Zmebi Cavidnen),

aramed udabnos gavliT. es gza gansacdeliT iyo savse, magram israelma monobas

Tavi mainc daaRwia; ufals sagalobeli aRuvlina da dResaswauli daawesa _ paseqi,

rac `gamosvlas~, `gadasvlas~, am SemTxvevaSi _ egviptis sazRvris gadalaxvas niS-

navs. igi yovel weliwads, gazafxulis buniobidan (dRisa da Ramis sworebidan)

savse mTvaris pirvel dRes aRiniSneba.

udabnoSi ormocwlian xetials mistiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. israelma ixetiala

ara umiznod, rogorc mawanwalam, aramed gamoiwrTo da daRvinda. man gamoscada

SimSili, wyurvili, sicive Tu papanaqeba, moTareSe tomebis Tavdasxmebi; dacemac

da amaRlebac. ebraeli tomebi monoliTur erad swored udabnoSi Camoyalibdnen.

udabno bermonazvnuri asketizmis winasaxea. rogorc egviptis udabnom Camo-

ayaliba israelianTa modgma rCeul erad da maTi goneba RvTis sityvis mosasmenad

moamzada, `umanko Casaxvis savanenic~ (monastrebi) aseve srulyofen RvTis Ziebis

gzaze mavalTa sulebs da maT axal erad gardaqmnian _ rCeulad da naTelRebulad.

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Zveli aRTqmis `rCeuli eri~ axali aRTqmiseuli eris wina-

saxea. esaa eklesia, visTvisac nacionaluri upiratesoba absoluturad ucxoa.

da, ai, imave mTaze, sadac adre mayvlis buCqi iwvoda da arc iwvoda, ufalma

ganaaxla da metad gaacxada abraamTan, isaksa da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma. aq

israels msxverplis Sewirvis wesebi da aTi mcneba anu zneobrivi da religiuri

cxovrebis konstitucia, rjuli, e. i. kanoni eboZa (gam. 19-34).


1. me var ufali RmerTi Seni da ara iyvnen Senda RmerTni ucxoni Cemsa gareSe.

2. ara qmnne Tavisa Senisa kerpni, arca yovladve msgavsi, raodeni ars caTa

Sina ze da raodeni ars qveyanasa zeda qve, da raodeni ars wyalTa Sina da

qveSe qveyanisa. ara Tayvanisce maT, arca msaxurebde maT.

3. ara moiRo saxeli uflisa RvTisa Senisa amaosa zeda.

4. moixsene dRe igi SabaTi da wmidayav igi: eqvs dRe iqmode da hqmen yoveli

saqme Seni, xolo dRe igi meSvide, SabaTi, aris uflisa _ RvTisa Senisa.

5. pativec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili geyos Sen da dRegrZeli

iyo qveyanasa zeda.

6. ara kac kla.

7. ara imruSo.

8. ara iparo.

9. ara ciliswamo moyvassa Sensa wamebiTa cruiTa.

10. ara guli giTqmides colisaTvis moyvasisa Senisa, ara guli giTqmides

saxlisaTvis moyvasisa Senisa, arca yanisa misisa, arca monisa misisa, arca

mxevlisa misisa, arca xarisa misisa, arca karaulisa misisa, arca yovlisa

sacxovrisa misisa, arca yovlisa misTvis, raica iyos moyvasisa Senisa.

abraamis, isaakis da iakobis STamomavloba sinas mTaze religiur erad Camoya-

libda. es eri genetikur-sisxlismieri erTianobis, safuZvelze ar Seqmnila. gaviT-

valiswinoT, rom abraamma winadacviTa rogorc sisxliT naTesavebi, ise ucxo

qveynebSi nayidi mosamsaxureebi (dab. 17:27). amasTanave: RmerTi romelmac isra-

elianTa modgma monobis qveynidan gamoiyvana, warmarTTa mama da sixarulicaa,

rac Zvel aRTqmaSivea gacxadebuli iona winaswarmetyvelis magaliTze. bibliur

`mamobasa~ da `STamomavlobas~ Teslismier-genetikur gagebaze maRali registric

aqvs da es registri axali aRTqmis Suqze cxaddeba, ris Tanaxmadac rCeuli eri

WeSmaritebasTan wilnayar xalxs niSnavs gvaris, tomisa da kanis feris ganusxva-

veblad. rCeuli eris sxvagvari gageba araqristianuli da, zogadad, aracivilize-

buli cnobierebaa.

mosem `gagzavna israelianTagan ymawvili kacebi da maTac miitanes aRsavleni

da Seswires ufals xarebi samadlobel msxverplad. aiRo mosem naxevari sisxli da

TasebSi Caasxa, xolo naxevari samsxverplos asxura. aiRo aRTqmis wigni da waukiTxa

xalxs. Tqva xalxma: yvelafers aRvasrulebT da SevismenT, rac ubrZanebia ufals.

aiRo mosem sisxli da moasxura xalxs. Tqva: aha, sisxli aRTqmisa, romelic dagidoT

ufalma yvela am saqmeze~(gam. 24:5-8).

aRTqma amjerad sisxliT ganmtkicda. cxadi gaxda, rom kacobriobas sisxli

gamoisyidis, rac niSnavs: mxsneli, romelic moevlineba qveyanas, Seiwireba CvenT-

vis. is zvarakad miitans sakuTar Tavs da daRvris sisxls, romelic gagvwmends.

amis Taobaze ioane oqropiri ambobs: `miTxar, ris gamo apkura mosem aRTqmis wignsa


da ers? uTuod imitom, rom es sisxli saxe iyo patiosani sisxlisa... es aris sisxli,

ityvis macxovari, axali aRTqmisa TqvenTvis daTxeuli~. aqedan cxadia, rom Zveli

aRTqmis msxverpls, romelic didis krZalviT iwireboda yovel dRe, simboluri

da winaswarmetyveluri mniSvneloba hqonda.

vin moevlineboda qveynierebas macxovrad?

sanam pasuxs miiRebda, israels cxovrebis gzaze kvlav TvalsaCino monakveTi

unda gaevlo; unda Sesuliyo aRTqmul qveyanaSi, damkvidrebuliyo iq da Seeqmna

erTiani, Zlieri saxelmwifo.

winaswarmetyveleba axda: israeli qanaanis sanaxebs miadga. gamoecxada ufali

moses nebos mTaze da auwya: Senma Tvalebma ixiles aRTqmuli qveyana, Sen ki ver

Sexval iq. da winamZRvari gardaicvala. misi samare cnobili araa. es moxda 1220-

1200 wlebs Soris.

3. mefe da winaswarmetyveli daviTi (1010-970)

israeli aRTqmul qveyanaSi damkvidrda da Caeba cxovrebis oromtrialSi. gan-

vlo wlebma da saukuneebma. `rCeulma xalxma~ bevri kargi da bevric avi moimoqmeda.

xSirad iviwyebdnen ufals. ufali ki maT wvrTnida; arc sasjels da arc wyalobas

ar aklebda da Zveli aRTqmis sisavsiT gacxadebisaTvis safuZvels amzadebda. es

misia wilad xvdaT saulsa da daviTs, romlebic winaswarmetyvelma samuelma RvTis

miTiTebiT gamoarCia.

erTiani israelis pirveli mefe sauli beniaminis tomidan iyo, daviTi ki _ iudas

STamomavali, ieses vaJi, sofel beTlemidan. es mxare aRTqmul qveyanaSi yvelaze

CamorCenil provinciad iTvleboda; misi wiaRidan aravin eloda xsnas. moxda

piriqiT: uflis TvalSi madli swored iudevelma mwyemsma, tanmorCilma Wabukma

daviTma ipova, filistimeli goliaTi daamarcxa da ebraeli eri sircxvilisagan

ixsna. es faqti umniSvnelovanes winaswarmetyvelebas Seicavs, rac komentarsac

ar saWiroebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, _ mkiTxvelisaTvis male gaxdeba cxadi.

saulma gadauxvia rjulis kanonidan, _ sakuTari xeliT dakla saklavi (I mef.

13). mas umalve waerTva madli anu qarizma da miemadla daviTs. pirad-piradi cod-

vebisagan arc daviTi iyo Tavisufali, magram pirvelcxebuli da RvTivkurTxeuli

mefis saxeli mas mainc SerCa. misi qarizma umcros Svils _ solomon brZens gadaeca

da, amdenad, samefo dinastias dasabami daviTma misca.

daviTma daafuZna da ganamtkica erTiani israelis samefo. dedaqalaqad ieru-

salimi gamoacxada. gadmoitana iq eris udidesi siwmide _ rjulis kidobani, sadac

inaxeboda mcnebaTa ori dafa anu ficari da igi im borcvze daamkvidra, sadac

abraamma, isakis nacvlad, verZi Seswira. aq Semdeg solomonma didi taZari aago.

daviTisa da misi Svilis mefoba (1010-979, 970-931) israelis istoriaSi `oqros


xanadaa~ cnobili. samoTxisdarma cxovrebam daisadgura da israelianni `Wamdnen,

svamdnen da mxiarulobdnen~ (me-3 mef. 4:20); `uSiSrad isxdnen... danidan vidre

berSebamde~. iyo wyaloba da iyo xilvebi. ecxadeboda ufali daviTs da auwyebda

sibrZnes, rasac winaswarmetyveli gamoTqvamda leqsad da amRerebda qnarze anu

ebraulad _ fsalmunze. ase Seiqmna da wignTawignSi waruSlelad daido bina `fsal-

munnma~, romelTa ricxvi udris as ergass (as ormocdaaTs). maT krebuls qarTuli

tradiciiT ewodeba `daviTni~, romelic sasuliero Tu saero poeziis WeSmariti

wyaroa.

RvTis Zis gankaceba pirvelad fsalmunTmgalobelma iwinaswarmetyvela. misi

meSveobiT ukve srulyofilad gacxadda Zveli aRTqma anu saRmrTo anderZi;

gamoikveTa sisxliani msxverplSewirvisa da, zogadad, moses rjulis saboloo

mizani _ uwyeba gamomsyidveli, gamomxsneli da macxovnebeli msxverplis Sesaxeb.

zvarakad Tavs Tavad ufali miitans. istoriis konkretul monakveTSi RmerTi

Seisxams xorcs, romelic samyaros konkretuli pirovnebis anu Cveulebrivi ada-

mianis saxiT moevlineba. igi nebayoflobiT daRvris sisxls Cveni codvebis war-

xocvisa da samyaros gapatiosnebisaTvis.

88-e fsalmunSi vkiTxulobT: `vyav aRTqma rCeulTa CemTa Tana da vefuce daviTs,

monasa Cemsa: ukunisamde ganvhmzado naTesavi Seni da aRvaSeno TesliTi-Teslamde

saydari Seni~ (ax. TargmaniT _ `davde piroba Cems rCeulTan, Sevfice daviTs, Cems

morCils: ukunisamde gavamagreb Sens STamomavlobas da Taobidan Taobamde dava-

fuZneb Sens taxts~) (4-5). laparakia uflis aRTqmaze, romelic miemadla rCeuli

eris rCeul Svilebs: abraams, isaks, iakobsa da moses, rom qveyanas maTi Teslisagan

moevlineba xsna. es aRTqma ukve ficiT ganmtkicda, rac samgzis Cenili aRTqmis

beWdiT dadasturebas, dabeWdvas udris da winaswarmetyvelebis dvritas mTeli

arsebiT asaCinoebs. amis Taobaze ufalma daviTs naTan brZenisa da winaswarmet-

yvelis piriT ufro cxadad auwya: `me aRvadgen Sens Semdgomad Sens Tesls, romelic

iqneba Seni ZeTagani, da mis mefobas ganvamtkiceb. is amiSenebs saxls da me gavam-

tkiceb mis taxts samaradisod. me mama viqnebi misTvis, is ki Svili iqneba CemTvis.

wyalobas ar wavarTmev, rogorc Sens winamorbeds wavarTvi. davayeneb mas Cems sax-

lSi da Cems samefoSi samaradisod. myari iqneba misi taxti samaradisod~ (I neSt.

17:11-14).

aq TiTqmis yvelaferia Tqmuli: konkretuli pirovneba, visi saxiTac mova cisa

da qveynis macocxlebeli, aRmocendeba cxebuli mefis, ieses Zis, daviTis Tesli-

sagan da mefobis madliT dedis saSoSive Seimoseba; daibadeba WeSmarit mefed da

daerqmeva `mesia~ (ebrauli gamoTqmiT _ `maSiax~), rac berZnulad `xristosad~,

`qristed~ iTargmneba, qarTulad _ `cxebuli~. swored mesia, e.i. qriste anu cxe-

buli, viTarca yovladsruli da sayovelTao mefe, aRasrulebs xiluli da araxi-

luli samyaros ideals, _ aRadgens dacemul adams da ganaaxlebs cisa da miwis


kavSirs. ase rom, pirovneba, visac ugalobda daviTis qnari, iqneba ara mxolod

cxebuli, aramed _ mxsnelic. `mxsnels~ ebraulad ewodeba ìeSua~, berZnuli tran-

skrifciiT _ ìesu~, ìeso~, romelic amave enaze iTargmneba `soterad~, laTinurad

_ `salvator~, rusulad _ `spasitel~, Zveli qarTuli tradiciiT _ macxovari.

maSasadame, gankacebuli RmerTi, viT sanukvari mefe, warmomdgari iudas tomisagan,

saxeldobr _ daviTis STamomavali, iqneba cxebuli mxsneli anu qriste ieso.

kacobriobas mxsneli rCeuli eris wiaRidan moevlineba. erTsa da imave dros

igi RmerTic iqneba da kacic. igi samsxverploze miitans Tavis Tavs, riTac Seari-

gebs kacTa modgmas RmerTTan da, uSualo winapris daviTis msgavsad, daTrgunavs

goliaTs anu wuTisoflis sacTurs, e.i. eSmaks da mis samefos _ jojoxeTs.

ra bedi ewia erTiansa da Zlevamosil israels?

misma Tavkacebma gadauxvies WeSmaritebis gzidan. brZenma da cxebulma mefe so-

lomonma, colebis zegavleniT, ucxo RmerTebs sca Tayvani (me-3 mef. 11:4-8) da

garyvnilebis morevs mieca. mis kvals daadgnen Svilebi, SviliSvilebi da SvilTaS-

vilebi. maT Soris daisadgura Surma da mtrobam. solomonis Semdeg, 929 wels,

israelis samefo orad daiyo. tomebs Soris Camovarda qiSpi da uTanxmoeba, ris

gamoc ufalma dasaja sayvareli (magram urCi) eri. vinaidan maT ar Seismines

winaswarmetyvelTa da rjulis mecnierTa sityvebi da ar gamoswordnen, xelaxla

amoyves Tavi tyveobaSi: 597 wels ierusalimi babilonis mefe nabuqodonosorma

aiklo, iavaryo solomonis taZari da misi wmidaTawmida _ rjulis kidobani

mcnebaTa ficrebiTurT.

monobis uReli israelianebs mZime tvirTad daawva. maT dedaqalaqSi Sesvla auk-

rZales. isini midiodnen ierusalimis maxloblad, dadgebodnen erTi kedlis win

da moTqvamdnen. es kedeli SemorCenilia dRemde da `godebis kedels~ uwodeben.

tyveobisa da msxemobis Jams ebrael ers kvlav aRmoxda kvnesa da mieca sinanuls.

kvlav moxeda ufalma SeWirvebul xalxs da winaswarmetyvelebi gamougzavna. isini

qadagebdnen da mesias gzas ukafavdnen. maTgan gamorCeulni arian: osia, amosi,

elia Tezbiteli, esaia, ieremia, iezekieli, danieli, iona, zaqaria, angia da sxvani.

isini iuwyebodnen, rom mova Jami, rodesac RmerTi gankacdeba da daibadeba qal-

wulis mier beTlemis qvabSi, boselSi. is iqneba ìeses ylorti~, romlis Sobas

mohyveba CvilTa arwyveta, ris gamoc mas mouwevs xiznoba egvipteSi da, amdenad,

rCeuli eris Tavgadasavlis gameoreba. igi daisjeba usamarTlo kacTa gularZni-

lobis gamo; nebayoflobiT itvirTavs sasjels TiToeuli Cvenganis nacvlad da

dasaxavs gzas, romelic adamis Svilebs caTa sasufevelSi miiyvans. bedniereba ara

mxolod ebraelobas, aramed yvelas miemadleba. amasTanave, rac arsebiTia,

uZleveli da udiadesi mefe _ qveynis mxsneli da macxovari _ dedamiwas Seuracx

kacad Seuracxi provinciidan moevlineba.

amqveyniuri faseulobani gadafasda. wuTisofels ixsnis morCili, mdabali da


yvelasagan dawunebuli adamiani, romelic sxvaTa codvebs nebiT itvirTavs. qris-

tes movlinebis zedmiwevniTi winaswarmetyveleba mocemulia esaias wignis 53-e

TavSi, romelic, netari ieronimes TqmiT, maxareblis sityvebs ufro hgavs, vidre

winaswarmetyvelisas. amis gamo am Tavs me-5 saxarebas uwodeben da marTlac, igi

Zveli aRTqmis gvirgvinia:

`... arc Rirseba hqonia da arc mSveneba, rom zed Segexeda; arc ieri, rom mivezi-

deT. saZulveli iyo, kacTagan aTvalwunebuli, gatanjuli da snebamoreuli, erTi

imaTgani, visac pirs arideben. saZulveli iyo da arad vagdebdiT. namdvilad ki man

ikisra Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni satanjveli; Cven ki gvegona, RvTisagan iyo

nacem-nagvemi da damcirebuli, magram is Cveni codvebisTvis iyo daWrili, Cveni

ukeTurobebisTvis dalewili; masze iyo sasjeli Cveni simrTelisaTvis da misi

wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT. yvelani cxvrebiviT davexetebodiT. TiToeuli Cven-

Cven gzas vadeqiT, ufalma ki mas Sehyara yoveli Cvenganis ukeTureba. evno da ewama,

magram ar dauZravs bage; kraviviT dasaklavad miiyvanes da, rogorc cxvari dums

mparsvelTa winaSe, masac ar dauZravs bage. sapyrobiledan da samsjavrodan iqna

wayvanili da vin ifiqrebda mis modgmaze, roca cocxalTa miwidan moikveTa; Cemi

xalxis codvebisaTvis daisaja. mieca samarxi boroteulTa gverdiT da mdidarTan

erTad Tavis sikvdilSi, radgan siave ar Caudenia da mis bageSi sicrue ar yofila~.

axali aRTqma

Zvelma aRTqmam da winaswarmetyvelebam xorci Cveni welTaRricxvis

gariJraJze Seisxa. RmerTma kacTa naTesavis gamosaxsnelad dedamiwaze mxolod-

Sobili Ze moavlina. maradiuli, dausabamo da uJamo RmerTi gankacda.

ebrael qalwul mariams, daviTis STamomavals, mTavarangelozi gabrieli gamo-

ecxada da axara, rom daorsuldeba da SeeZineba vaJi. xarebas Soba mohyva, Sobas ki

yvelaferi, rasac winaswarmetyvelebi ambobdnen.

ieso qriste, saTno gadmocemis Tanaxmad, 30 wlis asakSi moinaTla ioane winas-

warmetyvelis, winamorbedisa da naTlismcemlis mier. am faqtiT Zveli aRTqma da

rjuli dasrulda. ioane naTlismcemeli dgas gzaTgasayarze da iTvleba Zveli

aRTqmis ukanasknel winaswarmetyvelad da axlis winamorbedad. misi qadageba _

SeinaneT, rameTu moaxloebul ars sasufeveli caTa! niSnavda RmerTsa da adamians

Soris axal urTierTobaTa, axal xelSekrulebaTa dasabams. aq aris miniSneba axali

aRTqmis umTavres idealze _ caTa sasufevelze da misi miRwevis pirobaze _

sinanulze. qristianuli sinanulis arss asaCinoebs berZnuli Sesatyvisi `metano-

ia~, rac niSnavs: xelaxali goneba, gonebis gardaqmna, ganaxleba, zeaRzidva. igulis-

xmeba pirovnebis gakeTilSobileba, Secvla, ganaxleba. axal aRTqmaSi monawileobis

winapirobaa sinanuli anu codvaTa gacnobiereba, ramac unda gamsWvalos individi

da Secvalos sasikeTod.


Zveli aRTqmis garegani niSani winadacveTa iyo. axali aRTqmis xiluli niSani

ki naTlisReba da ziarebaa. naTlisReba aris axali aRTqmis kari, winabWe, ziareba

ki _ misi gvirgvini. naTlisRebis meSveobiT morwmune qristes eklesiis wevri xdeba,

ziarebis meSveobiT ki igi qristes sisxlsa da xorcs eziareba. erTic da meorec

eklesiis mier gaazrebulia saidumlod (sakramentad), romelTagan meore (ziareba)

Tavad ufalma daadgina. man mociqulebi pirvelad sapaseqo sufraze aziara. puri

sakuTar xorcad, Rvino ki sakuTar sisxlad dasaxa da amiT msxverplSewirvis

ebrauli wesi gaauqma. saxarebis am epizods, romelsac oTxive maxarebeli aRwers

(maTe 26:17-30; markozi 14:12-26; luka 22:14-71; ioane 13:1-35) saeklesio tradicia

saidumlo serobas uwodebs. saidumlo seroba, SeiZleba iTqvas, axali aRTqmis

prezentaciaa.

axali aRTqmis ideali aris caTa sasufeveli. pavle mociqulis TqmiT, moses

rjuli droebiTi movlenaa. sibrZnis saboloo gacxadeba xdeba iesos pirovnebaSi,

romelmac aRasrula da gaauqma rjuli (rom. 10:4), romelic ebraelebs xsnisa da

gamarTlebis saSualeba egonaT. amieridan adamianma ara rjulis anu kanonis, ara-

med rwmenis Sesabamisad unda icxovros. qristianuli sarwmunoebis safuZvelia

siyvaruli da, pavles moZRvrebiT, Tu adamians moyvasi uyvars, rjulis yvela moT-

xovna Sesrulebulia. amas gulisxmobs macxovari, roca or mTavar mcnebaze lapa-

rakobs: erTia, giyvardes RmerTi Seni, meorea _ giyvardes moyvasi Seni. es ori

mcneba mTel rjuls moicavs. kacisaTvis, romelic ar mrisxanebs, fuWia Sexseneba

mcnebisa `ara kac kla~. netari avgustine amgvarad gamoxatavs am ori mcnebis arss:

`giyvardes ufali da gaakeTe, rac ginda~ (igulisxmeba, rom uflis siyvaruli mxo-

lod sikeTes gagakeTebinebs). axali aRTqmis rjuli aris siyvarulis rjuli da

Tu siyvaruli arsebobs adamianTa Soris, rjulic dasrulebulia.

ras niSnavs `rjulis dasruleba~, anda `gauqmeba~? rjulis qveS aq rwmena ar

igulisxmeba (rwmena, imave pavles TqmiT, gadarCenis mTavari pirobaa: rom. 1:17).

qristem wes-gangebis, msxverplSewirvis ritualisa da, zogadad, kanonis arsobrivi

mniSvneloba uaryo. axalma religiam kanons pirvelxarisxovneba CamoaSora. man

gaauqma, azrmoklebulad, ufro zustad _ yavlgasulad gamoacxada winadacveTa

da sisxliani msxverplis Sewirva. yuradReba sulier mxareze, individis Sinagan

rwmenasa da qvelmoqmedebaze gadaitana. qristianoba aris siyvarulis, sibralu-

lis, sinanulis, TanagrZnobisa da Tanalmobis religia, romlis birTvi Tavad ieso

qriste, _ misi cxovreba, piradi magaliTi da mis bageTagan gamoTqmuli moZRvrebaa.

qriste am moZRvrebis kacTa Soris dasanergad movida. Tanamosagreebad Tormeti

mociquli gamoirCia (maTe 10:2-4). mociqulebma da mociqulTa mociqulebma,

ricxviT samocdaaTma, axali moZRvreba _ qristianoba _ msoflios mohfines.

qristianoba aris xsnisa da gamosyidvis religia. es misia, saboloo jamSi, yvela

religias akisria, magram qristes moZRvrebas specifikuri niSnebi aqvs. es, pirvel


rigSi, jvrisa da jvarcmis, rogorc gamosyidvis saSualebis, mimarT iTqmis. lapa-

rakia ara sakuTriv jvarze, rogorc grafikul gamosaxulebaze, arc jvarcmaze _

dasjis formaze, aramed Sinaarsze, rasac moicavs cnebebi: jvari da, misgan ganuyo-

feli, gamosyidvis dogmati. ieso qristem adamiani da, masTan erTad, wuTisofeli

gamoisyida jvarcmamde damdablebis gziT. man miatova `Tavisi mamuli~, Seimosa monis

xati da jvars ecva rogorc damnaSave, ganwiruli da miusafari. axali aRTqmis

mTavari niSani anu saswauli Tavmdablobis Sedegad daRvrili da Sewiruli sisxlia.

misi moZRvrebisaTvis niSandoblivia Zveli faseulobebis gadafaseba da axali

zneobrivi kriteriumebis damkvidreba. magaliTad, simdidre, silaRe, Tvaltanadoba,

rasac eltvoda warmarTTa cnobiereba, qristianTa mier CaTvlilia araarsebiT

kategoriebad. gamoclili aqvs safuZveli princips _ jansaR sxeulSi jansaRi sulia.

amqveyniuri dideba, rac ebraelTa rjulSic TvalsaCinod figurirebda, saxarebis

Tanaxmad sanukvari faqti araa. adamians adiadebs ara Zlieri mklavi, anda savse

qisa, aramed umanko guli da sindisi. qristianuli eTikisa da moralis specifikuri

niSania Sendoba, mterTaTvis locva da borotebis sikeTiT gadaxda. miuxedavad imisa,

rom yovelive es Zvel aRTqmaSi araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli pirdapir Tu alegoriulad,

macxovarma ieso qristem simdablis, moTminebisa da mitevebis piradi magaliTi

gviCvena. ra Tqma unda, zneobis am rangamde asvla advili araa da es unda moxdes

bunebrivad, zrda-ganviTarebis garkveuli etapebis gavlis Semdeg. xelovnuroba am

sferoSi damRupvelia. ar SeiZleba, Tvalnaklulebs vuxmobdeT sanadirod,

smenadaxSulebs _ sasimRerod, ZalaayrilT _ saasparezod. isini jer unda

ganikurnon (Tuki eqvemdebarebian mkurnalobas). aseve, sindisisagan daSretilni

(Tuki mkvdarni ar arian am TvalsazrisiT), jer unda gamovafxizloT, vaziaroT

zneobis saerTaSoriso normebs _ elinurs, ebrauls, vedurs (e.i. Zvel indurs),

Tundac _ aTeisturs da Semdeg movTxovoT umaRlesi eTika _ mterTaTvis locva.

sazogadoebam, ase vTqvaT, jer unda Seasrulos Zveli aRTqmis normativi, rom axali

aRTqmis samanebs eziaros, gausworos Tvali qristes moZRvrebas ara mxolod

gonebiT da codniT, aramed cxovrebiT _ suliT da guliT. es niSnavs Semdegs: jer

aT mcnebas unda daveufloT da aRvasruloT, rom miveaxloT saxarebis cxra

netarebas; jer kanonis winaSe unda viyoT marTalni, rom gavTavisufldeT misi

marwuxebisagan. dabalganviTarebulni vera da ver gaTavisufldebian kanonis

zegavlenisagan. Tu daapireben, gacilebiT mZime sasjels daitexen Tavs...

axali aRTqmis siRrme da sidiade, qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis, misi piradi

magaliTis garda, aRbeWdilia SegonebebSi, locvebSi, saswaulebsa da igavebSi.

esenia, magaliTad, cxra netareba (maTe 5:4-12), mamao Cveno (maTe 6:9-13; luka 11:2-4),

igavi Secdomil Zeze anu, Zveli qarTuli tradiciiT, uZReb Svilze (luka 15:11-

32), aT qalwulze (maTe 25:1-13), lazares aRdginebaze (ioane 11:1-45) da sxva.

esqatologiuri anu wuTisoflis ukanaskneli dRis raobis TvalsazrisiT yvela-


ze sayuradRebo lazares magaliTia.

qristem gvaniSna: vinc uflis megobaria, sikvdili verafers daaklebs, _ gvami

gaxrwnili da ganqarvebulic rom hqondes, lazares msgavsad gacocxldeba da sa-

kuTari sxeuliT aRdgeba. es qveynierebis dasasruls anu `meoTxe dRes~ moxdeba.

im faqts, rom lazare ufalma me-4 dRes aRadgina, simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs.

qriste mesame dRes aRdga, lazare _ meoTxe dRes, rac sayovelTao gankiTxvisa da

ganaxlebis Jamze mianiSnebs. im dRes yvela marTali ukvdavebas eziareba.

Tuki kvlav daismeba kiTxva, ra aris qristianobis specifika, rasac analogi

sxva religiebSi ar moepoveba, vupasuxebT _ Tavad qristes pirovneba, vneba da

aRdgoma. man yoveli kacis codva itvirTa da sakuTari Tavi gawira TiToeuli

Cvenganis nacvlad. mas miayenes ganuzomeli tanjva da gvema, nerwyva da yvrima-

liscema, maTraxi da eklis gvirgvini, Seuracxyves da jvars acves huriastanis

prefeqtis pontoeli pilates dasturiT ierusalimis gareubanSi, golgoTas

borcvze, axali welTaRricxvis 33-e wels.

magram aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba: kviras, sikvdilidan mesame dRes, ciskar-

ze, mkvdreTiT aRdga is, vinc daamcires da jvars acves.

qriste amqveynad mokvdavi da xrwnadi sxeuliT movida, magram jvarcmisa da

damarxvis Semdeg, imis gamo, rom igi bunebiT RmerTi iyo, ukvdavi da uxrwneli

sxeuliT aRdga. qristianebs swamT, rom sayovelTao gankiTxvis Jams Cveni xorcic

aseve ganaxldeba. qristes aRdgoma moaswavebs dakarguli samoTxis povnas da misken

dasabrunebel gzas gvisaxavs.

RvTismetyveleba da RvTismsaxureba

RvTismetyveleba da RvTismsaxureba urTierTganuyofeli dargebia. pirveli

Teoriaa, meore _ praqtika. Teoria STaagonebs da msWvalavs praqtikas da mis

tiposs, mis saxes, mis struqturas. orives erTi da igive mizani aqvs _ RvTisSemec-

neba. marTalia, saRvTismsaxuro wes-gangebani da, zogadad, tipikoni cvalebadobis

kanons eqvemdebareba, magram RvTismsaxurebis arseba ucvlelia da qristes

moZRvrebis dedaazrs misadagebuli.

rogorc RvTismetyvelebis, ise RvTismsaxurebis safuZveli saRvTo werili da

saRvTo gadmocemaa.

RvTismetyveleba

RvTismetyveleba da, zogadad, qristianuli moZRvreba arsobrivad Camoyali-

bebulia bibliasa da axali aRTqmis saRvTo gadmocemaSi. RvTismetyvelebis isto-

ria, faqtobrivad, bibliisa da mociqulTa moZRvrebis meti da meti gamomxatvelo-

biTi saSualebebiT aTvisebisa da warmoCenis procesia.


RvTismetyvelebis mizani saRmrTo werilSi davanebuli sibrZnis gamomzeveba

da sxvaTa gonebamde misi mitanaa. moazrovne, ragind religiuri paTosiT metyve-

lebdes, Teologad ver CaiTvleba, Tu ar eyrdnoba saRvTo avtoritets da mis

safuZvelze ar gamohyavs debuleba.

qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTadi debulebebi _ dogmatebi _ SemuSavda

saRvTo werilis komentirebis safuZvelze.

bibliuri teqstebis axsna-ganmartebas saxeldeben orgvarad: hermenevtika da

egzegetika. orive berZnulia: `hermeneia~ niSnavs ganmartebas, Targmnas; `eqsege-

sis~ ki _ gadmocemas, uwyebas. ufro popularulia meore etermini _ egzegetika.

saRmrTo werilis muxlobrivi da Tematuri ganmartebis anu Targmanebis tra-

dicia ebraelTa Soris Caisaxa, magram qristianebma am dargs gansakuTrebuli yu-

radReba miaqcies. maT, pirvel rigSi, Zveli aRTqma axali aRTqmis TvaliT unda

daenaxaT da waekiTxaT.

qristianuli egzegetikis wyaro macxovaria. Zveli aRTqmis ama Tu im pasaJs,

winaswarmetyvelebebsa da sakuTari bagiT warmoTqmul igavebs, alegoriebsa Tu

sentenciebs igi TviTonve ganmartavda. drodadro, eklesiaSi sakamaTo sakiTxebis

warmoCenasTan erTad, bibliuri egzegezis aucilebloba mwvaved iCenda Tavs da

gasakviri araa, rom am dargSi sityva TiTqmis yvela mamam da RvTismetyvelma Tqva,

maT Soris _ romis papma klimentim, wm. barnabam, egnate antioqielma, klimenti

aleqsandrielma, Teofile antioqielma, origenem, ipolite romaelma da bevrma

sxvam. Camoyalibda ori skola _ aleqsandriisa da antioqiis. pirveli, romelsac

saTave klimenti aleqsandrielma daudo, ufro filosofiuri, mistiur-alego-

riuli iyo. igi Sesaqmis TiTqmis yovel muxls simbolurad iazrebda. meore ki,

mRvdelmowame lukiane antioqielis (I I I -IV ss.) dafuZnebuli, umTavresad damoZRv-

riTi da katexizmuri xasiaTis gaxldaT. antioqiuri skolis yvelaze didi warmo-

madgeneli ioane oqropiria. aleqsandriuli da antioqiuri skolebis miRwevebi

ganaviTara kabadokiurma skolam, romlis korifeni arian: basili didi, grigol

RvTismetyveli (nazianzeli) da grigol noseli. maT SromebSi qristianulma egze-

getikam umaRles safexurs miaRwia.

egzegetikis daxmarebiT qristianuli moZRvreba werilobiTad da gamoTqmiTad

Camoyalibda. am moZRvrebis, rogorc Teologiuri sistemis fundamenti dogma-

tikaa.

dogma berZnuli sityvaa da aRniSnavs `Tvalsazriss~, `Sexedulebas~, `moZRvre-

bas~, Tavad dargi _ dogmatika _ moicavs eklesiis mier dadgenil, ucvalebel,

zedmiwevniT mtkice moZRvrebas RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTad sakiTxebze _ RmerTsa

da mis Sesaqmeze, eklesiaze, mermis saukuneze da a.S.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis poziciiT, ZiriTadi saRvTismetyvelo dogmatebi

TviT saRvTo werilsa da saRvTo gadmocemaSivea kodirebuli. isini hgvanan mdog-


vis marcvals, romelic yovelgvar Teslze mcirea, magram `rodesac izrdeba, yovel

mwvanilze didia da xed iqceva~ (maTe 13:32). dogmatebi werilsa da gadmocemaSi

marcvlebis msgavsadaa warmodgenili, romlebic garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad

ixareben da nayofs iZlevian (luka 8:11-15). dogmatebs TavianTi saTqmeli srul-

yofilad da yvelasaTvis gasagebad rom gaecxadebinaT, RvTismetyvelebs isini un-

da gamoeTqvaT da werilobiT CamoeyalibebinaT, simboloebsa da formulebSi ga-

moexataT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi individualuri saRvTismetyvelo msjelobani

farTo asparezs ipovida, rac axali da axali eresebis aRmocenebas waaxalisebda.

asec moxda, magram am faqtma dogmatikis ganviTarebas anu, eklesiis enaze rom

vTqvaT, WeSmaritebis mecnieruli kategoriebiT gamoxatvas Seuwyo xeli.

amdenad, dogmatebis ZiriTadi nawili axali epoqis adreul safexurze Camoya-

libda, magram gamocxadebuli da ucvalebeli sibrZnis (codnis) statusi maT IV-V I I I ss-

Si Svidi msoflio da ramdenime adgilobrivi krebis dasturiT mieniWa. dogma-

tebs, eklesiis rwmeniT, mfarvelobs suliwmida da yovelgvari cdomilebisagan

icavs. TiToeuli dogmati efuZneba saRmrTo werils da gadmoscems gamocxadebu-

li sibrZnis ama Tu im mxares formulebad, e.i. dadgenilebaTa Tu ganawesTa saxiT.

maTi wyalobiT unda ailagmos rjulis sxvadasxva sakiTxis TviTneburi gaazreba.

mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom dogmatebi yalibdeboda da ixveweboda eretikul Sexe-

dulebaTa mxilebis kvalze. misi mizani iyo kaTolike, e.i. sayovelTao moZRvrebis

sistemaSi moyvana da srulyofa. did ~mesjuleebad~ (~doRmatikosebad~) iTvlebian:

aTanase aleqsandrieli (+ 373), basili didi (+ 379), grigol RvTismetyveli (+ 390),

ioane oqropiri (+ 470), kirile aleqsandrieli (+ 444), maqsime aRmsarebeli (+ 662),

ioane damaskeli (+ 749), Teodore studieli (+ 826), svimeon axali RvTismetyveli

(+ 1032), grigol palama (XIV s.) da sxva.

dogmatebi erTmaneTTan SeaTavsa da marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba Sejamebuli

saxiT gadmosca ioane damaskelma SromaSi ~wyaro codnisa~ (pege gnoseos), rasac

zogjer ~Teologiis jams~ uwodeben. igi Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: 1. safilosofo-

soni Tavni anu dialeqtika, sadac warmodgenilia saRvTismetyvelo terminebis

definicia (gansazRvreba) da Teologiuri kvleva-Ziebis meTodi; I I . wvalebaTa

winaaRmdeg. iq CamoTvlili, ganxiluli da uaryofilia umTavresi eretikuli

mimdinareobani; I I I . zusti anu ucdomeli gadmocema marTlmadidebluri sarwmu-

noebisa. esaa Sromis yvelaze vrceli da faseuli nawili, sadac Tematurad da

TanmimdevrobiT ganxilulia saeklesio moZRvrebis calkeuli sakiTxebi, kerZod

_ dogmatebi RvTis Sesaxeb, erTarsebisa da samgvamovnebis Sesaxeb, RvTismSoblis,

angelozebis, wmindanebis, xatebisa da sxvaTa Soris. am Sromis gamo iwodeba ioane

damaskeli patristikis anu mamaTa moZRvrebis srulmyofelad. samive nawili Tar-

gmnilia qarTulad. maTgan mesame ~marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi

gadmocema~ _ axal qarTul enaze e. WeliZis mier (Tb., 2000).


qristianuli moZRvrebis dogmatebis saxiT warmoCenis yvelaze TvalsaCino

nimuSia `mrwamsi~. `mrwamss~ meorenairad `sarwmunoebis simbolo~ ewodeba. `simbo-

lo~ berZnuli sityvaa da qarTulad niSnavs `niSans~. Zvelad igi ewodeboda sarwmu-

noebriv formulebs, riTac qristiani gamoxatavda sakuTar religiur kredos.

`mrwamsSi~ qristianuli religiis arsi areklili da warmoCenilia reziumes saxiT.

esaa sarwmunoebis konspeqti, _ erTob lakoniuri da, amasTanave, yovlismTqmeli.

igi qristianuli moZRvrebis dogmatur, myar, ucvalebel debulebaTa zusti da

amomwuravi Sejamebaa. igi naTlisRebisa da liturgiis drosac warmoiTqmis. IV s-

mde, sanam mrwamsis saboloo redaqcia SemuSavdeboda, misi ramdenime varianti

arsebobda. maT Soris mociqulTa simbolo (SemorCenilia da dRemde ikiTxeba romis

kaTolikur eklesiaSi). qristianTa Soris erTsulovneba rom yofiliyo, eklesiis

winamZRvrebma gadawyvites mrwamsis erTi kanonikuri teqsti SeedginaT. es misia Tavs

ido SvidTagan pirvelma orma _ nikeisa (325) da konstantinopolis (381) msoflio

saeklesio krebebma. aRniSnul forumebs friad ganswavluli mamebi xelmZRvanelob-

dnen _ evstaTi antioqieli, nikoloz mirolukiis mTavarepiskoposi, aTanase

aleqsandrieli, grigol RvTismetyveli da sxvani. maT daakanones Tormetmuxliani

anu wevriani reziume _ simbolo, romlis TiToeul asos oqros fasi aqvs da iTvleba

sakacobrio azrovnebis, sulieri da inteleqtualuri Semecnebis mwvervalad. igi

naxevar gverdze itevs bibliis umTavres saTqmels.

saeklesio tradicia TiToeuli wevris pirvelavtorad Tormet mociqulTagan

erT-erTs asaxelebs: pirveli miewereba petres, meore _ iakob dids, mesame _ ioanes,

meoTxe _ andrias, mexuTe _ filipes, meeqvse _ Tomas, meSvide _ barTlomes, merve

_ maTes, mecxre _ iakob umcross, meaTe _ svimeons, meTerTmete _ iudas (qristes

xorciel Zmas), meTormete _ mataTas (iuda iskariotelis magier rom airCies). nikea-

konstantinepolis krebebma, morwmuneTa SexedulebiT, mxolod Seavses da daazus-

tes mociqulTa piriT namcnebi debulebebi. nebismieri Teologiuri msjeloba da

Teoria gamomdinareobs, anda _ unda gamomdinareobdes, `mrwamsidan~ misive ganv-

rcobis, ganmartebisa da gacxadebis mizniT.


sarwmunoebis simbolo anu mrwamsi

1. mrwams erTi RmerTi, mama yovlisa mpyrobeli, Semoqmedi caTa da qveyanisa,

xilulTa yovelTa da araxilulTa;

2. da erTi ufali ieso qriste, Ze RvTisa, mxolodSobili, mamisagan Sobili

uwinares yovelTa saukuneTa, naTeli naTlisagan, RmerTi WeSmariti

RvTisagan WeSmaritisa, Sobili da ara qmnili, Tanaarsi mamisa, romlisagan

yoveli Seiqmna;

3. romeli CvenTvis, kacTaTvis, da Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis gardamoxda zeciT

da xorcni Seisxna sulisagan wmidisa da mariamisagan qalwulisa, da gankacna;

4. da jvarsecva CvenTvis pontoelisa pilates ze, da ivno da daefla;

5. da aRdga mesamesa dResa msgavsad werilisa;

6. da amaRlda zecad da mjdomare ars marjveniT mamisa;

7. da kvalad momaval ars didebiT gansjad cxovelTa da mkvdarTa, romlisa

sufevisa ara ars dasasrul;

8. da suliwmida, ufali da cxovelsmyofeli, romeli mamisagan gamovals, mamisa

Tana da Zisa Tana Tayvanisicemebis da ididebis, romeli ityoda

winaswarmetyvelTa mier;

9. erTi wmida kaTolike da samociqulo eklesia;

10. aRviareb erTsa naTlisRebasa mosatevebelad codvaTa;

11. moveli aRdgomasa mkvdreTiT;

12. da cxovrebasa mermissa mis saukunisasa. amin.

marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia moZRvreba erTi

sampirovani RmerTis anu erTarseba-samebis Sesaxeb. esaa ZiriTadi RvTismet-

yveleba, _ codna RmerTze, mis bunebasa da Tvisebebze, mismier Sesaqmeze, wuTiso-

felze da uzenaesis masTan damokidebulebaze. RvTismetyveleba, farTo gagebiT,

RvTisa da RvTismieri Sesaqmis garda sxva sferoebsac moicavs. esenia: moZRvreba

angelozebze, _ angelologia; borotebis aRmocenebaze _ demonologia; adamianze

_ anTropologia; eklesiaze _ eklesiologia; qveynierebis saboloo dReze _

esqatologia. warmovaCenT TiToeuls mokled sami qveTavis farglebSi: ZiriTadi

RvTismetyveleba (Teologia), eklesiologia, esqatologia.

RvTismetyveleba. mrwamsis pirveli sityvebi, rom RmerTi aris erTi, uaryofs

warmarTTa mravalRmerTianobas. marTalia, antikuri filosofiis saukeTeso war-

momadgenlebi _ sokrate, platoni, aristotele da sxva _ uaxlovdebodnen

monoTeizms, magram elinuri samyaro _ misi religiuri moZRvrebani da nairgvari

kulti, romlis garemocvaSic fuZndeboda qristianuli msoflgageba, yovlisSe-

moqmedi RmerTis ideamde ver amaRlda. amitomac gancxadeba _ `mrwams erTi

RmerTi~ _ imdroisaTvis axali da gabeduli sityva iyo.


RmerTi aris suli usxeulo, maradiuli da ucvalebeli, yovlismcodne da yov-

ladZlieri, saxieri anu keTili da, rac mTavaria, `RmerTi aris siyvaruli~ (maTe

19:17; I ioane 4:8). mravalricxovan epiTetTa Soris RvTis arss da bunebas yvelaze

metad siyvaruli acnaurebs. siyvaruli aris imis mizezi, rom RmerTi aris sampi-

rovani (samsaxovani, samhipostasovani, samgvamovani).

RvTis srulyofil gonebas ganuzomeli siyvaruli eTanasworeba. siyvaruli ki

iTxovs obieqts, _ trfobis sagans, rom hpovos kmayofileba da netareba. adamiani

ver kmayofildeba garemomcveli bunebis: mcenareTa Tu cxovelTa, verc sakuTari

profesiis siyvaruliT da eZebs Tavis msgavss alersisaTvis, _ Svils. uzenaesis

tolswori, cxadia, qveynierebis verc erTi elementi ver iqneba. misi siyvaruli,

erTi da erTgvamovani rom iyos (anu marto), dauokebeli darCeba. qristianuli

Teologia am sakiTxs sampirovnulobiT wyvets: maradmoyvarul mamas hyavs marad-

sayvareli arseba _ mxolodSobili Ze, xolo mamas da Zes Tavsevleba wmida suli,

romelic aris mamis naTeli da siwmide, misi elvareba, misi sinaTle. amrigad, ar-

sebiT mTliani da erTiani absoluti gasamgvamovnebulia da atributebi, rac Camov-

TvaleT, samebis TiToeul wevrs miekuTvneba. ase rom, erTarseba-samebis faqti

anu RvTis samobiT arseboba gapirobebulia siyvarulis dauwereli da gardauvali

kanoniT. aqedan gasagebia netari avgustines sityvaTa arsi _ `vWvret samebas, Tu

siyvaruls vxedav~. siyvaruli gulisxmobs kavSirs da saRvTo wiaRSi, uzenaes

erTarsebaSi, maradiul mTlianobas mamisas, Zisas da suliwmidisas.

samebis wevrebs Soris amgvari urTierTmimarTebaa: mama siyvaruliT Sobs Tavis

tolsa da swors _ Zes. esaa bunebiT Soba, rac araa SemosazRvruli droiTa da

sivrciT; igi yovelTvis aResruleboda da aResruleba. mamis wiaRidan miwyiv `sxi-

vosndeba~ anu iSoba Ze. `mrwamsi~ gvamcnobs, rom ieso qriste aris mamisagan Sobil-

di `uwinares yovelTa saukuneTa~. samive hipostass _ mamas, Zes da suls _ aqvT

erTi Rirseba, erTi sisrule. amitom SehferiT erTnairi pativi da Tayvaniscema.

amasTanave: erTarseba _ sameba `ganuyoflad ganyofilia~. es niSnavs, rom samebis

pirebi ganirCevian piriseuli TvisebebiT: mama RmerTi aris uSobeli, _ arc iSoba

da arc gamomdinareobs aravisgan. igi Tavadaa mSobeli da gamomavlinebeli; Ze

RmerTi aris Sobili; suliwmida ki _ gamomavali. am ukanaskneli dogmis Sesaxeb

gvauwyebs ~mrwamsis~ me-8 wevri: `...romeli mamisagan gamovals~. dasavleTis eklesi-

aSi, romis sapatriarqoSi, es azri TiTqos daazustes da gaaformes ase: `... romeli

mamisagan da Zisagan gamovals~, e.i. romis kaTolikuri eklesiis TvalsazrisiT, su-

liwmida gamomdinareobs rogorc mamisagan, ise Zisagan, rac ar Seiwynara aRmosav-

leTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiam.

samebis arsebas vizualurad mzis, siTbosa da sinaTlis urTierTmimarTeba asa-

Cinoebs. ar arsebobs mze siTbosa da sinaTlis gareSe, rogorc ukanasknelni _

pirvelwyaros, mzis diskos gareSe: sadacaa mze, aris siTboc da sinaTlec. aseve:


sadac mamaa, aris Ze, aris suliwmida da _ piruku. RmerTi yvelganaa. maSasadame,

wmida sameba madliTa da didebiT sufevs yvelgan da yovelTvis. Tu riT ganirCeva

Zis Soba wmida sulis gamosvlisagan, gonebiT amas ver mivwvdebiT.

saRmrTo werilSi, ZvelSic da axal aRTqmaSic, araerTgzisaa miniSnebuli RvTis

samobiT arseboba. bibliis komentatorebi Tvlian, rom abraamis sami stumari (dab.

18) samebis alegoriuli saxea. daviT winaswarmetyvelis sityvebSi: `sityviTa

uflisaTa cani daemtkicnes da suliTa pirisa misisaTa yoveli Zali maTi~ (ax.

Targm. `uflis sityviT Seiqmna zeca da misi bageebis qariT _ mTeli misi sakre-

bulo~) (fs. 32:6) `sityva~ Ze RmerTs udris, `suli~ (`qari~) _ wmida suls, `ufali~

_ mamaRmerTs. ufro mkafiod samebis saidumlo gamoTqmulia axal aRTqmaSi (maTe

28:19; 2 kor. 13:13), gansakuTrebiT _ ioane RvTismetyvelis mier: `samni mowmoben

zecad: mama, sityva da suliwmida; da es samni erTi arian~ (I ioane 5:7).

xiluli da araxiluli samyaro erTarseba-samebis Semoqmedebaa. marTalia, sameba

erTi nebiT, erTi ganzraxviT qmnis samyaros, magram calkeul pirTa roli Sesaqmis

procesSi sxvadasxvagvaria. Sesaqmis iniciatori aris mama, romelic Zis meSveobiT

qmnis samyaros suliwmidaSi. amis gamo Ze `Zalad~, anda `sityvad~ ixsenieba, rac

Cans ioanes Tavis pirvel muxlSi: `pirveliTgan iyo sityva da sityva igi iyo

RmrTisa Tana, da RmerTi iyo sityva igi~.

ase rom, cisa da qveynis Seqmnis iniciatori aris mamaRmerTi, uSualo aRmsru-

lebeli anu misi nebis moqmedi _ Ze, xolo srulmyofeli da madliT aRmavsebeli

_ wmida suli.

bibliuri kosmogoniis (samyaros Seqmnis) Tanaxmad qveyana samebis erTiani da

Tavisufali nebis Sedegad ararsobidan Seiqmna. Tu Ze mamisagan iSva bunebiTad,

umizezod, samyaro RmerTma ganzraxvis, survilis Sesabamisad daasaZirkvla.

ram ganapiroba es survili? _ siyvarulma, trfobisa da zrunvis sagnis wyur-

vilma. RmerTma aseT sagnad samyaro gamosaxa.

daismis kiTxva: Tuki RmerTi aris sikeTe da mxolod sikeTe, rogor aRmocenda

samyaroSi boroteba?

borotebas safuZveli anu wyaro ar gaaCnia. igi arasubstanciuri Zalaa da,

amdenad, warmavali, droebiTi. ukeTurebis simboloa bneleTi, sikeTisa ki sxivi

anu naTeli. sibneles anu Rames, gansxvavebiT dRisagan, wyaro, e.i. obieqturi mizezi

ar aqvs. igi maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac sxivi gardatydeba mrude gzis gamo anu

mzes (sinaTlis pirvelwyaros) myife sxeuli Camoefareba. ase Camowveba xolme jan-

Ri da yiameTi, rac iZleva da imusreba ciskris mier. dRe da naTeli uZlevelia,

radgan aqvT wyaro _ TvalSeudgami mze. Rame da ukuneTi ki moklebulia safuZvels,

radgan obieqturad ar arsebobs `sibnelis bude~ da pirvelmizezi. amgvarive ur-

TierTobaa sikeTesa da borotebas Soris. pirveli substanciuri da maradiulia,

meore _ droebiTi. sikeTes afrqvevs RmerTi, romelmac Seqmna yovelive. borotebas


Tesavs eSmaki anu satana, romelic RmerTs pirvelad eurCa da daadga ukeTurebis

gzas, Tumca keTil arsebad iyo Seqmnili.

RmerTma yvelaze adre cani anu araxiluli samyaro Seqmna. esaa gonier da uxor-

co ZalTa dasebi, romelTac angelozebs vuwodebT. àngelozi~ (àngelosi~) berZ-

nuli sityvaa da niSnavs `macnes~, `mauwyebels~. isini ecxadebian adamianebs da

amcnoben RvTis nebas, xels umarTaven da winamZRvroben keTil saqmeSi. maT auwyes

qveyanas macxovris Soba, misi aRdgoma, meored mosvlis gardauvaloba da a.S. ange-

lozTa ricxvi uTvalavia da iyofa dasebad. amaze pirvelad pavle mociqulma migva-

niSna, rodesac Tqva: `... masSi Seiqmna yoveli: miwieric da zecieric; xiluli Tu

uxilavi, saydarni Tu uflebani, mTavrobani Tu xelmwifebani. yvelaferi mis mier

da misTvis Seiqmna~ (kolas. 1:16). es codna ufro daazusta da gaacxada aRniSnuli

mociqulis mowafem dionise areopagelma, romelic Teologiis mamad iwodeba. mis

traqtatSi `ciuri ierarqiis Sesaxeb~ (axal qarTul enaze Targmna, Sesavali da

komentarebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem: `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli~, 1987, #3)

warmoCenilia angelozTa raoba. isini cxra gundad, cxra wyebad anu dasad ganiyo-

fian. maT erTmaneTTan ierarqiuli damokidebuleba aqvT, rasac ganapirobebs

RmerTTan metnaklebi siaxlovis faqtori. esenia (zemodan qvemoT): 1. serafimebi,

2. qerubimebi, 3. saydarni, 4. xelmwifebani, 5. uflebani, 6. Zalni, 7. mTavrobani,

8. mTavarangelozni da 9. angelozni. ierarqia aris Semecnebis zeaRmavali gza.

TiToeuli uqvemoesi dasi RvTiur naTels mxolod uzemoesis meSveobiT eziareba.

yvelaze qvemo arsebebi anu sakuTriv àngelozebi~ `mTavarangelozTa~ saSualebiT

iReben saRvTo xeldasxmas, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, xilul qveyanas gadascemen,

pirvel rigSi _ saeklesio ierarqias. zogadi suraTi aseTia: RmerTi Tavis nebas

da saTqmels pirvelad serafimebs auwyebs, serafimebi _ qerubimebs, qerubimebi _

saydarT, saydarni _ xelmwifebaT, xelmwifebani _ uflebaT, uflebani _ ZalT,

Zalni _ mTavrobaT, mTavrobani _ mTavarangelozT, mTavarangelozni _ angelozT.

ukanasknelni ki _ adamianebs. ase Seiqmna biblia. am azriTaa saRvTo werilis WeSma-

riti avtori RmerTi_sameba, romlis erT-erTi wevri _ wmida suli swored ange-

lozTa ierarqiuli kibis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba winaswarmetyvelebs da mociqu-

lebs.

RmerTma mxolod keTili angelozebi Seqmna, maTgan zogierTma borotad gamo-

iyena Tavisufleba, daadga RvTis sawinaaRmdego gzas, rasac Sedegad dacema mohyva.

uxilavi cis kabadonze demonebi anu boroti angelozebi (eSmakebi) gamoCndnen.

radgan isini RmerTs sakuTari surviliT gadaudgnen, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT

TviT daiwyevles Tavi anu ganeSornen madls, riTac adre aRvsilni iyvnen. ange-

lozTa am dass ewoda eSmaki anu satana, liuciferi, romelic gaxda borotebis

wyaro da niadagi.

marTalia, RvTis qmnileba eSmakis manqanebis gamo gauxeSda, magram pasuxismgeb-


loba adamianis kiserzea. igi gonieri arseba iyo da TviTkontrolis unari hqonda.

es pasuxismgebloba mis mxrebs dResac awevs, radgan mas SerCa RvTis beWedi, RvTis

naperwkali _ cnobiereba, goniereba, arCevanis unari, Tavisufleba. azrovneba is

unari da Tvisebaa, rac adamians cxovelisagan gamoarCevs.

gamosyidva. kacobriobas sakuTari ZalebiT ar SeeZlo pirvelcodvisa da misi

Sedegis ganqarveba. veranairi msxverpli, kacis xeliT gaRebuli, ver daakmayofi-

lebda danaSaulis zRvevis pirobas. gamomsyidveli msxverpli universaluri, zoga-

dadamianuri sicocxle unda yofiliyo anu msxverpli `yovelTa da yovelTaTvis~.

gamosyidva mxolod da mxolod uflis gankacebis, jvarcmis, sikvdilisa da aRd-

gomis meoxebiT SeiZleboda, rac sinamdviled iqca: caTa da miwis Semoqmedi gans-

xeulda da daibada konkretuli pirovnebis _ ieso qristes _ saxiT. qristianTa

rwmeniT, ieso qristem Tavi Tvisi TiToeuli Cvenganis nacvlad gawira, raTa

gamovesyideT; man sakuTari sisxlis gaRebiT adamiani RmerTs Seariga.

qriste dedamiwas srul RmerTad da srul kacad, RmerTkacad moevlina. Sobis

Sedegad mas araferi daukargavs. piriqiT, Seimosa axali buneba da gaxda yovli-

TurT adamiani. amasTanave, rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania, igi gankacda mokvdavi

da xrwnadi sxeuliT. es aucilebeli iyo gamosyidvis saidumlos srulyofisaTvis.

kerZod: adamians TviTon unda gaeRo msxverpli anu sakuTari nebiT etvirTa

sasjeli pirvelcodvis gamo. xsnis idea misTvis unda yofiliyo ara Tavsmoxveuli,

aramed sulisa da gulis amoZaxili. amitomac qriste daibada, gaizarda da mokvda

rogorc vinme Cvengani, oRond codvis gareSe. mas Sioda, scioda, stkioda da hqonda

Tavmoyvareobisa da sircxvilis gancdac.

ramdenad aucilebeli iyo jvarcmiT sikvdili?

jvari, Teologiuri TvalsawieriT, aris msxverpli _ macxovris qvelmoqmedeba

da vneba. saboloo jamSi, jvrad qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis sisavse gaiazreba.

misi simboloa sasmisi da dakluli kravi. gavixsenoT samebis xatebi, kerZod, andria

rubliovis `sameba~, sadac trapezze warmodgenilia Tasi zvarakis TaviTurT, rac

mianiSnebs, rom RvTis Zis msxverplad Sewirvis garduvaloba ganWvretili, ganCine-

buli da uwyebuli iyo winaswar, dasabamSive. swored am msxverpls gulisxmobda

moZRvari, rodesac ambobda: `mamao, ukeTu SesaZlebel ars, Tanawarmxedin sasumeli

ese~ (maTe 26:39). es sasmisi aris igive jvari, razec nebayoflobiT daemsWvala

qriste, xolo jvarcmis winasaxe da winaswarmetyveleba _ sapaseqo kravi da, zoga-

dad, Zveli aRTqmis msxverpli, romelmac realuri saxe golgoTaze miiRo. ioane

RvTismetyvelis `gamocxadebis~ Tanaxmad, esaa `kravi dakluli uwinares soflis

dabadebisa~ (gamocx. 13:8), rac cxadyofs qristes, rogorc WeSmariti zvarakis,

jvarcmis, vnebisa da sikvdilis winagangebulebas. amis safuZvelze SemuSavda dogma

patiosani da cxovelmyofeli jvris xelTuqmnelobisa; igi gaigivda maradiul

sasmisTan, romelic amqveynad unda `Seesva~ qristes (maTe 20:22; 26:39; ioane 18:11).


jvari iTvleboda dasjis iaraRad umZimesi danaSaulisaTvis. igi, saxeobrivad

rom vTqvaT, ireklavda sazogadoebis znedacemul fenas da warmoadgenda cxovre-

bis Waobs. ufro sworad, Waobis WenWyobs, sadac ara erTi da ori pirovneba CaZiru-

liyo. Tuki vinme moisurvebda maT gadarCenas, unda Casuliyo iq, CaesunTqa myrali

haeri da egema dampali balaxebi. es tvirTi Tavsido ieso qristem, `romeli jvar-

secva CvenTvis, kacTaTvis, da Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis...~ amiT man adamis Svilebs

cxovrebis xesTan misasvleli gza gauxsna. jvari Tavadaa ukvdavebis xe. gavixsenoT

`cxovrebis xe~, romelic Semdgom, codviT dacemis gamo, adamianis Tvals miefara

(dab. 3:24). wuTisofelSi mxolod misi Zalis aRorZinebas SeeZlo sikvdilis daT-

rgunva... da radgan jvari aris ukvdavebis xe, masze damsWvalvis Sedegad macxovari

aRdga da amaRlda. amis gamo yovelma, visac surs cxoneba, es gza unda gaiaros. am

gzaze dadgoma niSnavs qristesTan, mis sikvdilTan, _ `masSi sikvdilTan~ ziarebas,

wilis dadebas. es ideali, marTlmadidebelTa da kaTolikeTa rwmeniT, eklesiis

meSveobiT xorcieldeba.

eklesiologia. eklesia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `krebuls~, `sazogadoebas~,

`ers~ (ara naciis gagebiT). maSasadame, yofiTi azriT, eklesias aqvs ori mniSvne-

loba: 1. aris morwmuneTa sazogadoeba da 2. saxli, sadac morwmuneebi ikribebian.

Teologiuri TvalTaxedviT eklesia aris qristes sxeuli, gvami, xolo TiToeuli

morwmune _ misi esa Tu is nawili, aso. amdenad, eklesia aerTianebs qristes mor-

wmuneebs, vinc unda iyvnen isini, _ yvelas da yovelgan myofT, cocxlebsac da

mkvdrebsac. igi, amis gamo, arsiT erTiania da ganuyofeli, magram mainc ornawi-

ledi: zeciuri da amqveyniuri anu uxilavi da xiluli. isini arsobrivad Seadgenen

erT samwysos erTi da imave mwyemsmTavrisa _ RmrTisa. qveyniuri eklesia ibrZvis

da gzad imyofeba jerac, meore ki, zecis eklesia, ukve zeimobs gamarjvebas, radgan

ewia ideals. aqedan cxadia daskvna: amqveyniuri eklesia, wuTisoflis darad, dam-

Zimebulia sxvadasxva codviT, zeciuri ki aris yovliTurT mrTeli da umwikvlo.

pirvels uwodeben `qvaTa eklesias~, xorcTa eklesias, mebrZol eklesias, romelic

iswrafvis da eltvis meores, uzemoess, WeSmarit ideals _ ciurs, mozeimes anu

medResaswauleTa eklesias. eklesias uxmoben agreTve sZlad, radgan misi saboloo

mizani qristesTan WeSmariti da mistiuri qorwilia.

eklesiis Seuqmnelobisa da maradiulobis rwmena ZvelTaganve msWvalavs kaTo-

like eklesias. es rwmena pavle mociqulis mier asea Camoyalibebuli: `nuTu ar

iciT, rom RvTis taZari xarT da RvTis suli cocxlobs TqvenSi? Tu vinme azianebs

RvTis taZars, RmerTi daazianebs mas, radgan wmidaa RvTis taZari da es Tqvena

xarT~ (I kor. 3:16-17). pirveli saukunis erT homiliaSi, romelic klimenti romaels

miewereba, vkiTxulobT: `vfiqrob, ara xarT umecarni imisa, rom cxoveli eklesia

aris sxeuli qristesi, radganac ambobs werili: `qmna RmerTma adamiani mamakacad

da dedakacad~. `mamakaci~ es aris qriste, xolo `dedakaci~ eklesia. winaswarmety-


velTa da mociqulTa bageebi gvmoZRvravs, rom eklesia gaCnda ara axla, aramed _

dasabamSive. igi iseve sulieri iyo, rogorc Cveni ieso da ukanasknel xans es ekle-

sia Cven mxsnelad mogvevlina anu eklesia, romelic sulieri iyo, ganivTda, xiluli

gaxda ieso qristes sxeulSi...~

maSasadame, eklesiis maradiulobisa da qristes sxeulTan misi arsobrivi gaigi-

vebis rwmena eklesiis Zveli rwmenaa.

xiluli eklesia, romelic geografiuli adgilis, saRvTismsaxuro enisa da

tradiciebis mixedviT ramdenime msxvil erTeulad iyofa, dafuZnebulia Tavad

ieso qristes mier im sityvebis safuZvelze, riTac mimarTa petres: `Sen xar klde,

da kldesa zeda aRvaSeno eklesia Cemi da bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereoden mas~

(maT. 16:18). eklesiis pirvelmosaxleni mociqulebi arian (saqm. 2:1-7). maT Camoaya-

libes qristes dobilTa da ZmobilTa sazogadoeba da daasaZirkvles eklesia, gana-

naTles msoflio da naTlisRebis xelmwifeba mimadles mosaydreebs anu episko-

posebs (zedamxedvelebs), mosaydreebma _ TavianT mosaydreebs da ase Semdeg, vidre

aqamomde. es jaWvi, apostoluri mosaydreoba anu samociqulo xeldasxmis uw-

yvetoba, arasdros gawyvetila da arc gawydeba. amis gamo eklesia iwodeba samoci-

qulod. mociqulTa memkvidreni arian episkoposebi, romlebic, marTlmadidebelTa

da kaTolikeTa rwmeniT, iseve aucilebelni arian eklesiisaTvis, rogorc sunTqva

adamianisaTvis da mze _ qveynierebisaTvis.

wuTisofelSi eklesiis misia pirvelcodvis ganqarveba da, amdenad, codvili

adamianebis moZieba, gamosworeba da cxonebaa. mis xelSi ori saSualebaa: moZRvreba

da saeklesio saidumloebebi.

saeklesio saidumloTa ricxvi udris Svids. arc mets da arc naklebs _ garda

am raodenobisa, marTlmadidebeli da kaTolikuri eklesiebi ar cnoben. esenia:

1. naTlisReba.

2. mironcxeba.

3. mRvdloba anu mRvdelmsaxurad xeldasxma.

4. usisxlo msxverpli anu evqaristia, e.i. wirva da ziareba.

5. qorwineba.

6. sinanuli, romlis Semadgeneli nawili aRsarebaa.

7. zeTiscxeba.

naTlisReba eklesiis karibWed iwodeba, ziareba ki _ gvirgvinad. naTlisRebis

wyalobiT morwmune axal kacad ibadeba da eklesiis wevri xdeba. ziareba ki mas

sisxliT da xorciT idealTan, e.i. qristesTan akavSirebs.

naTlisRebis Sinaarsi areklilia sagalobelSi: `raodenTa qristes mier naTeli

gviRebies da qriste Segvimosies, aliluia!~ WeSmariti da sulieri naTlisReba

maSin aResruleba, rodesac pirovneba gardaiqmneba da ganaxldeba. am SemTxvevaSi

igi pirvelcodvis batonobisganac Tavisufldeba da piradi codvebic exsneba, rac


naTlobamde Caudenia. naTlisReba morwmuneebs aniWebs beWeds. mis arsebaSi

suliwmida Semodis, romelic maradis da ukunisamde masSi ivanebs, oRond pirov-

nebis nebas ar Trgunavs: unarCunebs arCevanis, TviTgamorkvevis uflebas. naTlis-

Rebis beWedi waruSlelia. am saidumlos aRsrulebis Semdeg ama Tu im adamianma

aTasi codva rom Caidinos da, gnebavT, rjulic uaryos, SeuZlebelia kanonierad

monaTlulis xelmeored monaTvla. marTlmadidebel da kaTolikur eklesiebSi

arsebobs kanonikuri wesi, romlis Tanaxmad naTlisReba unda aResrulos kaTak-

mevelis (xmobilis) sufTa wyalSi STaflviT, anda sxurebiT xeldasxmuli mRvdlis

mier. mxolod gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSia Sesawynarebeli, rom es saqme Tavsidos ri-

giTma moqalaqem, romelsac Rrmad aqvs gacnobierebuli RvTaebrivi naTlobis mniS-

vneloba. zogadad unda aRvniSnoT, rom naTlobam, sxva ritualis msgavsad, ocsa-

ukunovani istoriis gzaze ganicada zogierTi cvlileba, rac aramc da aramc ar

Sexebia mis Sinagan mxares.

eklesiebSi Zveli droidanve damkvidrebulia CvilTa monaTvlis tradicia, rac

XVI I s-Si ultraprotestantebma uaryves da igi arasaxarebiseul movlenad gamo-

acxades. es sakiTxi Zveli tradiciebis mimdevar eklesiebsa da Tanamedrove deno-

minaciebs Soris dRemde cxare debatebs iwvevs.

naTlisReba adamians cxonebis Sanssa da potencias hgvris, magram ara garantias.

mis mier gakvaluli gza bolovdeba ziarebiT, rasac winuZRvis sinanuli, e.i. gul-

Semusrva, marxva, locva da aRsareba. ukanaskneli niSnavs codvaTa aRiarebas suli-

eri moZRvris winaSe da, am gziT, sindisis Semsubuqebas. morwmunes mxolod sina-

nulis anu metanoiis, e.i. cnobierebis dawmendisa da ukeTur CvevaTa daZlevis

Semdeg eZleva locva-kurTxeva ziarebisa, romelic eklesiis idealia. amitom uwo-

deben mas yovladuwmidess, gansakrTomels, anda _ saSinel saidumlos; miageben

udides pativs da ixsenieben krZalviT da ridiT.

evqaristiis anu liturgiis (Jamiswirvis) qveS igulisxmeba sisxliani msxver-

plis nacvlad uflisadmi Semusrvili sulisa da gulis ZRvna. amis gamo evqa-

ristias `usisxlo msxverplis Sewirvasac~ uwodeben, rac aResruleba sazogado

msaxurebis anu liturgiis Sedegad. liturgiis dros iwireba usisxlo msxver-

pli, _ puri da Rvino, romelic moaqvT morwmuneebs ganwmendil sindisTan da

locvasTan erTad. am purs, sagangebod gamomcxvars, uwodeben sefiskvers, e.i.

sameufo (samefo) kvers, xolo Rvinos _ zedaSes. purs daseraven da daWrian,

RvinoSi ki marTlmadidebeli qristianebi wyals Seureven macxovris orbunebov-

nebis Sesabamisad. esaa `kveTa~, rac udris berZnul `proskomidias~ _ winadagebas.

igi winauZRvis liturgias da asaxierebs macxovris jvarze damsWvalvas. amis Semdeg

winadagebuli ZRveni (puri da Rvino) gadaaqvT sakurTxevlis trapezze (magidaze)

da iwyeba wirva anu usisxlo msxverplis gadaarseba ieso qristes WeSmarit sisxlad

da xorcad.


es saidumlo Tavad ufalma daasaZirkvla sapaseqo sufraze, rasac gvamcnoben

saxarebani (maTe 26:20-29; markozi 14:17-25; luka 22:14-23) da mociquli pavle

(I kor. 11:23-25). qristianTa SegnebiT es iyo ukanaskneli paseqi. imJams dafuZnda

axali msxverplSewirva, axali religia da axali cnobiereba. saidumlo serobaze

gacxadda axali sazogadoebis, adamianTa axali urTierTobis, eklesiis arsi: esaa

ara biologiuri, ara sisxlismieri, aramed sulieri ojaxi, romelic daarsda

macxovris sityvebis safuZvelze: `ese ars sisxli Cemi axlisa aRTqmisa TqvenTvis

da mravalTaTvis daTxeuli misatevebelad codvaTa... amas hyofdiT mosaxsenebe-

lad Cemda~. marTlmadideblebs da kaTolikebs swamT, rom ziarebiseuli puri da

Rvino ieso qristes WeSmariti sisxli da xorcia. aRmosavleTis patriarqTa epis-

toleSi, romelic maT inglisel qristianebs me-18 s-Si gaugzavnes, vkiTxulobT:

`gvwams, rom am mRvdelmsaxurebaSi Tanamyofobs Cveni ufali ieso qriste. Tanac,

Tanamyofobs ara simbolurad, ara saxeobrivad, ara martoden madlis sisavsiT,

rogorc es danarCen saidumloebebSia, ara mxolod mofeniT, rogorc zogierTi

mama ambobda amas naTlisRebis Sesaxeb, ara puris ganmsWvalviT, e.i. ara luTeris

mimdevarTa sakmaod uxeSi da uRirsi ganmartebisebr, rom evqaristiisaTvis gan-

kuTvnil purs TiTqos mxolod sityvis RvTiuroba moicavs mtkiced, aramed _ WeS-

maritad da realurad. ase rom, purisa da Rvinis kurTxeviT puri gardaiqmneba,

gardaarsdeba, Seicvleba da gardaisaxeba Tavad RvTis WeSmarit xorcad, romelic

beTlems iSva qalwulisagan, naTeliRo iordaneSi, ivno, daefla, aRdga, amaRlda,

mjdomare ars marjveniT mamisa da gamoCndeba zeciur RrubelTa zeda. Rvino ki

gardaiqmneba da gadaarsdeba RvTis WeSmarit sisxlad, romelic jvarze vnebis

dros daiRvara cxovrebisaTvis qveynisa. kvlavad gvwams, rom kurTxevis Semdeg

puri da Rvino Cveulebriv purad da Rvinod ki ar rCebian, aramed gardaiqmnebian

RvTis xorcad da sisxlad, oRond purisa da Rvinis formiTa da saxiT~.

aqedan cxadia isic, rom liturgikuli purisa da Rvinis arsebas yvela qristi-

anuli aRmsarebloba erTnairad ar iziarebs. marTlmadideblebs, kaTolikebsa da

protestantebis nawils swamT, rom evqaristiis dros puri da Rvino saidumlod

da uxilavad gadaarsdeba da macxovris WeSmarit sisxlad da xorcad Seiqmneba,

Tumca garegnulad purad da Rvinod rCeba. am rwmenas pirvelad luTeri aumxedrda

da Camoayaliba Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac evqaristiuli puri da Rvino mxolod

da mxolod imsWvaleba ieso qristes sisxlisa da xorcis madliT, e.i. pursa da

Rvinos RvTis sityvis RvTiuroba mxolod efineba da gadaarseba ar xdeba. es

Teoria momdevno TaobaTa protestantebma gaaRrmaves da evqaristiuli puri da

Rvino qristes sisxlisa da xorcis simboloebad cnes.

evqaristiis mizani morwmuneTa Soris esqatologiuri molodinis anu qristes

meored mosvlis rwmenis gaRvivebaa.

esqatologia niSnavs moZRvrebas saboloo dReze. Cveni mkiTxvelisaTvis ucxo


ar unda iyos bibliuri rwmena qveynis dasasrulsa da mkvdarTa aRdgomaze, rac

formulirebulia `mrwamsis~ me-7, me-11 da me-12 wevrebad. iq naTqvamia, rom ieso

qriste kvlav mova dedamiwaze; aRdgebian mkvdrebi da SevabijebT mermis saukuneSi.

ras niSnavs `mermisi~?

RvTis winaSe aTasi weli erT dRes udris (fs. 89:9). ramdenadac `Sesaqmis~ wigni

Svidi dRis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, bibliuri Svidi dRe SeiZleba moviazroT 7 aTas

wlad. amis analogiiT qristianTa Soris fexi moikida rwmenam, rom qveyana SvidaTas

wels iarsebebs. mere dadgeba misi aRsasruli da meored mova macxovari ieso. wu-

Tisoflis arsebobis Svid aTas wels Svid saukunes uwodebdnen, xolo momaval

cxovrebas _ merves. ase warmoiSva specifikuri termini merve anu mermisi saukune.

merve saukune aris aRTqmis ideali anu caTa sasufeveli, rasac, cnobierad Tu

qvecnobierad, Segnebulad Tu gauazreblad, eltvoda da eltvis wuTisoflis

yoveli elementi, _ suldgmuli Tu minerali, gonieri Tu pirutyvi, xeprec da

mecnieric. esaa samoTxe da edemi, sadac vmkvidrobdiT. iq ki mkvdreTiT aRdgomis

Semdeg davbrundebiT.

`mkvdarTa aRdgoma~ niSnavs im sxeulebis gacxovelebas, romlebic amqveynad

SeerTebuli iyvnen sulebTan. gvami sruliad ganxrwnili da ganqarvebuli romc

iyos, mainc ganaxldeba, radgan bunebaSi araferi ikargeba. yoveli suli myisierad

moZebnis sakuTar sxeuls, anda am sxeulis gardasaxul-gadagvarebul nawilebs da

aRdgeba. TiToeuli pirovneba xorciTurT aRdgeba, magram ara imgvari xorciT,

riTac roninebda wuTisofelSi, e.i. _ mokvdaviTa da xrwnadiT, aramed _ uxrwneliT

da ukvdaviT, _ iseTiT, rogoric adams codvamde emosa.

am uidumales sakiTxze mociquli Semdegnairad msjelobs:

`... viRaca ityvis: rogor aRdgebian mkvdrebi? an romeli sxeuliT movlen? ugu-

nuro, rasac Sen Tesav, ver icocxlebs, Tuki ar mokvda. da roca Tesav, momaval

sxeuls ki ar Tesav, aramed SiSvel marcvals, sulerTia, iqneba es purisa Tu sxva

marcvleulis Tesli. magram RmerTi aZlevs maT sxeuls, rogoric nebavs, da

TviTeul Tesls _ Tavis sxeuls.

`yoveli xorci erTi da igive xorci rodia, aramed sxvaa xorci kacTa, sxva _

pirutyvTa xorci, sxva _ Tevzebisa, sxva frinvelebis. arian sxeulni zecierni da

sxeulni miwierni, magram sxvaa zecierTa dideba, da sxva _ miwierTa. sxvaa dideba

mzisa, sxvaa dideba mTvarisa, sxva _ varskvlavebis; da varskvlavi varskvlavisagan

gansxvavdeba didebiT.

`aseve mkvdarTa aRdgomisasac: iTeseba xrwnilebaSi, aRdgeba uxrwnelebaSi; iTe-

seba damcirebaSi, aRdgeba didebaSi; iTeseba uZlurebaSi, aRdgeba ZlierebaSi; iTe-

seba sxeuli mSvinvieri, aRdgeba sxeuli sulieri. aris sxeuli mSvinvieri da aris

sxeuli sulieri.

`aha, getyviT Tqven saidumlos: yvelani rodi movkvdebiT, magram yvelani Sevic-


vlebiT erT wamSi, Tvalis daxamxamebaSi, rodesac daigrgvinebs ukanaskneli sayvi-

ri... xolo rodesac xrwnadi Semosavs uxrwnelebas da mokvdavi Seimosavs ukvdave-

bas, maSin aRsruldeba sityva dawerili: dainTqa sikvdili ZleviT. sad aris, sikv-

dilo, nestari Seni? sad aris, jojoxeTo, Zleva Seni?~ (I kor. 15:35-55).

mkvdarTa aRdgomisa da qveynis ganaxlebis garduvalobas mociqulTa Tanamo-

sagre papi klimenti ase asabuTebs: `sayvarelno, davukvirdeT, Tu rogor saCinos

xdis meufe momavali aRdgomis dauyovnebliv aRsrulebas, romlis saTaved man

ufal ieso qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgoma dagvisaxa. vnaxoT, sayvarelno, JamiTi-

Jamad qmnili aRdgoma. dRe da Rame gvicxadebs Cven aRdgomas: rodesac Rame mi-

iZinebs, dRe aRdgeba, xolo rodesac dRe gadava, Rame mogveaxleba. an Tundac

xili vnaxoT: rogor da ra saxiT mimdinareobs Tesva? gamovida mTesveli da mimo-

yara miwaze yoveli Tesli, romlebic miwaze dacemisas gamxmarni da SiSvelni iyvnen.

amitomac jer daiSalnen, Semdeg ki uflis winagangebis sidiadem daSlilobisagan

aRadgina isini da manve erTisagan mravali nayofi aRmoacena da gamoiRo. vnaxoT

aRmosavleTis, kerZod, arabeTis mxareebSi qmnili ucnauri saswauli: aris frinve-

li, romelsac feniqss uwodeben. igi martosuli cxovrobs xuTasi weli. Semdeg ki,

rodesac kvdomisa da daRupvis Jami daudgeba, es frinveli TviT ikeTebs TavisTvis

samares sakmevelisagan, mironisagan da sxva nelsacxeblebisagan, sadac miva aRsas-

rulis Jams da iq aResruleba. rodesac gaixrwneba gvami, iSveba raRac matli, rome-

lic izrdeba momkvdari cxovelis sinotiveSi, frTiandeba da rodesac mTlad momZ-

lavrdeba, aiRebs im samares, sadac misi winamorbedis Zvlebia, itvirTavs mas da

arabeTidan waiRebs egvipteSi, egreT wodebul heliopolisSi. dRisiT, yvelas

Tvalwin, mzis samsxverploze afrindeba igi, iq daawyobs Zvlebs da TviT ukan gamo-

eSureba. qurumebi gasinjaven matianeebs da aRmoaCenen, rom xuTasi wlis Tavze

mosula es frinveli~ (Targmna ediSer WeliZem).

mkvdreTiT yvela micvalebuli aRdgeba: marTalic da codvilic, morwmunec da

urwmunoc. ganaxldeba yvela sxeuli, magram Seimoseba sxvadasxva RirsebiT da

pativiT TavTavianTi damsaxurebis kvalobaze: Rirseulni caTa sasufevels daim-

kvidreben, ukeTurni ki miecemian saukuno satanjvels anu jojoxeTs. amrigad,

qriste meored mosvlis Jams gamarTavs sayovelTao samsjavros, ganikiTxavs

TiToeul Cvengans da marTalTaTvis samoTxes ganaCinebs, SebilwulTaTvis _

jojoxeTs (Sdr. maTe 25:31-45).

rodis dadgeba qveynis aRsasruli da saSineli samsjavro anu apokalifsuri Jami?

ufali gvauwyebs: `im dRisa da im saaTisa aravin araferi icis, arc angelozebma

caSi, arc Zem, aramed mxolod mamam~ (mark. 13:32; maTe 24:36). maSasadame, `apoka-

lifsuri Jami~ aris usaidumloesi da misi konkretulad miTiTeba ar xelewifeba

RvTis Zesac ki, rogorc, amave dros, xorcSesxmul arsebas da yovliTurT adamians.

ioane oqropiri ganmartavs saxarebis aRniSnul muxls da ambobs, rom ufalma mos-


vlis TariRis ~ara mxolod gamocnoba, aramed TviT Ziebac ki akrZala~. am dRis

dadgomas morwmune yovel wams unda elodebodes da Tavs amzadebdes. amitomaa, rom

meored mosvlis winaswarmetyveluri gamoTvlebi ara marto damajereblobasaa

moklebuli, aramed upirispirdeba saRmrTo werilis princips da suliskveTebas.

moZRvris valia, pavle mociqulis msgavsad, mrevls yoveldRe afrTxilebdes: `aha,

moiwia dRe qristesi~ (2 Tes. 2:2) da aTi qalwulis igavs axsenebdes (maTe 25:1-13).

ismis kiTxva: saSiSia Tu sanatreli meored mosvla? _ erTic da meorec, radgan

esaa codvilTa sasjeli da marTalTa jildo. da radgan TiToeul pirovnebaSi

Tanaarsebobs avic da kargic, codvac da madlic, mermisi saukune erTdroulad

gvafrTxobs da gvxiblavs. gvafrTxobs samsjavro da gvxiblavs religiis ideali,

_ axali cxovreba, axali sazogadoeba, axali ierusalimi, axali ca da axali miwa,

rac ufalma cxadliv auwya esaia winaswarmetyvels:

~amova ylorti ieses Rerodan da misi fesvis amonayari gaixarebs. daivanebs masze

uflis suli, suli sibrZnisa da gonierebisa, suli rCevisa da simxnevisa, suli

Segnebisa da uflis SiSisa. is uflis SiSiT isuldgmulebs, danaxuliT ar gansjis

da gagoniliT ar daiwyebs mxilebas. simarTliT gansjis Rarib-RatakT, sisworiT

ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT. dahkravs miwas Tavis bageTa kverTxs da Tavis piris-

qariT boroteuls moakvdinebs. simarTle iqneba sartylad mis welze da siwrfele

sartylad mis ferdebze. dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad da vefxvi dabinavdeba

cikanTan erTad. xbo, lomi da nasuqali pirutyvi erTad iqnebian da Cvili bavSvi

wauZRveba maT. Zroxa da deda daTvi erTad mosZoven da maTi Svilebi erTmaneTis

gverdiT dawvebian, lomi ZroxasaviT SeWams Calas. ZuZuTa bavSvi unasis xvrelTan

iTamaSebs da ZuZuanasxleti aspitis budeSi Cayofs xels. aravin iborotebs da

aravin ibilwebs mTel Cem wmida mTaze, radgan aivseba miwa uflis codniT, rogorc

zRva aris wylebiT dafaruli. im dRes xalxTa droSad idgeba ieses fesvi da misken

daiwyeben denas tomebi; dideba iqneba misi saSvebeli. im dRes meored gaiwvdis

ufali xels, rom gamoisyidos Tavisi eris natamali...~ (11:1-11).

yvelasaTvis saocnebo dRes arsobrivad da realurad gamrTeldeba Catexili

xidi, aRdgeba kavSiri adamiansa da RmerTs Soris. Seimusreba `mTavari igi amis

soflisai~, e.i. eSmaki, romelic gvelis saxiT moevlina adamsa da evas; acduna isini

da istoriis manZilze Tesavda RvarZlsa da mtrobas. fers icvlis da gardaiqmneba

yoveli arsebuli. gakeTilSobildeba mgelic da qvewarmavalic. gaxdeba SesaZle-

beli, rom, `vefxistyaosnis~ finaluri sityvis Tanaxmad, _ `Txa da mgeli erTad

Zovdes~. metic, _ gveli daibrunebs bunebas, riTac is RmerTma Seqmna (da rac Rmer-

Tma qmna, keTilad qmna). igi ganimsWvaleba siyvaruliT da, vaJa-fSavelas talantsac

rom vuxmoT, mwed da mkurnalad moevlineba adamis modgmas, romelsac `baxtrionSi~

asaxierebs beri luxumi, omgadaxdili da valmoxdili. poemis finali gvelisa da

adamianis daZmobilebis SesaZleblobas gvamcnobs. es scena, STagonebuli esaias


apokalifsuri xilviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris mTis geniosis bibliuri msoflgage-

bis mwvervali da Cvenc wertils davsvamT misi citirebis Semdeg:

... dafiqrda gveli Zlierad,

guli evseba braliTa.

bevris codvebis moqmedsa

gadaubrunda guneba:

ra sibraluliT imsWvalvis

misi gveluri buneba!

zed gadaawva, mkerdzeda

wyluls ulokavda eniTa.

Tan mkerds usvelebs mxedarsa

cremlebis CamodeniTa.

ayruebs tyesa da velsa

oxvriTa ramodeniTa!

mTels erTs Tves ase uvlida

adamis tomis mteria,

borotebis gza gauSva,

keTili dauWeria!

saWmelsac TviTon uzidavs,

asmevs wyals laRis mTisasa;

Ram-Ram zRaparsac uambobs

oris obolis Zmisasa.

amboben: SaaZlebina

sneulso fexze dadgoma;

eRirsebao luxumsa

laSaris gorze Sadgoma.

RvTismsaxureba

RvTismsaxurebis ori saxe arsebobs: kerZo da sazogado. kerZo RvTismsaxureba

niSnavs individis pirad saubars RmerTTan an RvTaebriv arsebasTan (angelozTan,

wmindanTan). laparakia savedrebel an samadlobel locvebze sakuTari TavisaTvis,

sxvisTvis an sxvaTaTvis, kerZo SemTxvevebisaTvis (naTlisReba, wesis ageba da a.S.),

rac SeiZleba erTmac aRasrulos da bevrmac, magram es mainc kerZo msaxureba

iqneba. sazogado RvTismsaxureba ewodeba liturgias, rac berZnuli sityvaa da

`eris saqmes~, `sazogado saqmes~ niSnavs. am dros sxvadasxva eris, sxvadasxva klasis,

sxvadasxva stilis adamianebi RmerTs erTi suliT da erTi guliT adideben.

RvTismsaxurebis orive tipi saTaves saxarebidan iRebs. ieso qristem rogorc


individualuri locvis, ise sazogado locvisa da msaxurebis magaliTi mogvca.

is martoc loculobda da sxvebTan erTadac; pirvelis saWiroebasac qadagebda

da meorisasac.

pirveli sazogado msaxureba (liturgia) ufalma Tavad aRasrula. esaa saidum-

lo seroba, romelmac ZvelaRTqmiseuli msxverplSewirva gaauqma da axalaRTqmi-

seul msxverplSewirvas dasabami misca (zemoT SedarebiT vrclad visaubreT).

msxverpli aq samadlobeli locvebia, romelsac morwmuneebi aRavlenen da uflis

sisxlsa da xorcs eziarebian. ukanasknelni warmodgenilia Rvinisa da puris saxiT

da maTTan ziareba liturgiis anu evqaristiis mwvervali da idealia (`evqe~ ber-

Znulad locvas, `evqaristia~ locvaTa Sewirvas niSnavs). am procesis Zveli qarTu-

li saxelwodeba Jamiswirva, Jamis Sewirvaa. rogorc kerZo, ise sazogado msaxure-

bis teqstebi (locvebi, sagaloblebi, asamaRleblebi da wesgangebebi) gaerTiane-

bulia saerTo saxelwodebis qveS _ liturgika.

RvTismsaxurebis ganuyofeli nawili medResaswauleoba anu, berZnulad, eorta-

logiaa.

sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis mizniT eklesiam Rirssaxsovar dReebs ZvelTaganve

pativi miago da SeimuSava sauflo, saRvTismSoblo, wmida mowameTa da sanatrel

movlenaTa dResaswaulebis cikli, rac TandaTan, saeklesio-saRvTismetyvelo

codnisa da praqtikis gamdidrebis kvaldakval, ivseboda da ixveweboda; yalibde-

boda qristianuli kalendari; iTxzveboda agiografiuli cxovrebani da sagalo-

belni, rac morwmuneTa STagonebis dauvsebeli wyaroa.

dResaswaulebze morwmuneTa konsolidacia xdeba. sagangebo RvTismsaxurebam

maT unda gaaxsenos is, rasac dResaswauloben; unda ganaaxlos madli, riTac

sagulisxmebel Jams Seimosa qveyana; maT Sinagan samyaroSi unda ganmeordes `mas

Jamsa Sina~ aRsrulebuli sikeTe.

SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ra mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis ama Tu im saRvTo movlenas

_ Sobas, aRdgomas da sxva? Teologebi upasuxeben: araviTari, anda umniSvnelo,

Tuki Cvens arsebaSi kvlav ar aResruleba! netar avgustines uTqvams: `Soba ese

miwyiv aResruleboda da aResruleba, magram Tu igi CemSi ar aRsruldeba, ra

sargebelia CemTvis?~ mTavaria, CemSi aRsruldes. qristes Soba, magaliTad, aRes-

ruleba maradisobaSi, yovel wams da yovel Jams; aResrula drosa da sivrceSi,

beTlemSi da unda aResrulos pirovnebis sulSi. arsebobs Segoneba: `Tavad unda

iqce mariamad da Sobo ieso!~ amdenad, saRvTo dResaswaulebis mizania, rom TiTo-

euli morwmunis gulSi iSvas macxovari ieso qriste, naTeliRos, feri icvalos,

aRdges da amaRldes, raTa mlocvelma Tavadac daidos wili uflis Rvawlsa da

misiaSi _ aRdges masTan erTad, feri icvalos, gardaiqmnas, amaRldes.

dResaswaulebis raodenoba saeklesio cxovrebis gamdidrebisa da gamraval-

ferovnebis kvaldakval izrdeboda. yvelaze Zveli sauflo anu ieso qristes am-


qveyniur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebia. siZveliT da RirsebiT maT

saRvTismSoblo dResaswaulebi mosdevs. maT gverdiTaa wmida mowameTa da moRva-

weTa xsenebani, romelTa damsaxurebis warmoCenas eklesiam Tavidanve gansakuT-

rebuli pativi miago. IV-V ss-Si Camoyalibda sauflo-saRvTismSoblo da wmida

xsenebaTa mdidari cikli, romelsac dRes kalendars vuwodebT. sxvaa astronomi-

uli kalendari, romelic saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo cxovrebas aregulirebs

da sxvaa saeklesio kalendari, romelic sinamdvileSi aris saeklesio ganawesi,

rigi (ordo) da romelsac warmomavlobiT astronomiul kalendarTan kavSiri ara

aqvs. dResaswaulTa ganawess eklesia astronomiuli kalendris ama Tu im sistemas

praqtikuli miznebiT usadagebs.

kalendari laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs drois SedarebiT xangrZliv periode-

bad _ dReebad, kvireebad, Tveebad, weliwadebad da saukuneebad _ danawilebisa da

aRricxvis sistemas. ZiriTadia ori: mTvarisa da mzis kalendari. qristianuli

dResaswaulebidan moZravni pirvelTan arian misadagebulni, uZravni _ meoresTan.

mzis kalendris Tanaxmad erTi tropikuli anu zusti weliwadi udris dedamiwis

erT garemoqcevas mzis garSemo. aq Tavs iCens sirTule: erTi tropikuli weli

Sedgeba dRe-RameTa ara mTeli, aramed wiladi ricxvisagan _ 365, 2422 dRe-Rami-

sagan anu 365 dRe-Ramis, 5 saaTis, 48 wuTisa da 46 wamisagan, e.i. yoveli wlis bolos

rCeba, naSTis saxiT, zedmeti dro _ zednadebi. yvelaze srulfasovnad iTvleba

welTaRricxvis is sistema, rac dReisaTvis sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli. misi

istoria mokled aseTia: iulius keisarma Cvens eramde 45 wels egvipteli astro-

nomis sozigenes rCeviT SemoiRo sistema, romlis mixedviT yoveli momdevno sami

wlis xangrZlivoba udris 365 dRes, xolo yoveli meoTxisa _ 366 (esaa nakiani

weliwadi, rodesac Tebervali 29 dRe-Rames iTvlis). amrigad, weliwadis saSualo

xangrZlivobaa 365,25 dRe-Rame, rac Zalian axloa tropikuli weliwadis xangrZli-

vobasTan (365, 2422). iuliusis kalendari qristianulma eklesiam xmarebaSi SemoiRo

325 wels, magram amiT problema ver gadaiWra. oTxi wlis manZilze dagrovili

CamorCena, iuliusis saSualo da tropikul weliwadTa gansxvavebulobiT gamow-

veuli, umniSvneloa (44 wT. da 46 wm.), magram saukuneTa manZilze igi imdenad Sesam-

Cnevi xdeba, rom misi ugulvebelyofa SeuZlebelia: yovel 400 weliwadSi sxvaoba

3 dRe-Rames Seadgens. mag. IV s-Si gazafxulis bunioba 21 marts modioda, XVI s-Si

ki 11 marts. amrigad, iuliusis droTaaRricxva XVI s-Si ukve 10 dRe-RamiT `Camor-

Ceboda bunebas~. aman moiTxova iuliusis sistemis reforma, romelic ganaxorci-

ela romis papma grigol XI I I -m 1582 wels. misi dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, dReTa anga-

riSi win waweul iqna 10 dRiT: 4 oqtombris momdevno dRe gamocxadda 15 oqtombrad.

amis Semdeg gazafxulis bunioba kvlav 21 marts daemTxva. imisaTvis, rom kalendari

kvlav ar `CamorCes~, grigoriusis sistemis mixedviT yoveli saukunis bolo weli,

romelic iuliusis wesiT nakiania, nakianad cxaddeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu


mocemuli saukunis ricxvi 4-ze unaSTod iyofa. magaliTad, 1600 weli nakianad

CaiTvala (16 iyofa 4-ze), 1700, 1800 da 1900 wlebi ki _ unakod (17, 18 da 19 ar iyofa

4-ze). amis Sedegad nakian welTa raodenoba Semcirda da Semcirda kalendaruli

weliwadis saSualo xangrZlivobac _ igi tropikuls sul 26 wamiTRa aRemateba.

amis gamo erTi dReRamis cdomileba mxolod 3200 weliwadSi dagrovdeba. e.w.

grigoriusis anu grigoriseul kalendars uwodeben welTaRricxvas axali sti-

liT, iuliusisas _ Zveli stiliT. axali stili aSkarad wingadadgmuli nabijia.

vimeorebT, Tu iuliusis kalendarSi sami dRe-Ramis cdomileba grovdeboda yovel

4 saukuneSi, grigoriseulSi erTi dRe-Ramis cdomileba 3200 wlis manZilze dag-

rovdeba, rac, faqtobrivad, kalendris problemis gadaWras niSnavs. miuxedavad

amisa reforma erTbaSad ar gavrcelebula. pirvelad igi XVI s-is 80-ian wlebSi

dasavleT evropis kontinentze SemoiRes, ufro gvian _ inglissa da aziis zog

qveyanaSi. axali stili ruseTSi 1918 wlis 24 ianvris dekretiT daakanones. am dro-

isaTvis iuliusis kalendari 13 dRe-RamiT `CamorCeboda~. amitom 1 Tebervali 14

Tebervlad gamocxadda. imave wlis 1 maisidan kalendaruli reforma saqarTve-

loSic gatarda.

`axal stilze~ gadasulia qristianuli msoflios didi nawili, maT Soris _

marTlmadidebluric, garda saqarTvelos, ruseTisa da zogierTi sxva eklesiisa.

CvenTvis cnobilia, rom `axal stilze~ gadasvlis sakiTxi saqarTvelos sapatri-

arqos winaSe XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi idga. sakaTalikoso sabWom ramdenjerme miiRo

dadgenileba reformis Taobaze, rac 1927 wels sruliad saqarTvelos IV saeklesio

krebamac daadastura. am ideas mxars uWerda samRvdeloebis umravlesoba, maT

Soris wmindanad Seracxili kaTalikos-patriarqi ambrosi (xelaia). viciT, rom man

patimrobis dros (1923-25), metexis cixeSi, marxvebi axali stiliT daiWira. mi-

uxedavad imisa, rom imxanad inteleqtualur doneze kalendris reformas aravin

dapirispirebia, aRniSnuli siaxle mainc ver damkvidrda. xalxma igi komunistur

movlenad Seafasa da sakaTalikoso sabWo, romelic maSin sainformacio saSuale-

bebs moklebuli iyo, daTmobaze wavida, _ moerida mrevlSi SfoTisa da ganxeTqi-

lebis gaRrmavebas, kerZod _ rusulenovani mrevlis gagulisebas, rac sqizmas anu

ganxeTqilebas gamoiwvevda. amis gamo SeaCera saeklesio krebis dadgenilebis re-

alizaciis procesi da mRvdelmsaxurebs daavala, xalxisaTvis axali stilis upira-

tesoba ganemartaT. dRes uxerxuli faqtis winaSe vdgavarT: patriarqi axali

stilis mixedviT gvilocavs kalandas _ 1 ianvars, Semdeg ki Sobas, romlis kalen-

daruli TariRi 25 dekemberia, magram Zveli stilis 25 dekemberi Cvens cxovrebaSi

realurad moqmedi kalendris 7 ianvars Tanxvdeba. es da msgavsi faqtebi garkveul

sirTuleebs qmnis, magram sanam saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmp-

yrobeli ar akurTxebs aRniSnuli krebis dadgenilebis ZalaSi Seyvanas, eklesiis

yoveli wevri valdebulia daemorCilos mocemul viTarebas.


`axali stilis~ eklesiuri TvalsazrisiTac upiratesobas udidesi sauflo

dResaswaulebis _ Sobisa da aRdgomis _ kalendaruli tradicia cxadyofs.

1. Sobas adre yvelgan erTsa da imave dRes ar aRniSnavdnen. romis eklesiaSi mas

25 dekembers dResaswaulobdnen, aRmosavleTSi _ 6 ianvars, naTlisRebasTan erTad,

aleqsandriaSi _ 20 maiss. am faqts ramdenime uxerxuloba axlda. jer erTi,

safrTxe emuqreboda msoflio eklesiis erTianobas da, meore _ rCeboda (6 ianvris

SemTxvevaSi) STabeWdileba, rom qristem RmrTeeba naTlisRebis Jams Seimosa anu

igi, rogorc RmerTi, naTlisRebis wyalobiT iSva, rac mZime Secdoma da eresia. da

rom moumzadebeli da gulubryvilo morwmuneebi ar Sesuliyvnen SecdomaSi, aRmo-

savleTis eklesia mivida daskvnamde, _ aucilebelia, rom SobisaTvis sagangebo

dResaswauli dakanondes; marTebuli TariRi 25 dekemberia.

25 dekembers warmarTebi astronomiul movlenas _ `mzis dabadebas~ anu sinaT-

lis mier sibnelis Zlevas, dRis Rameze gamarjvebas dResaswaulobdnen. qriste

simarTlis mzea. maSasadame, Sobis arsebas saxeobrivad astronomiuli wlis verc

erTi dRe ise ver asaxierebs, rogorc 25 dekemberi. I I I -IV ss-Si aRmosavleTis ekle-

siebSi ukve damkvidrebuli iyo xarebis, yovladwminda RvTismSoblis mucladRe-

bis, 25 marts aRniSvnis tradicia. es ki logikurad, fexmZimobis Cveulebrivi vadis

Tanaxmad, qristeSobas 25 dekemberze debda. 25 marti + 9 Tve= 25 dekembers.

aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi kalendaruli reforma IV-V ss-is moRvawis ioane oqro-

piris, konstantinopolis patriarqis, saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. man didi kvleva-

ZiebiTi samuSao Caatara da mivida daskvnamde _ qriste 25 dekembers iSva. es Sem-

TxveviT ar momxdara. am dRes mTavrdeba mzebudoba, Rame iklebs da dRe matebas

iwyebs; naTels Seemateba, Rames da sibneles _ moakldeba. wm. ioanes Tanaxmad, 25

dekemberi qristeSobis Zveli dResaswaulia, ramac aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi usa-

fuZvlod, raRac gaugebrobis gamo, Seicvala adgili, dasavleTma (romma) ki Zveli

tradicia Semoinaxa.

antioqiasa da konstantinopolSi Soba naTlisRebisagan kalendarulad IV s-is

60-ian wlebSi gamijnes. yvelaze meti konservatizmi `qristes akvanma~, ierusalimma,

gamoiCina. reforma, Cans, iq me-6 s-mde, iustiniane imperatoris dromde, gaWianur-

da. Sobisa da naTlisRebis erTad aRniSvnis tradicia dRes mxolod somxur samoci-

qulo eklesiaSia Semonaxuli.

2. aRdgomas umTavresi adgili uWiravs sauflo dResaswaulTa Soris. misi je-

rovnad aRniSvnisaTvis SemuSavebulia 50-50-dRiani cikli. pirvel ormocdaaTe-

uls ewodeba didi anu mZime marxva, meores _ zatiki. didi marxva iwyeba aRdgomamde

Svidi kviriT adre da moicavs a) sakuTriv did marxvas _ 40-dRians da b) vnebis

kviras, romelic uSualodaa dakavSirebuli ieso qristes tanjva-wamebasTan.

amitomac igi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT gamoirCeva. mZime marxva mTavrdeba

brwyinvale aRdgomiT, rasac mosdevs aseve Svidkviriani zeimi _ zatiki (berZnulad


_ pentekoste `ormocdaaTi~). es cikli (asi dRe) _ marxvan-zatiki _ yvelaze mniS-

vnelovania qristianTa eklesiur cxovrebaSi. misi dadgomisa da gansrulebis Ta-

riRi damokidebulia aRdgomaze.

qriste jvars acves ebrauli paseqis Jams, paraskev dRes. me-3 dRes igi adga. es

Svideulis pirvel dRes, erTSabaTs, moxda. amis gamo mociqulebma daadgines, rom

aRdgoma usaTuod paseqis momdevno Svideulis erTSabaTs edResaswaulaT. am dRes

daarqves berZnuli saxeli _ kvira, rac niSnavs sauflos. ase rom, aRdgoma

Tavidanve bunebrivad daukavSirda paseqs. paseqi gazafxulis buniobidan (dRisa

da Ramis sworebidan) pirvel savse mTvares aRiniSneboda. am faqts simboluri da

saidumlo Sinaarsi hqonda: `paseqi~ egviptidan gamosvlas, udabnos gadalaxvas da

aRTqmul qveyanaSi misvlas gulisxmobs. igi qristes aRdgomis winasaxe da momas-

wavebelia. astronomiuli dro _ gazafxuli, bunioba da buniobis pirveli savse

mTvare anu dRis saboloo gamarjveba Rameze, sinaTlisa wyvdiadze _ aRdgomis

Sinaarss erwymis da gamomsaxvelobiT Zalas hmatebs.

radgan sxvadasxva wlis gazafxulze, buniobis _ 21 martis _ Semdgom, mTvare

sxvadasxva dRes ivseba (mTvaris kalendris kvalobaze), paseqic moZravi dResaswa-

ulia. Sesabamisad moZraobs aRdgomis TariRi: misi ukiduresi wertilebia 22 marti

da 25 aprili. es sadavo araa, magram me-4 saukunemde aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi

erTsulovneba ar sufevda. zogierTi saeklesio Temi jvarcmas da aRdgomas erTi

da imave mniSvnelobis faqtebad moiazrebda da erTi saxelwodebis qveS aerTi-

anebda _ pasqa. pasqa (pasxa) vnebis paraskevs iwyeboda da kviras mTavrdeboda. am-

denad, igi kombinirebuli dResaswauli iyo (Sobisa da naTlisRebis erTsa da imave

dResaswaulSi gaerTianebis msgavsi). es dResaswauli SeiZleboda ebraelTa paseq-

sac damTxveoda da paseqze adrec damdgariyo, Tuki buniobis Semdeg mTvare Sa-

baTs aivseboda da ebrauli paseqis erTkviriani zeimi daiwyeboda. am faqts SesaZ-

lebelia, gauTviTcnobierebeli pirebi SecdomaSi Seeyvana da daetovebina STabeW-

dileba, TiTqos paseqi da aRdgoma erTi da igive dResaswaulia.

`pasqa~ berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `tanjvas~, `wamebas~, `vnebas~. aRdgomas (ara-

kombinirebuls) imxanad (da axlac) ebraulis gavleniT paseqsac (ebr. fesax)

uwodeben. vinaidan orive saxelwodeba _ paseqi da pasqa _ fonetikurad erTmaneTs

hgavs, kidev ufro metad iCenda Tavs am dResaswaulebis erTmaneTTan gaigivebis

sacduri. garda amisa, qronologiuri principis gamo, rom qriste aRdga paseqis

Semdgom, gaumarTlebeli iyo amgvari damTxveva. amitom jer mociqulebma, Semdeg

eklesiis mamebma imsjeles da 341 wels antioqiis adgilobriv saeklesio krebaze

daadgines, rom vneba da aRdgoma qristes gamomsyidvel misiaSi Tvisobrivad

sxvadasxva faqtebia da erT dResaswaulad maTi moazreba _ mZime Teologiuri

Secdoma. aRdgoma anu aRvseba unda vidResaswauloT ebrauli paseqis swor kviras

anu erTi kviris Semdeg. igi arc win unda uswrebdes da arc unda daemTxves


israelianTa paseqs. Tuki mTvare aRivseba kvira dRes, e.i. dadgeba ebraelTa paseqi,

aRdgomas vizeimebT Semdeg kviras.

zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom saeklesio praqtika, wes-gangebani da litur-

gikuli sakiTxav-sagaloblebi, kalendaris Sedgeniloba da Targi, asketizmis

formebi da sxva reglamentebi cvalebadobis kanons yovelTvis eqvemdebarebo-

da.

marTlmadidebloba

`marTlmadidebloba~ berZnuli `orTodoqsiis~ qarTuli Targmania. aRmsareb-

lobis mniSvnelobiT igi pirvelad I I - I I I ss-is udidesi saeklesio moRvawis klimenti

aleqsandrielis SromebSi dasturdeba da eklesiis saerTo rwmenis gamomxatvel

terminad gzadagza mkvidrdeba. `marTlmadidebloba~ upirispirdeba `heterodoq-

sias~ anu `sxvadmadideblobas~. ukanaskneli iseT religiur pozicias gulisxmobs,

romelic eklesiis saerTo rwmena da pozicia araa. ufro farTo da zusti ganmar-

tebiT, orTodoqsia aris im rwmeniseuli dogmatebisa da ganCinebebis erTob-

lioba, romlebSic ieso qristesa da mociqulebis moZRvrebaa asaxuli. Tavad

dogmatebi werilobiTad eklesiis mamebis mieraa Camoyalibebuli da krebebisagan

damowmebuli. amis gamo isini morwmuneTa SegnebiT srul WeSmaritebas Seicaven

da, amdenad, cvalebadobis kanons ar eqvemdebarebian.

marTlmadidebeli eklesia is eklesiaa, romelic mociqulebma da Tanamociqu-

lebma daasaZirkvles da momdevno epoqis didma merjuleebma ganamtkices. es ekle-

sia dRemde Seucvlelad inaxavs rogorc mociqulTa da TanamociqulTa, ise wm.

mamebis sarwmunoebas da Svidi msoflio saeklesio krebis suliskveTebas.

kidev metad rom davakonkretoT, marTlmadidebloba aris ieso qristesa da

mociqulebis moZRvreba, Camoyalibebuli Zveli rwmenis simboloebSi da gad-

mocemuli eklesiis mamebis da maswavleblebis mier.

aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebis gacalkevebis Semdeg es saxelwodeba

aRmosavleTis, ase vTqvaT, Svid msoflio krebiseul eklesiebs SerCa da maT

dausakuTrda. dasavleTis eklesias, romis saydris daqvemdebarebaSi myofs, ro-

melic aRmosavleTis eklesiebs aRmsareblobiTac gaemijna, erTiani eklesiis me-

ore dasaxeleba SerCa _ kaTolikeoba. romauli kaTolikobis ideologebi da

apologetebi, radgan dadebiT epiTets ver imetebdnen, Sua saukuneebSi marTlma-

didebel eklesias xSirad berZnul eklesiad an berZenTa eklesiad moiseniebdnen.

amis mizezi aris is faqti, rom aRmosavleTis eklesia enobrivi TvalsazrisiT upi-

ratesad berZnuli movlenaa. kaTolikeebisagan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ber-

Znul eklesiad moxseniebis tradicia inerciiT alag-alag dResac iCens Tavs, rac

kuriozia da bevri msmeneli Tu mkiTxveli SecdomaSi Sehyavs. vinc saganSi Ca-


uxedavi da gauTviTcnobierebelia, gamoTqma `aRmosavleTis berZnuli eklesia~

erovnebiT berZenTa eklesia an saberZneTis eklesia hgonia*.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis arseba nikea-konstantinopolis mrwamsis me-9 wev-

rSia Camoyalibebuli. igi aris wmida, kaTolike da samociqulo.

es niSnavs:

1. marTlmadidebel eklesiad im morwmuneTa sazogadoeba moiazreba, romlebic

aRiareben zeciuri da amqveyniuri eklesiebis arsebiT mTlianobas da ganuyof-

lobas anu yovelive imas, rac zemoT aRvniSneT.

2. Zveli dogmatis Tanaxmad, eklesia arsebiTad igive qristes sxeulia da,

amdenad, wuTisofelSi iseTive msxemi da mwiria, rogorc misi patroni da mTa-

varmesaWe _ macxovari ieso qriste. xiluli eklesiebi, romlebic arian saberZ-

neTSi, saqarTveloSi, ruseTsa Tu dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, wuTisoflis stum-

rebi arian da sanam stumrad rCebian, maTac amZimebT wuTisoflis mwikvli da uke-

Tureba. magram es droebiTia. isini miiltvian WeSmariti samSoblosaken, zecieri

mamis sauflosaken, romelic yovliTurT wmidaa da amaoebis antipodi. siwmide

aris eklesiis arseba da mis wiaRSi damkvidreba morwmuneTa idealia.

3. wuTisofelSi eklesiebi organizebulia regionebis, saxelmwifoebis, mxare-

ebis, olqebisa, qalaqebis, soflebisa da ubnebis mixedviT, magram es dayofa piro-

biTia, utilitaruli motivebiT da praqtikuli miznebiT gapirobebuli. arsob-

rivad eklesia erTiania, sayovelTaoa, msoflioa, radgan mTels oikumenas moicavs

da, amdenad, igi WeSmaritad ekumenuria, _ kaTolikea. TiToeuli marTlmadidebeli

eklesia sayovelTao anu kaTolike eklesiis ganuyofel-ganukveTel nawils war-

moadgens.

4. marTlmadideblobis arsebiTi niSani mociqulTa memkvidreobis dacva da

aTvisebaa. aq rogorc moZRvreba, ise saRvTismsaxuro praqtika igulisxmeba. erTic

da meorec momdevno Taobam gaaRrmava da gaamdidra, magram ise, rom fesvebs ar

momwydara, _ ar momwydara saRvTo werils da saRvTo gadmocemas. rac araa moci-

qulTa memkvidreoba, is arcaa marTlmadidebloba.

marTlmadidebelTa moZRvreba da praqtika, saRvTo werilisa da saRvTo gadmo-

cemis garda, wmida mowameebisa da moRvaweebis, eklesiis mamebisa da, rac mTavaria,

saeklesio krebebis RvTismetyvelebas efuZneba.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis arseba ufro mkveTrad, farTo profiliT da vrceli

formulebis saxiT warmoCenilia `marTlmadideblobis sazeimo aqtSi~, romelic

* mZime Secdomebia daSvebuli m. cacanaSvilis wignSi ~saxelmwifo da religia~ (Tb., 2001), sadac vkiTxulobT:

~saberZneTis eklesia... dayofilia avtokefalur eklesiebad, romelTac sakuTari meTauri hyavs da

avtonomiuri marTviT xasiaTdeba (msoflio sapatriarqo konstantinepolSi, aleqsandriis, antioqiis,

ierusalimis, ruseTis, serbiis, rumineTis, bulgareTis, saqarTvelos sapatriarqoebi. aseve kviprosis,

poloneTisa da albaneTis eklesiebi)~ (gv. 46). am da bevri sxva ucnauri informaciisa Tu interpretaciis wyaros

dadgena calke gamokvlevis sagania.


842 wels, konstantinopolis adgilobrivma krebam SeimuSava (ix. qvem. gv. 133),

agreTve sxva Semajamebel traqtatebSi, romelTagan erT-erTi (msoflio

patriarqebis epistole) zemoTac davimowmeT.

struqtura da kanonikuri wyobileba

rogorc zecis, ise qveynis eklesia ierarqiulia. angelozebi da morwmune ada-

mianebi dayofili arian dasebad, romlebic erTmaneTTan ierarqiul anu safexu-

rebriv damokidebulebaSi imyofebian. es uzenaesTan ziarebis, e.i. uqvemoesi dasis

srulyofilebis gza da saSualebaa. imave dionise areopagelis mowmobiT (ix. zem.

gv. 66), amqveyniuri eklesia RmerTs zeciuri ierarqiis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba.

amqveyniur eklesiaSic angelozTa ierarqiis msgavsi ierarqia moqmedebs. eriska-

cebis makurTxeveli anu xeldamsxmeli samRvdeloTa dasia, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

sam ierarqiul dasad iyofa (qvemodan zeviT) _ diakonTa, mRvdelTa da episkoposTa

dasebad. TiToeuli dasi Tavis wiaRSi aseve ierarqiulia: kerZodiakoni, diakoni

da mTavardiakoni; mRvdeli, dekanozi da presviteri; episkoposi, mTavarepiskopo-

si da mitropoliti (an patriarqi). sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva eklesiaSi es

dasebi da ierarqiuli xarisxebi sxvadasxva saxelebiTaa cnobili.

`eklesia~ niSnavs rogorc morwmuneTa calkeul Tems, ise eklesiaTa msxvil ga-

erTianebebs da, pirvel rigSi, yvela eklesiis erTianobas. saeklesio Temebis, ase

vTqvaT, olqobriv gaerTianebas eparqia ewodeba. eparqia olqis Sesatyvisia da

mis mmarTvels episkoposi (zedamxedveli) hqvia.

nebismieri saeklesio Temi teritoriis mixedviT Sesabamisi episkoposis iuris-

diqciaSi Sedis. marTlmadidebluri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, episkoposis locva-kur-

Txevisa da mfarvelobis miRma myofi eklesia eklesia araa. es niSnavs, rom marTl-

madidebeli eklesia mkacrad episkopaluri eklesiaa.

Tavdapirvelad yvela saepiskoposo kaTedra mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT av-

tonomiuri iyo. eparqiaTa gaerTianeba, episkopatisa da, Sesabamisad, mTavarepis-

koposis institutis Camoyalibeba SedarebiT gvian moxda (me-3 s-idan). warmoiSva

avtokefaluri (TviTTavadi) eklesiebi anu, ufro sworad, eklesiaTa gaerTiane-

bebi. avtokefaluri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels patriarqad (mamaTmTavrad) moixse-

niebdnen.

IV s-is bolo wlebSi msoflio eklesia xuT damoukidebel saepiskoposo kaTedrad

anu xuT eklesiad iyo dayofili, _ romis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis,

antioqiis da ierusalimis saepiskoposo kaTedrebad, ufro sworad _ sapatriar-

qoebad. SemuSavda Teoria, romelsac pentarqia (`xuTmTavroba~) erqva da romelic

mocemul viTarebas, e.i. mTeli oikumenes xuT sapatriarqod dayofas, sakralur-

eklesiologiuri motivebiT umagrebda zurgs. laparakia aRniSnuli kaTedrebis

apostoluri (mociqulebrivi) warmomavlobis rwmenaze. romis saydari wm. petrem


daaarsa, konstantinopolis (efesodan gadmotanili) _ ioane RvTismetyvelma,

aleqsandriis _ markoz maxarebelma, antioqiis _ luka maxarebelma, ierusalimis

_ wm. iakobma, uflis Zmam. cnobilia amave Teoriis meore variantic. qveyanaze oTxi

patriarqia, oTxi maxareblis kaTedraTa mixedviT. romis patriarqs (paps) luka

maxareblis kaTedra uWiravs, konstantinopolisas _ ioanesi, aleqsandriisas _

markozisi, antioqiisas _ maTesi. mexuTe patriarqs ki, ierusalimisas, aseTi ti-

tuli misi qalaqis gansakuTrebuli siwmindis gamo ergo. Tuki qristes moZRvrebas

romelime `barbarozi~ eri eziareba, misi episkoposi xuTidan erT-erT patriarqs

unda daeqvemdebaros, kerZod imas _ visganac rjuli miiRo.

pentarqia romsa da bizantiaSi RvTisgan dawesebul movlenad moiazreboda da

marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda. mas mtevnis xuT

TiTs, anda xuTi grZnobis organos adarebdnen. IX s-is erTi Teologis TqmiT,

`qristem Tavis sxeulSi, e.i. eklesiaSi, imdeni sapatriarqo kaTedra daawesa, ram-

deni grZnobacaa mokvdavi adamianis sxeulSi. Tu es kaTedrebi SekavSirebulni ari-

an erTi nebisyofiT, maSin mTeli eklesia jansaRia ise, rogorc adamianis sxeuli

mrTelia maSin, rodesac xuTi grZnoba mTeli da uzadoa~.

pentarqiis batonobis Jams axali sapatriarqo kaTedrebis daarseba mwvaleb-

lobad da marTlmadideblobis Ralatad aRiqmeboda. msgavsi `Ralati~ pirvelad

somxeTis eklesiam Caidina. VI s-is miwuruls kaTalikosma abraamma ara marto qalke-

donis marTlmadidebluri krebis dadgenileba uaryo (ix. qv.), aramed Tavis Tavs

patriarqi uwoda, rac somxeTis eklesiis damoukideblobis gamocxadebas niSnavda.

amis gamo konstantinopolis krebam somxeTis eklesias 597 wels brali aramarTl-

madideblobaSi dasdo. saqarTvelos (qarTlis) kaTalikosi kirioni konstantino-

polis kvals gahyva da somxeTis eklesiasTan evqaristiuli (locviTi) kavSiri

gawyvita.

aqedan cxadia: pentarqias anu xuT patriarqTa avtoritets bzari maSin Seepare-

boda da safuZvlianadac Seiryeoda, rodesac ama Tu im eklesias eklesiaTa saerTo

rwmenisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi, e.i. eresebi anu wvalebani daeufleboda.

Tuki samociqulo saydarTagan romelime ama Tu im eress miemxroboda, an TviT

Sobda mas, ris magaliTebsac qvemoT vnaxavT, sxva eklesiebi masTan kavSirs wyvet-

dnen da pentarqiac Zalas kargavda, _ fiqtiuri xdeboda.

marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa Soris rwmeniseuli ganxeTqilebebi IV-X ss-Si ara-

erTgzis momxdara, magram daZabulobis ganmuxtva xerxdeboda da XI s-mde pentar-

qiis avtoriteti ase Tu ise ZalaSi rCeboda. Cans, am avtoritets, e.i. xuTi patri-

arqis erTad xsenebis tradicias marTlmadideblur samyaroSi imdenad hqonda fes-

vebi gadgmuli, rom oficialur dokumentebSi mas eklesiaTa gayofis (didi sqizmis)

Semdegac vadasturebT. saqarTveloSi, magaliTad, sigel-gujrebi XV-XVI ss-mde

xSir SemTxvevaSi kvlav xuTi patriarqis moxseniebiT iwyeboda.


XI s-idan msoflioSi axali sapatriarqoebi (maT Soris, saqarTvelos sapatri-

arqo) aRmocenda da pentarqias yavli gauvida.

amJamad marTlmadidebeli eklesia TxuTmeti avtokefaluri da sami avtonomiuri

eklesiiTaa warmodgenili. avtokefaluri eklesiebia: 1. konstantinopolis (kaTedra

konstantinopolSi anu stambolSi), 2. aleqsandriis (kaTedra aleqsandriaSi), 3.

antioqiis (kaTedra damaskoSi), 4. ierusalimis (kaTedra ierusalimSi), 5. ruseTis

(kaTedra moskovSi), 6. saqarTvelosi (kaTedra TbilisSi), 7. serbeTis (kaTedra

belgradSi), 8. rumineTis (kaTedra buqarestSi), 9. bulgareTis (kaTedra sofiaSi), 10.

kviprosis (kaTedra levkusiaSi), 11. eladis (kaTedra aTenSi), 12. albaneTis (kaTedra

tiranaSi), 13. poloneTis (kaTedra varSavaSi), 14. Cexoslovakiis (kaTedra praRaSi) da

15. amerikis (kaTedra niu-iorkSi). avtonomiuri eklesiebia: 1. sinais (kaTedra kairoSi),

2. fineTis (kaTedra kuipioSi) da 3. iaponiis (kaTedra tokioSi).

sqizmaturi eklesiebi

marTlmadidebel eklesias centri (rogorc, vTqvaT, kaTolikebs romi) ar gaaC-

nia. msoflio patriarqis tituli konstantinopolis mTavarepiskoposs aqvs, mag-

ram es wodebaa da ara Tanamdeboba. damoukidebeli qveynebis msxvili eklesiebi

damoukidebelia. vinc araa damoukidebeli da surs damoukidebloba, amis SesaZ-

lebloba idealSi moepoveba. damoukideblobisaTvis, magaliTad, ukrainis eklesia

ibrZvis, rasac mxars uWers konstantinopoli da ewinaaRmdegeba moskovi. aseTi

viTareba eklesiaTaSoris urTierTobas Zabavs.

azrTa da principTa sxvadasxvaobas aqvs adgili saRvTismsaxuro praqtikaSi,

saxelmwifosTan da sxvadmadideblebTan urTierTobis sakiTxSic. am motivebis

safuZvelze marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi pirveli seriozuli ganxeTqileba

1652-1666 wlebSi moxda. patriarq nikonis brZanebiT ruseTis eklesiaSi berZnu-

lidan Zvelad Targmnili saRvTismsaxuro wignebis mecnieruli koreqtireba da

zogierT saeklesio wesSi cvlilebebis Setana daiwyes, rac morwmuneTa nawilma,

protopop (igive dekanoz) ambakum petrovisa da episkopos pavle kolomenskis STa-

gonebiT, reformatorobad monaTla da eresad gamoacxada. nikonis reformebi

gaigivebul iqna apokalifsur sisaZaglesTan, romelic ukanaskneli Jamis momaswa-

vebelia. konservator-fundamentalistebi, qarizmatul da sakuTar rwmenaSi ga-

kerpebul lider ambakumTan erTad, meored mosvlas gulisfancqaliT elodnen.

TviTganadgureba gadarCenis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad gamocxadda, ris gamoc

bevri Tavs imarxavda, bevri Tavs iwvavda, bevric Soreuli cimbiris uRran da

miuval tyeebSi garboda, iq saxldeboda da garesamyarosTan, `antiqristes same-

fosTan~. yovelgvar kavSirs wyvetda. ambakumi daapatimres da 1682 wels dawves,

magram mis mier azvirTebuli talRis dacxroma ver moxerxda. moxda raskoli (gan-

xeTqileba). warmoiSva staroverebis (igive staroobriadcebis) eklesia, romelic


ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias dRemde nikonis eklesias uwodebs da madlay-

rilad miiCnevs.

staroverebma calke eklesia Seqmnes, romelic male daiqsaqsa `bezpopovcebad~

da `popovcebad~ anu umRvdlo da mRvdlian eklesiebad. staroverebis mxareze

sabolood arc erTi episkoposi ar aRmoCnda, ris gamoc mRvdlad kurTxeva aRar

xdeboda. Zveli mRvdlebi gardaicvalnen. staroverebis nawilma eklesiuri cxov-

rebis mRvdlis gareSe warmarTva SesaZleblad miiCnia, nawili ki aseT viTarebas

ver Seegua da oficialuri eklesiis mRvdlebis moTaflva, moqrTamva da gadabi-

reba daiwyo. 1848 wels avstrielma popovcebma erT-erTi episkoposis mimxroba

SeZles da am gziT sasuliero ierarqia aRidgines.

`staroobriadci~ kargad gamoxatavs am mimdinareobis bunebas _ wesebis gafeti-

Sebas anu wesebisadmi im mniSvnelobis miniWebas, ra mniSvnelobac dogmats Sehfe-

ris. staroverobis specifikuri niSnebia: pirjvris ori TiTiT gadawera, naTlo-

bisas mzis mimarTulebiT svla, orjer `aliluia~, rvaboloiani jvari, Tavis miwam-

de daxriT Tayvaniscema da sxva.

devnilebis gamo, romelic XIX s-is miwurulamde gagrZelda, staroverebi

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gaifantnen. nawili saqarTveloSi nebiT gadmosaxl-

da, nawili gadmiasaxles da foTis midamoebSi daasaxles. isini Caketil cxovrebas

eweodnen da adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan kontaqtSi, savaWro urTierTobis garda,

ar Sediodnen.

XX s-is 80-ani wlebis dasawyisidan staroveruli ideebis qadagebas filologi

da poeti murTaz Caxava Seudga da Tbilissa da zogierT sxva regionSi mcireric-

xovani eklesiebi Camoayaliba. mogvianebiT m.Caxavas episkoposis xarisxi mianiWes

da daarqves iona.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi staroverebis anu igive ZvelmarTlmadideblebis

saerTo ricxvi (erovnebis ganurCevlad) dReisaTvis arazusti monacemebiT 1000-

mde aRwevs.

ganxeTqilebani sxva eklesiebSic moxda. saberZneTSi dRes ramdenime damouki-

debeli sinodia. isini sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva mizezis gamo aumxedrdnen

konstantinopolis patriarqebs da, maTTan mimarTebiT, sqizmaturi eklesiebi Seq-

mnes. maTgan zogi kalendris sakiTxSi daupirispirda msoflio sapatriarqos (gri-

goriseuli kalendris mimarT isteriuli damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna), zogi imis

gamo, rom ekumenur moZraobaSi marTlmadideblobis sawinaaRmdego ideologia

dainaxa, zogic komunistur mTavrobasTan eklesiis loialur damokidebulebas

ver Seegua da a.S. ruseTis emigrantulma eklesiam, magaliTad, moskovis mTavare-

piskoposs komunistur reJimTan oportunizmSi dasdo brali da evqaristiuli kav-

Siri masTan dRemde gawyvetili aqvs. analogiuri viTarebaa saqarTvelos marTlma-

dideblur eklesiaSic.


eri da eklesia. marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi, rogorc avtokefalurni da av-

tonomiurni, Semosilni arian im qveynebisa da erebis elferiT, romelTa wiaRSic

isini msxemoben. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, kaTolikurTan SedarebiT, erovnuli

eklesiaa da es Tviseba sqizmis (eklesiaTa gayofis) momdevno epoqaSi, XI s-is Sem-

deg, misTvis kidev ufro niSandoblivi gaxda. erovnuloba (nacionaluroba) vlin-

deba RvTismsaxurebis enaSic, erovnuli mwerlobis stimulirebaSic, wes-gangebaTa

adgilobriv elementebSic da a.S. erovnuloba dadebiTi movlenaa, Tuki igi rwmenis

sferoSi ar iWreba da kaTolikeobis principebs ar bRalavs; igi dadebiTia imdenad,

ramdenadac kerZo da unikaluri (erovnuli) universalurs (zeerovnuls) eziareba,

magram ar iTqvifeba masSi. es simdidrea da kacobriobis darRveuli erTianobis

ganaxlebis sawindari.

erovnebaTa da, maSasadame, erovnul kulturaTa arsebobas suliwmidamac misca

dasturi (saq. 2:3-4). aq sadavo araferia, magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ama Tu

im qveynis eklesiaSi romelime eTnosi batondeba da iseT gavlenas axdens mocemuli

eklesiis formasa da Sinaarsze, mis ierarqiasa da demografiaze, rom eklesiis

kaTolikeoba iCrdileba da iTrguneba. am movlenas marTlmadidebluri RvTismety-

velebis enaze filetizmi ewodeba. termini berZnulia da metomeobas niSnavs. igi

mwvaleblobaa, radgan eklesiaTa erovnebebis mixedviT dayofas da organizebas

gulisxmobs. am gziT marTlmadideblobas frTa ekveceba da misi kaTolikeoba

(sayovelTaoba, universaluroba) eWvis qveS dgeba.

fileturma tendenciebma pirvelad monofizitTa Soris ifeTqa da somxeTis ek-

lesia, rogorc aRvniSneT, msoflio eklesias am motiviTac CamoSorda. es midrekileba

aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiebma postbizantiur xanaSi, XV s-is Semdeg,

kidev ufro gamoavlines. bulgareTis eklesiam XIX s-Si imdenad nacionaluri xasiaTi

SeiZina, rom igi realurad eTniuri bulgarelebis eklesiad iqca, _ kaTolike eklesia

nacionaluri eklesia gaxda. erTi da imave qveynis, bulgareTis, teritoriaze ori

eklesia Camoyalibda _ bulgarelTa da arabulgarelTa, rac mociqulTa kanonebis

mixedviT savsebiT Seuwynarebelia. amis gamo 1872 wels konstantinopolSi saeklesio

kreba Sedga, romelmac `bulgaruli ganxeTqileba~ ganixila da dagmo eklesiuri

nacionalizmi, rogorc marTlmadidebeli da kaTolike eklesiis principebTan

SeuTvisebeli movlena. krebam daadastura, rom eklesia, rogorc evqaristiuli

erTianoba, mowodebulia gadalaxos ganyofani da erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebul-

gaucxovebul nacionalobaTagan Tvisobrivad sxva, ufro maRali safexuris

erTianoba Seqmnas. dagmobilia iseTi viTareba, rodesac erTsa da imave teritoriaze

konfesiurad identuri, magram erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli, erovnuli niSniT

ganyofili eklesiebi arsebobs TavTavianTi episkoposebis daqvemdebarebaSi.

marTalia, aRniSnuli krebis ganCineba yvela eklesiisaTvis gaxda cnobili, mag-

ram, fileturi midrekilebebi marTlmadideblur samyaroSi gzadagza mainc iCens


Tavs. es gansakuTrebiT ruseTis eklesiis misamarTiT iTqmis, magram am problemi-

sagan Tavisufali arc saqarTvelos eklesiaa (ix. z. kiknaZe, eklesia guSin, eklesia

xval, Tb., 2002, gv. 12, 94-98).

dRevandel msoflioSi marTlmadidebelTa saerTo ricxvi 153 milions aRema-

teba. dasavleT evropasa da amerikaSi, bolo monacemebiT, marTlmadidebeli ekle-

sia mzard da perspeqtiul eklesiad gamoiyureba. igi Zvel epoqaTa sulieri kul-

turisa da tradiciebis memkvidrea, ris gamoc ganaTlebuli sazogadoeba, aRmsa-

reblobis miuxedavad, mis mimarT interessa da pativiscemas amJRavnebs.

saqarTvelos eklesia

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis sruli kursi, kvleva-Ziebis Tanamedrove dones

rom Seesabamebodes, jer ar gagvaCnia. Tumca calkeuli sakiTxi siRrmiseuladaa

damuSavebuli da Seswavlili. istoriuli sabuTebis didi nawili qarTul Tu uc-

xour enebze gamovlenilia da aRnusxuli. amis miuxedavad, wyaroebis simcirisa

da, zogjer, SeusabamobaTa gamo, bevri kardinaluri problema gadauWreli, da-

uzustebeli da sakamaToa.

arsebobs gadmocema: rodesac mociqulebma wili iyares, vis sad unda eqadaga,

iverT mxare RvTismSobels ergo. Tumca, RvTis gangebiT, Cvens miwaze fexis dadgma

mas ar dascalda. macxovarma mociqulebi _ andria pirvelwodebuli da svimon

kananeli _ warmogzavna. maTgan meorem axal aTonSi hpova ZvalSesalagi.

amis Semdeg saqarTveloSi qristes moZRvreba mogzaurebs, vaWrebs da tyveebs

SemohqondaT. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ rev mefeze naTqvamia: `iyo warmarTi, aramed

mowyale qristeaneTa, rameTu smenil iyo misda mcired raime saxareba uflisa

Cvenisa iesu qristesi, da aqvnda raime siyvaruli qristesi~. amis gamo mas `marTali~

ewoda. unda vifiqroT, rom imxanad, I I - I I I ss-Si, Cvens qveyanaSi qristianTa Temebi

da taZrebic arsebobda. am varauds zurgs arqeologiuri masala umagrebs.

ase rom, ganmanaTlebelsa da mociqulTaswors _ wmida ninos _ saqarTveloSi

noyieri niadagi daxvda da eris didi nawili, samefo karTan erTad, qristes

rjulze moaqcia. konkretuli TariRis Taobaze mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsaz-

risi arsebobs: yvelaze popularulia ivane javaxiSvilis varaudi _ 337 weli.

saeklesio wyaroebis umravlesobasa da Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi gamyare-

bulia azri, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, e.i. qarTlis anu iveriis eklesia IV s-

idan antioqiis patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca, magram sulier-zneobrivi, in-

teleqtualuri da TviT ricxobriv-materialuri zrda-ganviTarebis Sedegad V s-

is meore naxevarSi, vaxtang gorgaslis zeobis dros, SeiZina TviTgamorkvevisa da

sakuTar saqmeTa damoukideblad gaZRolis unari da faqtiurad gaxda avtokefa-

luri. xsenebuli mefis Txovnis safuZvelze konstantinopolis patriarqma akurT-


xa da saqarTveloSi gamogzavna Tormeti episkoposi, romelTac winamZRvrobda

kaTalikosi petre, erovnebiT berZeni. qarTlis kaTalikosis kaTedra iyo da aris

mcxeTis sveticxoveli, romelic nakurTxia 12 mociqulis saxelze.

iveriis sakaTalikoso, msoflio eklesiis majiscemis kvalad, saRvTismetyvelo-

dogmatur polemikaSi Caeba. mas unda gamoekveTa sarwmunoebrivi orientacia da

ganesazRvra aRmsareblobiTi kredo. V-VI ss-is bizantia religiuri omebis qar-

cecxlSi gaexvia, ramac gamoZaxili kavkasiaSic hpova. cxadia, erTsulovnebas arc

aq hqonda adgili. irani monofizitobas axalisebda, àxali romi~ anu konstan-

tinopoli ufro _ diofizitobas anda uniatobas. irkveva, rom mcxeTis saydarma

kursi qalkedonis krebisaken aiRo.

506 wels somxeTis q. dvinSi Sedga somexTa, qarTvelTa da albanelTa kreba.

masalebi Semonaxulia somxur enaze, saidanac irkveva, rom saqarTvelos delegacia

24 episkoposisagan Sedgeboda. xelmZRvanelobda kaTalikosi gabrieli. somexTa

krebuls saTaveSi edga babgen kaTalikosi. sxdomebsac umTavresad is Tavmjdoma-

reobda. ukanaskneli gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom aRniSnulma krebam dagmo nesto-

rianoba da mxari dauWira keisar zenonis `henotikons~ (èrTobas~).

ueWvelia, irans xels aZlevda, bizantiis sapirispirod, antiqalkedonuri ori-

entacia da, Cans, somxeTisa da, nawilobriv, albaneTis eklesiebma, aRniSnuli fo-

rumis Semdeg, mis survils gauwies angariSi, rac aisaxa imave dvinis I I saeklesio

krebis ganCinebaSi 551 wels. somexi samRvdeloebis didi nawili ukve monofizi-

tobas miemxro. qarTvelebisa ki _ diofizitobas. gacxarda dava-kamaTi mezobel

ierarqebs Soris. gadamwyveti sityva kirion qarTlis kaTalikosma (599-614/16) Tqva.

kirion (kiron) pirveli msoflio masStabiT sayuradRebo figuraa. dabadebula

javaxeTSi sof. sakutriaSi (saqurdiaSi); aRzrdila da ganswavlula somxeTsa da

bizantiaSi; ziarebia mecnierebisa da kulturis mraval dargs, metadre _ RvTis-

metyvelebas; aRzevebula umaRles sasuliero rangamde da inteleqtualuri

kontaqti daumyarebia imdroindeli civilizaciis korifeebTan. somxuri wyaro-

ebis mixedviT, mcxeTis saydarze asvlisTanave man qalkedonis pozicia gamoxata,

ramac daZaba urTierToba somxeTis eklesiis mesveurebTan. amas adasturebs èpis-

toleTa wigni~, romelSic Semonaxulia misi werilebi somxeTis kaTalikosebTan _

mosesTan da abraamTan. man amxila adresatebi eresSi da, samwysosTan erTad, Sewy-

vita evqaristiuli kavSiri maTTan.

ase rom, VI I s-is pirvel aTeulSi kirion kaTalikosis aqtiurobiTa da warCine-

bulTa mxardaWeriT qarTlSi sabolood gaimarjva diofizitobam da bizantiurma

orientaciam. zogjer konkretul TariRsac asaxeleben _ 607 weli.

am faqtma ganamtkica qarTvelebis avtoriteti marTlmadideblur samyaroSi

da wrfelyo gza dawinaurebuli msofliosaken, WeSmariti da srulfasovani av-

tokefaliisaken.


saqarTvelos eklesias srulyofili da iuridiuli avtokefalia erTbaSad ar

moupovebia. vaxtang gorgaslis dros iveriis mwyemsmTavarma _ mTavarepiskoposma

_ SeiZina tituli kaTalikosisa, rac mcxeTis sakaTalikosos srul damoukideb-

lobas jer kidev ar niSnavda, Tumca TvalsaCino nabiji iyo am gzaze: kaTalikosebi,

Tundac berZnebi yofiliyvnen, angariSs uwevdnen TavianT xelmwifeebsa da saku-

Tari eklesiis saWiroebas.

aseve didmniSvnelovani faqtebi iyo Semdegi: VI s-is Sua wlebidan saqarTvelos

kaTalikosad qarTvelTa dadgineba; V I I s-is dasawyisSi qarTlis kaTalikosTa qarT-

lSive xeldasxma; wm. mironis mcxeTas moxarSva da am faqtis oficialurad dadas-

tureba Teofilaqte patriarqis (741-751) mier mowveul antioqiis saeklesio kreba-

ze.

srulyofili avtokefaliis gzaze saboloo sityva melqisedek kaTalikosma Tqva

(XI s-is pirveli naxevari). man Tavi kaTalikos-patriarqad gamoacxada (nacvlad

`kaTalikos-mTavarepiskoposisa~. am tituls misi winamoadgileni atarebdnen). am

faqtTan dakavSirebiT antioqiaSi Sedga sagangebo kreba, romelmac saqarTvelos

eklesiis avtokefaliis kanoniereba dasturyo.

iuridiul avtokefalias aniWeben mxolod im eklesias, romelic mzadaa amisaT-

vis, e.i. SeuZenia unari sakuTari problemebis damoukideblad mowesrigebisa, dgas

religiurad marTebul poziciaze da akmayofilebs inteleqtualuri, sulieri da

zneobrivi cxovrebis normebs. saqarTvelos eklesiam saqristianos Semata wmida

mowameTa, Rirs meudabnoe mamaTa da marTalTa ricxvmravali dasi. esenia: raJden

pirvelmowame, wmida SuSaniki, evstaTe mcxeTeli, abibos nekreseli, abo tfileli,

konstanti kaxi, daviT da konstantine argveTeli mTavrebi da mravali sxvani, _

Zveli, saSualo saukuneebisa Tu axali droisa, romelTa Rvawli caTa Sina elva-

rebs. aRsaniSnavia aTcameti sirieli mamis misia. maT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxa-

reSi safuZveli Cauyares monastrebs, romlebic male kulturisa da mwignobrobis

kerebad iqcnen.

saqarTvelos eklesiam amoamorCa da gamokveba qarTuli kultura, romlis mi-

marT ganaTlebuli msoflio dRes did interess iCens.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, egrisis anu igive afxazeTis samefoSi, qristianoba

saxelmwifo religiad daaxloebiT imave dros gamocxadda, rogorc aRmosavleTSi,

magram iq bizantiis eklesiuri gavlena mZlavrobda da mRvdelmsaxureba berZnu-

lad aResruleboda. am mxriv sasikeTo Zvrebi V I I I -IX ss-Si moxda, rodesac grigol

xanZTelma da misma TanamoRvaweebma samonastro tradicia afxazeTis samefoSic

ganavrces. ase Caeyara safuZveli qarTlisa da afxazeTis eklesiur daaxloebas,

rasac Tan axlda qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro enis sazRvrebis gafarToeba dasavleT-

sa Tu CrdiloeTSi, kavkasionis qeds miRma. amis wyalobiT ki gaizarda `qarTlis~

anu ~saqarTvelos~ cneba, rac aRniSna giorgi merCulem: `qarTlad friadi qveyanai


aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli

aResrulebis~.

saqarTvelos eklesias X I I I -XIV ss-Si Znelbedobis xana daudga, radgan qveynis

daqucmacebam da gareSeTa Zaladobam misi sxeulis simtkicec Searyia. bizantiis im-

periis dacemam (1453) uaryofiTi kvali saqarTvelos istoriazec datova. amieridan

Cveni qveyana mahmadianTa garemocvaSi aRmoCnda. Tumca X V I I -X V I I I ss-Si saqarTvelos

eklesia momZlavrda da Rirseulad ganagrZo eris sulieri da gonebrivi cxovrebis

saWeTmpyroblobis misia. gaizarda misi saerTaSoriso avtoritetic, magram qarTl-

kaxeTis gauqmebis Semdeg, 1811 wels, ruseTis uwmidesma sinodma, saero xelisuflebis

iniciativiT, TanadgomiT da uSualo CareviT, daarRvia msoflio saeklesio krebaTa

ramdenime dadgenileba da Caidina arakanonieri aqti: peterburgSi gaiwvia kaTalikosi

anton meore, neba ar darTo mas samSobloSi dabrunebisa da saqarTvelos uxucesi

eklesia SeierTa. jer aRmosavleTSi, Semdeg ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi man kaTaliko-

sis kaTedra gaauqma da mis nacvlad egzarqosis Tanamdeboba SemoiRo. pirveli egzarqi

iyo qarTveli _ mitropoliti varlami (erisTavi). danarCeni ki _ rusebi, romelTac

gzavnidnen peterburgidan. isini, miuxedavad zogierTi maTganis pirovnuli Rirse-

bisa, emsaxurebodnen velikorusul politikas.

ase waerTva ZvelTuZveles samociqulo eklesias TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba,

rasac Sedegad Cvens qveyanaSi sasuliero cxovrebis reorganizacia mohyva. gaauq-

mes Telavis sasuliero seminaria da sxva erovnuli saswavleblebi; Seamcires epar-

qiebisa da monastrebis ricxvi; eklesiebs CamoarTves mamulebi da gadasces xazinas,

xolo mRvdlebis rCena daakisres adgilobriv mosaxleobas; zogierT did taZarSi

TiTqmis daakanones Jamiswirvisa da locvis rusul, e.i. mrevlisaTvis gaugebar

enaze aRsruleba da sasuliero xelovnebis yvela ubanze gaabatones araqarTuli

stili, ramac religiuri TvalsazrisiTac arasasurveli nayofi gamoiRo: Taname-

mamuleTa Soris ganelda sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba.

rac vTqviT, WeSmaritebaa, magram maqsimalizmi arc am SemTxvevaSi gvargebs.

droa, aqve isic vTqvaT, rom ruseTis uwmidesi sinodis mZlavrobis xanaSi saqarTve-

los eklesias, avTan erTad, madlic Seemata. ganmtkicda da xorci Seisxa erovnuli

da eklesiuri mTlianobis ideam: gamrTelda xidi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs

Soris anu aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiebi egzarqatis qveS, magram

mainc, gaerTiandnen; gamoica saeklesio mwerlobis araerTi Zegli, gansakuTrebiT

_ liturgikuli teqstebi da, rac mTavaria, ruseTis sasuliero saswavleblebSi,

seminariebsa da akademiebSi, aRizardnen saeklesio arqeologiis profesionali

muSakebi, romelTac gamoamzeves saqarTvelos sulieri saunje da misi eklesiis

adgili qristianul civilizaciaSi. am mxriv platon ioselianis, dimitri baqraZis,

Tedo Jordanias, kirion, ambrosi da kalistrate kaTalikosebis da korneli

kekeliZis dasaxelebac sakmarisia.


avtokefaliis ganaxlebis problema iyo rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT savse.

afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebis gauqmebis usamarTlobis mxilebas si-

cocxle Seswires dosiTeoz quTaTelma, eqvTime gaenaTelma da sxvebma. saero

pirebi _ mecnierebi da sazogado moRvaweni: ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, akaki

wereTeli, niko mari, aleqsandre cagareli, eqvTime TayaiSvili, aleqsandre xaxa-

naSvili, sergi gorgaZe, Tedo Jordania, sargis kakabaZe, anton natroSvili, Tedo

saxokia, irodion sonRulaSvili, ivane javaxiSvili da sxvani Tanamdgomni iyvnen

im moZraobisa, romelic XIX-XX ss-is mijnaze gaaaqtiures qarTveli samRvdeloebis

mesveurebma: episkoposebma (Semdgom _ patriarqebma) kirionma (saZagliSvilma) da

leonidem (oqropiriZem), arqimandritma (Semdgom _ patriarqma) ambrosim (xelaiam),

dekanozma (Semdgom _ patriarqma) kalistrate cincaZem, korneli kekeliZem (imxa-

nad dekanozma) da sxvebma. e. TayaiSvili ixsenebs: `... bolos da bolos gadavwyviteT

didi demonstracia mogvewyo da avtokefalia mogveTxova. Tan unda wagveRo ba-

iraRebi da plakatebi warweriT: `aRgvidgineT avtokefalia~. wamoiWra sakiTxi:

`vin unda gaZRoloda win am araCveulebriv demonstracias? iliam gviTxra: Tu

saWiroa, me wagiZRvebiTo~.

1917 wels Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis imperiaSi gamocxadda sarwmu-

noebis Tavisufleba da saqarTvelos eklesiasac mieca SesaZlebloba, ganemtki-

cebina avtokefaluri marTva-gamgeoba. ima wlis 12 (ax. st. 25) marts, kvira dRes,

mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi Tavi Seiyara aTiaTasze metma qalma da kacma. aq

iyvnen saqarTvelos mRvdelmTavrebi: leonide, giorgi, antoni da pirosi, Tbilisis

qarTveli samRvdeloeba, deputatebi Cveni qveynis yvela kuTxidan. erTi sityviT,

_ sruliad saqarvelo. `ganicadenze~ ep. leonidem warmoTqva sityva da gamoTqva

sixaruli, rom amieridan saqarTvelos eklesia daiwyebs axal cxovrebas, avtoke-

falurs da Tavisufals. nawirvebs taZris galavanSi gadaixades samadlobeli pa-

raklisi imis gamo, rom ruseTSi daemxo TviTmpyrobeloba da damyarda Tavisuf-

leba. Semdeg samRvdeloeba da xalxi isev Sevida taZarSi, sadac moixsenies saqarT-

velos ukanaskneli mefeni: erekle meore da giorgi mecamete; ugalobes `mraval-

Jamieri~ saqarTvelos eklesiis TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolT: episkoposebs _ ki-

rionsa da daviTs, arqimandrit ambrosis, romlebic sinodis mier iyvnen dasjilni

usamarTlod. bolos ki waikiTxes oqmi, rom 1) am dRidan, e.i. 12 martidan, grZel-

deba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia; 2) droebiT, kaTalikosis arCevamde, ek-

lesiis gamged iniSneba guria-odiSis episkoposi leonide da 3) saqarTvelos ek-

lesiis mmarTveloba evaleba aRmasrulebel komitets, romelSic Sedian rogorc

sasuliero, ise saero pirebi.

am aqtis safuZvelze aRdga saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. kaTalikos-

patriarqad airCies episkoposi kirioni, cnobili mkvlevari da sazogado moRvawe,

romelmac araerTgzis iwvnia usamarTlobis susxi da mowamebrivad aResrula 1918


wlis 13 ivliss sazafxulo rezidenciaSi _ martyofSi. es tragedia dRemde buru-

siTaa moculi.

ruseTis uwmidesi sinodi damoukideblobis deklaracias mtrulad Sexvda. man

saqarTvelos ierarqia madlmoklebulad gamoacxada da morwmuneebs mouwoda: ar

miewviaT qarTveli àvtokefalisti mRvdlebi~ saeklesio wesebze, ar mieRoT

maTgan locva-kurTxeva, ar Sesuliyvnen qarTul eklesiebSi, Torem ùsaTuod mox-

vdebodnen jojoxeTSi~. naegzarqosalma platonma, romelic, Tumca didad afa-

sebda qarTul kulturas, moskovis saeklesio krebaze ganacxada: qarTvelebi gada-

udgneno marTlmadideblobas.

SedarebiT rbili pozicia daikava droebiTma, e.w. kerenskis mTavrobam. man cno

Cveni eklesiis avtokefaluri uflebebi, magram erovnuli eklesiis doneze. es

Semdegs niSnavs: saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos mrevlad cxaddeboda mxolod da mxo-

lod qarTveli erovnebis marTlmadidebeli. danarCeni ki, saqarTvelos terito-

riaze mcxovrebi (rusi, berZeni, afxazi, osi Tu sxva) _ ruseTis samwysod. maTTvis

uwmindesma sinodma daawesa kavkasiis mitropolitis Tanamdeboba, romlis rezi-

dencia TbilisSi unda yofiliyo. am proeqtis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi saqarTve-

loSi ori marTlmadidebeli eklesia imoqmedebda: erTi qarTvelebisaTvis, meore

_ araqarTvelebisaTvis. am movlenas ewodeba filetizmi, rac, vimeorebT, eklesi-

ebis tomobriv dayofas da organizebas niSnavs. mas qaosi Seaqvs erovnebaTa urTi-

erTobaSi da ewinaaRmdegeba qristes moZRvrebis suliskveTebas.

eklesia ar SeiZleba nacionaluri iyos. saqarTvelos pirvelma saeklesio krebam

1917 wlis seqtemberSi kategoriulad dagmo es idea da xazi gausva saqarTvelos

eklesiis teritoriul avtokefalias, rom mis mrevlad iTvleba yvela marTlma-

didebeli, vinc Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs Soris saxlobs.

ruseTis eklesiis zegavleniT Tavidan sxva sapatriarqoebic ar adasturebdnen

Cveni avtokefaliis iuridiul uflebas, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom qarTvelebma

isargebles SemTxveviT, _ ruseTis imperiis avadmyofobiT, e.i. gakomunistebiT da

ùmaduri Svilebis msgavsad xeli aRmarTes~ masze.

ase rom, XX s-is 20-30-iani wlebi saqaraTelos eklesiisaTvis yovelmxriv mZime

iyo. metadre antireligiuri kampaniis boboqrobis gamo, rac gamoixateboda saero

da sasuliero pirebis devnaSi, maTgan zogierTis dapatimrebasa da fizikur likvi-

daciaSi, taZrebis daketvasa da dangrevaSi, morwmuneTa SeuracxyofaSi. imarTe-

boda Semdegi saxis àntireligiuri procesebi~: `bezboJnikebi~, igive komkavSir-

lebi, sicil-kiskisiT dadiodnen quCa-quCa jguf-jgufad; daatarebdnen jvrebs,

xatebs, bairaRebs da sxva saeklesio sagnebs; gadaicvamdnen anaforebs, mantiebs;

ixuravdnen kunkul-bartyulebs; Sexintricdebodnen eklesiebSi, oxunjobdnen,

mRvdlebs wvers akreWdnen da a.S.

aseT viTarebaSi moZRvarTa didma nawilma, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, miatova mrevli.


zogma saxalxod gmo RmerTi da sarwmunoeba. zogic gaukkRmarTebuli rjulis _

crumorwmuneobis _ WaobSi CaiZira. gawyvita metropoliasTan kavSiri da daiwyo

saeklesio wesebis TviTneburad Sesruleba, sisxliani msxverplis Sewirva da ja-

dosnobac ki. am movlenam seriozul masStabs miaRwia, ramac SeaSfoTa marTali

sarwmunoebis Wirisuflebi.

gaRrmavda konfrontacia saxelmwifosTan. saqarTvelos eklesiis ierarqebma

dagmes 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals demokratiuli respublikis ZaldatanebiT gasabWo-

ebis faqti. kaTalikos-patriarqma ambrosim 1922 wels memorandumiT mimarTa ge-

nuis konferencias da moiTxova samwysos teritoriidan saokupacio jarebis gay-

vana. am nabijs mTavrobis radikaluri reaqcia mohyva: 1923 wlis ianvarSi daapa-

timres uwmidesi mRvdelmTavari da sakaTalikoso sabWo sruli SemadgenlobiT.

es saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli furcelia. bral-

debulni 1924 wlis martSi gaasamarTles. samsjavro antisaeklesio isteriis qveS

mimdinareobda. revolucioneri muSebi sasamarTlos win awyobdnen manifestaciebs;

yvirodnen: `Zirs ambrosi!~, `Zirs SeniRbuli kontrrevolucia!~ da `xalxis mtre-

bis~ daxvretas moiTxovdnen. kaTalikosis `saboloo sityvis~ werilobiTi varianti

(Jurn. `mnaTobi~, 1988, N10) cxadyofs avtoris principulobas, taqts, diplomatias

da ganaTlebas. marTalia, man aRiara, rom msoflio konferenciaze gagzavnilma

werilma sasurveli nayofi ver gamoiRo, magram mocemul situaciaSi eklesiis

mwyemss sxvagvarad moqcevis ufleba ar hqonda... Tavi damnaSaved braldebulTagan

arc erTma ar cno. xalxis mexsierebam mamaTmTavris sityvebi Semoinaxa: `Cemi suli

RmerTs ekuTvnis, guli _ saqarTvelos, leSi ki, sadac gsurT, iq CaagdeT!~

sasuliero uwyebaSi politikurma ganxeTqilebam iCina Tavi. CvenSi, ruseTis

msgavsad, Camoyalibda e.w. `cxoveli eklesia~, romelsac episkoposebi qristefore

(cicqiSvili) da daviTi (kaWaxiZe) meTaurobdnen. isini morwmuneTa devnis ZiriTad

mizezad miiCnevdnen eklesiis mmarTveli sabWos antisaxelmwifoebriv kurss da

ambobdnen: Cven mxolod aTeizmSi ar veTanxmebiT komunistebs; sxva mxriv ki maTi

ideebi Tanxvdeba qristianobaso. amgvarad moazrovne sasuliero pirebma da maTma

Tanameinaxe mrevlma 1926 wlis 26-27 dekembers quTaisSi moiwvies yriloba da

kaTalikosis `antisabWouri platforma~ gaamaTraxes; SeimuSaves epistole, rom-

lis striqonebs Soris igrZnoba moxuci mwyemsmTavris wuTisoflidan male gasvlis

survili. kaTalikosi ramdenime Tvis Semdeg gardaicvala da mmarTvelobis sadave-

ebs prosabWouri fraqcia daepatrona kaTalikos-patriarq qristefores meTauro-

biT. misma politikam, rac eqsperiments hgavda, kraxi ganicada. imxanad sabWoTa

kavSirSi eklesiebis ngreva-awiokebam, masobrivi koleqtivizaciis paralelurad,

yovelgvar zRvars gadaabija. mas religiur liderTa ukiduresad oportunistuli

politikac ki veRar aokebda. 1934 wels saqarTvelos teritoriaze marTlmadide-

beli samrevloebis ricxvi 15-s ar aRemateboda. daluqes Cveni qveynis embazi _


sveticxoveli; samebis dedaTa monastris taZarSi wirva-locva akrZales, ris gamoc

monazvnebma trapezi sardafSi gamarTes; daketvis safrTxe daemuqra sions. kaTa-

likos-patriarqma kalistrate cincaZem sagangaSo mdgomareoba gamoacxada da

oficialuri TxovniT mimarTa stalins; aRiara: `saqarTvelos eklesiis kars mos-

dgomia iseTi gansacdeli, romelsac SeuZlia savsebiT mouRos mas bolo sul mokle

xanSi~... fexze dadga inteligencia, ris gamoc saqarTvelos sapatriarqos anuli-

rebis kursi gaWianurda. amasobaSi daiwyo omi. sabWoTa mTavrobas ideologiur

frontze situaciis gamwvaveba xels aRar aZlevda da misi politikac moqalaqeTa

sindisis mimarT erTi SexedviT loialuri gaxda.

kaTalikos-patriarqi kalistrate, sxva konfesiebis liderebTan erTad, anti-

faSisturi frontis mxareze dadga, ris Sedegadac sabWoTa mTavrobam eklesias

begara Seumsubuqa da Sewyvita aSkara represiebi. morwmuneebma odnav amoisunT-

qes.

gajansaRda viTareba saerTaSoriso arenazec. 1943 wels aRdga Zmuri urTierTo-

ba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebs Soris. damyarda kavSiri sxva marTlmadide-

bel Tu aramarTlmadidebel eklesiebTan, saerTaSoriso religiur organizacieb-

Tan, kerZod _ eklesiaTa msoflio sabWosTan (1962 wlidan), evropis eklesiaTa

konferenciasTan, qristianTa samSvidobo konferenciasTan, bibliis Targmnis ins-

titutTan da bolos: saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia iuridiulad daamowma

konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqma da misma sinodma 1990 wlis 3 marts sagan-

gebo ganCinebis Tanaxmad, romlis teqsti (sigeli) saqarTvelos kaTalikos-pat-

riarqs _ uwmidessa da unetaress ilia meores gadaeca.

perestroikis xanidan, rodesac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaaq-

tiurda, sasuliero da saero sazogadoebis garkveul kategorias eklesiur-naci-

onaluri da eklesiur-rigoristuli, e.i. ultraklerikaluri emociebi, fiqrebi

Tu ideebi moeZala. am ideebs mxari politikurma partiebmac aubes da saqarTveloSi

realurad antiekumenuri fronti Seiqmna. kaTalikos-patriarqma da uwmidesma

sinodma daakmayofiles radikalurad ganwyobili pirebis moTxovna da 1997 wlis

20 maiss gamoitanes dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel-

ma eklesiam eklesiaTa msoflio sabWosa da evropis konferenciis rigebi datova.

ganxeTqilebas, romlis winaSec maSin saqarTvelos eklesia idga, safuZveli gamo-

ecala da es safrTxe Tavidan iqna acilebuli, magram problemebi mainc darCa.

radikalebs ekumenistobad ara marto ekumenur organizaciebSi gawevrianeba mi-

aCniaT, aramed im eklesiebTan evqaristiuli kavSiric, romlebic ekumenur moZra-

obaSi arian Cabmuli da sxvadmadideblebis mxardamxar locvebze uars ar amboben.

Tu am pozicias gaviziarebT, moTxovna, rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqom ekumenizmis

mxardamWer eklesiebTan sarwmunoebrivi kavSiri gawyvitos, logikurad aRiqmeba.

amis miuxedavad saqarTvelos sapatriarqom, Tumca oficialurad antiekumenuri


orientacia gamoxata, ekumenizmis armgmob eklesiebTan locviTi Tanaziareba

SeinarCuna. ramdenime saeklesio Temma, ufro sworad, _ samRvdeloTa da saeroTa

jgufebma am faqtis mimarT aRSfoTeba ver dafares da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

iurisdiqciidan gavidnen. ase rom, masStabiT mcire sqizma mainc moxda.

Cveni qveynis istoriaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebuli roli

saqarTvelos konstituciiTac aRiarebulia, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoSi am

eklesiis iuridiul prioritetze mianiSnebs. konstituciaSi agreTve aRniSnulia

(Tavi 1, muxli 9), rom saxelmwifo `saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marT-

lmadidebel eklesiasTan~ urTierTobas konstituciuri rangis SeTanxmebiT

(xelSekrulebiT, konkordantiT) aregulirebs. es `SeTanxmeba~ saqarTvelos prezi-

dentisa da kaTalikos-patriarqis mier xelmoweril iqna mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis

taZarSi, 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers, cxovelmyofeli svetis xsenebis dRes, da damtki-

cebul uwmidesi sinodisa da parlamentisagan.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organoa sru-

liad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba, romelic saWiroebisamebr moiwveva. krebaTa-

Soris periodSi pasuxismgebeli piria mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi da sru-

liad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi, romelsac saeklesio kreba irCevs da

romlis xeldasxma da aRsaydreba (intronizacia) mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi

aResruleba. igi movaleobas uwmidesi sinodis TanadgomiT aRasrulebs. 1977 w. 25

dekembridan am Tanamdebobaze uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II (irakli SiolaSvili)

brZandeba, romlis saWeTmpyrobelobis pirvel nabijebs saqarTveloSi saeklesio

cxovrebis gacocxleba da sayovelTao sixaruli mohyva.

amJamad uwmidesi sinodi 25 mRvdelmTavrisagan Sedgeba. sul 27 eparqiaa.

mRvdelmsaxurTa da eklesiis TanamSromelTa momzadebis saqmes ori akademia da

ramdenime sasuliero seminaria emsaxureba.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevlis raodenoba, misi samoRvaweo

asparezi da gavlenis sfero dRiTidRe izrdeba.


denominaciebi eklesiaTa erTianobis xanaSi

eklesiaTa erTianobis anu pentarqiis realurad moqmedebis Jams eklesiaTa

saerTo rwmenisagan gansxvavebuli rwmena-Teoriebi gzadagza Cndeboda. amis gamo,

saWiroebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva eklesiis warmomadgenelTa erToblivi komisiebi

iqmneboda, raTa am rwmena-Teoriebis buneba da avkargianoba garkveuliyo. Tuki

dadasturdeboda, rom isini rwmenis arsebiT punqtebs, e.i. qristianuli RvTismet-

yvelebis macocxlebel RerZs upirispirdebian da azianeben, saeklesio krebebi

aseT Teoriebs eresebad anu mwvaleblobebad (wvalebebad) naTlavdnen da anaTemas

ucxadebdnen. es ki, arc meti da arc naklebi, niSnavs: maT mimdevrebs, vinc sinanuls

ar miecemoda, eklesiidan garicxavdnen _ gankveTdnen. gankveTilebi TavianT ek-

lesiebs qmnidnen, romelTac erTiani eklesiis enaze eretikosTa (mwvalebelTa)

sakrebulo, mwvalebelTa eklesia anu seqta ewodeboda.

eresebisa da seqtebis warmoSobis mTavar mizezad RvTismetyvelebis mkvlevrebi

im faqts asaxeleben, rom eklesiis istoriis adreul safexurze, romelsac apo-

logetikis xanas eZaxian, dogmatebi logikisa da dialeqtikis enaze Camoyalibe-

buli da gaformebuli ar iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, rogorc mosalodnelia, rjulis

kardinalur sakiTxebzec ki azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iCenda Tavs. warmoiSoboda sxvad-

madidebloba da mravldebodnen sxvadmadideblebi; iqmneboda axal-axali Teoriebi

da iqmneboda da yalibdeboda maT mimdevarTa axal-axali eklesiebi. WeSmaritebis

poziciidan es uaryofiTi movlenaa, magram veravin uaryofs, rom dogmatikis

rogorc saRvTismetyvelo disciplinis Seqmnas anu, rac igivea, dogmatTa formi-

rebas swored sxvadmadideblobam misca biZgi. ase rom, eresebma erTiani eklesiis

sxeuli erTdroulad kidec daaziana da kidec ganamtkica.

qvemoT im Teoriebsa da denominaciebs mimovixilavT, romlebmac msoflio is-

toriaSic da qarTuli kulturis istoriaSic TvalsaCino kvali datoves.

ZiriTadi literatura: a. p. lebedevi, saeklesio krebebi VI, VII da VIII saukuneebSi,

s-pb., 1807 (rus. enaze); e. v. bolotovi, leqciebi Zveli

eklesiis istoriaSi, s-pb., 1918 (rus. enaze); brokhauz-

efronis enciklopedia; v. s. soloviovi, TxzulebaTa

krebuli, t. IX, 1907, s-pb.; m. janaSvili, istoria

marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa, tf., 1889; s. yauxCiSvili,

bizantiuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1948.


gnosticizmi da mandeizmi

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi mkvlevarebs mxolod ramdenime gnostikuri Txzule-

bis fragmentze miuwvdebodaT xeli da ZiriTadad qristianobis apologetTa

SromebSi warmodgenil cnobebs eyrdnobodnen. sicariele 1945 da momdevno wels

egvipteSi gnostikosTa biblioTekis aRmoCenam Seavso.

gnosticizmi berZnuli sityvaa: `gnosis~ niSnavs codnas, `gnostikosi~ _ mcod-

nes, `gnosticizmi~ _ mcodneobas. ase ixseniebdnen seqtebs, romelTa wevrebs gansa-

kuTrebuli codnis flobaze hqondaT pretenzia. isini asparezze masobrivad Cveni

welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi Candnen; danawilebuli iyvnen mravalricxovan

da wvril-wvril seqtebad, romelTagan gamoirCeodnen: simonianelebi, nikola-

itebi, menandrelebi, kerinTosianelebi, dosiTesianelebi, doketistebi, karprok-

ratianelebi, markionitebi, valentinelebi, ebionitebi, saturninelebi da sx.

saxelwodebaTa umravlesobaSi asaxulia eresiarqebis vinaoba: basilid sirieli,

valentin egvipteli, karpokrat aleqsandrieli da sxva.

gnostikosebi TavianT Tavs WeSmarit da erTaderT qristianebad racxdnen, Tum-

ca maTi moZRvreba warmoadgenda mravalplastovan konglomerats, _ warmarTo-

bis, iudaizmisa da qristianobis nazavs, sadac saxarebis faqtebi da swavlebani

erwymoda elinur-babilonur miTebsa Tu filosofiur Tvalsazrisebs.

unda SevniSnoT, rom CamoTvlil jgufebs bevri ram aSorebda erTmaneTisagan, mag-

ram hqondaT saerToc, specifikuri, rasac v. soloviovi daaxloebiT ase gadmoscems:

materia da materialuri samyaro, romelic Seqmnilia umdablesi RvTaebis _

demiurgis mier, aris boroteba. wuTisofeli da misi yoveli msaxuri ganwirulia.

mxolod rCeulebs eRirsebaT xsna da saukuno cxovreba. eseni arian sulieri pi-

rovnebebi _ pnevmatikosebi, romlebic dasabamidanve da bunebiTad ekuTvnian saR-

vTo wiaRs, radgan CanasaxSive floben ciur elements. isini msoflio qaosidan

daubrundebian WeSmarit samSoblos mrTelni da uvnebelni, yovelgvari nadavlis

gareSe. araferi mdare ar amaRldeba, araferi bneli ar ganaTldeba, xorcieli da

mSvinvieri ar gasulierdeba. maSasadame, xorcieli da mSvinvieri adamianebi (Tun-

dac morwmuneebi) ver cxondebian. maTi momavali wyvdiadi da araraobaa. cxondebian

mxolod pnevmatikosi gnostikosebi anu sulieri Semmecneblebi.

gnostikosebi arRvevdnen samebis dogmats da asxvavebdnen RmerTs qveynis Semoq-

medisagan, rac niSnavs, rom samyaro Seiqmna RvTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod (ix. qvem.).

am danaSaulis gamosasworeblad RmerTi daemsgavsa adamians da gaxda moCvenebiTi

kaci. esaa doketizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac macxovari ieso qriste arc sruli Rmer-

Tia da arc sruli kaci: igi moCvenebiTia. misi mobrZanebiT qveyanas ara Tu Seemata

rame, aramed daaklda, radgan wariyvans pnevmatikosTa ojaxs, romlis wevrebi mi-

mofantuli arian sxvadasxva tomSi. cxadia, aq gnostikosebi igulisxmebian, romel-

Ta samomavlo bedniereba, maTive pirovnebis gamorCeulobis gamo, garantirebulia.


Taviseburia gnostikosebis damokidebuleba bibliasTan. isini mkveTr zRvars

debdnen Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas Soris. Zveli aRTqmis RmerTs _ iahves _ saxavdnen

borot Zalad, borot Semoqmedad anu borot demiurgad, romelic daamarcxa ieso

qristem.

Tavdapirvelad uzenaesi sikeTe arsebobda, romlis wiaRidan iSva mdedruli

Zala. am ori sawyisisagan _ uzenaesisa da mdedruli Zalisagan _ ganxorcielda

SobaTa seria, Seiqmna mravali sulieri arseba, SeiZleba iTqvas _ ciuri ierarqia.

uzenaesi ierarqiis uqvemoes safexurze myofma Zalam _ sofiad saxeldebulma,

aRfrTovanebulma uzenaesi mamis mier aRsrulebuli SesaqmiT, moindoma rom Tvi-

Tonac aResrulebina Sesaqme da man marTlac Seqmna arseba, romelic Sorsaa srul-

yofilebisagan. esaa iahve anu, gnostikosTa saxelwodebiT, ialdabaoTi, romelic

erTdroulad RvTiuricaa da arasrulyofilic. amis gamo ki _ ampartavnebiT da

SuriT aRvsili. igi Tavs uzenaes RmerTad Tvlis da sofias naperwkals mostacebs.

am naperwkalis saRvTo wiaRisagan ganSorebam mTeli zeciuri sisavsis (romelic

ukve aRaraa sisavse), yvela zeciuri Zalis tanjva gamoiwvia. radgan dairRva si-

savse, zeciuri Zalebi cdiloben dasabamieri srulyofilebis aRdgenas. maT

sapirispirod ialdabaoTi qmnis adams, Semdeg ki _ evas, rom zeciuri sisavsisagan

mowyvetili naperwkali maTSi gadamalos da am gziT SeinarCunos igi. Tavad ki

ibatonos da imefos sakuTar qmnilebebze. saxeldobr _ adamianze.

iwyeba omi or zeciur Zalas _ uzenaes arssa da ialdabaoTs _ Soris.

sofia gvelis saxiT dedamiwaze mociquls moavlens, roim gamofxizldnen adami

da eva da gaicnobieron maTSi arsebuli saRvTo naperwklis sidiade. ialdabaoTi

myisve gamodevnis Cvens winaprebs samoTxidan da xels Seuwyobs maT xorciel gam-

ravlebas, rom am gziT daanawevros saRmrTo naperwkali da gafantos igi sxvadasxva

adamianSi.

...gamoxdeba Jami da uzenaesi wiaRidan moivlineba mxsneli _ macxovari, romlis

mizania, moiZios mxolod am naperwklis Semcveli adamianebi, Seagnebinos maT maTive

ciuri warmomavloba da wuTisofelSi gafantuli saRvTo naperwklebi uzenaesi

wiaRisaknen miaqcios, kvlav aRadginos zeciuri samyaros srulyofileba. adami-

anebi, romlebmac Seicnes maTSi arsebuli saRvTo naperwkali, arian gnosti-

kosebi.

amrigad, es moZRvreba uaryofs sayovelTao xsnis princips: gadarCebian mxolod

isini, romlebsac dasabamidanve aqvT gnostikuri naperwkali. maTTvis ucxoa azri

sxeulebrivi aRdgomis Sesaxeb. piriqiT: aRsasrulis Jams nivTiereba gaqreba.

problemaa gnosticizmis warmomavlobisa da istoriuli fesvebis garkveva. maT

zogi aRmosavlur religiaSi, budizmSi, xedavs. Tuki es hipoTezaa, aRniSnavs

v. soloviovi, ueWvelia kavSiri naklebad popularul, magram metad originalur

sistemasTan _ mandeizmTan anu sabizmTan. sityva `manda~ mandeur enaze, arameulis


erT-erT dialeqtze, `codnas~ niSnavs, mandevelebi _ mcodneebs. aseve: `sabi~

iTargmneba naTlisRebad, sabielebi _ naTelRebulebad.

mandeizmi aRmocenda mcire aziaSi Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze da

dResac arsebobs. mimdevrebi TavianT Tavs `ioane naTlismcemlis qristianebs~

uwodeben da amJamad saxloben evfratis qvemo welsa da erayis midamoebSi. XIX s-

is bolos maTi ricxvi 20000 ar aRemateboda. hyavT sasuliero pirebi da gaaCniaT

saRvTismsaxuro da dogmaturi Sinaarsis wignebi, warmoSobiT Zveli (I-I I I ss.), magram

muhamedis Semdeg gadamuSavebuli. umTavresia: `ginza-rabba~ (didi sacavi), `ioanes

wigni~ da `kolasTa~, sadac Tavmoyrilia miTebi, himnebi da darigebebi.

mandavelebi mamaTmTavrad ioane naTlismcemels asaxeleben. ukanasknels gnos-

tikosTa sistemaSic gamorCeuli adgili eWira. igi Zveli da axali epoqebis mijnaze

dgas da TiTqos bunebrivia, rom mis TayvanismcemelTa kultSi, e.i. mandevelTa da

gnostikosTa Soris, aRreulia warmarToba da biblia.

mandevelTa Teologia zogadad aseTia:

RvTaeba anu absoluti diferencirebulia naTel Zalebad anu eonebad. esenia:

didi goneba (mana-rabba), cxovreba, wynari qrolva, mzis RmerTi (sam-semiri), cis

RmerTi (iuSamini), romelic myofobs cvarTa saTavesTan da sinaTlis wyarosTan,

ciuri iordane _ gonebis mkurnali, rac esatyviseba gnostikosTa sofias da ro-

melic warmodgenilia yovlismomcvel xed, romelic aerTianebs bibliur or xes _

sicocxlis xesa da Semecnebis xes.

Cveni sulebi RvTis gamosxivebani arian, Tumca dabnelebulni da datyvevebulni

materialur yofaSi. maTi xsnisaTvis eonebi saxldebian rCeulebSi, magaliTad,

ioane naTlismcemelSi, romelic afuZnebs religiur ganbanas da CayvinTvas sulis

ganwmendis simbolod ciur iordaneSi. sofiasTan (sibrZnesTan) ziarebulebma anu

gandobilebma Tavi unda Seikavon xorcis Wamisagan, Rvinis smisagan da sqesobrivi

kavSirisagan. isini ganyenebulni arian uwminduri msofliosagan; floben saidum-

los da gulmodgined faraven uziarebelTagan.

mandevelTa seqta, yvela monacemis mixedviT, gnosticizmis memkvidrea.

ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas: Tumca xangrZlivi saRvTismetyvelo paeqrobis Semdeg,

II I -IV ss-Si, gnosticizmi Zleul iqna, naSTis saxiT aqa-iq dResac suldgmulobs cal-

keuli jgufebisa Tu pirovnebebis cnobierebaSi.

origenizmi

am moZRvrebis burjia mRvdeli origene.

igi daibada 185 wlis axlo xans q. aleqsandriaSi berZnisa Tu elinizebuli

egviptelis ojaxSi. miiRo SesaniSnavi ganaTleba mamis _ leonides _ wyalobiT. mis

maswavleblebad asaxeleben saxelganTqmul klimenti aleqsandriels da filoso-

fos amonios sakas _ qristianyofil warmarTs. devnilebis Jams mamamisi gaasamarT-


les da qoneba CamoarTves. saxli gapartaxda. deda da eqvsi umcrosi Zma origenes

kmayofaze aRmoCnda. igi aswavlida gramatikas da ritorikas aleqsandriis kate-

xizmur skolaSi, romlis winamZRvradac dainiSna igi 17 Tu 18 wlis asakSi. gavr-

celda xma _ Wabukma moZRvarma, lamazman mowafe gogonebTan cdunebis SiSiT, Tavi

daikoda, Tumca am cnobas eklesiis Zveli istorikosebi saeWvod miiCneven. simar-

Tle aravin icis, magram faqtia, rom origenem adreve moixveWa Cinebuli maswavleb-

lisa da RvTismetyvelis saxeli. misi Sromebi xelidan xelSi gadadioda.

216 wels aleqsandriaSi qristianTa devna ganaxlda da, TayvanismcemelTa daJi-

nebuli Txovnis Tanaxmad, origene palestinaSi gadavida, sadac episkoposebma _

aleqsandre ierusalimelma da Teoqtiste kesarielma _ sapatio TavSesafari misces

da, Tumca jerac eriskaci iyo, akurTxes mrevlis winaSe saRmrTo werilis mqadage-

bel-komentatorad. male xarisxSic aiyvanes da 228 wels mRvdlad xeli daasxes,

ramac aleqsandriis mRvdelmTavris _ dimitriosis _ aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. man

gaixsena da irwmuna adre darxeuli Wori da origenes Semdegi braldebebi wauyena:

1. TviTkastracia, 2. uflebamosilebis gadaWarbeba (rom eriskaci episkoposebis

winaSe qadagebda biblias) da 3. saeklesio kanonebis abuCad agdeba (radgan igi

aleqsandriis moqalaqed iTvleboda, iqauri episkoposis nebarTvis gareSe sxva

eparqiaSi misi xeldasxma ar egeboda). 231 wels saqme ganixila adgilobrivma

saeklesio krebam da gamoitana ulmobeli ganaCeni _ origene gamoacxada uRirs

pedagogad da ganaSiSvla mRvdelobisagan, rac sagangebo sigelebiT ecnoba mezo-

bel mRvdelmTavrebs. zogierTma eklesiam, maT Soris, cxadia, kesariisa da ieru-

salimis episkoposebma aRniSnuli ganCinebis madlmosileba ar cnes da, metic, ori-

genes palestinis kesariaSi gaaxsnevines sasuliero saswavlebeli, ramac msmenelTa

didi ricxvi miizida, xolo moZRvarTmoZRvris avtoritetma mwvervals miaRwia.

man imogzaura aTonsa da arabeTSi. bevri gnostikosi daubruna kaTolike eklesias.

...daiwyo morwmuneTa rbeva-awiokeba. origene Seipyres, scemes da cxraklitulSi

Casves, ramac gatexa misi janmrTeloba da 253 Tu 254 wels suli ganuteva.

TanamedroveTa uwyebiT, origenes pirovneba mTlianad ganemsWvala religiur

da inteleqtualur interesebs. materialur mxareze naklebad zrunavda. marxu-

lobda ficxlad: asketobda da qvelmoqmedebda. eweoda devnilebis msxverplT da

maT ojaxebs.

mas darCa umdidresi werilobiTi memkvidreoba, erTi cnobis Tanaxmad, _ 6000

Txzuleba. ZiriTadi nawili, sabednierod, SemorCenilia. maTgan aRsaniSnavia Sem-

degi: egzegetikuri Txrobani, polemikuri da didaqtikuri werilebi, `locvis Se-

saxeb~, `mowameTa Semagonebeli sityva~, `sawyisTa Sesaxeb~, epistoleebi amoniosi-

sadmi, grigol sakvirvelmoqmedisadmi da sxva. misi rCeuli Txzulebebis krebuls

`filokakia~ (mSvenierebis moyvareoba) ewodeba. saganmanaTleblo da mecnieruli

TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva `hegzalpebi~ anu eqvsnawiledi. esaa Zveli aRTqmis nusxa


6 svetad: pirvelSi warmodgenilia ebrauli teqsti dednis anbaniT, meoreSi _ igive

teqsti berZnuli transkrifciiT, mesameSi _ akvilas Targmani, meoTxeSi _ sxvima-

xosis, mexuTeSi _ septuaginta da meeqvseSi _ Teodotionis. ase rom, saxezea soli-

duri teqstologiur-filologiuri Sroma WeSmaritebis dadgenis anu originalis

Tavdapirveli teqstis SeZlebisamebr aRdgenis mizniT. avtografiuli egzemplari

jer tvirosSi inaxeboda, Semdeg kesariaSi 653 wlamde, rodesac daiwva arabebis

mier qalaqis aRebis dros.

origenes religiur-filosofiuri mosazrebebi da pozicia yvelaze TvalsaCi-

nod Camoyalibebulia SromaSi `sawyisTa Sesaxeb~ (`peri arxon~).

WeSmariti Semecnebis anu WeSmaritebis wyaro aris ieso qristes sityva, rac

daunjebulia saRmrTo werilsa da saeklesio gadmocemaSi. origenes TqmiT, saRm-

rTo da samRvdelo werilSi zogierTi punqti Camoyalibebulia srulyofilad da

naTlad, sadavoc araferia. zogierTi ki saWiroebs axsna-ganmartebas.

misi moZRvreba 9 punqtad iyofa: 1) RmerTi aris erTi, Semoqmedi da yovelive

arsebulis ganmgebeli, _ ieso qristes mama. igi erTi da igivea sikeTesa da marTl-

msajulebaSi, axalSi da Zvel aRTqmaSi (gnostikosTa sapirispirod); 2) ieso qris-

te aris mamisagan Sobili uwinares yoveli qmnilebisa. igi emsaxureboda mamas

qveynis Seqmnisas da ukanasknel Jams RvTisagan ganuSorebelad gankacda, _ Seimosa

namdvili xorcis sxeuli da ara moCvenebiTi. namdvilad iSva qalwulisa da wmida

sulisagan. namdvilad ivno. mokvda da aRdga. dabrunda Tavis mowafeebTan da maT

winaSe miwidan amaRlda; 3) wmida suli patiosnebiT da RirsebiT eziareba mamas da

Zes. igi erTi da igivea yvela wmindanSi Zveli Tu axali aRTqmisa; 4) kacis suli,

romelic flobs sakuTar pirovnebas da cxovrebas, aRdgomis dRes SeiZens ganux-

rwnel sxeuls. Tumca sulis warmoqmnisa da gamravlebis wesze saeklesio swavle-

baSi gamokveTili araferia; 5) yvela gonier arsebas miemadla Tavisufali neba

borot ZalebTan brZolaSi, ris gamoc gvakisria pasuxismgebloba amqveynadac da

saiqioSic; 6) arsebobs eSmaki da misi msaxurebi, magram bunebasa da mis wesze maTi

moqmedeba moaSTes mociqulebma; 7) amJamindeli xiluli qveyana Semofarglulia:

aqvs sawyisi da sasruli droSi, magram imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo adre da ra iqneba

Semdeg, anda _ sxva xiluli qveynis Taobaze, saeklesio swavlebaSi garkveuli araa;

8) saRmrTo werili, romelic STagonebulia wmida suliT, zedapirulisa da

anbanuris garda, Seicavs kidev sxva, idumalsa da sulier azrebs; 9) udavoa keTili

angelozebis arseboba da Rvawli: emsaxurebian RmerTs Cveni xsnisaTvis, magram

maTi bunebis, warmoSobis da myofobis wesis Sesaxeb garkveviT araa Tqmuli saek-

lesio swavlebaSi msgavsad mzisa, mTvarisa, varskvlavebisa. 10) jojoxeTi gauqm-

deba da sabolood yvela cxondeba. esaa apokatastasi.

ai, am `sicarielis~ Sevsebisa da naTelfenis mizniT origenem gamokveTa Teori-

ebi, rac misma mowafeebma da mowafeTa mowafeebma ganaviTares, axali detalebiT


da argumentebiT Seavses, gaamZafres. ase Camoyalibda origenistoba, ramac ek-

lesiis wiaRSi miTqma-moTqma da sqizma gamoiwvia; warmoiqmna ori mtruli banaki _

origenelebi da antiorigenelebi. maTi winaaRmdegobis talRa nelnela zvirTde-

boda da zogan, magaliTad, wm. sabas lavraSi, sityvier da fizikur Seuracxyofam-

dec ki midioda. imperatorma iustiniane didma sagangebo zomebs mimarTa: 543 wels

konstantinopolSi moiwvia adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba, romelmac ganixila

`origenizmis~ problema. wamoayenes 10 muxlisagan Semdgari braldeba. gamoucxa-

des anaTema origenes da mis mimdevrebs, xolo Txzulebani ganadgurebis Rirsad

cnes. es ukiduresi da ulmobeli ganaCeni iyo, rasac, Cans, bevri grZnobda kidec

da nanobda. amitom aTi wlis Semdeg konstantinopolis V msoflio saeklesio

krebam gadasinja aRniSnuli saqme da braldebaTa ricxvi Seamcira, magram orige-

nelebs da maT mamaTmTavars eretikosis iarliyi SeunarCuna.

origenizmis arsebiT niSans Seadgens: 1. samebis wevrTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebu-

loba anu subordinizmi, rac, cxadia, arRvevs erTarseba-samebis dogmats; aRiarebs

masSi ierarqias da Tvlis, rom mama aRemateba Zes, Ze _ suls; 2. sulebis winaswar

arsebobis da gardasxeulebis anu reinkarnaciis Teoria. mis Tanaxmad (rogorc

aRmosavlur religiebSia) suli arsebobs xorcis uwinares da saxldeba erTi

sxeulidan meoreSi: ganicdis metemfsiqozs (aq sagrZnobia platonis gavlena); 3.

rwmena eSmakis gamosworebis, jojoxeTis mospobis da sayovelTao cxonebis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnulis miuxedavad, origenes damsaxureba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wi-

naSe udavoa. SeiZleba iTqvas, man erT-erTma pirvelma Cauyara safuZveli qristi-

anuli dogmatebis mecnierul-filosofiur enaze gamoTqmas da gaamdidra saekle-

sio mwerloba. aRzarda RvTismetyvelTa dasi, romelTa Soris brwyinaven dionise

aleqsandrieli da grigol sakvirvelmoqmedi. mas didad afasebdnen kabadukieli

mamebi.

arianoba

esaa gaxmaurebuli wvaleba, romelic mRvdelma ariozma Camoayaliba.

ariozi 256 wels aleqsandriaSi daibada. ganiswavla antioqiis sasuliero sko-

laSi mRvdelmowame lukianes, septuagintas cnobili redaqtoris (ix. zem.), xelmZ-

RvanelobiT. fiqroben, rom moZRvarma Caunerga mas Tesli, rac Semdeg ganxeT-

qilebis vaSlad aRmocenda.

erTxel, 318 wels, aleqsandriis episkopos aleqsandres Tavis mRvdlebTan kerZo

saubarSi uTqvams: `wm. sameba samobiT erTia~, e.i. samebis TiToeuli wevri Tanaar-

siao. msmenelTagan Turme ariozi Seepasuxa: `radgan mamam Sva Ze, Sobilis, rogorc

aseTis, arsebobas aqvs dasabami. maSasadame, iyo dro, rodesac Ze ar iyo da igi

Tavis arsebobas iwyebs ararsebobidan~. ase rom, Ze anu samebis meore hipostasi

aris warmonaSvi da qmnilebao. atyda kamaTi, rac maSin didxans ar gagrZelebula,


magram qariSxali male amovarda: mRvdeli Tavdajerebas mieca da gamvlel-gamom-

vlelT Tavis azrebs STaagonebda. sasuliero da saero pirebma moiTxoves, rom

episkoposs aelagma es TviTneboba da `tvinis Wyleta~. meufem sagangebo sxdoma

moiwvia, imsjela da gamoitana daskvna, rom `Ze mamis Tanadrouli da Tanaarsia~

da ariozs qadageba aukrZala, magram mas ukve Seekriba TanamoazreTa didi gundi,

maT Soris ramdenime episkoposi, romlebic enTuziazmiT avrcelebdnen wvalebas

egviptesa da mis farglebs gareTac ki. aleqsandre aleqsandrielma, radgan gadar-

wmunebis yvela mamaSviluri saSualeba amowura, ukidures zomas mimarTa da urCi

moZRvari kaTolike eklesiisagan gankveTa eretikosobis braldebiT.

ariozi gaSmagda. man werilobiTi saCivriT mimarTa nikomidiis mRvdelmTavar

evsevis _ Tanakursels antioqiis saswavleblidan. ukanasknelmac Seiwynara msjav-

rdebuli da qadagebis ufleba misca. aleqsandrielma episkoposma sagangebo da

vrceli epistole daugzavna TiTqmis yvela qalaqis episkoposebs, sadac amxila

da gaacamtvera axali eresi. eresiarqmac ar daayovna: pasuxad dawera da gaavrcela

wigni saTauriT `Talia~, rac niSnavs lxins, nadims. iq poeturi formiT, naxevrad

leqsad, naxevrad proziT, lamazad da mimzidvelad, Camoayaliba Tavisi moZRvreba,

romlis mimdevarTa ricxvi ivseboda da mravldeboda.

viTareba daiZaba. saqme gawev-gamowevamde mivida. cnoba imperatorsac miawodes

_ konstantine dids. man neitraluri pozicia daiWira da Tanabari siyvaruliT

mimarTa dapirispirebul mxareebs, SeewyvitaT `kinklaoba~, `maTive gulis siRrmeSi

SeenaxaT~ kerZo azrebi.

xelmwifis avtoritetmac ver gaWra. maSin mefem istoriaSi arsmenil saSualebas

mimarTa: brZana ekumenuri krebis mowveva (`oikumened~ iwodeboda civilizebuli

msoflios is nawili, sadamdec romis kulturul-politikuri gavlena vrcelde-

boda). organizacia daigegma: 325 wlis ivnisis meore naxevrisaTvis q. nikeaSi mob-

rZaneba sTxoves dedamiwis yvela episkoposs. asec moxda: Seikriba 318 mRvdelmTa-

vari Tanmxlebi pirebiTurT _ sasuliero da saero saydrioniT, romlis ricxvs,

erTi wyaros Tanaxmad, `saTvalavi ar hqonda~. maT Soris yofila biWvinTis epis-

koposi stratofile. mgzavrobis, binisa da kvebis xarjebi konstantinem ikisra.

aRniSnuli wlis 4 Tu 5 ivliss nikeaSi CabrZanda imperatori da krebac meore dResve

gaixsna. sxdomebi tardeboda samefo sasaxlis did darbazSi. iqve iyo ariozi Tavisi

fraqciiT (sxvadasxva monacemis mixedviT mis mxareze 10, 17 Tu 22 episkoposi idga).

xelisufali episkoposebs Soris ijda. mas miesalma evsevi kesarieli (meore monacemiT

_ evstaTi antioqieli). sapasuxo sityva warmoiTqva laTinurad, rac sinqronulad

iTargmneboda berZnulad (Canaweri Semonaxulia). mefem, Tumca jer monaTluli ar

iyo, episkoposebs Zmebi da Tanamosagreni uwoda; aRniSna, rom varT samwuxaro faqtis

mowmeni: devnilebis xanaSi qristianTa Soris Tanxmoba da Zmoba sufevda, dRes ki

erTmaneTs vWamTo. misi TqmiT, sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqileba saxelmwifos mTlianobas


arRvevs da es ambavi ufro savalaloa, vidre gareSe omebio... daiwyo oficialuri

kamaTi. sityva davidarabis mizezs _ ariozs _ dauTmes. man TavmowonebiT daadastura

braldeba, rasac sazogado aRSfoTeba mohyva. gamovidnen misi momxreebi. evsevi

nikomidielma waikiTxa arianelTa mrwamsi anu rwmenis simbolo, magram gragnili,

razec warmodgenili iyo teqsti, wamSi nafleTebad aqcies. maSin evsevi kesarielma,

TavdaWerilma arianelma, krebas meore varianti SesTavaza, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom

ZeRmerTi aris `yoveli qmnilebis uwinares Sobili~.

ase rom, arianelebs Soris gamoikveTa ori Sto: radikalebi (evsevi nikomidieli)

da zomierebi (evsevi kesarieli). mefem da sulierma mamebma orive pozicia dagmes.

WeSmariti codnis Camoyalibebis gzaze mTavari sityva aleqsandre aleqsandrielma

da axalgazrda diakonma aTanasem Tqves. ukanaskneli Semdeg afrikis eklesiaTa

mmarTveli da RvTismetyvelebis burjTagani gaxda: axovnad aRudga win eress da

misive isriT (dialeqtikiT, elinuri filosofiiT, mecnieruli akribiiT anu sizus-

tiT) gangmira igi; gaabaTila ariozis yvela argumenti; sxva mamebis Tanamonawile-

obiT Camoayaliba rwmenis simbolo da moamzada ganCineba, romlis ZaliTac anaTe-

maze gadaeca anu eklesiisagan ganidevna yvela, vinc fiqrobda da avrcelebda xmas

_ `iyo dro, roca Ze ar iyo~, rom ieso `iSva ararsebobidan, Seiqmna da Seicvalao~.

amis sapirispirod forumma Camoayaliba dogmati, rom RvTis Ze aris Tanaarsi da

Tanaswori mamisa da suliwmidisa, _ `mamisagan Sobili uwinares yovelTa sauku-

neTa~, ~Sobili da ara qmnili~. krebis absoluturma umravlesobam es Tvalsazrisi

Seracxa RvTis sityvad da wmida sulis sunTqvad, rac aisaxa kidec imperatoris

saboloo sityvasa da sigelSi.

marTalia, sameufo gzam gaimarjva, magram arc mwvaleblobam daxara Tavi. ari-

anelebi, romelTa didi nawili provinciebSi gadaasaxles, kvlav gaaqtiurdnen.

male sefekacebic moinadires da konstantinem guli ibruna maTze. man, dis _ kon-

stantias _ Txovnis Tanaxmad, eqsoriobidan daabruna ariozi; misi xarisxSi aR-

dgena ineba da, radgan wm. aTanasem uari uTxra, brZana, dedaqalaqis episkoposs

aResrulebina misi wadili, magram eresiarqi 336 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala.

arianelebi ufro aRborgdnen. maT mxareze konstantine didis Svili da memkvid-

re aRmoCnda _ konstanci. man namdvili omi gamoucxada msoflio krebas da mis

mimdevrebs. mravali episkoposi gandevna da daapatimra. aleqsandrieli aTanases

Sepyrobac moiwadina, magram morwmuneebma winaaRmdegoba gauwies da mRvdelmTa-

vari gadamales. amis Semdeg mas imperatori `mawanwalas~ da `SfoTisTavs~ uwodebda

da eZebda msjavris dasadebad. wm. aTanases romis papi icavda da mfarvelobda.

konstancis Semdeg atmosfero gauaresda. ivliane gandgomilisa da valentiosis

xana eresebis aRzvavebiT aRiniSna. momZlavrdnen ukiduresi arianelebi _ evnomi-

anelebi da evdokianelebi. agreTve _ naxevararianelebi, romlebic aswavlidnen,

rom Ze mamis msgavsia (`homoiusios~), magram ara Tanaarsi (`homousios~), rogorc


daadgina msoflio krebam. boboqrobdnen makedonianelebi. isini uaryofdnen

wmida sulis RvTaebrivobas da, maSasadame, samebis dogmats. saeklesio praqtikac

qaoss moecva. antioqiaSi, magaliTad, ori episkoposi meufebda: erTi _ mwvalebeli,

meore _ marTlmadidebeli, romis saydrisagan dadginebuli.

aseT garemoSi gamefda Teodosi didi, romelmac sataxto qalaqSi _ konstanti-

nopolSi _ 381 wels, grigol RvTismetyvelis (nazianzelis) mRvdelmTavrobis Jams,

moiwvia kreba `mTels imperiaSi nikeis swavlebis dasamtkiceblad yvela eresis

winaaRmdeg~. SemadgenlobiT es Tavyriloba adgilobrivi iyo (monawileobda 150

episkoposi), magram saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebis `Rirseulad da sayuradRebod~

gadawyvetis gamo msoflio krebis avtoriteti moixveWa, rac mogvianebiT daadas-

tura kidec romis papma. sxdomebs pirvelad meleti antioqieli uZRveboda. misi

gardacvalebis Semdeg _ grigol RvTismetyveli, bolos ki _ neqtariosi. aqti-

urobda grigol noselic. ZiriTadad ganixiles ori sakiTxi: mrwamsi da eresebi.

daadastures anu kvlav `dabeWdes~ da daazustes rwmenis simbolo, rac wina krebam

SeimuSava da rac eklesiaTa saerTo sarwmunoebis WeSmarit balaverad iqca. ari-

ozis moZRvreba kvlev uSeRavaTo da ucvalebel anaTemas mieca.

mecnierebaSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom dasavleTis zogierT eklesiaSi swored

arianelTa, ufro zustad _ makedonianelTa, sapirispirod daamates mrwams `fi-

liokve~ anu samebis mesame wevris Zisaganac gamosvlis dogma, rac ramdenime sa-

ukunis Semdeg bevri usiamovnebis sababad iqca.

V-s-is I naxevarSi arianeloba istorias Cabarda, Tumca misi gavlena didxans

igrZnoboda zogierTi tomis sarwmunoebaze, romlebmac aRniSnul periodSi iwames

qristes rjuli. kerZod _ guTebis, vandalebisa da burgundebis eklesiebze. sag-

rZnobia, gnosticizmTan erTad, misi roli im Tanamedrove mimdinareobaze, rom-

lis wevrebi TavianT Tavs `iehovas mowmeebs~ eZaxian (ix. qvemoT).

davZenT: Zvel qarTul saRvTismetyvelo-liturgikul krebulebSi _ mravalTa-

vebSi _ Semonaxulia qadageba, romelic, zedwerilis mixedviT, Cvens ganmanaTlebel

mociqulTaswor ninos warmouTqvams qristes venaxSi arianelTa boboqrobis Jams

naTlisRebis anu samebobis dResaswaulze.

esaa Teologiur-triadologiuri traqtati, sadac vkiTxulobT:

`RmrTeeba erT ars, buneba igive ars da Zliereba dausrulebel... yovlisa mpyro-

beloba erTarsebiT aqvs, rameTu sruli RmerTi ars mama da sruli RmerTi ars Ze

da sruli RmerTi ars yovladwmida suli. buneba erTi aris da igive RmrTeeba da

ara ganvkveTo. xolo erTarseba ars ukvdavi, garna Tvis-Tviseba ganeyo: rameTu

mama maradis mama arss da ara icvalebis Zed gina Tu sulad da suli maradis suli

arss da ara icvalebis mamad gina Tu Zed, rameTu suli ara mSobel ars da arca

Sobil, aramed suli RmrTisa pirisa ars da STaberva qristesi iTqmis da ars gamo-

dineba samaradiso da dauwyvedeli~.


nestorianoba

konstantinopolis axalaRsaydrebuli mTavarepiskoposi imperators ase mi-

esalma: `momec me, xelmwifev, msoflio, ganwmendili eresebisagan da me mogcem Sen

ciur samefos; mabrZole me eretikosebis winaaRmdeg da me gabrZoleb Sen sparse-

lebis winaaRmdeg~.

SeSfoTdnen mwvaleblebi. aRfrTovandnen eqstremisti fanatikosebi. dafiqr-

dnen orTodoqsi RvTismetyvelebi.

ra viciT aRniSnuli sityvis avtoris _ nestoris _ cxovrebisa da pirovnebis

Sesaxeb?

warmoSobiT igi siriidan, germanikis kesariidan iyo. arc STamomavloba da arc

dabadebis weli cnobili ar aris. wm. kirile aleqsandrielis TqmiT, `is gamovida

sibinZuridan da misi modgma iyo samarcxvino~.

daamTavra antioqiis saRvTismetyvelo skola. ramdenime weli gaatara monas-

terSi da mRvdlad ekurTxa. iyo kargi moqadage. Tumca, JamTaaRmwerlis SefasebiT,

`mas hqonda sakmao mWevrmetyveleba, magram naklebi goniereba~. amis miuxedavad,

piradi aqtiurobiTa Tu nacnob-megobrebis wyalobiT, samefo karis ndoba daimsa-

xura da, imperator Teodosi I I -is (mciris) zegavleniT, 428 wels dedaqalaqis mTa-

varepiskoposad airCies.

mRvdelmTavrobis pirvelsave dRes, aRsaydrebis anu intronizaciis zeimze,

rogorc mivaniSneT, man gamoxata zizRi rwmenis sferoSi sxvagvarad moazrovneebis

mimarT da am zizRs mouZebna politikuri da erovnuli sarCuli. igi yoveldRe

arwmunebda xelisufals, rom qveynis mTlianobisaTvis aucilebelia monokonfesi-

uroba. Sesabamisad, seqtantobas da mwvaleblobas Sedegad moaqvs saxelmwifos

daRupva da gacamtvereba. imperiis duRabi mxolod da mxolod marTlmadideblo-

baao. Semdeg nestori yvelaferSi da yvelgan landavda eress, rasac samkvdro-

sasicocxlo omi gamoucxada. misi meufebis wlebSi seqtantebs, romlebsac kons-

tantines qalaqSi SedarebiT mowyale TvaliT uyurebdnen, dauwyes sastiki devna,

_ svamdnen cixeSi, erekebodnen, arTmevdnen qonebas, uxuravdnen da ungrevdnen

eklesiebs. dawves arianelTa erTaderTi samlocvelo, rac Turme sisxlis fasad

SeenarCunebinaT. xanZari mTel kvartals moedo da gadabuga. eretikos-sqizmati-

kosebis rbeva vrceldeboda imperiis sxva nawilebzec, rac alag-alag sisxlismRv-

rel SetakebebSi izrdeboda. antagonizmi Rrmavdeboda.

am dros ki mZvinvare antieretikosi Tavad aRmoCnda eretikosi. gaepiskopose-

bidan ramdenime Tvis Tu sulac kviris Semdeg man sakaTedro taZarSi aseTi debu-

leba Camoayaliba: yovladwmida qalwul mariams ar Seefereba saxelad `RvTism-

Sobeli~, radgan RmerTs ar SeiZleba hyavdes deda _ es warmarTobaao; qalwulma

Sva ara RmerTi, aramed mxolod adamiani, romelsac mis (dedis) gareSe SeuerTda

RvTis sityva, _ saukuneTa uwinares Sobili mamisagan. ase rom, mqadageblis azriT,


kaci ieso, mariamis Svili, iyo RvTis savane da Cveni xsnis saWurveli; es adamiani,

wmida sulis gardamosvlis gziT, gaxda qriste, e.i. cxebuli, da RvTis sityva

daemkvidra masTan.

amis gamo nestorma mariami moixsenia ara RvTismSobelad (Teotokos), aramed

`kacismSobelad~ (anTropotokos). es Tvalsazrisi Semdeg ufro ganavrco da

daakonkreta, magram, radgan xalxis guliswyroma igrZno, kompromisze wavida da

`kacismSobeli~ `qristesmSobliT~ (qristotokos) Secvala. Tumca ukve yvelasaT-

vis naTeli iyo, rom saqme exeboda ara termins, aramed ZiriTad qristianul dog-

mats gankacebis Sesaxeb. marTalia, nestori, monofizitebisagan gansxvavebiT (ix.

qvem.), ar uaryofda qristeSi ori bunebis _ RmerTisa da adamianis _ arsebobas,

magram Tvlida, rom TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke iSva: jer _ kaci, mere _ RmerTi.

am msjelobis mixedviT irRveoda doqtrina ieso-kacisa da qriste-RmerTis hipos-

tasuri igiveobis Sesaxeb da gamodioda daskvna, rom jvarcmuli RmerTis sxeulSi

or bunebasTan erTad ori pirovneba cxovrobda.

bizantioni, romelsac Semdeg konstantinopoli ewoda, RvTismSoblis wilxvedr

qalaqad iTvleboda da didi dedis mimarT iq gansakuTrebuli sasoeba sufevda. ami-

tomac ufro gaogndnen da aRSfoTdnen msmenelebi. Seiqmna patriarqis Teologiuri

opozicia qilikiis (Semdg. konstantinopolis) episkopos proklesa da advokat evsevis

xelmZRvanelobiT. ukanasknelma Turme nestors qadageba mWaxe SeZaxiliT Seawyvetina:

`tyuilia da RvTis gmoba! WeSmaritad erTi da igive RvTis sityva Sobilia mamisagan

maradisobaSi da gansxeulebuli droSi qalwulisagan Cveni xsnisaTvis!~.

daiwyo eresis sajaro mxileba. male konstantinopolis karibWeze gamoakres

gancxadeba gragnilis saxiT, rac mTavarxucess mwvaleblobaSi sdebda brals,

kerZod _ I I s-Si dagmobili eresiarqis pavle samosatelis SexedulebaTa ganaxle-

bas: TiTqos qriste iyo mxolod udidesi wmindani da winaswarmetyveli, romelSic

yvelaze aRmatebuli ZaliT damkvidrda samebis meore wevri. teqsti mTavrdeboda

daskvniT: `anaTema, vinc yofs RvTis Zes mariamis Zisagan!~

nestorma, radgan imperatoris mfarvelobas imedovnebda, revanSi wamoiwyo.

ekveTa oponentebs eklesiebsa Tu monastrebSi da, paralelurad, WeSmariti rwmenis

iarliyiT gaavrcela Tavisi Teoria (arcTu warumateblad). mis TanameinaxeTa So-

ris aRmoCndnen antioqiis patriarqi ioane da episkoposi doroTe. maT metwilad

antioquri skolis warmomadgenlebma dauWires mxari.

cnoba eresis aRmocenebis Sesaxeb egviptis udabnosac miswvda. berebi jguf-

jgufad midiodnen aleqsandriis episkopos kirilesTan, ukve aRiarebul RvTis-

metyvelTan, TxovniT _ eTqva sityva WeSmaritebis dadgenis gzaze. asec moxda:

kirilem Seadgina da gaavrcela traqtati, sadac, nestoris mouxsenieblad, gakicxa

RvTis qalwulis saSoSive gankacebis uarmyofni. Semdeg, vinaidan viTareba iZabe-

boda, Tavad nestors gaugzavna `Segonebani~. ukanasknelma ki, darwmunebulma Tavis


simarTleSi, romis paps celestiuss auwya yovelive da sTxova msjavris gamotana.

papma ganixila nestoris Teoria da dagmo. man uflebamosilebiT aRWurva kirile

aleqsandrieli, emoqmeda misi (papis) saxeliT da, Tu saWirod CaTvlida, moeTxova

nestorisagan cdomilebis uaryofa aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. wm. kirilem erTxel

kidev aaxla mabralebeli epistole nestors da mis mimdevrebs, sadac warmoadgina

amomwuravi msjeloba gankacebis Taobaze, da adresatebs sinanulisaken miuxmo,

magram amaod. maSin saRmrTo filosofosma maqsimaluri sizustiT ganCxrika axali

moZRvreba da misgan gamoyo 12 saanaTemo anu SesaCvenebeli debuleba; Seadgina

saTanado ustari da konstantinopolSi gaatana mociqulebs. nestorma sazeimod

ganacxada, rom igi angariSs uwevs tradicias da iwynarebs epiTets `RvTismSobeli~,

magram ara misi poziciisagan gansxvavebuli azriT. man saxeldaxelod Seadgina

kontrpasuxi, magram imdenad zerele da ukuRmarTi argumentebiT, rom adrindeli

momxreebic ki daafrTxo da CamoiSora.

imperatorma 431 wels mesame msoflio saeklesio krebis mowveva brZana. adgi-

lad SearCies qalaqi efeso, sadac RvTismSobelma sicocxlis ukanaskneli dReebi

gaatara. iq, yovladwmidis miZinebis taZarSi, imedovnebdnen WeSmaritebis dadgenas

qalwulis mucladRebis saidumloTa saidumlos Sesaxeb mokvdavTaTvis gasageb

enaze. daniSnul dros efesoSi Cavida deputacia qristianuli msoflios yvela

qveynidan. ar Canda ioane antioqieli. mas ramdenime xans ucades da Semdeg, 22 ivniss,

kirile aleqsandrielma, romelsac papis rwmuneba hqonda, kreba gaxsnilad gamo-

acxada. nestorma, 68 episkoposma, didebulma Tavadma irineosma da imperatoris

komisarma kandidianem protesti gamoacxades forumis ioane antioqielis gareSe

dawyebis gamo da procesi datoves. ase rom, kreba braldebulis dauswreblad Ca-

tarda. monawileobda 160 episkoposi, sul _ 200 mama. problema pirvelsave sxdomaze

gadaiWra. daamtkices debuleba, romelic qarTulad ase iTargmneba: ori buneba

_ RvTiuri da adamianuri _ gaerTianda qristeSi ganuyoflad da Seurwymelad.

danarCeni monakveTic am Tezisis wanamZRvrebisa da detalebis ganxilvas daeTmo.

SeimuSaves 8 kanoni da anaTema SeuTvales nestorsa da nestorianebs.

amasobaSi efesos antioqiis patriarqic moadga aRmosavleTis episkoposTa xle-

biT. isini miesalmnen TanamoazreTa banaks da moawyves calke kreba, rac eklesiis

istoriaSi ixsenieba `Sekrebad~, `Tavyrilobad~. igi ioane antioqielis Tavmjdoma-

reobiT warimarTa da gamoitana daskvna `kiriles krebis~ arakanonierebis Sesaxeb.

amitomac misi winamZRvrebi kirile aleqsandrieli da memnon efeseli (e.i. adgi-

lobrivi episkoposi, romelmac taZari ar dauTmo nestorianebs) gankveTes episko-

posobisagan da ganayenes mRvdelmsaxurebisagan; daweres saCivari da gaugzavnes

Teodosi meores.

mefem orive krebis warmomadgenlebi ixmo. orive lideri daapatimra da Seudga

saqmis obieqtur ganxilvas. mTavrobis saxlis win, moedanze, bermonazonTa da


morwmuneTa mier imarTeboda demonstraciebi, ewyoboda aqciebi, piketebi; iyo di-

di CoCqoli orive mxridan. bolos da bolos imperatorma saboloo ganaCeni

gamoitana: aRiara 200 mamisagan Semdgari krebis avtoriteti da gaaTavisufla wm.

kirile. nestori ki gagzavna wm. evprepis monasterSi antioqiis maxloblad. iqidan

ki, ukve moxuci da dauZlurebuli _ Soreul egvipteSi, e.w. `did oazisSi~, sadac

momTabareebma moitaces da bevri wvalebis Semdeg daabrunes. man amdeni veRar

aitana da gardaicvala.

opozicionerebi ar dacxrnen. maT, ioane antioqielis TaosnobiT, kvlav moiwvies

kreba antioqiaSi. dagmes zemoxsenebuli 12 SeCveneba, radgan, maTi TqmiT, igi zus-

tad ar gadmoscemda nestoris moZRvrebis dedaazrs; ganmeorebiT daamtkices ki-

rilesadmi anaTema, raSic maT imxanad mxari dauWira cnobilma RvTismetyvelma

Teodorite kvirelma; imedovnebdnen imperatoris Tanadgomas, magram amaod: ke-

Tilmorwmune mefem gezi mSvidobisaken aiRo da erTxel gamotanili msjavris

gadasinjva ar ineba.

nestoris erTgulebi antioqiis aRmosavleTSi Sejgufdnen, magram Teodosi I I -

is gardacvalebis Semdeg, antioqiis patriarq raulis iniciativiT amtydari devnis

gamo, gadaixvewnen sparseTs, sadac Seiwynares rogorc `bizantiisagan vnebulni~.

iq maT 499 wels selevkiis krebaze TavianTi eklesia Seqmnes da daadgines `sruliad

aRmosavleTis patriarq-kaTalikosi~.

nestorianoba gavrcelda mcire aziaSi, indoeTsa da CineTSi. maTgan sparseTSi

didi ricxvi Tmur-lengis (XIV-XV) dros moisra. gadarCenilebma qurTistanis mTebs

da TurqeTis samxreT zols Seafares Tavi, sadac dRemde saxloben. nawilma XVI I s-

Si romTan unias (SeTanxmebas, gaerTianebas) moawera xeli. isini dRes aRmosavleTis

kaTolikebad iwodebian da Seadgenen Tavisebur, qaldeuri wesis, sapatriarqos.

umravlesoba ki Zveli rwmenis erTguli darCa. CineTSi es konfesia dRes aRar

Cans. indoeTSi ki icnoben `wm. Tomas qristianebad~. zogi iakobitebTan, e.i. mono-

fizitebTan, _ radikalurad gansxvavebuli rwmenis xalxTan gaerTianda, rac

ucnauria da mianiSnebs orive mxaris aRmsareblobiTi cnobierebis daqveiTebaze.

nestoris moZRvrebas saqarTvelomdec mouRwevia. CvenSi religiur umciresobebs

(V-VI ss-Si mainc) lmobierad epyrobodnen, rac, savaraudebelia, dadebiTad moqmedebda

maT SemecnebiT kulturaze da, rogorc somexTa da qarTvelTa kaTalikosebis

mimoweridan anu `epistoleTa wignidan~ Cans, bevrs uCenda eklesiis wiaRSi sinanuliT

dabrunebis survils. wamoWrila problema, moenaTlaT Tu ara isini xelmeored anu

CaeTvalaT Tu ara eretikosTa xeliT Sesrulebuli wesi Zalmosilad. qarTlis

kaTalikos kirions rCeva romis papisaTvis _ grigol didisaTvis (+604) _ ukiTxavs.

SemorCenilia pasuxi laTinur enaze, rac gamoavlina da Targmna mRvdelma mixeil

TamaraSvilma (misive, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf. 1902, gv. 23-26).

vinaidan problema dResac aqtualuria, warmovadgenT monakveTs.


papi auwyebs saqarTvelos mwyemsmTavars: `siyvarulma siSore ar icis da visac

adgili aSorebs, mas epistole aaxloebs... gvekiTxebodiT: nestoris SecTomaTagan

moqceul mRvdelTa da erTaTvis saWiroa naTlisReba, anu kmara marto aRsarebao?

am sagnisa Cven uwyiT Cvenis mamebis Zvelis drois Cveuleba, rom, rodesac moiqce-

vian mwvaleblobisagan, romelSiac monaTlulan wmida samebis saxeliT, maT vuer-

TebT wmida eklesias an zeTis cxebiT, an xeldasxmiT da an marto sarwmunoebas

aRiarebinebT, radgan mwvaleblobaSi monaTlulT suliwmida maSin swmends,

rodesac nestorianebi Cvenis xeldasxmiT da monofizitebi sarwmunoebis aRsare-

biT uerTdebian eklesias. garna is mwvaleblebi, romlebic wmida samebis saxeliT

ar arian monaTlulni, rogoradac qristes uarismyofelni monosianebi da kaTo-

farigelebi, romelnic suliwmidad racxen montanistebis borot kacsa, romlis

msgavsic bevri aris, unda moinaTlon, raTa eklesias SeuerTdnen... xolo nestori-

anebis mwvaleblobas isev maTi Secdomileba abrmavebs. isini wmida samebis saxeliT

arian monaTlulni, magram, msgavsad uriebisa, daJinebiT uars hyofen mxolodSo-

bilis Zis ganxorcielebas. amitom, rodesac isini moiqcevian wmida kaTolike ekle-

siisadmi, saWiroa, aswavloT maT WeSmariti sarwmunoebis aRsareba, raTa irwmunon

mtkiced, rom Ze kacisa, RmerTi da ufali Cveni ieso qriste RvTaebiT ars uwinares

soflisa da igive gankacda bolo dros, radgan sityva igi xorcSesxmul iqna da

daemkvidra Cven Soris, radgan, vambobT, sityva igi ra ganxorcielda, ar Seicvala

misgan rac iyo, aramed miiRo da gaxda isic, rac ar iyo. saukuno mamis mxolodSo-

bilma Zem Tavisi ganxorcielebis saidumloiT Tavisi arseba ki ar daamcira, aramed

Cveni buneba aRamaRla... xolo igi, romeli uwinares soflisa RmerTia, bolo dros

qalwulis saSoSi gankacda. masSive icxo imave sulisagan, rodesac Caisaxa. arc

isea, rom jer Casaxuliyo da merme cxebul, aramed suliwmidis TviT imave moq-

medebiT, rom qalwulisagan xorci Seisxa, icxo suliwmidisaganve. amitom, vinc

nestoris SecTomilebisagan moiqcevian, Tqveni wmida krebulis winaSe aRiaron

misi WeSmariti Soba da SeaCvenon nestori, misi mimdevarni da danarCenni mwvale-

belni. egreTve Semogvpirden, rom pativs scemen da Seiwynareben im yvela krebaTa,

romelsac msoflio eklesia aRiarebs. Semdgom Tvinier ram siZnelisa, miiReT es-

reTni pirni Tqvens sazogadoebaSi da dastoveT im wessa anu xarisxSi, romelSiac

arian. ganubnieT maT SecTomilebani da aswavleT yvelaferi, rac ki saWiroa.

sitkboebiT moepyariT, nuraviTar siZneles aRmouCenT maTi xarisxis Sesaxeb, raTa

igini TavianTi mtris xelidan daixsnaT. egoden yovlismpyrobelis uflisagan

ganimravlebT saukuno didebis sasyidels, raodnaTac ufro mometebulad

SemohkrebT maT, raTa TqvenTan samaradisod adidon ufali...~


monofizitoba da somxuri eklesia

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom marTlmadidebeli formula _ qristeSi ori buneba

mkvidrobs ganuyoflad da Seurwymelad, _ nestoris cdomilebis _ ori bunebis

or pirad miCnevis _ gamosasworeblad SeimuSaves, magram aRgznebuli paeqrobisa

da lanZRva-ginebis dros warmoiSva meore ukiduresoba macxovris ori bunebis

Serwymisa da erT bunebad warmoCenis Sesaxeb.

esaa monofizitoba, rac berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs erTbunebianobas (mone

`erTi~ da fiusis ~buneba~). eresiarqebad iTvlebian dioskore da evtiqi. gamoCenis

dRidanve igi daiyo ramdenime Stod iakobis, petrosis, severozis, Teodosisa

Tu gaianes moZRvrebaTa mixedviT.

monofizitebis saerTo pozicia aseTia: ieso qriste wuTisofelSi movida ori

bunebiT, magram gankacebis anu gansxeulebis Jams saRmrTo bunebam gamouTqmelad

da saswaulebrivad Seirwya kacobrivi da erT bunebad gamoCnda; RmrTeebam STanTqa

kaceba da, amdenad, erTiani buneba Casaxlda qristes gvamSi da mogvevlina erTi

pirovnebiT, erTi arsebiT, erTi nebiT. maSasadame, qristes sinkretuli buneba

aerTianebs RvTiurs da adamiaurs, romelTagan meorem dakarga TviTmyofadoba

da mxolod logikiT Tu ganirCeva RvTiurisagan. aqedan mivdivarT daskvnamde,

rom macxovari, mosuli soflad, mxolod RmerTia. misi adamianuri saxe, cxovreba

da vneba _ moCvenebiTi, iluziuri, araarsebiTi.

ai, Teoria, romlis mtkiceba da mxileba erTdroulad kacobriobis tragediacaa

da bednierebac, radgan morwmuneTagan moiTxova auracxeli sisxli, magram RvTis-

metyvelebs kvlav gadaadgmevina nabiji WeSmaritebis srulCenis gzaze.

yvelaferi ase daiwyo:

erTxel, nestorTan kamaTis dros, wm. kirile aleqsandrielma, romelic ayali-

bebda RmerTkacis pirovnuli anu hipostasuri erTianobis, ucvaleblobisa da

Seurwymelobis dogmats, Tqva: `RvTis sityvis erTianma bunebam xorci Seisxa~ (`mia

fiusis tu Teu logu sesarkomene~). am sityvebs monofizitobasTan kavSiri ara

aqvs, magram igi mainc gaugebrobaTa Tavsakidur lodad iqca. egviptelma berebma

igi anbanurad aRiqves da wm. kiriles gardacvalebis Semdeg (441) SeiTvises rwmena,

rom ganxorcielebis Sedegad macxovars aRar SerCa adamianuri buneba, _ kaceba

gaiTqvifa RvTaebaSi. amitomac, cxadia, ieso yvelafers akeTebda da iqmoda mxo-

lod da mxolod RvTiuri nebiT, zraxviTa da SegnebiT. es moZRvreba, monastridan

monasterSi zepirmoaruli, aitaca konstantinopolelma arqimandritma, Tanamed-

roveTa TqmiT, _ mcireganaTlebulma, magram berebis wreSi da sasaxlis karze

popularulma evtiqim. man male Tanamoazrenic SeiZina da wamoiwyo qadageba, ramac

seriozul masStabebs miaRwia. gacxarda kamaTi. viTarebis gasaanalizeblad pat-

riarqma flabianem 448 wels moiwvia adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba 32 episko-

posis SemadgenlobiT. monofizitoba eresad gamoacxada, misi jiuti qomagi ki


ganikveTa, rac oficialurad ecnoba romis paps _ wm. leons. Tavis mxriv evtiqimac

iCivla papTan, magram warumateblad. Semdeg imperators mimarTa gavleniani

ministris _ saWurisi qrizanTosis _ SemweobiT. mas agreTve mxarSi amoudga aleq-

sandriis patriarqi, wm. kiriles memkvidre, _ dioskore, romelmac gaaRrmava da

zurgi gaumagra eress. fiqroben, rom mas, religiurTan erTad, ZalauflebiTi

motivic amoZravebda. kerZod is, rom aleqsandriis uxucesi sapatriarqo ver egu-

eboda umrwemesi konstantinopolis aRzevebas. dioskores Tvalwin edga winamorbe-

debis magaliTi, _ aleqsandrieli mwyemsmTavrebis mier konstantinopolelTa

saqmeebis ganxilva: Teofilem wm. ioane oqropiri gaasamarTla, wm. kirilem _ nes-

tori. man ki amjerad flabianes gankiTxva moindoma da keisris _ Teodosi mciris

_ Tanadgomac hpova. 449 wels, evtiqis sakasacio gancxadebis safuZvelze, q. efe-

soSi Sedga kreba, romelic cnobilia àvazakTa krebis~ saxeliT. mas dioskore

Tavmjdomareobda. evtiqis mowinaaRmdegeebi darbazidan gayares, momxreebs ki

farTod gauRes kari. evtiqi xarisxSi aRadgines, flabianes axali, TiTqos wina

krebis dadgenilebis sawinaaRmdego, dogmatis SemoReba daswames, Tanamdebobidan

gadaayenes da gadaasaxles, ris Semdegac male gardaicvala. aseve gaasamarTles

evsevi dorieli, evtiqis bralmdebeli, da domna antioqieli.

gamarjveba moCvenebiTi da xanmokle aRmoCnda: papma leonma, rogorc ki legatma

informacia miawoda, romSi saswrafod moiwvia kreba, dioskore da evtiqi samRvde-

lo madlisagan ganSiSvlebulad gamoacxada da àvazakTa krebis~ yvela dadgeni-

leba _ baTilad, rac sagangebo epistoliT acnoba konstantinopolis samRvde-

loebas, senats da xalxs. dioskore ar daemorCila papis avtoritets da metic _

anaTema SeuTvala. Seiqmna krizisuli situacia. amasobaSi samefo karze cvlilebebi

moxda: gardaicvala Teodosi da taxtze avidnen markiane da dedofali pulxeria,

romelic flabianes Tayvanismcemeli iyo. maT gailaSqres monofizitebis winaaR-

mdeg da aleqsandriis gankanonebuli patriarqis TviTnebobis asalagmad 451 wels,

papTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg, qalkedonSi IV msoflio saeklesio kreba moiwvies.

kreba gaixsna 8 oqtombers da 1 noembramde gastana.

SvidTagan es yvelaze mravalricxovani kreba iyo. Tu ndobiT aRWurvil pirebsac

ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, delegatebis ricxvi 630-mde aRwevda. aqtiurad mona-

wileobdnen: anatoli konstantinopoleli, domna antioqieli (romelic sapyro-

biledan markianem gamoiyvana), maqsime antioqieli (domnas Semcvleli), iubenali

aleqsandrieli, paladi kesaria-kabadukieli, TviT dioskore aleqsandrieli, papis

legatebi da sxvani. agreTve imperatori, senatorebi da morwmune eris warmomad-

genlebi. Tavmjdomareobda anatoli konstantinopoleli. pirvel rigSi ganixiles

àvazakTa krebis~ saqme. evsevi dorielma waikiTxa dokumenti, sadac aRnusxuli

iyo dioskores Zaladobis mamxilebeli faqtebi. dakiTxes mowmeebi. braldeba

dadasturda, ris gamoc dioskores gauuqmes mandati da sabraldebo skamze dasves.


mis gverdiT ramdenime egvipteli episkoposic aRmoCnda. krebam anaTema gamoucxada

dioskores, evtiqis da `avazakTa krebis~ im moqmed pirebs, romelTac ar moinanies.

Semdeg msjelobam Teologiis sferoSi gadainacvla. unda gaerkviaT qristes ori

bunebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi anu unda daeRwiaT Tavi ori ukiduresobisa-

gan _ nestorianobisa da monofizitobisagan. gaaanalizes wm. kirile aleqsandri-

elisa da ioane antioqielis Txzulebebi mocemul Temaze. saxelmZRvanelod Seiwy-

nares wm. leonis epistole flabianesadmi, romelic papis legatebma waikiTxes.

es dokumenti (qarTuli Targmani Sesulia anton kaTalikosis `mzametyvelebaSi~.

ix. qv.) daedo safuZvlad ganCinebas, riTac daigmo qristeSi rogorc ori piris

anu pirovnebis rwmena (nestorianoba), ise _ erTi bunebis (monofizitoba). amave

epistolis anu tomaris mixedviT gansazRvres ufal ieso qristes gvamSi ori bune-

bis SeerTebis, ufro zustad ki _ Tanaarsebobis, Tanamyofobis dogmati, romlis

dedaazri aseTia:

erTi da igive piri, ufali Cveni ieso qriste, aris srulyofili RmerTi da srul-

yofili kaci, WeSmariti RmerTi da WeSmariti kaci gonieri suliT da sxeuliT;

Tanaarsi mamisa RvTaebiT da Tanaarsi Cveni kacebiT, yovliTurT Cveni msgavsi

codvis gareSe; Sobili saukuneTa uwinares mamisagan RvTaebiT, xolo ukanasknel

Jams _ CvenTvis da Cveni xsnisaTvis mariam qalwuli RvTismSobelisagan kacebiT.

erTi da igive qriste, Ze, ufali mxolodSobili ori bunebiT Seurwymelad, Se-

ucvlelad, ganuyoflad, mamisagan ganuSoreblad gankacda ise, rom SeerTebiT

aranairad ar darRveula ori bunebis gansxvaveba, aramed metad Seinaxa TiToeuli

bunebis Tavisebureba da gaerTianda erT pirSi, erT hipostasSi, _ ara or pirad

ganwvalda anu gaiyo, aramed sufevs erTi da igive mxolodSobili Ze, RvTis sityva,

ufali ieso qriste, rogorc Zveli winaswarmetyvelebi gvauwyebdnen masze da ro-

gorc TviT ufali ieso qriste gvaswavlis Cven da rogorc gadmogvcems Cven mamaTa

simbolo.

am dogmats ewodeba marTlmadidebeli rwmenis ganvrcobili simbolo, rasac

krebis umravlesobam moawera xeli. egviptelma episkoposebma, Tumca dioskores

gankveTis samarTlianoba aRiares, zogierTi punqtisagan, magaliTad, papi leonis

dogmaturi epistolisagan (tomarisagan), Sors daiWires Tavi da Tqves: mTavarepis-

koposi jer dadgenili ara gvyavs, misi locva-kurTxevis gareSe ki nabijs ver ga-

davdgamTo...

bolo sxdomaze mobrZanda imperatori. gamoTqva kmayofileba krebis Sinaarsiani

moRvaweobis gamo da monawileebs keTilwarmateba usurva.

Teoriulad TiTqos yvelaferi mogvarda, magram movlenebi mainc arasasurveli

gziT ganviTarda.

saqristiano or banakad gaiyo: diofizitebad (orbunebianebad), e.i. orTodoqs-

qalkedonitebad anu sinoditebad da monofizitebad, e.i. mwvalebel-antiqalkedo-


nitebad. pirvels miemxren berZnebi da laTinebi, meores _ umetesad aRmosavleTis

qveynebi: siria, palestina, egvipte (metadre koptebis eklesia) da somxebi. aseTi

ganawilebis mizezs zogjer Sesabamisi sazogadoebebis mentalitetsa da cxovrebis

stilSi eZeben. azielTa saazrovno sistemas, iqauri bermonazvnebis mkacr aske-

tizmsa da misticizms, maTs sulsa da gonebas monofizitoba TiTqos ufro esalbu-

neboda, vinaidan, fiqroben mkvlevrebi, es moZRvreba, misive arsebis kvaldakval,

met stimuls iZleva xorcieli samyarosa da qveyniuri problemebis ignorirebi-

saTvis. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom evtiqi-dioskores eresma Tavidan savane gande-

gilTa wreSi hpova da religiur amboxebaTa akvani arcTu iSviaTad monastrebSi

irweoda.

marTlac: ajanyebis pirveli alami palestinelma monofizitma berma Teodosim

aafriala. aiRes ierusalimi. daarbies marTlmadidebelTa ubnebi, Sebilwes siwmi-

deebi. mxolod saimperio jarebma daicves morwmuneTa sicocxle. Semdeg SfoTis-

Tavi sinaze gadavida, iqidan _ aleqsandriaSi, sadac namdvili `barTlomes Rame~

daatriala: SeiaraRebuli fanatikosebis brbo daZrwoda da kardakar daeZebda

`eretikosebs~. maT dawves serafisis ganTqmuli taZari, romelSic jariskacebis

didi razmi imyofeboda, xolo patriarqi proteriusi sakaTedro taZarSive gan-

gmires (+457)). mwyemsmTavroba ki ukidures monofizit timoTe elurs (katas, de-

dofalas, _ berZnebis zedwodebiT) Caabares. awmyo sagodebeli gaxda. imperatorma

leonma demokratiul saSualebebs mimarTa: saxelmwifos episkoposTa da mTavar

arqimandritTa Soris 460 wels referendumi Caatara, riTac gairkva, rom ierarqTa

didi umravlesoba qalkedonis poziciaze idga, magram amis aRniSvnam opozicia

ufro gaaborota.

V s-is 70-ian wlebSi monofizitebis bude siriaSia. lideri ki _ antioqiis patri-

arqi petre, romelic qarTul wyaroebSi cnobilia petros mkawvrelis saxeliT

(berZn. knafevs anu kanafa, laT. fuloni, som. TafiC, rus. sukovSCik). amgvari

epiTeti ganapiroba ukuRmarTma moZRvrebam, misi mtkicebiT _ WeSmariti rwmenis

devizma, rac warmoadgina formuliT: _ `RmerTi jvars ecva~ (`Teos estavroTe~).

esaa `Teopasqia~ (`RmerTis tanjva~, berZn.), rac, mkawvrelis Teoriis mixedviT,

niSnavs: ivno ara marto qristem, aramed mTelma samebam; ara triadis erT-erTma

wevrma, aramed erTianma RvTaebam, rac aisaxa kidec locvebSi da samwmidaobis saga-

lobeli Camoyalibda ase: `wmidao RmerTo, wmidao Zliero, wmidao ukudao, romeli

CvenTvis jvars ecvi~. am moZRvrebis mqadageblebi cnobili arian ~Teopasqitebad~.

TviT sagalobels somxurad ewodeba `xaCecari~ (xaC. `jvari~, xaCecari _ `jvarc-

muli~), rasac maT liturgiaSi centraluri adgili uWiravs. cxadia, damateba (`ro-

meli jvars ecvi~) qristes adamianuri arsebis ignorirebam Tu damcrobam ganapi-

roba. amas ki, Tavis mxriv, axali garTulebebi mohyva.

samefo karzec ar iyo erTsulovneba. magaliTad: keisarma basilikem 474 wels


SeTxza antiqalkedonuri `sayovelTao epistole~, 500 episkoposs ZaldatanebiT

moawerina xeli da gaavrcela, rasac romis papis protesti mohyva, aimxedra

adgilobrivi diofiziti mosaxleobac. misi politika TiTqos Searbila zenonma.

482 wels man gamosca uniaturi dokumenti, erTianobis aqti _ henotikoni, razec

patriarqma akakimac moawera xeli. esaa mowodeba sayovelTao Serigebisa da

Tanxmobisaken. igi neitraluria kamaTis obieqtis mimarT; mouwodebs mxareebs,

daiviwyon urTierTgansxvavebani da yuradReba saerToze, saxeldobr, pirveli sami

saeklesio krebis dadgenilebebze gaamaxvilon, danarCeni ki _ sakiTxi qristes

erTi Tu ori bunebis Sesaxeb _ gverdze gadadon. samwuxarod, verc aman gamoiRo

sasurveli nayofi. piriqiT, romsa da bizantias Soris 35 wlianma ganxeTqilebam

(sqizmam) daisadgura, rac gamoixata SemdegSi: papma feliqs I I I dagmo henotikoni,

eklesiisagan gankveTa akaki da SemcvlelT mosTxova, mosaxsenieblidan (diftiqi-

dan) amoeSanTaT misi saxeli. marTalia, konstantinopolis mTavarepiskoposebi

henotikons mxars ar uWerdnen, magram arc mosaxsenebelSi SehqondaT cvlileba,

rac papisadmi urCobis pirveli magaliTi iyo. aRniSnuli periodi cnobilia `sqiz-

mad akakis gamo~. igi gagrZelda imperator iustine pirvelsa da pap ormizdamde.

518 da 536 wlebSi konstantinopols Sedga adgilobrivi krebebi. gaasamarTles

antiqalkedoniti patriarqi severozi da dagmes misi Txzulebebi (ix. qv.). papis

miTiTebis safuZvelze kaTedra CamoarTves anTimozs, saidumlod rom erTgulebda

monofizitebs da mis adgilze daniSnes mina.

rogori iyo viTareba afrikasa da aRmosavleTSi? _ saSineli. aleqsandriisa da

antioqiis samRvdelmTavro kaTedrebze diofizitebi da monofizitebi elvisebu-

rad cvlidnen erTmaneTs. ukanasknelni orad gaiyvnen: uniis momxreebad da moZu-

leebad, romelTagan ukiduresi mimarTulebis partia episkoposobis institutzec

ki ambobda uars, Tuki ganwesebuli mRvdelmTavari henotikonis momxre aRmoCnde-

boda. aseT morwmuneebs konstantinopolis 536 wlis krebaze akefalistebi (uTavo-

ebi) Searqves. maT agresias da terors sazRvari ar hqonda. erT-erTi ierarqisagan

dageSili da mglad qceuli berebi 488 wlis axlo xans SeiWrnen antioqiis sameufo

taZarSi da imdeni urtyes marTlmadidebel patriarqs, rom meore Tu mesame dRes

gardaicvala. verc ierusalimsa da konstantinopolSi damyarda wesrigi. mTavro-

bis veranairma RonisZiebam _ dialogma, ferebam, Txovnam, muqaram Tu henotikonma

_ ver daacxro fanatikosebis vnebebi. miuxedavad amisa, imperatorebi _ iustine I,

iustiniane didi da iustine I I _ mainc dialogis platformaze idgnen, magram sim-

Svides yovelTvis ver inarCunebdnen da ukidures zomebsac mimarTavdnen. cnobi-

lia aseTi faqti: iustine meoris dros, 567 wels, kvlav SeimuSaves uniis proeqti.

wamoiwyes SeTanxmebis kampania. Sedga molaparakeba q. kalinikis erT monasterSi,

magram gragnili, razec teqsti iyo warmodgenili, berebma mefis mociquls Tavze

gadaaxies. daiwyo samoqalaqo omi, ulmobeli da gamanadgurebeli, _ monofizitebis


daWera, qonebis warTmeva, gasaxleba, fizikuri da moraluri Seuracxyofa, dasaxiC-

reba, daxocva da a.S. TviTmxilveli gviambobs: `antioqiis midamoebSi, mTels ara-

bistansa da palestinaSi... mosaxleoba gaZevebuli iyo samkvidrebeli adgilebidan

da gafantuli. visac daiWerdnen, borkilebs adebdnen, amwyvdevdnen satusaRoSi

da yovelgvar sasjelsa da tanjvas ayenebdnen. bevri, qonebis CamorTmevis Semdeg,

kvdeboda Seubralebeli cemisagan. sxvebs Tavs esxmodnen razmebi da ulmobeli

jalaTebi, romelnic erekebodnen maT erTi adgilidan meoreze... Tu vinme gabedav-

da am sabraloTa Sefarebas soflebsa da saxlebSi, maT awiokebdnen, scemdnen da

tanjavdnen... didsa Tu patara monastrebs siriaSi udidesi sulgrZelobiT uxde-

bodaT gadatana yovelgvari devnulobisa, simZimisa, tanjvisa, SimSilisa, wyurvi-

lisa, sicivisa da sititvlisa... (berebi) msgavsad nadirisa, mTel Rameebs atareb-

dnen cis qveS, daexetebodnen mTasa da barSi, susxian zamTarSi Rameebs aTevdnen

Tovlsa da yinulze, qvebze mjdomareni, sicivisa da Zlieri qarisagan Sewu-

xebulni...~ `veravin bedavda maTTvis TavSesafari mieca saxlSi, vinaidan aseT saxls

konfiskacias uSvebodnen, xolo mis patrons pasuxisgebaSi aZlevdnen. amitom

mravali iZulebuli iyo, msgavsad nadirisa, Sefareboda gamoqvabulebsa da miuval

adgilebs evfratis gaRma. zogi kidev garboda TovliT dafaruls mTebSi da ima-

leboda Txisa da cxvris bakebSi...~ (ix. k.kekeliZe, etiudebi..., I, Tb., 1956, 28-30).

ase rom, bizantiis imperiaSi eresis winsvla Zalis meSveobiT aRikveTa, Tumca

mavne Sedegebis gaqarwyleba ver moxerxda. yvelasaTvis naTeli iyo, rom religi-

uri oromtrialis wiaRSi TandaTan iCekeboda da frTiandeboda nacionaluri

separatizmi, rasac sarwmunoebriv cnobierebaSi provinciuli elementebi Sehqon-

da da dRes filetizmis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix. zem).

monofizitebi erTian fronts ver qmnidnen SinaaSlilobisa da mimdinareobebad

dayofis gamo. ZiriTadi mimdinareobebia:

1. severianoba. efuZneba severoz antioqieli patriarqis (V-VI) moZRvrebas, ro-

melsac liberalur, e.i. zomier frTad miiCneven da Tvlian, rom igi SedarebiT

axlosaa diofizitur TvalsazrisTan. marTalia, severozic erT bunebas aRiarebda

qristeSi, magram qadagebda, rom RvTaebas mTlianad ar STaunTqavs kacebrivi _

mxolod arsebiToba daukarga mas. samagierod SeunarCuna Tvisebebi. ase rom, seve-

rozi iesos pirovnebaSi asxvavebda anu erTmaneTisagan mijnavda adamianur da

RvTiur Tvisebebs; swamda, rom macxovris xorci aRdgomamde iyo Cveni msgavsi, _

xrwnadi. amis gamo mowinaaRmdegeebma severianebs `xrwnisTayvanismcemlebi~

(`fTartolatrai~) Searqves.

severianTa fraqcias damoukidebeli eklesiis saxe misca edesis episkoposma iakobma

(VI), romelic diofizitTa Soris cnobilia `wanwalas~ (berZn.) da `baradasis~ (sir.)

anu `CamofleTilis~ saxeliT. mas sakuTari sistema ar Seuqmnia, magram imdenad didi

kvali datova istoriaSi, rom xSirad severianebs iakobitebad ixsenieben.


2. ivlianitoba anu ep. ivliane halikarnaselis (VI) swavleba, romlis reziume

aseTia: qriste mogvevlina rogorc axali anu meore, e.i. codvamdeli adami, visi

xorcic ar ixrwneboda da ar kvdeboda (xrwna codvis Sedegia). aqedan cxadia, _

macxovris gvami gankacebisTanave Seimosa uxrwnelebiT da am faqtTan misi miwieri

cxovrebis (mas rom scioda, stkioda, Sioda, rcxvenoda) SeuTanxmebloba aris

mxolod moCvenebiTi, zedapiruli. maSasadame, ivlianes azriT, RmerTkaci iyo uvne-

bo; Turme mas realurad arc scioda, arc stkioda, arc Sioda da arc rcxvenoda

(rodesac yvrimals scemdnen). amitom ivlianitebs `uxrwnelmoCvenebiTebs~ (~af-

Tartodoketai~) eZaxdnen.

erTbunebianTa ganwvaleba Semdgom TaobebSic gagrZelda.

somxuri eklesia

qristianoba somxeTSi pirvelad mociqulebma Tadeozma da barTlomem iqadages.

devnilebis xanaSi iq morwmuneTa Ronieri Temebi Camoyalibda da axali aRTqma

oficialur sarwmunoebad adre gamocxadda, IV s-is pirvel aTeulSi, Trdat I I I -is

dros, grigol ganmanaTleblis misioneruli Rvawlis wyalobiT. igi somxeTis pir-

veli episkoposi gaxda da haosianTa eklesia grigorianuladac iwodeba.

somxeTis samociqulo eklesia qalkedonis sapirispiro Tvalsazriss miemxro

da fileturi tendenciebi adre gamoavlina (ix. zem. gv. 87). es tendenciebi dRes am

eklesiis specifikuri niSnebia, razec metyvelebs misi oficialuri saxelwodeba

`somxuri eklesia~. saxezea somexi erisa da somxuri eklesiis identifikacia, rasac

safuZvlad msoflio eklesiisagan somxeTis sakaTalikosos CamoSoreba daedo.

bolodroindeli samecniero gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, kavkasielma qristianebma

_ saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da albaneTis eklesiebma _ Seiwynares zenonis henoti-

koni da 506 wels, dvinis saeklesio krebaze, unionaluri pozicia gamoimuSaves.

Semdeg erTianoba dairRva. saqarTvelos eklesiam diofizitobas uerTgula. da-

narCenebma ki (SesaZlebelia, iranis gavleniT) _ monofizitobas. albaneTi V I I - V I I I

ss-Si gamuslimanda da X-XI ss-Si saxelmwifoebrivadac gauqmda. somexTa ZiriTadi

nawili evtiqi-dioskores moZRvrebas miendo. vinc qalkedonis poziciaze darCa,

is bunebrivad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCnda

da droTa viTarebaSi gaqarTvelda. aseve gasomxdnen monofiziti qarTvelebic.

V I I s-mde somxeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris Zmuri sarwmunoebriv-eklesiuri urTi-

erToba sufevda. dvinis I I adgilobrivi krebis Semdeg ki, 554 wlidan, rodesac som-

xeTis ierarqiam erTbunebianoba saxalxod aRiara, evqaristiuli Tanaziareba Sewyda.

V-VI ss-idan somxeTis samefo daiSala; erma saxelmwifo dakarga, ris gamoc ekle-

siis nacionalur-gamaerTianebeli funqcia gaizarda da sakaTalikoso saydari,

romelmac SuasaukuneebSi, politikuri klimatis Sesabamisad, ramdenjerme Seicva-

la adgili, saero xelisuflebis funqciiTac aRiWurva. ase Camoyalibda somxuri


nacionaluri eklesia. mis wiaRSi ki Seiqmna mdidari sasuliero mwerloba, rac

somxur kulturas msoflio mniSvnelobas aniWebs. es gansakuTrebiT saistorio

literaturis misamarTiT iTqmis.

amJamad somxuri eklesiis sameufo qalaqia eCmiaZini, sadac cxovrobs umaRlesi

patriarqi da uwmidesi kaTalikosi yovelTa somexTa. Tumca amave erovnebis morw-

muneebs TviTmarTvadi sapatriarqoebi sxvaganac aqvT, _ ierusalimsa da konstanti-

ponolSi (qilikiis sapatriarqo). maTgan upiratesi eCmiaZinis mRvdelmTavaria.

Teologiurma separatizmma saeklesio praqtikaSic iCina Tavi. daiwyes, erTbune-

bianobis kvalze, ziarebis saidumlos aRsruleba ucomo puriT da wyalgaureveli

RviniT; SeinarCunes qristes Sobisa da naTlisRebis erToblivad zeimis aRmosav-

luri tradicia (ix. zem.), SeiTvises `xaCecari~ (ix. zem.) da SemoiRes originaluri

marxva _ surbsarqisi anu alajori.

àlajori~ anu àrajori~ aris qarTuli varianti somxuri sityvisa. àrajavor~,

rac niSnavs `winaswars~, `winamavals~, `pirvels~. marTlac, alajori win uswrebs

didmarxvas sami kviriT da, maSasadame, modis mezverisa da farisevlis kviriakeze,

sadac dadebulia agreTve wm. sarqisis xseneba. aqedan warmodgeba meore saxelwo-

deba _ surbsarqisi anu wminda sarqisi (sergi). esaa monofizitebis Zveli marxva,

romelic gamoirCeva simkacriT da, Cans, SemouRiaT asketuri moTxovnilebis gam-

Zafrebis Sedegad. misi dawesebis istoria gaurkvevelia. moRweulia urTierTga-

momricxavi legendebi, romelTagan damfuZneblad zogi grigol ganmanaTlebels

asaxelebs, zogi _ petros mkawvrels an wm. sarqiss.

petros mkawvrels (Tu wm. sarqiss) hyavda sakvirveli ZaRli _ alaja. rodesac

patroni romelime qalaqsa Tu sofelSi wasvlas daeSureboda, winamorbedad alajas

gzavnida, raTa Seemzadebina mrevli. erT dRes patronma alaja veRar ipova. dauwyo

Zebna. mglebs daeglijaT alaja. guls elda eca da gasca brZaneba, rom yovel

weliwads, daniSnul dros, morwmune somexma erma kvnesiT da gloviT axsenon alaja.

ra Tqma unda, es pamfletia, gavrcelebuli aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebel

erebSi, maT Soris _ rusul saeklesio mwerlobaSi. amis miuxedavad, velikorusebmi,

rodesac kavkasielTa erTmaneTze miseva ganizraxes, am legendis avtorebad qarT-

velebi gamoacxades. mainc vin moigona, anda vin misca rezonansi am samarcxvino

ambavs? pasuxi korneli kekeliZem gasca, _ imxanad Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis

reqtorma (gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1916,5.V9, N 124). man aRniSna rom xsenebuli legenda

daibada pirvelad saberZneTSi, `SavbneliT mocul saSval saukuneebSi, rodesac

qalkedonit-berZenTa da antiqalkedonit-somexTa Soris atexili doRmaturi po-

lemika ukiduresad gamwvavda. warmoiSva is swored somexTa sarwmunoebriv grZno-

baTa SesabRalavad da maTi eklesiis gasaqirdavad, magram aq qarTvelebi arafer

SuaSia: es legenda SeTxza pirvelad somxis renegat-mRvdelmTavarma isaakma, ro-

melmac meTerTmete saukunis naxevarSi berZnul marTlmadideblobasTan erTad


nikiis samitropolito saydaric miiRo. rogorc yvela renegats Cvevia, mopirda-

pireTa banakSi gadasvlis Semdeg, isaakma xeli mohkida mSobliuri eklesiis da

eris ganqiqebas...~ man, isaakma, Seqmna dogmatur-mabralebeli krebuli, riTac mono-

fizitTa ersa da eklesias, vis wiaRSic iSva, aRizarda da ganiswavla, amazrzeni

braldebebi wauyena; ar moerida siyalbeesac ki. misi legenda swrafad gavrcelda

sxvadasxva variantiT. Targmnes qarTvelebma danarCen antimonofizitur Zegleb-

Tan erTad, agreTve _ rusebma, romlebmac igi saRvTismsaxuro wignebSic Seitanes

aseTi komentariT (Targmani k.kekeliZisa):

`gvesma wmidaTa mamaTa da berZenTa saRmrToTa wignTagan sityva, ganmaqiqebeli

mwvaleblobisa da ugunurebisa maTisa (somxebisa), viTarmed kviriakesa farisevel-

Tasa eniTa maTiTa àrcivur~ ewodebis. àrci~ iyo moZRvari maTi, xolo ùrec~

ewodeboda mowafesa massa ZaRlsa, romelsac qedsa missa dahkidis gujari Tvisisa

sarwmunoebisa da mwvaleblobisa da mowafeTa TvisTa warugzavnis. gardaxdomasa

mravalTa welTasa mxecTa mZvinvareTa ganbZares ùrec~ da SeemTxva moZRvarsa

maTsa àrcis~ urva da salmoba friadi da ganawesa man mimdgomTa TvisTa marxva

kviriakesa mas ùrec~ _ isaTvis mowafisa Tvisisa~.

sazogadod ki, unda aRiniSnos, rom ganwvalebis pirvelive dRidan, kirion qarT-

lisa da abraam somexTa kaTalikosebis droidan (VI-V I I ), gacxarda polemika, Tu vin

gadauxvia Zveli tradiciidan anu WeSmariti rwmenidan. Seiqmna mdidari litera-

tura orive enaze. sakmarisia davasaxeloT uxtanesis ìstoria gamoyofisa qarT-

velTa somexTagan~ (Targmna z. aleqsiZem, Tb., 1975) da arsen safarelis `ganyofi-

saTvis qarTvelTa da somexTa~ (gamosca z. aleqsiZem, Tb., 1980). agreTve _ anton

kaTalikosis `mzametyveleba~ (gamoica 1892 wels aleqsandre episkoposis safasiT

da mRd. p. karbelaSvilis redaqciiT). xSirad imarTeboda sajaro paeqrobebi. cno-

bilia Rrtilas krebis sityvisgeba eqvTime grZelsa da sosTen somexTa moZRvars

Soris 1046 wels artanujSi. aseve _ daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis dros,

riTac mezobeli qveynebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs kidec amunaT-akritikebd-

nen da kidec uaxlovdebodnen, umegobrdebodnen. sasiamovno faqtia, rom konfe-

siuri sxvaobis miuxedavad qarTvel-somexTa kulturul-literaturuli TanamS-

romloba arasdros Camkvdara.

dRes somxuri samociqulo eklesia saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia Svidi ekle-

siiT: TbilisSi _ 2, baTumSi _ 1, danarCeni ki mesxeT-javaxeTSi. morwmuneTa ricxvi,

maTi winamZRvrebis TqmiT, 200.000-s udris. isini erTi episkoposis sulieri mfar-

velobis qveS imyofebian. misi kaTedra TbilisSia _ wm. giorgis eklesiaSi. amjerad

episkoposia georq seraidariani, eparqiis mdivani _ vilhelm grigoriani, Tbilisis

konservatoriis profesori. samRvdeloTa krebuli aT sasuliero pirs iTvlis.

TbilisSi sakvirao skolac moqmedebs.

somxuri samociqulo eklesia dRes TavisTavs monofizitebs ar uwodebs.


monoTelitoba da maronitebi

gavixsenoT zemonaTqvami: eresebma da seqtebma bizantiis provinciebSi separa-

tizmi gamokveba, ris gamoc xelisufleba, dazafruli imperiis mTlianobis rRve-

viT, Semorigebis kurss daadga. henotikonma ar gaamarTla. arc damsjelma opera-

ciebma. gamosavlis Ziebam Teologiis sferoSi gadainacvla, sadac aRmocenda axali

wvaleba _ monoTelitoba anu erTnebianoba.

misi akvani kolxeTSi _ fazisSi _ dairwa.

aq erTmaneTs Sexvdnen keisari herakle (irakli) da adgilobrivi mitropoliti

kirosi, romelic, zaza aleqsiZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia, kirion qar-

Tlis kaTalikosi iyos (epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, T. kirion qarTlis kaTaliko-

si). herakles 622-628 wlebSi daepyro sparseTi, gaenadgurebina mefe xosro da

misi amala, tyveobidan exsna ierusalimis patriarqi zaqaria, masTan erTad _ Zeli

cxoveli, romelic dampyroblebs gaetacaT, da didi alafiT dabrunebula ukan.

aRmosavleTSi is Sexvedroda monofizit episkoposebs, ebaasa maTTan da misuliyo

daskvnamde, rom qristes aqvs `erTi macxonebeli moqmedeba~ (`mia Zoopoios ener-

geia~). e.i. ori buneba gaerTianebulia erT moqmedebaSi, erT saqmeSi. ase Caeyara

safuZveli monoenergeizmis anu erTmoqmedebianobis ideas, rac, herakles az-

riT, idealuri variantis rols Seasrulebda monofizitebisa da diofizitebis

Serigebis gzaze. mefem am Tvalsazrisis Teoriulad Camoyalibebis, mecnierul-

saRvTismetyvelo formiT warmoCenis moTxovnileba igrZno da Sesabamisi winada-

debiT miadga fazisis _ axlandeli foTis anu dasavleT saqarTvelos _ mamaTmTa-

vars, cnobils inteleqtiT, ganaTlebiT da rjulSemwynareblobiT. maspinZelma

moismina xelmwifis sityva, daujda WkuaSi, magram, vidre gadaWriT rames ityoda,

upirates ierarqs _ konstantinopolis mTavarepiskopos sergis _ daekiTxa. ukanas-

knelma Seuqo iniciativa, daloca igi da saxelmZRvanelod gaugzavna mena (mina)

konstantinopolelis epistole pap virgiliusisadmi, sadac wmida mamebis Srome-

bidan moxmobili iyo citatebi qristeSi erTi moqmedebisa da erTi nebis dasadas-

tureblad. yuradReba maxvildeboda gamoTqmaze `RmerTkacebrivi moqmedeba~

(`Teandrike energeia~), romelic gvxvdeba wm. dionise areopagelis korpusSi, swo-

red VI s-Si rom gamoCnda dRis sinaTleze da avtoriteti moixveWa.

savaraudebelia, rom kiros faziselma unionaluri moRvaweoba kavkasiis masSta-

biT ganavrco da 630 wels somxeTis sakaTalikososTan xelSekrulebas miaRwia kon-

fesiur Tanxmobaze. ar viciT, ramdenxans gastana Tanxmobam, magram faqtia, rom

imperatori moixibla, Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT, _ ekumenuri ideiT, aRiara

faziselis damsaxureba da igi aleqsandriaSi, yvelaze cxel wertilSi, monofizi-

tebis centrSi, gadaiyvana. daniSna patriarqad da SeTavsebiT Caabara egviptis ganm-

geblis Tanamdeboba. kirosma imedebi gaamarTla: iTvisa momrigebeli mosamarTlis

funqcia da 633 wels miaRwia unias iqauri monofizitebis mniSvnelovan nawilsa da


marTlmadideblebs Soris. am aqts, gaformebuls werilobiT dokumentad, kirosma

safuZvlad daudo sakuTari Sroma _ `Tavni~, romelic 9 ganyofilebisagan Sedge-

boda; mimoixilavda samebis dogmats da gankacebis saidumlos. me-9 nawili eZRvne-

boda formulas _ `erTi RmerTkacebrivi moqmedeba~, riTac warmoCnda axali

moZRvrebis _ monoTelitobis _ ZiriTadi principebi.

Telema berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `nebas~. monoTelitoba aris moZRvreba,

rom macxovars _ erT pirs, erT hipostass, erT gvams _ aqvs erTi neba da erTi

moqmedeba (energia). ase rom, es Teoria nebas miiCnevs hipostasis da ara bunebis

anu arsebis Tvisebad. marTalia, diofizitebis msgavsad, igi aRiarebs or bunebas

erT hipostasSi, magram erTmaneTisagan TiSavs bunebas da nebas; miaCnia, rom ori

buneba, erTi hipostasis Sesabamisad, erTiandeba RmerTkacebriv nebaSi, qmedebaSi,

saqmeSi.

amrigad, miviReT sinkretuli debuleba: diofizituri _ bunebis TvalsazrisiT,

monofizituri _ nebisa da qmedebis mxriv. ukanasknelSi dominirebda RvTaebrivi

aspeqti. amitomac igi ufro monofizituri iyo da egviptelma monofizitebmac

Tavi gamarjvebulad igrZnes. maTi didi nawili daubrunda eklesias. miesalmnen

agreTve qalkedonitebic, saberZneTisa da aRmosavleTis TiTqmis yvela ierarqi

konstantinopolis patriarq sergis meTaurobiT. vnebebi TiTqos dacxra, magram

droebiT da erTi SexedviT.

aRmosavleTSi marTlmadideblobis apologia imxanad ikisra wm. sofronma. is

romSi wavida konsultaciisaTvis. 634 wels ierusalimis patriarqi gaxda. gaaanali-

za kirosis moZRvreba, uwoda mas SeniRbuli monofizitoba da misca eresis kvali-

fikacia; Sekriba eklesiis mamaTa 600 gamonaTqvami, Seadgina krebuli da gagzavna

romSi, sadac guldasmiT ganixila papma gelasim da dasturyo. sofronma aRmosav-

leTSic SeiZina momxreTa didi ricxvi, ramac daafiqra keisari. dedaqalaqis

mRvdelmTavarma anugeSa igi da 638 wels imperatoris saxeliT gamoaqveyna cnobili

traqtati _ `sarwmunoebis gadmocema~ anu `ekTezisi~, riTac erTi energiis formu-

la gamocxadda arasavaldebulod da mis irgvliv kamaTi aikrZala. samagierod

gaesva xazi, rogorc ucvalebel WeSmaritebas, rom qristeSi, or bunebasTan erTad,

mkvidrobs mxolod erTi neba.

konstantinopolel patriarqs mxari auba papma honoriusma, gelasis memkvidrem.

orive mRvldelmTavari erTmaneTSi urevda cnebebs: nebas rogorc sulieri samya-

ros bunebiT aqts da nebas rogorc zneobriv gadawyvetilebas (`gnome~ anu `bule~,

`bulesis~). xels sWidebdnen im faqts, rom qristes, yovladucodvels, or bunebi-

seul nebasTan anu survilTan erTad aqvs mxolod erTi zneobrivi neba (gavixsenoT

sulieri brZolis epizodi da zneobrivi arCevani geTsimaniis baRSi: maTe 26: 38-

42). bevri marTlmadidebeli, gauwafavi logikasa da dialeqtikaSi, daabnia sakiTxis

sirTulem, terminebis orazrovnebam da monoTelitebis braldebam, TiTqos ori


nebis aRiareba niSnavs qristes sulSi keTilisa da borotis Tanaarsebobis daSve-

bas. amis sapirispirod papi honoriusi amtkicebda, rom qristeSi ueWvelad erTi

RvTaebrivi nebaa _ sikeTe.

vimeorebT, herakles `ekTezisi~ da, 10 wlis Semdeg, imp. konstanti I I -is `ganawesi~

(tiposi) SfoTisa da miTqma-moTqmis gasamuxtad momzadda, magram sawinaaRmdego

nayofi gamoiRo. bizantiis centraluri nawili areulobam moicva. amasobaSi ara-

bebma islamis droSa aafriales, egvipte da palestina daipyres da mniSvnelovan-

wilad gadaarjules. iq Teologiuri maZieblobisaTvis aRaravis ecala. konstanti-

nopolSi eresma gaimarjva. WeSmaritebis jvari ramdenime kacma itvirTa. maTgan

yvelaze metad maqsime aRmsarebeli gabrwyinda _ `nayofieri morCi da moRvawebis

rCeuli `Wuri~, udidesi saeklesio moRvawe da Teoretikosi. misi cxovreba da

Semoqmedeba ganuyofelia imdroindeli marTlmadideblobis istoriisagan da am

kuTxiT Cvenc gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.

wm. maqsime daibada 582 wels konstantinopolSi. daeufla sasuliero da saero

mecnierebis mraval dargs, elinur sibrZnes da mamaTmetyvelebas (patrologias).

miaRwia umaRles Tanamdebobas, _ samefo karis mdivnobas, magram sindisis xmam ama

soflis didebaze uari aTqmevina. im dRes, rodesac, monoTelitobis saxelmwifo

ideologiad gamocxadebis niSnad, wmida sofiis galavanSi aRimarTa abra sameufo

gujriT anu xsenebuli ekTezisiTurT, man datova sasaxle, gayida monagebi, safase

glaxakTaTvis ganabnia, Seimosa sabero sqema da gezi wmida petres qalaqisaken aiRo,

sadac marTali sarwmunoeba, wmida papis safarvelis qveS, SedarebiT umwikvlod

inaxeboda. aq daimowafa ori Zma _ anastasi da anastasi. erTxans udabnoSi mkvid-

robda, magram, wmida angelozis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, pap ioanes eaxla. mRvdelmTa-

varma igi yalbi mecnierebis samxileblad da dasamxobad akurTxa da gza afriki-

saken dauloca. aleqsandriaSi maqsime Sexvda konstantinopoleli sergis memkvid-

res _ piross, romelic, Turme, borotmoqmedebis gamo samSoblodan gauZevebiaT.

maT Soris 645 wels Sedga dialogi, rasac Semdeg wmida mamam literaturuli saxe

misca. igi cnobilia saTauriT `sityvisgeba pirosisadmi~ da iTvleba xsenebuli

wvalebis yvelaze safuZvlian kritikad.

dedaazri ase gamoiTqmis:

buneba (~fiuzis~) moqmedebisa da nebis gareSe aris mxolod ganyenebuli cneba,

tvinis Wyleta da ararealoba. TiToeul bunebas Tavisi neba da saqme axlavs. vinc

erT nebasa da saqmes aRiarebs, is uneblieT uryofs or bunebas erT pirovnebaSi.

amdenad, sadac ori bunebaa, _ ori neba da ori moqmedebaa. Sesabamisad, ori buneba

erTi nebiT da moqmedebiT arsobrivad igive monofizitobaa. amasTanave, ganagrZobs

RvTismetyveli, Tuki macxovars aqvs erTi neba, ismis kiTxva: romelia es neba _

saRvTo Tu kacobrivi? Tu vityviT, _ saRvToa, mivalT daskvnamde, rom macxovari

ar gankacebula, radgan: sadaa misi adamianuri neba? xolo Tu adamianisad miviCnevT


am nebas, maSin RmerTi ar yofila igi, radgan: sadaa misi RvTaebrivi neba? Tuki

vifiqrebT, rom qristes hqonda erTi sinTezuri neba _ saRvToc da adamianuric,

maSin ufro did absurds miviRebT. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom macxovari, rogorc

meore hipostasi, mamasTan da sulTan erTnebaa da erTarseba. da Tu macxovris

hipostasi adamianur nebas Seicavs, _ adamianuri neba Sezavebuli yofila mamisa

da sulis anu samebis nebasTan, rac sinamdvileSi sxva araferia, Tu ara moZRvreba

Ze RmerTTan erTad mamisa da sulis anu samebis _ e.i. sruli RmrTeebis _ gankace-

bisa da vnebis Sesaxeb. esaa ukiduresi monofizitoba, _ `xaCecari~ anu `Teopasqia~.

amis sawinaaRmdegod unda virwmunoT da vaRiaroT, rom neba aris bunebis

Tviseba da rom gankacebuli macxovari, ori bunebis Sesabamisad, or Seurwymel,

Seuzavebel, magram ganuyoflad SeerTebul nebas flobs _ saRmrTos da adami-

anurs _ erT pirovnebaSi.

wuTisofelSi RvTis Zem orive neba gamoavlina. sityvebiT: `rogorc mama aRad-

gens da acocxlebs mkvdarT, aseve Zec, visac nebavs, acocxlebs~ (ioane 5:21) anda

_ `ierusalem, ierusalem... ramdenjer vcade Semekriba Seni Svilebi~ (maTe 23:37) _

gamoTqva saRmrTo ganzraxva, macxonebeli Zala da moqmedeba. magram ucomoebis

Jams puris Wama rom mounda (luka 22:8), kacis bunebisamebr mounda. wm. mama sxva

epizodebsac ixmobs imis gasacxadeblad, rom macxovris sulSi Tanamyofobda orive

neba _ adamianuri da saRmrTo. maTgan pirveli Zaldautaneblad emorCileboda

anu eqvemdebareboda meores.

WeSmaritebis winaSe qedi moixara pirosma da urwmunoebis jerkvali ganagdo;

wavida romSi, eaxla pap Teodores, aRuTqva ficiT da xelweriliT marTlaRsareba

da gamosTxova locva-kurTxeva, rom dabrundes saberZneTSi da iRvawos saRmrTo

rjulis ganmtkicebisaTvis. papma daloca, magram mRvdelmTavarma sityva gatexa:

igi gzaSi, `viTarca ZaRli Tavissave naTxevarsa, miiqca~. am dros gardaicvala

misi Semcvleli, uaresi eretikosi _ pavle. pirosi warudga keisar kostas da taxti

daibruna. rodesac es ambavi euwya paps, ~mivida mociqulTa Tavis _ petres _

samarxTan, aiRo barZimi, Caawo wmida sisxlSi kalami da sakuTari xeliT dawera

pirosisa da yvela misi Tanamoazris eklesiisagan gankveTa~. Tevdore male aRes-

rula da taxti wm. martinem daikava. am dros afrikidan wm. maqsimec dabrunda.

Sexvda paps. maT gadamWrel zomebs mimarTes: moiwvies kreba 150 episkoposis Semad-

genlobiT, dagmes wvaleba da SeaCvenes kiros fazisel-aleqsandrieli, sergi, pi-

ros da pavle konstantinopolelebi, maTi momxre imperatorebi da RvarZlis yvela

mTesveli. krebis aqtebi da maqsimes epistoleebi mTels saqristianos moefina.

es faqti bizantiis xelisuflebam politikur diversiad aRiqva da gaugonari

ram moimoqmeda: apeninis naxevarkunZulze desanti gadasxa da marTlmadideblobis

burjebi _ wm. martine, wm. maqsime, misi ori mowafe da Tanamosagreni _ xelfexSek-

ruli Camoiyvanes bizantiis dedaqalaqSi.


Sedga sasamarTlo, romelsac daeswro keisari da patriarqi, pirosis memkvidre

_ petre. paps braldebad bizantiis xelisuflebis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba

wauyenes. wm. maqsimes _ samSoblos Ralati. pirveli yirimSi gadaasaxles, sadac

sastiki pyrobilebis Semdeg gardaicvala. maqsimes auracxeli tanjva SeamTxvies:

cru mowmeebi, dakiTxvebi, SantaJebi, provokaciebi, cema da ferad-feradi dapi-

rebebi, magram ucvalebeli aRsarebisagan ver daadumes. samsjavroze man warmoTqva

mrwamsi, risTvisac mas ewoda aRmsarebeli. es teqsti imsaxurebs wm. Teologiis

jamis pativs, radgan TiToeuli sityva oqroT iwonis da Seicavs sarwmunoebis

mokle analizs. warmovadgenT gamokrebiT wm. eqvTime mTawmidlis Targmanis mixed-

viT (kimeni, t. I, k.kekeliZis gamocema, tf., 1918, gv. 87-90).

`mrwams erTi RmerTi: mama uSobeli, da erTi Ze da sityva RmrTisa mamisagan

Sobili, da erTi suliwmida mamisagan gamomavali. samgvamovneba. ganyofili ricx-

viTa da TviTebiTa miT gvamovnebisaTa, da ganuyofeli RmrTeebiTa: rameTu gani-

yofvian ganuyofelad da SeierTebian Seurevnelad. amisTvisca vityviT samgvamov-

nebasa da erTarsebasa. da erTsa bunebasa RmrTeebisasa, rameTu zogadi ars samTave

RmrTeeba. da saRmrTosa bunebisa saxeni xolo Tvisi TiToeulisa: mamisa mamoba

uSobeli, Zisa Zeoba Sobili da sulisa wmidisa gamoslva, rameTu arca mama Seic-

valebis Zed anu sulad, arca Ze mamad anu sulad, arca suliwmida mamad anu Zed,

rameTu TviTebani Seucvalebel arian. RmerTad aRviareb TiToeulsa... samebasa

Tayvansvscem erTarsebiT da erTarsebasa samebiT, _ erTarsebasa samgvamovansa...

sworsa ZlierebiTa da pativiTa. erTsa RmrTeebasa aRviareb wmidisa samebisasa:

erTsa bunebasa, erTsa arsebasa, erTsa Zalsa, erTsa xelmwifebasa, erTsa uflebasa,

erTsa meufebasa... ukvdavsa, uvnebelsa... jer iCina da ineba mxolod Sobilman Ze-

man da sityvaman RvTisaman gamouTqmeliTa miT kacTmoyvarebiTa, nebiTa mamisa da

sulisaTa, Zieba dabadebulTa TvisTa; gardamoxda wiaRTagan mamisaTa, vina igi

arasada ganeSora da daimkvidra saSo yovladwmidisa mis qalwulisa sulisa mier

wmidisa da miixvna misgan xorcni suliTurT pirmetyveliT da iSva RmerTi ganxor-

cielebuli, iSva gamouTqmelad da qalwuleba dedisa daicva ganuxrwnelad. ara

Tavsidva Serevna anu Secvaleba, aramed ra igi iyo, ego da ra ara iyo, iqmna. Seimosa

xati monisa WeSmaritad, _ ara ucnebiT, da yovliTurT gvemsgavsa Cven Tvinier

codvisa. aRviareb mas saukunod da Jamierad, daubadebelad da dabadebulad, uv-

nebelad da vnebulad, ukvdavad da mokvdavad. igive RmerTi da kaci ara Tu sxva da

sxva, aramed erTi ars pirvelganxorcielebisa da Semdgomad ganxorcielebisa, _

erTi Sezavebuli gvami oriTa sruliTa bunebiTa da oriTa bunebiTiTa nebiTa da

oriTa saqmiTa erTgvamad SeerTebuliTa ucvalebelad da Seurevnelad igive

nebsiT inebebda da iqmoda saRmrToTa saqmeTa viTarca RmerTi, da igive nebsiT

inebebda da iqmoda kacobrivTa da ubraloTa saqmeT viTarca kaci, rameTu buneba

unebeli da usaqmo ara ars. ara iZulebiT damorCilebuliyo igi bunebiTTa


TananadebTa, rameTu nebsiT iSva, nebsiT SeemSia, nebsiT moewyura, nebsiT daSvra,

nebsiT SeeSina, nebsiT jvarsecva, nebsiT mokvda, _ WeSmaritad da ara ucnebiT. ese

yoveli nebiTa kacobrivisa bunebisaTa... esreT mwams, esreT aRviareb, esreT naTel-

Rebulvar. da yovelTa mwvalebelTa da yovelsa wvalebasa SevaCveneb. Seviwynareb

da pativs vcem wmidaTa krebaTa nikias 318 wmidaTa mamaTa da konstantin 150 wmidaTa

mamaTa, efesos 200 wmidaTa mamaTa, qalkedonis 630 wmidaTa mamaTa, konstantine-

polis kvalad 164 wmidaTa mamaTa da sxvanica sada romel iqmnes krebani, damamtki-

cebelni marTlisa sarwmunoebisani, romelnica kaTolike eklesiaman Seiwynarna

da romelnica wmidaTa maT krebaTa Seiwynarnes da romelni maT SeaCvenes, SevaCveneb

da vadideb da ugalob da Tayvansvcem mamasa da Zesa da wmidasa sulsa, romlisa

Svenis dideba, pativi da Tayvaniscema aw da maradis da ukuniTi ukunisamde. amin~.

gaimarTa sityvisgeba. braldebulma warmoadgina cocxali argumentebi saRmrTo

werilidan da mamaTa memkvidreobidan. gamoamJRavna didi erudicia, mecnieruli

taqti da naTeli goneba. amasTanave, _ principuloba, rom ar gadauxvevda arc mar-

jvniv da arc marcxniv, ramac msajulebi gaaborota da ulmobeli ganaCeni gamo-

atanina: enis mokveTa, marjvenis moWra, quCa-quCa Camotareba da eqsoria. sasjeli

mowafeebzec unda gavrcelebuliyo.

659 wlis 21 ianvars, diliT, beri maqsime, 77 wlis sneuli, misi ori mowafe: anas-

tasi xucesi da anastasi diakoni daasaxiCres, fexSiSveli moatares qalaqis Tormet

ubanSi, karibWemde marSiT _ kiskisiT da stveniT _ miaciles da saqarTvelos gzas

gauyenes.

samegreloSi tyveebi erTmaneTs daaSores. maqsime leCxums gadagzavnes da da-

atusaRes cixeSi `himir~, rac igive muris cixesimagrea.

jalaTebi amaod daSvren: moxucma dakodil xelze kalami miiba da ase werda

epistoleebs, romlebsac pirvelad sapyrobilis mcvelebi kiTxulobdnen. maTi

guli TanalmobiT da siyvaruliT ivseboda, wmidans pativs scemdnen da werilebi

JamiTiJamad cxraklitulis miRmac vrceldeboda. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Sendo-

basa da kurTxevas iTxovda.

aRmsarebels winaswar auwya angelozma wuTisoflidan gasvlis dRe. erTi Svi-

deuli imarxula da 662 wlis 13 agvistos `xelTa RmrTisaTa Sehvedra suli Tvisi

sixaruliT da mxiarulebiT~. gvams cixis maxloblad ganusvenes, wm. arsenis monas-

terSi. imave Rames sami lampari daadgra samares da saswaulebic aResrula: mis

saxes anu `Zegls~ adgilobrivi mcxovrebni yoveldRe xedavdnen (georgika, IV, nak. I,

Targmani da ganmartebebi s. yauxCiSvilisa, Tb., 1941, gv. 50-51) da imdenad CaibeW-

des sulsa da gulSi, rom STamomavlobas legendad gadasces.

leCxumSi dResac gaigonebT: wm. maqsime iyo ucxo da Cvens miwaze sikeTisaTvis

iareboda. erTxel Rameul nislSi gamoelaparaka mavnebels, qareiSvil-Wabukians,

_ `sxvas zians nu ayenebo~. borotma kacma ar ismina da sisxli daRvara. amis gamo


WabukianTa sagvareulo Tavs dasjilad Tvlis da yovelwliurad klavs kurats

winapris urjuloebis warxocvis mizniT.

davubrundeT ZiriTad saTqmels.

mowameTa gvirgvinma eklesia ganamtkica. papma agaTonma, romelmac wm. martine

Secvala, 124 episkoposis kreba hyo, dagmo papis mimarT bizantiis xelisufalTa

Zaladoba da `erTi nebis metyveleba~. keisari kosta ufro aRborgda, wmida taxtis

dalaSqvra ganizraxa. Cavida siliciaSi, raTa jari Seekriba. Sevida abanoSi, gaisapna

da aiqafa. am dros, TiTqos codvam uwia, msaxurma vercxlis WurWeli Caartya da

suli gaafrTxobina, _ sasaxlis intrigaTa msxverpli gaxda... skiptra misma Svilma

_ konstantine IV-m, pogonatma _ miiTvala. man Zirfesvianad Secvala winamorbedTa

kursi, gadasinja religiuri politika, mamaSviluri kavSiri daamyara romis papTan

da konstantinopolis daqvrivebul kaTedraze patriarqad marTlmadidebeli

daniSna _ giorgi; moiwvia VI msoflio saeklesio kreba, romelsac saboloo

msjavri unda gamoetana.

kreba Sedga konstantinopolSi 680 wels. sxdomebma, ricxviT 18, erT weliwads

gastana. eswreboda 153 Tu, zogierTi monacemis mixedviT, 170 mama. maT Soris _

papis sami legati, konstantinopoleli giorgi da Teofane antioqieli, romelmac

makari Secvala. ukanasknelma warmoadgina werilobiTi moxseneba, rasac monoTeli-

tobis suni asdioda. man keTili rCeva ar ismina da lanZRva-muqaraze gadavida,

risTvisac gaaZeves qalaqidan. aseTive bedi ewia mRvdel konstantine siriels,

romelic mrisxaned uaryofda qristeSi adamianur nebas jvarcmis Semdeg. aqti-

urobda beri poliqronia, romelmac daiqadna: erTi nebisa da erTi moqmedebis

rwmeniT qalaqis centralur moedanze mkvdars aRvadgeno. delegatebi, xalxi da

samRvdeloni Segrovdnen, rom gamxdariyvnen saswaulis mowme, rac, cxadia, ar aRes-

rula. aman ki eresis qomagebs Cala gamoavlo pirSi. bolos ganaxlda msjeloba

dadgenilebis gamosatanad. waikiTxes agaTon papis epistole imperator konstan-

tinesadmi. aRiares igi suliwmidis xmad, dagmes eresi da misi Tavkacebi: keisari

herakle, fazisel-aleqsandrieli kirosi, konstantinopoleli sergi, faraneli

Teodore, romaeli ponoriusi; piros, pavle da petre konstantinopolelebi da

sxvani. aRavlines qeba-dideba Rirsi da RmerTSemosili mamebisadmi, ukanasknel

Jams gamoCenili wmidanebisadmi da iwames qristes ori buneba ganuyofelad, Se-

ucvalebelad, Seuzavebelad, Seurwymelad da... ori neba daupirispireblad.

cxadyves, rom macxovris `adamianuri neba uTmobs anu eqvemdebareba RvTaebrivs,

magram ar ispoba misgan~.

amrigad, monoTelitoba daemxo da bizantiaSi savsebiT aRigava. Sesabamisi lite-

ratura dawves da akrZales. wamoiwyes devnileba da gadasaxleba. fiqroben, rom

eretikosebis nawilma sirias, wm. maronis (+ 400) monasters, Seafara Tavi. iq maT

Seqmnes calke saeklesio struqtura, romelmac moicva afrikeli monoTelitebis


sazogadoebac. es organizacia V I I I -IX ss-is mwerlebTan maronitebis seqtis saxe-

liTaa cnobili. isini TavianT Tavs xan monoTelitebs uwodebdnen, xan monofizi-

tebs. X I I I s-Si uari Tqves TavianT dogmatebze da romis eklesiasTan kavSiri Sek-

res. maTi centri dRes libanSia. mimdevarTa ricxvi 600 aTass aRemateba. saRvTis-

msaxuro enaa siriul-arabuli. kaTolikebTan saerTo rwmenis miuxedavad, inarCu-

neben Zvel ritualebs da ierarqias. hyavT patriarqi, romelsac aqvs nominaluri

tituli antioqielisa.

maronitebis warmomavlobisa da Tavgadasavlis zogierTi detali dRemde gaur-

kvevelia. problematuria maTi eresiarqis anu mamaTmTavris vinaoba. aseTad isini

asaxeleben al-mukavkass, romelic erTdroulad egviptis saero xelisufalic

iyo da sulieri winamZRvaric; hyavda coli da mSvenieri asuli _ armanuSa, visma

silamazem da simamacem arabTa amira moajadova, irwmuna misi siyvarulis uZleveli

Zala da, datyvevebuli qalwuli, uvnebeli gaistumra mdidari ZRvniT. amtkiceben:

idumalebiT moculi pirovneba _ mukavkasi _ kiros fazisel-aleqsandrielia. es

saxeli misTvis egvipteSi SeurqmeviaT da kavkasiasTan kavSirze miuniSnebiaT. Tu

z. aleqsiZis Teoria kiron qarTlelisa da kiros faziselis igiveobis Sesaxeb (ix.

zem.) dasabuTda, cxadia, mukavkasi igive kirion qarTlis kaTalikosad CaiTvleba

da Cvenc aRvadgenT saqarTvelos Cinebuli Svilis idumal biografias; Tamamad

vityviT, rom misi samoRvaweo sarbieli Sors gascda samSoblos farglebs da

sicocxlis dReni religiurad da politikurad gakotrebulma sxva kontinentze

dalia 641 wlis 21 marts. saidumloebiTaa moculi misi aRsasrulis mizezi: zogi

amtkicebs, ukurnebeli dizenteria Seeyarao, zogi ambobs, Tavi moikla _ moiSxamao.

sruli simarTle aravin uwyis.

erTi ki udavoa:

morigi wvalebis akvani saqarTvelos cis qveS dairwa da aqve dasamarda.

xatmbrZoloba

xati niSnavs saxes, suraTs, nebismier gamosaxulebas. esaa Tavdapirveli mniSvne-

loba, rac Semdeg gafarTovda, SeiZina religiuri azri da specifikuri Sinaarsi,

iqca konkretuli _ sakraluri da sakulto _ sagnis saxelwodebad. misi berZnuli

Sesatyvisia èikon~ anu ìkon~, rusuli _ òbraz~. xatis misia RvTisa da yovelive

RvTaebrivis warmoCena, ufro zustad, ganxatebaa. amrigad, eklesiis TvalTaxed-

viT, xati aris sakraluri sagani; ieso qristes, RvTismSoblisa da wmindanebis

ferweruli gamosaxuleba, Semosili madliT, radgan formiT asaCinoebs sarwmuno-

ebrivad saTayvanebel arsebas da mlocvelTa grZnobas da gonebas asaxuli realo-

bisaken miaqcevs. aseTive fasi aqvs cxovelmyofeli Zelis anu golgoTis jvris

niSs, rasac morwmune yoveldRe xedavs, ganicdis Tu gamoisaxavs. agreTve _ wmida

WurWlebs, saRvTo da samRvdelo wignebs, wmida nawilebs da sxva reliqviebs.


xatweras anu ikonografias pirvel saukuneebSive Caeyara safuZveli. arsebobs

saTno gadmocema, eklesiis mamebis mier damowmebuli, rom ukurnebeli seniT Sep-

yrobilma edesis mefem _ avgarozma _ epistole aaxla macxovars da miiwvia. qristem

wadili ver Seusrula. samagierod ustari miuwera da saswaulebriv aRubeWda Ta-

visi saxe tiloze. ase gamoisaxa `xelTuqmneli~ xati, romelic q. edesaSi inaxeboda.

misi erTi piri, `dedis TanaRirsi~, sakvirvelad kecze amotvifruli da Semdeg

naWerze gadasuli, saqarTveloSi anton martyofelma moabrZana, _ 13 siriel ma-

maTaganma (VI s.), xolo dedani X s-Si `qalaqTa mzes~ _ konstantinopols eZRvna,

sadac daaweses xsenebis dRe _ 16 agvisto. saqarTvelos meore xelTuqmneli xatic

ergo _ dedaRvTisa. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, igi CvenSi andria pirvelwo-

debuls moutania; misi SemweobiT samcxeSi mas mravali saswauli aRusrulebia,

gaucamtverebia artemisisa da apolos kerpebi, gaucocxlebia didebuli qvrivis

_ samZivaris _ vaJi da, xalxis TxovniT, iqve dautovebia. anton martyofelis ZRveni

anCis saydarSi inaxeboda. Tamaris dros beqa opizars igi mouWedavs. ioane anCels

ki Rirsad Seuqia (Tumca andria mociqulis motanilad miuCnevia). XVI s-Si TbilisSi

gadmousvenebiaT da im taZarSi dausvenebiaT, Semdeg anCisxati rom darqmevia. amje-

rad inaxeba saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi. `xelTuqmneli RvTismSoblis~ bedi

gaurkvevelia...

pirvel xatmwerad luka maxarebels asaxeleben, romelsac macxovrisa da misi

dedis xatebi dauweria. xatebs devnilebis droindeli mwerlebic axeneben: ter-

tuliane, manucia feliqseli, klimenti aleqsandrieli, meTode tironeli, ori-

gene. Zvelsave droSi xatebis arsebobaze materialuri Zeglebic metyveleben _

katakombebi, e.i. maRaroebi Tu gvirabebi, sadac xelisufalTa Zaladobis gamo

morwmuneebi ikribebodnen. Tumca am epoqis xatwera, savaraudebelia, maSindeli

reJimis mizeziT, umTavresad simbolur xasiaTs atarebda. magaliTad, qristes

gamosaxavdnen Tevzad an kiserze cxvarSesmul mwyemsad da a.S. eklesiis legaliza-

ciis Semdeg xatebisadmi Tayvaniscema farTod gavrcelda. daiwyes taZrebisa da

ojaxebis wmida suraTebiT Semkoba, rasac stiqiuri xasiaTi hqonda. ar arsebobda

doqtrina anu dogmati xatTayvanis raobis, wesebisa da sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. mar-

tivi da gulubryvilo xalxi erTmaneTisagan ver asxvavebda xatsa da kerps, xat-

Tayvaniscemas da xatmsaxurebas, rasac savalalo Sedegebi mohqonda: mociquleb-

rivi tradicia iryvneboda da adgili eTmoboda xatis monobas, crumorwmuneobas,

fanatizms, religiur maniakobas da paTologias. erTi literaturuli wyaros

Tanaxmad, bevri saero da sasuliero piri ara mxolod pativs miagebda da Tayvans

scemda xatebs, aramed `debdnen xatebze tilos naWrebs da xatisagan qmnidnen

naTlias TavianTi SvilebisaTvis wmida naTlobis Jams; sabero sqemis mosurne Tmas

xSirad samRvdelo pirs ki ar aZlevda, aramed awyobda xatebis win; samRvdelo da

saeroTagan zogierTi afxekda xats saRebavs, azavebda barZimSi da aZlevda msur-


vels ziarebasTan erTad; sxvebi qristes xorcs (evqaristiuls) debdnen xatebze

da iqidan asrulebdnen wm. saidumlos; iyvnen iseTebi, romlebic ugulvebelyof-

dnen eklesias da kerZo binebSi xatebisagan qmnidnen sakurTxevlebs~.

mosalodnelma reaqciam ar daayovna: muslimanebi da qristiani eretikosebi (nes-

torianebi, monofizitebi) siciliT kvdebodnen, aRniSnul movlenebs poliTeizmad,

mekerpeobad, fetiSizmad, magiad aRiqvamdnen. xalifebi TavianT teritoriebze

jvar-xatebis gamoCenas krZalavdnen. marTlmadidebelTa meore nawili _ saRad

moazrovne orTodoqsebi _ sagonebelSi Cavardnen. mesame frTa meore ukidureso-

baSi gadaeSva da xatebis uaryofamde mivida.

amrigad, xatis monaTa aranormalur siyvaruls xatis mebrZolTa aranor-

maluri siZulvili daupirispirda. daiwyo gamoucxadebeli omi. imperatori

leon I I I isavrieli (717-740) xatmbrZolTa mxares dadga. aRsaniSnavia, rom samefo

kari, finansuri interesebis gamo, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, ufro xSirad xatebis Zar-

cvis iniciatoris rolSi gamodioda. marTlac: 726 wels gamoqveynda ediqti anu

brZaneba, rom CamoexsnaT, daemtvriaT xatebi da gadaeRebaT freskebi, Tvalmarga-

litebi ki saxelmwifo xazinaSi CaebarebinaT. leonis, SesaniSnavi sardlisa da

kanonmdeblis, erTguli armia gankargulebis aRsrulebas Seudga, _ xatebis fxre-

was, wignebidan miniaturebis xevas da ikonografiuli saswavleblebisa Tu saxe-

losnoebis ketvas, rac bermonazvnebis, saSualo fenisa da qalebis mxridan gaafT-

rebul winaaRmdegobas waawyda. xelCarTuli Setakebebi arc Tu iSviaTad xocva-

JletaSi izrdeboda. bizantia orad gaiyo. ifeTqa organizebulma ajanyebam, rac

imperatorma CaaxSo, magram ver mospo. xatTayvanis dasacavad dairazma aRmosavle-

Tisa da dasavleTis rCeuli samRvdeloeba papebis: grigol I I , grigol I I I -is da kon-

stantinopolis patriarq germanes winamZRvrobiT. maT axali moZraoba Seafases

eresad da mrevls sifxizlisaken mouwodes, ramac xelmwifis risxva ganapiroba.

patriarqi Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da qalaqidan gaaZeves. pasuxad papma grigo-

lim moiwvia kreba, akurTxa brZola xatebis uarmyofelTa winaaRmdeg, dagmo `ama

soflis ZlierTa~ eklesiis saqmeebSi Careva da gankveTa konstantinopolis mwvale-

beli patriarqi anastasi.

leonis intrigebis qseli imperiis gare sivrcesac gaswvda. amas wm. ioane damas-

kelis cxovreba cxadyofs. igi, mTels aRmosavleTSi sibrZniTa da ganaTlebiT

ganTqmuli qristiani, mansuris saxeliT premierministris movaleobas asrulebda

damaskos xalifatSi. rodesac xatmbrZolobis winaaRmdeg epistoleebi dawera da

bizantiaSi daagzavna, dedanTa kaligrafiis mibaZviT leonis moxelem yalbi doku-

menti Seakowiwa, TiTqos ioane keisars damaskos dasalaSqrad aqezebda. xalifam

irwmuna sicrue da marTali kaci Tanamdebobas CamoaSora. simarTle gairkva, magram

wm. ioanem saero samsaxurze xeli aiRo, aRikveca berad da, rogorc Tavis adgilze

aRvniSneT, Seqmna fundamenturi Sromebi aRmosavluri Tu dasavluri RvTismetyve-


lebisaTvis. metadre _ xatis Sinaarsis, mniSvnelobis, sarwmunoebrivi misiis dad-

genisaTvis, Tayvaniscemis dros zomierebis dacvisaTvis.

mamis kvals gahyva Svili _ konstantine V kopronimi (741-755). man gaanadgura

mowinaaRmdegeTa partia da brZana saeklesio krebis mowveva, rac Sedga 754 wels

qalkedonis maxloblad, ieriis sasaxleSi. eswreboda 300-ze meti episkoposi, ro-

melTac xatebis sawinaaRmdegod Teoriuli safuZvlebis moZebna surdaT. bWobisa

da kamaTis Semdeg mividnen daskvnamde: `wmindanTa gamoxatva saRebavebisa da fe-

rebis saSualebiT aris fuWi saqme, amaoeba. metic _ RvTis gmoba da eSmakoba~. `amis

sapirispirod gvmarTebs, saqmiT vbaZavdeT wmidanebs~, raTa maTi `saTnoebani iqcnen

cocxal xatebad~, xolo locvebi da Suamdgomlobani gamoviTxovoT saeklesio

gadmocemaTa Sesabamisad. amrigad, xatTayvani aikrZala kanoniT, rac ar vrcel-

deboda jvris niSze, Tumca jvris gamosaxuleba arsobrivad xom igive xatia? xat-

Tayvaniscema xom igive wmindanTa Tayvaniscemaa?

xatmbrZolebma Tavi gamarjvebulad warmoidgines: energiuli fronti gaxsnes

da daiwyes mowinaaRmdege berebis devna-awiokeba. daiRvara mowameTa sisxli, maT

Soris stefane axlisa. Serisxuli mosaxleoba iyreboda mamapapeuli sakarmida-

modan da garboda italiasa Tu Savi zRvis CrdiloeTsa da aRmosavleTSi. maT saxl-

kars ki monofiziti somxebi da sirielebi ikavebdnen, rac, cxadia, demografiul

suraTs cvlida. amas ki, pirvel rigSi, mmarTvelobis aparatSi amCnevdnen da ukma-

yofilebasac veRar faravdnen. rodesac xelisufleba dedofal irines Cabarda

(vaJis mcirewlovanebis gamo), xatTayvanismcemelTa partiam amoisunTqa. Sewyda

devna administraciis mxridan. xatebis siyvaruls ufro aristokrati qalebi amJ-

Ravnebdnen. maTi TanadgomiT 784 wels samefo qalaqis patriarqad akurTxes

wm. tarasi, romelmac gaamyara antieretikuli pozicia da, masTan TaTbiris Semdeg,

dedofalma msoflio saeklesio krebis mowveva brZana. konstantinopoli 786 wlis

agvistoSi delegatebiT gaivso. dainiSna sxdoma, magram gamoCnda armia _ xatebis

siZulviliT da imperatorebisadmi erTgulebiT SeduRabebuli, romelic gada-

eRoba episkoposTa krebuls da dafanta. dedofalma winaaRmdegoba ver gabeda,

magram diplomatiiT sardalTa guli moigo, didi nawili provinciebSi gadaajgufa,

veteranebi daiTxova, miizida axali kadri da Seamzada niadagi saerTaSoriso

RonisZiebis usafrTxoebisaTvis.

VII msoflio kreba Sedga 787 wels q. nikeaSi papi adrianes werilobiTi Tanxmo-

bis safuZvelze. eswreboda 307 episkoposi saxelmwifoebriv CinosnebTan erTad.

sxdomebis ricxvi udrida rvas. pirveli 24 seqtembers Catarda. Tavmjdomareobda

patriarqi tarasi. pirvel rigSi usamarTlod gankveTili da Serisxuli sasuliero

pirebi aRadgines xarisxSi. gadavidnen umTavres sakiTxze, sadac yvelas mieca azris

Tavisuflad gamoTqmis saSualeba. gacxarda kamaTi, magram msjeloba konstruqci-

ulad warimarTa. imowmebdnen saRmrTo werilis gamonaTqvamebs da eklesiis pir-


velmamaTa Tvalsazrisebs. Zveli aRTqmis spilenZis gveli, siwmidis karvis morTu-

loba, kuroebisa da lomebis, qerubimebisa da serafimebis gamosaxva saxeobrivad

moaswavebs eklesiur xatTayvaniscemas anu wmida pirebisa da movlenebis ferwerul

gamosaxvas, ris winaSec gvmarTebs krZaluleba. or ukiduresobaSi rom ar gadaeS-

van, krebam morwmuneebs, basili didisa da ioane damaskelis SexedulebaTa kvalad,

Semdegi debuleba ganuCina: xatebs unda Tayvani vceT da ara mxolod ambors

vuyofdeT. Tayvaniscema sxvaa da msaxureba sxva. vemsaxurebiT mxolod da mxo-

lod RmerTs. xatebs ki, warmoCenili siwmidis gamo, Tayvans vcemT da veamborebiT,

magram, vimeorebT, _ ara rogorc RmerTs, aramed _ patiosani da cxovelmyofeli

jvris niSis msgavsad. Tanac, pativs mivagebT ara materialur mxares, anda sagnob-

riobas, aramed _ pirvelsaxes. basili didis TqmiTac, `xati aris saxiT Cenili

patiosneba, romelic pirvelsaxes cxadyofs~ anu `xatis pativi pirvelsaxeze gada-

dis~. ase rom, xatebis Tayvaniscema ganuyofelia wmidanebis da, zogadad, siwmideTa

Tayvaniscemisagan, e.i. pirvelsaxisagan (arqetipisagan): vinc Tayvans scems xats,

Tayvans scems pirvelsaxes. SeuZlebelia xatTayvanis gamijnva misdami Tayvanis-

cemisagan, vinc an rac maszea gamosaxuli, _ isini hgien erTobiT anu amgvarad:

pativi, rasac miageben mefis despans, mouklebelia didebisagan, Tavad xelmwifes

rom aRuvlenen.

amrigad, krebam dagmo isini, romlebic miageben xatebs RvTis dar pativs da

isinic, marTlmadideblur xatTayvans kerpmsaxurebas rom uwodeben.

gaauqmes 754 wlis krebis dadgenilebebi; saukuno wyeva da SeCveneba SeuTvales

xatmebrZolTa eresiarqebs; gaaTanabres isini mefe nabuqodonosorTan, romelmac

iavaryo rjulis kidobani, agreTve _ samarielebTan da iudevelebTan. dadgenileba

gragnilze gadaitanes, rac, episkoposebTan erTad, daadastura dedofalma irinem

da ufliswulma konstantinem. epistoleebi gaavrceles aRmosavleTisa da dasav-

leTis yvela eparqiaSi.

problema praqtikulad mainc gadauWreli darCa.

IX s-is dasawyisSi viTareba kvlav daiZaba. 813 wels bizantiaSi moxda putCi: jarma

daamxo marTlmadidebeli imperatori mixeil I da mis adgilze aRazeva energiuli

da popularuli mxedarTmTavari leon V somexi (813-820), _ pirwavardnili eretiko-

si, romelmac ganaaxla xatebis musrva. 815 wels moiwvia kreba; gaauqma me-7 msoflio

krebis gadawyvetileba da aRadgina 754 wlis ganCineba. ekveTa oponentebs da

gadaayena patriarqi nikifore, daapatimra wm. Teodore studieli (+826), _

cnobili himnografi da RvTismetyveli, bevri sasuliero piri da inteligenti.

viTareba ramdenadme ganimuxta imperator mixeil I I -is (enabrgus, amorielis) dros.

man gamoacxada amnistia da gamoaqveyna gankarguleba _ `aravis moubrundes ena

arc xatebis uarsayofad, arc dasacavad. dae, dumilma imefos!~

dumilma didxans ver gastana. mixeil I I -is memkvidrem, Teofilem (829-842), isev


ganaaxla devna, magram ara Zveli masStabiT. xatebisadmi pativiscemas ukve Rrmad

gaedga fesvebi. simpaTias ver faravda dedofalic Teodora, romelsac qmris

gardacvalebis Semdeg, vaJis _ mixeil I I I -is siWabukis gamo, qveynis marTva-gan-

mgebloba Cabarda. mas mxarSi senatorTa da sefekacTa didi razmi amoudga. gada-

ayenes xatmebrZoli patriarqi ioane V I I da daniSnes meTodi _ Teofiles mier

devnili marTlmadidebeli.

842 wlis 19 Tebervals meTodi konstantinopolelis (+846) winamZRvrobiT

aiasofiaSi kreba gaimarTa, romelmac aRiara V I I msoflio saeklesio krebis

avtoriteti, misi debulebebis ucvleloba da pirvelad Seasrula `marTlmadi-

deblobis damcvelTa saukuno xsovnis wesi~ anu, qarTulad, `Zegliswera sarwmu-

noebisa, romeli aRweres wmidaTa mamaTa konstantinopols SekrebilTa wmidaTa

xatTa TayvaniscemisaTvis, romel ese warikiTxvis sofiawmidas pirvelsa kviriakesa

wmidaTa marxvaTasa~. im dRidan, ganawesisamebr, aRniSnuli teqsti, romelsac SeiZ-

leba locviTi qadageba vuwodoT, yovel eklesiaSi ikiTxeba da, Sesabamisad, did-

marxvis pirveli dRe saxeldebulia marTlmadideblobis zeimad.

epopea dasrulda.

gavixsenebT kidev erT faqts: imperatorma aleqsi komnenosma (XI), radgan omisaT-

vis saxsrebi sWirdeboda, sxvadasxva eklesiidan Seagrova xatebis oqrosa da verc-

xlis perangebi; aqcia kapitalad da SeiZina iaraRi. qalkedonis mitropolitma le-

onma Tqva, rom es xatmbrZolobaa. atyda dava. 1085 wels konstantinopolSi moiw-

vies kreba. eswrebodnen: ori patriarqi, 24 episkoposi, 12 diakoni, 15 iRumeni da

mravali saero piri, senatis 46 warmomadgeneli. imsjeles da gamoitanes daskvna:

xatebis Tayvaniscema gulisxmobs ara nivTierebas, aramed saxeebs, romlebic

maTze aRibeWdebian. amitom mefis saqcieli xatmbrZolobad ver CaiTvlebao...

ras ambobdnen saqarTveloSi?

_ adidebdnen wmida xatebs da sanawileebs. aq mSvidobian navTsayudels poulob-

dnen bizantiis imperatorebisa da eretikosi mRvdelmTavrebisagan vnebulni.

qarTlisaken eSurebodnen WeSmariti xeldasxmis maZiebelni, marTali sarwmunoebis

aRmsarebelni. istoriam konkretuli faqtic Semoinaxa, _ wm. ioane guTelis anu

xersonelis cxovreba. gavixsenoT qarTveli mamis _ wm. giorgi mTawmidlis _ sit-

yvebi: `iyo Jami, romel yovelsa saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadidebloba ara ipoveboda

da ioane guTel episkoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa episkoposad, viTarca sweria didsa

svinaqsarsa~.

siwmideTa Soris brwyinavs iveriis RvTismSoblis xati.

misi saRmrTo Tavgadasavali aseTia: rodesac qristes eklesias amqveynad senma

daria xeli da madlSemosil sagnebs ekveTen, nikeaSi cxovrobda vinme qvrivi qali.

mas keisris jariskaci swvevia. kedelze dedaRvTisa SeuniSnavs. aRborgebula. max-

vili uZgeria da sakvirvelebis mowmec gamxdara, _ RvTismSoblis saxeze sisxls


gamouJonavs. boroteuli damfrTxala da gaqceula. RvTismosavs ki, mwvalebelTa

Tavdasxmis SiSiT, xati zRvisTvis miucia.

`aTonis mTis aqtebSi~ sasurvel ambavs vecnobiT: 999 wlis 27 aprils, brwyinvale

Svideulis samSabaTs, aqaurma mamebma ixiles da ganicades saswauli, _ zRvaze

RvTismSoblis xatma moscura. gamosveneba undodaT, magram arcerTis xeli ar

miikara. Sewuxdnen. gaaaTkeces locva-vedreba da emcnoT TvalSeudgami neba: siw-

midis Rirsi mxolod da mxolod iverieli gabrieliao... berma fexiT ganvlo

molivlive talRebi da gamoabrZana WeSmariti qalwulis saxe, rasac ivironis

karibWis TaRze ganusvenes. amitom ewoda karis RvTismSobeli anu, berZnulad,

portaitisa.

es istoria akaki wereTelma gaasxivosna.

eklesiaTa gayofa (didi sqizma)

marTlmadideblobis zeimiT eresebisa da maTi mamxilebeli krebebis epoqa faq-

tobrivad dasrulda. dogmaturi RvTismetyvelebis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad sa-

kiTxs pasuxebi gaeca, ris gamoc Teoriis sferoSi cxare debatebi da Sexla-Semox-

la mosalodneli aRar unda yofiliyo. IX s-is Sua wlebSi vnebebi TiTqos dacxra,

magram romi da bizantia amieridan sqizmaturma moZraobam, ufro zustad, eklesi-

ebis ierarqTa dapirispirebam moicva, rac eklesiaTa gaTiSviT da pentarqiis gauq-

mebiT damTavrda.

didi sqizmis konkretuli TariRi 1054 wlis 16-20 ivlisia, magram es dRe sauku-

neTa ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda.

sqizmaTa zogadi mizezi, wm. basili didis Tanaxmad, qristes eklesiis msaxurTa

gulebSi Zmuri siyvarulisa da urTierTpativiscemis grZnobis naklebobaa.

aseTi liderebi, rogorc wesi, gadametebul principulobas, e.i. axirebas, kapri-

zobas iCenen, amJRavneben egoizms, mxolod sakuTari, anda TavianTi partiebis

interesebs iTvaliswineben da sxvaTa interesebs da Tvalsazrisebs xelaRebiT uar-

yofen; maswavleblobis Jini aqvT, magram mowafis rolSi gamosvlas ver itanen;

sxvebisgan yuradRebas moiTxoven, TviTon ki sxvebs yurs ar ugdeben da mosmenis

kulturasac ver avlenen. konkretuli mizezebi, rac saeklesio ganxeTqilebas

warmoSobs, orgvaria: dogmaturi da organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi. ase rom,

sqizma SeiZleba dogmaturic iyos da aradogmaturic, anda _ erTic da meorec anu

dogmaturic da organizaciulic. wina saukuneebSi momxdar sqizmaTa didi nawili,

rogorc vnaxeT, ufro dogmatur xasiaTs atarebda, _ romi aRmosavleTis ama Tu

im eklesias eresSi adanaSaulebda. didi sqizma gacilebiT rTuli movlenaa. Tu

adre `dogmaturi bralmdeblis~ rolSi TiTqmis yovelTvis romi gamodioda, IX s-is

meore naxevridan sabraldebo skamze igi Tavad aRmoCnda. sawyis etapze bralde-


bebi konstantinopolis mxridan iyo rogorc kanonikur-wesCveulebiTi (umTavre-

sad), ise saRvTismetyvelo-dogmaturi (aqa-iq), romis mxridan ki _ kanonikuri da

ierarqiuli. eklesiaTa gayofis faqti dResac sxvadasxvanairadaa kvalificire-

buli. kaTolikebi mas `berZenTa sqizmas~ uwodeben, marTlmadideblebi, ufro xSi-

rad, `laTinTa eress~, Tumca Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT erTsulovnebas arc dasav-

leTSi aqvs adgili da arc aRmosavleTSi. marTlmadidebel RvTismetyvelTa nawi-

li, magaliTad, moskovis wm. mitropoliti filareti (+1867), romis eklesias, e.i.

romaul kaTolikobas anu romis kaTolikeTa eklesias kvlav erTiani eklesiis

Semadgenel nawilad Tvlis (cxadia, sqizmaSi myofad) da am eklesiis monawileobis

gareSe msoflio saeklesio krebis mowvevas SeuZleblad miiCnevs.

didi sqizmis Sesaxeb mdidari literatura arsebobs. winamdebare

mimoxilva, ZiriTadad, Semdeg gamokvlevebs efuZneba: m. gelceri,

bizantiis istoriis politikuri sakiTxebi, romelic dabeWdilia

v. beneSeviCis winasityviTa da redaqciiT krebulSi ~bizantiis istoriis

sakiTxebi~: peterburgi, 1912 (rus.enaze); a.p. lebedevi, eklesiaTa gayofis

istoria IX, X da XI saukuneebSi: peterburgi, 1905 (rus.enaze); m.e. posnovi,

qristianuli eklesiis istoria: moskovi, 1988 (rus.enaze); k. kekeliZe,

Targmaneba eklesiastisa mitrofane smirneli episkoposis mier (= misive,

etiudebi, XI, Tb. 1972, gv. 197-207).

ganxeTqilebis balaveri dedaqalaqad daba bizantionis anu, mermindeli saxe-

liT, konstantinopolis gamocxadebis (330 w.) da imperiis gayofisTanave (395 w.)

gaiWra, magram IX s-mde es balaveri naklebad igrZnoboda. papebi da imperatorebi

erTmaneTs angariSs uwevdnen, radgan Tanadgoma orivesTvis xelsayreli iyo

politikuri motiviT. bizantiis samefo da sapatriarqo karze eresebis aRmocene-

bis Jams viTareba mwvavdeboda da, wm. martine papis magaliTi rom gavixsenoT, zog-

jer tragediiTac mTavrdeboda. V I I - V I I I ss-Si aRmosavleTis eklesiebi morigma wva-

lebam moicva da, radgan yvela cda xatebze marTebuli warmodgenis aRdgenisa

imxanad amao aRmoCnda, papebma kursi safrangeTisaken aiRes. 800 wels papma leon I I I -m

romis imperiis memkvidred akurTxa karlos didi, rac bizantieli basilevsebis

ignorirebas udrida.

romisa da konstantinopolis kaTedrebs Soris atyda dava gavlenis sferoTa

ganawilebis Taobaze. kerZod, _ bulgareTsa da mimdebare regionebze. es mxare

qristes rjulze konstantinopolis mTavarepiskoposis RvawliT moiqca 865 wels.

miuxedavad amisa, mas romi Tavisken ezideboda, radgan miaCnda, rom mas meti samoZ-

Rvro gamocdileba hqonda da ucdomeli sarwmunoebac epyra. problemebi gaCnda

samxreT italiaSi, sadac V I I -V I I I ss-Si Tavi Seafares xatTayvanismcemlebma da Seiq-


mna berZnuli koloniebi. konstantinopoli maT sakuTar samwysod miiCnevda, rasac

papi ukanonobad naTlavda. romi bizantionis mTavarepiskoposs adanaSaulebda

`msoflio patriarqis~ titulis uzurpaciaSi; uxucesi da WeSmaritad mociquleb-

rivi kaTedrebis _ aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis _ damorCilebaSi;

uwodebda ùgvartomos~, radgan Tvlida, rom misi aRzeveba imperatoris taxtma

ganapiroba da ara apostolurma memkvidreobam.

pirveli seriozuli konfliqti IX s-is I I naxevarSi moxda. es xana bizantiis saero

da sasuliero taxtebze intrigaTa qseliT aRiniSna. 846 wels msoflio patriarqad

aRasaydres sarwmunoebiT da zneobiT gabrwyinebuli beri _ egnate, mefis STamo-

mavali. man amxila sefekacebis umsgavsi saqcieli da isini naTlisRebis liturgi-

aze ar aziara, rac Zvirad daujda. Camoyalibda opoziciuri partia, romelmac,

norCi imperatoris mimxrobis Semdeg, 858 wels Tanamdebobidan gadaayena egnate

da aRasaydra eriskaci, saxelmwifo mdivani _ fotiosi (foti), ganTqmuli niWiT

da ganaTlebiT, cnobili mwerali da iuristi (rjuliskanonis redaqtori da ko-

mentatori). man, eriskacma, ierarqiuli kibis yvela safexuri oTxi dRis ganmav-

lobaSi (20-24 dekemberi) gaiara. morwmuneTa umravlesoba am faqts uaryofiTad

Seegeba, radgan didi sasoeba hqondaT egnates mimarT. moiwvies kreba, sadac foti-

osma àma soflis ZlierTa~ Tanadgomis Sedegad gaimarjva.

IX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi bizantia ori partiis, e.w. egnatielTa da fotielTa anu

romis primatis maRiarebelTa da uarmyofelTa, mkacri da Seubralebeli brZolis

asparezad iqca. wm. egnate, bavSvobaSi Zaladobis msxverpli (gamosaWurisebuli), monas-

terSi gazrdili da asketuri idealebiT gamsWvaluli pirovneba gaxldaT. misTvis

ucxo iyo e.w. ikonomia anu garkveuli daTmobebi, Tvalis daxuWva da wayrueba

sarwmunoebisa da zneobis xaziT, rac àma soflis ZlierTa~ winaSe Zvirad ujdeboda.

samagierod didi gavlena hqonda bermonazvnebze da samonastro idealebiT anTebul

eriskacebze. garedan mas papis avtoriteti umagrebda zurgs, SigniT ki _ socialurad

ubralo xalxi, romelTa ricxvi yovelTvis da yvela qveyanaSi Zalze didia. rac Seexeba

wm. fotioss (fotis), mis mxareze ZiriTadad TeTri samRvdeloeba, aristokratia da

inteligencia idga. ikonomiaze igi advilad Tanxmdeboda, riTac àma soflis ZlierTa~

gulebs igebda. imdenad itacebda elinuri filosofia da poezia, rom

mowinaaRmdegeebi qirqilebdnen: wirvis dros fotiosi locvebis magier mgosanTa

Txzulebebs butbutebso. es cxadia, ciliswameba iyo, magram SesaZlebelia,

eklesiologiis sferoSi romisagan gancalkevebisaken mas swored berZnul-

nacionaluri kulturiT esoden gatacebam ubiZga. erovnuli da eklesiuri

damoukideblobis ideas meti gasavali, rogorc wesi, eriskacTa wreSi aqvs;

bermonazvnoba, kaTolike cnobierebiT gamsWvaluli, mas, rogorc wesi, Znelad egueba.

am SemTxvevaSic romisadmi sasoebas, egnatesTan erTad, ufro bermonazvnoba iCenda.

omi papis morCilTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris imxanad (IX s-Si) proromaelTa


gamarjvebiT anu romis saydris primatis uarmyofelTagan poziciebis daTmobiT

damTavrda.

movlenebi ase ganviTarda:

egnatem sakasacio saCivriT mimarTa paps, romelic saqmis detalebis Seswavlas

Seudga da bizantionSi legatebi gagzavna. isini zeimiT miiRes. maspinZlebi impera-

tori da patriarqi iyvnen. miuCines mxleblebi, romlebic egnates momxreebs axlos

ar akarebdnen. stumrebi moixiblen axalgazrda patriarqis gonierebiT da aRiares

igi Tanamdebobis Sesaferisad.

861 wels adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba Sedga, sadac wm. taxtis despanebi qed-

maRlobdnen da xazs usvamdnen romis saydris aRmatebulebas, rac fotiosma, papis

keTilganwyobilebis mosurnem da moimedem, imxanad daiTmina. Sedegmac ar daayovna:

legatebma patriarqs dauWires mxari da gakicxes egnate. Tqves, rom igi gaizarda

monasterSi da misi asparezic monasteria. krebam SeimuSava kanoni, _ `Tu episkoposi

moindomebs berobas, unda dautevos episkoposoba~, rac niSnavda, _ beri berad

unda darCes.

stumrebma misia amowurulad CaTvales, gabrundnen ukan da waiRes patriarqis

werili papisadmi. fotiosi aRniSnavda, rom, marTalia, arsebobs wesCveulebiTi

sxvaobani dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris, magram es ar exeba dogmats da, amde-

nad, ganxeTqilebis safuZveli ar arsebobso.

papma nikoloz I-ma sagangebo sxdoma moiwvia imperatoris elCebis TandaswrebiT.

erT xelSi fotiosis werili eWira, meoreSi _ egnatesi. uaryofiTad Seafasa lega-

tebis saqmianoba. dagmo fotiosi, misi mfarveli imperatori, maTi Tanamosagreni

da aRiara egnates pretenziebis safuZvlianoba. gaauqma 861 wlis krebis ganCineba

da epistoleni dagzavna aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi.

patriarqma da imperatorma roms urCobiT upasuxes. dagmes misi administraci-

uli, kultmsaxurebiTi da dogmaturi poziciebi. kerZod, axladmoqceul bulga-

reTze iurisdiqciis TviTneburad gavrceleba. fotiosma Seadgina sayovelTao

epistole, daugzavna igi aRmosavleTis mamaTmTavrebs da warmoadgina braldebaTa

vrceli nusxa. misi TqmiT, laTinebma, viT velurma taxebma, bulgareTSi gadaTeles

jejili, rac konstantines qalaqma daTesa da rac uxvi mosavlis imeds iZleoda.

acdunes, feradferadi dapirebebiT moTafles da moxibles axalnergi eri, maTi

mTavari _ borisi, Tavkacoba da avrceleben swavla-gangebas, rac ucxoa kaTolike

eklesiisaTvis. esenia: SabaTis marxva, marxva rZiT da yveliT, samRvdeloTa uqor-

wineblobis moTxovna anu celibatobis dakanoneba, mrwamsis damateba wm. sulis

Zisaganac gamosvlis Sesaxeb _ filiokve, wveris parsva, diakonTa episkoposad kur-

Txeva da a.S. Tu wina werilSi msgavsi siaxleebi gamocxadebulia Sesawynareblad,

aq _ lamis eresad. amasTanave, avtors aviwydeba, rom Tavad aramc Tu diakvnobidan,

aramed eriskacobidan aRazeves mRvdelmTavris rangSi.


867 wels keisris taxti basili I-ma _ makedonelma _ miitaca. man fotiosi meore

dResve ganaSora Tanamdebobas da, morwmuneTa gulis mogebis mizniT, kaTedraze

egnate aRadgina. ganaxlda mimowera papTan, nikoloz I-is memkvidresTan - adri-

anesTan. 869 wels konstantinopolis kreba Sedga, sadac papis legatebma waikiT-

xes bula, riTac xazi gausves 7 saeklesio krebis Seuval avtoritets, nikea-kons-

tantinopolis mrwamsis ucvaleblobas da SeaCvenes yvela eresi da eretikosi. maT

Soris _ fotiosianelebi. ganaCines anaTema nebismier eriskacze, vinc TviTneburad

daadgens mRvdelmTavars.

arc fotioss daekrifa gulxeli. man gaaoca mefe sibrZniT da gamocdilebiT.

daumegobrda mas da Svilebis aRzrdis misia ikisra. xolo 877 wels, patriarq egna-

tes gardacvalebis Semdeg, kvlav daibruna mitra. man alRo da unari gamoiCina,

moaxerxa papi adrianes moadgilis _ ioane V I I I -is _ gulis mogeba da legatebis

mowveva krebaze, romelic Sedga 879 wels. unda ganexilaT uTanxmoebis mogvarebis

perspeqtivebi. legatebma berZnuli ar icodnen. amboben, rom maT ver SeniSnes

saboloo dokumentis is adgili, sadac patriarqi fotiosi `msoflio patriarqa-

daa~ moxseniebuli. rodesac yvelaferi gairkva, papma legatebi dasaja, patriarqs

ki anaTema gamoucxada.

fotiosi gamarjvebas zeimobda, magram borbali ukuRma datrialda. 886 wels

gardaicavala imperatori basili I da taxtze misi vaJi avida, _ leon IV. man, yvela-

saTvis moulodnelad da 769 wlis krebis kanonis sapirispirod (ix. zem.), Tanam-

debobidan gadaayena saxelganTqmuli ierarqi da misive maswavlebeli fotiosi.

xolo aRamaRla Tavisi Zma _ stefane. motivi bundovania. unda vifiqroT, rom ke-

isars papis Serigeba da dasavleTTan urTierTobis gaumjobeseba ewada. mizans

miaRwia, magram droebiT.

sqizma gardauvali iyo.

mizezebi dagubda da ifeTqa XI s-is Sua wlebSi, pap leon IX-is, patriarq miqael

kerulariosis da mefe konstantine IX-is, monomaqis, dros. ganaxlda dava samxreT

italiis miwebze. papis brZanebiT iqidan gamoaZeves berZnebi, romlebic uars am-

bobdnen religiuri cxovrebis laTinur wesze da Tavs konstantinopolis mrevlad

Tvlidnen. pasuxad patriarqma 1053 wels bizantionSi daxura laTinuri tibikonis

eklesiebi da eresad monaTla ufuari puriT ziarebis maTeburi wesi. amboben, rom

man sanawiledan gamoyara macxovris xorcad gadaarsebuli xmiadi da iatakze

daanarcxa. eklesiaTa saWeTmpyrobelebma urTierTmabralebeli werilebis gamoq-

veyneba daiwyes. kerulariosma daavala ep. leon orqidels da, Semdeg, studielTa

monastris bers _ nikita stiTats _ mamxilebeli traqtatebis Sedgena. davaleba

Sesrulda, magram es dokumentebi, fotiosis analogiur dokumentTan SedarebiT,

Raribad gamoiyureboda. papistebi, ZiriTadad, sami siaxlis anu cdomilebis gamo

igmobodnen: ufuari puri, SabaTis marxva da celibatoba.


papma, Tavadac mZime dReSi myofma CrdiloeTidan arianeli normanebis laSqro-

baTa gamo, viTarebis gasaneitraleblad konstantinopolSi sami legati gagzavna

kardinal humbertis meTaurobiT. isini mefisa da patriarqis winaSe 1054 wlis

ivnisSi gamocxaddnen. xelmwife Rirseulad Seegeba maT, patriarqi _ civad, radgan

icoda, rom legatebi mis `gamosasworeblad~ Camovidnen. molodini gamarTlda.

kardinali mbrZanebluri toniT elaparakeboda patriarqs da gasamarTlebiTac

emuqreboda; Tavi sakuTar eparqiaSi egona. man moawyo aRniSnuli traqtatebis

ganxilva imperatoris TandaswrebiT. punqtobrivad gaakritika isini da sazeimod

dawva studielTa monastris galavanSi, sadac erT-erTi maTgani daiwera; Seadgina

umkacresi pasuxebi, ramac Serigebis process xeli SeuSala. patriarqma qedmaR-

lobas uaresi qedmaRloba Seageba: oficialur Sekrebaze wm. taxtis mociqulebs

berZnebis ukan miuCina adgili, rac, faqtiurad, romis primatis uaryofas niSnavda.

damcirebulma da Seuracxyofilma legatebma datoves darbazi da gezi samefo

palatisaken aiRes. xelmwife Sewuxda da daiwyo gamosavlis Zebna. am dros movida

depeSa papi leonis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb.

16 ivliss, diliT, papis sulis mosaxseniebel wirvaze wmida sofiis taZars

auracxelma mlocvelma miakiTxa. gamoCndnen legatebic. isini aiWren ambionze da

mimarTes ers, rom molaparakeba CaiSala patriarq kerulariosis ampartavnebisa

da ukanono saqcielis gamo; mis sindiszea pasuxismgeblob istoriis winaSe. eambor-

nen wm. trapezs; dades bula; Tqves: `RmerTi xedavs da simarTliT sjis!~ da taZ-

ridan gavidnen. xalxi daibna da gaognda. ipodiakvnebma bula patriarqs miarTves.

man pirvelad wakiTxvac ar isurva. Semdeg, rom teqsti mosaxleobaSi ukomentarod

ar gavrcelebuliyo, aTargmnina berZnulad da ixila wyevla-krulva im eretikuli

midrekilebebis gamo, raSic papi, despanTa bagiT, mas adanaSaulebda. kerularioss

braldeboda: wes-Cveulebebis gafetiSeba, uvicoba, dogmatisa da kultis ganur-

Cevloba da, rac mTavaria, msoflio saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebaTa abuCad

agdeba, _ romis saydris upativcemuloba. patriarqTan erTad irisxeboda yvela,

vinc kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda wm. taxtis aRmatebul madls.

fiqroben, eqstremistuli aqtiT romaelebs xalxis ajanyeba undodaT. motyuvd-

nen: xalxi ajanyda, magram stumrebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic Zlivs gadaurCnen ris-

xvas da mefis badragis daxmarebiT gaiparnen.

dramatuli ambidan oTxi dRis Semdeg, 20 ivliss, Sedga adgilobrivi kreba

12 mitropolitis, ramdenime episkoposisa da samRvdelo dasis SemadgenlobiT. es

iyo tribunali, romelmac anaTema SeuTvala paps da mis TanameinaxeT. bula ki dawva.

amrigad, romis papma da konstantinopolis patriarqma erTmaneTi SeaCvenes.

moxda didi sqizma: dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis eklesiebi gaiTiSnen. mizezi

politikuria, sababi _ dogmaturi. ufro sworad, isini gadaxlarTulia pirve-

lis upiratesobiT.


zogierTi mkvlevaris, maT Soris, m. gelcerisa da v. beneSeviCis dakvirvebiT

(das. wigni, gv. 77-78), didi sqizma ara dogmatikam, aramed laTinTa da berZenTa

Soris saukuneTa manZilze boboqarma nacionalurma qiSpma da zizRma ganapiroba.

patriarq fotiosis eklesiaTaSoris politikasac bevrwilad elinuri naciona-

lizmi kvebavda, rac SemdegSi gaRrmavda da eklesiaTa gayofis saqmeSi didi roli

Seasrula.

asea Tu ise, faqtia: 1054 wlidan aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis Tanamorwmune

eklesiebi erTmaneTisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli rwmenis eklesiebad, or

konfesiad _ marTlmadideblur da kaTolikur eklesiebad _ Camoyalibdnen. er-

Tianobis xanaSi am eklesiebs saerTo saxeli hqondaT _ `marTlmadidebeli da kaTo-

like~. aRmosavleTis Svid msoflio krebiseul eklesiaTa saxelad amieridan

`marTlmadidebeli~ damkvidrda, dasavleTis (romis) eklesiis saxelad _ `kaToli-

ke~ (kaTolikuri). Sesabamisad, ori konfesia gamoikveTa _ marTlmadidebloba da

kaTolikoba. pirvels aRniSnuli saxelwodeba eklesiis mamebisa da krebebis saRv-

Tismetyvelo moZRvrebis ucvaleblad Senaxvis gamo dausakuTrda, meores imis

gamo, rom misi arsebiTi niSani eklesiis kaTolikeobis, e.i. erTianobisa da sayo-

velTaobis mZafri gancdaa.

mkafiod unda iTqvas Semdegi: evqaristiuli kavSiri aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-

Tis eklesiebs Soris erTbaSad ar gawyvetila. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, _ aRmosavle-

Tis marTlmadidebel eklesiebs romis eklesiis Teoria da praqtika gansxvavebul

konfesiad erTsa da imave dRes ar aRuqvamT. es TandaTanobiT da, SeiZleba (saqar-

Tvelos eklesiis magaliTzec) iTqvas, nabij-nabij moxda. aRmosavleTisa da dasav-

leTis eklesiurad gaucxoebis saqmeSi yvelaze katastrofuli Sedegi jvarosnebis

mier konstantinopolis dapyrobas mohyva.

samoqalaqo da saeklesio istoriaSi jvarosnebad is meomrebi arian cnobili,

romelTac tansacmelze jvari hqondaT mikerebuli. maTi mizani bizantiis samflo-

beloebisa da wmida adgilebis, gansakuTrebiT qristes saflavis, Turq-selCukebi-

sagan gaTavisufleba iyo. papma urban I I , bizantiis imperatoris Txovnis safuZ-

velze, 1095 wlis 26 noembers safrangeTis qalaq klermonSi saeklesio krebis saze-

imo daxurvis ceremonialze Sekrebil zRva xalxs aseTi mowodebiT mimarTa: `gas-

wieT wmida saflavisaken, gaaTavisufleT warmarTebisagan da daimorCileT es mxa-

re. iqaur miwas rZe da Tafli sdis. ierusalimi unayofieresi mxarea. igi aris deda-

miwis Wipi da meore samoTxe. giwvevT igi miwa. elodeba gaTavisuflebas da ganuwy-

vetliv gemudarebaT daxmarebisaTvis~. am sityvam msmenelebi aRafrTovana da

razmebis Camoyalibeba imave dRidan daiwyo.

jvarosanTa pirveli laSqari aRmosavleTisaken 1096 wlis gazafxulze daiZra.

ase daiwyo xangrZlivi da momqancveli omebis seria. 1096-1270 wlebSi sxvadasxvana-

iri warmatebiT rva laSqroba moewyo. pirveli ierusalimis aRebiT da iq qristi-


anuli samefos daarsebiT damTavrda (1099 w.). jvarosnebma muslimanebisagan sxva

miwebic gaaTavisufles, magram marcxic araerTxel iwvnies. isini, warmatebebiT

damtkbarni da gaamayebulni, ver amCnevdnen, rom mowinaaRmdege mxare Zalebs ik-

rebda da revanSisTvis emzadeboda. maTi umravlesobis gulebs da gonebas sixarbe

da msunagoba daepatrona, anu is miswrafebebi, riTac, Tu davakvirdebiT, papis

zemodamowmebuli sityvis qveteqsti iyo gaJRenTili. jvarosnebma, romlebic

TavianT Tavs raindebsa da qristes mxedrebs uwodebdnen, marTlmadidebel qris-

tianTa Cagvra daiwyes. isini dascinodnen da abuCad igdebdnen adgilobriv wes-

Cveulebebs, Seuracxyofdnen siwmideebs da mosaxleobas eqspluatacias uwevdnen.

meoTxe laSqroba (1199-1204) bizantiis imperiis dapyrobiT da konstantinopolis

aRebiT, ufro sworad, _ darbeviT damTavrda, rasac berZenTa erovnul-ganmaTa-

visuflebeli ieriSebi mohyva. antikaTolikurma, antidasavlurma da antilaTi-

nurma ganwyobilebam aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebel xalxebSi ufro metad gaidga

fesvebi da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, isini am frontze Turqebis mokavSireebad aqcia.

jvarosanTa TiTqmis orsaukunovani laSqrobebi kraxiT damTavrda. aRmosavle-

Tisa da dasavleTis eklesiaTa sruli da sabolood gayofa 1204 wels moxda,

rogorc konstantinopolis dapyrobis reaqcia.

gayofa sabediswero aRmoCnda rogorc dasavleTis, ise (da ufro metad) aRmosav-

leTis tradiciuli, Wirgamovlili da valmoxdili eklesiisaTvis, misi kulturu-

li cxovrebisa da am kulturis citadelisaTvis _ bizantiisaTvis. igi martosuli

dauxvda pirgamexebul mters _ osmaleTs, romelmac XIV s-is 50-iani wlebidan

zedized daipyro da bizantias CamoaWra saberZneTi, bulgareTi, serbeTi, Saviz-

RvispireTi da jeri imperiis darCenil nawilze midga, _ dedaqalaqsa da mis Semo-

garenze. uares dReSi iyvnen aRmosavleTis sxva eklesiebi, _ xarkisagan gvemulni

da ilajgawyvetilni.

movlenebi katastrofulad viTardeboda. gadarCenis erTaderT saxsrad reli-

giuri Tanxmoba da mis safuZvelze dasavleT-aRmosavleTis samxedro-politikuri

kavSiri isaxeboda. iniciativa papma evgeni IV-m gamoiCina: imperator ioane pale-

ologs 1437 wlis dasawyisSi epistole aaxla da aRmosavleTidan delegatebis Sek-

rebis organizeba sTxova (aRsaniSnavia, rom mimarTvaSi iveriis mamaTmTavari, marT-

lmadidebel patriarqebs Soris, mexuTe adgilzea moxseniebuli). davaleba Ses-

rulda. 1437 wlis agvistoSi `qalaqTa mze~ msoflios forumze wargzavnilebiT

aivso. cxadia, iyvnen qarTvelebic: mitropoliti grigoli, episkoposi ioane da

ramdenime sefekaci. yvela problema mogvarda da keisrisa da patriarqis _ iosebis

_ didi saydrioni italiis qalaq ferarisaken daiZra. erTi dokumentis mixedviT,

wargzavnilTa ricxvi 500-s aRwevda. maTgan 22 episkoposi iyo.

kreba gaixsna 1438 wlis 9 aprils q. feraraSi zar-zeimiT, banketiT. xarjebi papis

kuriam ikisra. Semdeg, 1439 wlis 9 Tebervlidan, papisave moTxovniT, sxdomebi


gadaitanes q. florenciaSi, ris gamoc es forumi ferara-florenciis saxeliTaa

cnobili.

dialogebi mwvave da daZabuli iyo. Tanxmoba arc erT blokSi ar sufevda. orive

mxares iyvnen principulebi da liberalebi, fundamentalistebi da Semwynareblebi,

konservatorebi da novatorebi. yvelaze rTuli `filiokve~ da papis ufrosobis

sakiTxi aRmoCnda. aq laTinebi ar Tmobdnen. berZnebi Znelad Tanxmdebodnen. uka-

nasknelTa Soris am Temaze Camoyalibda ori banaki: umravlesoba, romelsac mit-

ropoliti besarion nikieli meTaurobda, da umciresoba mitropolit markoz

efeselis (evgenikosis) winamZRvrobiT. pirvels wm. mamaTa nawerebidan, maT Soris

_ ioane damaskelis Sromebidan, amoekrifa gamonaTqvamebi wmida sulis Zisaganac

gamosvlis Sesaxeb, ramac bevri berZeni deputatis gaoceba gamoiwvia da Seasusta

winaaRmdegoba. wyaroebi, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia, dawerilia metnaklebi ten-

denciurobiT. mkvlevrebi amboben, rom sxdomebs Soris laTinebis mxridan adgili

hqonda muqaras, dayvavebas, qrTamsa da nairgvar dapirebas. isini mopaeqreebs job-

nidnen ganaTlebiT, wignierebiT, wyaroebis codniT da axdendnen zegavlenas saRv-

Tismetyvelo sakiTxebis gamowvlilvis dros.

keisari da patriarqi, romlebic acnobierebdnen muslimanuri garemocvis safr-

Txes, ganCinebis kompromisul variants daTanxmdnen.

1439 wlis 5 ivliss Sedga uniis prezentacia. papma, keisarma da delegatebma

(patriarqi ramdenime dRis win gardaicvala) xeli moaweres warmodgenil teqsts.

ver gatexes markoz efeseli. kritikul wuTSi igi megobrebma da Tanamosagreebma

miatoves, magram efeselis principi kldesaviT uryevi aRmoCnda.

ase Seiqmna unia (laT. `unio~ _ erTianoba) da, Sesabamisad, uniaturi eklesia,

rac niSnavs rwmeniT da daqvemdebarebiT kaTolikobas, praqtikiT da tradiciiT _

marTlmadideblobas, e.w. aRmosavluri stilis qristianobas. uniatebs, ferara-

florenciis krebis kvalad, swamT romauli kaTolikobis WeSmariteba, magram

wirva-locvas da sxva saeklesio wesebs berZnuli tibikonis mixedviT ganaCenen.

maSasadame, cxovrebis wesiT, garegnobiT isini danarCeni marTlmadideblebisagan

ar gansxvavdebian, Sinagani rwmeniT _ kaTolikebisagan.

paps ukiTxavs, rodesac SeTanxmebuli teqsti uaxlebiaT: markoz efeseli Tu

dagveTanxmao? da radgan dokumentze misi beWedi ver SeuniSnavs, uTqvams: gamar-

jvebisgan Sors varTo.

marTlac, mefisa da umaRlesi ierarqiis Semrigebluri poziciis miuxedavad,

xelSekrulebas mrevlis didi nawilis, samRvdeloebisa da, metadre, bermonazonTa

risxva mohyva. konstantinopolis sakaTedro taZrebs morwmuneebma boikoti gamo-

ucxades. zogan uniatebi gaasamarTles da dasajes. alag-alag sisxlic daiRvara.

kievisa da sruliad ruseTis mitropolitma isidorem, warmoSobiT Tesalonikelma

berZenma, Cavida Tu ara moskovSi, wm. uspenskis taZarSi sazeimo wirva aRasrula


da, yvelasaTvis moulodnelad, msoflio patriarqis nacvlad romis papi moixsenia.

diakonma ki ferara-florenciis aqti waikiTxa. atyda xmauri yvedrebis da Zagebis

gamo. didma mTavarma vasilim iqve gasca brZaneba `moRalatis~ dapatimrebis Sesa-

xeb, rac Sesrulda. msjavrdebuli udabur monasterSi gadagzavnes, magram 1441

wlis Semodgomaze gaiqca da, nacem-natanji, italiaSi Cavida, sadac fiandazi da-

uges da kardinalTa Soris Cinebuli adgili uboZes.

keisari, patriarqi (iosebi gulmodgine uniatebma Secvales) da misi episkopati

sam cecxls Sua aRmoCndnen: erTis mxriv, berebis, xucebisa da maTi sulieri Svi-

lebis didi armia, romelic SeTanxmebis dezavuirebas moiTxovda da iZaxda: `marT-

lmadidebloba an sikvdili!~ da xalxs antisamTavrobo gamosvlebisaken mouwo-

debda. Tanac warmatebiT; meores mxriv, karsmomdgari da aRborgebuli mteri, visac

saqristianos mTlianoba sasikvdilo laxvrad esaxeboda; mesame mxriv, dasavle-

Tidan ultimatumebi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis Sesaxeb...

ra pozicia eWira qarTvelebis deputacias? `laTinuri aqtebis~ cnobiT, sabo-

loo SeTanxmebas Cvengan wargzavnilebmac (konkretulad _ `iveriis mefis elCeb-

mac~) moaweres xeli. mowinaaRmdegeTa, berZeni da rusi avtorebis, uwyebiT ki _

ara. erT-erTi wyaros mixedviT, iverielma episkoposma protestis niSnad datova

sesia da vaivaglaxiT moaxerxa gamgzavreba konstantinopolisaken. aseTive pozi-

ciaze mdgara delegatTagan eriskacic. igi, Turme, personalurad uxmia paps. ukiT-

xavs mizezi. mas ki urCevia, amoeRo rwmenis simbolodan damateba, e.i. filiokve:

`...am erTaderT sityvas obeliskze nu dagvanaxveb, maSin marto iberiis xalxis guls

rodi moigeb, yvela qristiani xalxi Seni pativismcemeli iqneba. maSin romis eklesia

yvelas SeakavSirebs da gulwrfelad gaaerTianebs; Sens universalur iurisdiq-

cias yvela gulmowyalebiT Seivrdomebs da daemorCileba... yvela qristiani xalxi

erT farexSi, erTi mwyemsis mfarvelobis qveS, Tavs moiyris~. es sityvebio, vkiT-

xulobT, `papma faruli simwariT moismina da gancvifrebuli gaCumda~.

mkvlevar oleg JuJunaZes, romelmac specialurad Seiswavla da warmoaCina aRniS-

nuli masalebi, unaxavs uniis dednis fotopiri da adasturebs, rom iq qarTvelebis

xelmowera ar aris. maSasadame, mcxeTis saydari imxanad gaerTianebis romauli variantis

winaaRmdeg wasula, ramac, unda vifiqroT, gaarTula saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba

da amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom 1439-1493 wlebs Soris Tbilisis kaTolikur kaTedraze

episkoposs ver vxedavT (o. JuJunaZe, XV saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos sagareo

politikis istoriisaTvis, kr.: qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politikis

istoriidan, t. 1, Tb., 1970, gv. 17-20, 27). amitomac araa gasakviri, rom Cvens qveyanaSi,

qarTvelTa Soris, saberZneTisa da aRmosavleT evropisagan gansxvavebiT, uniatobam

fexi ver moikida. nikifore irubaqiZis, sulxan-saba orbelianis, anton kaTalikosisa

da sxvaTa cdebs, `wm. basilis ordenis~ _ basilianTa, _ wesdebis mixedviT

gaekaTolikebinaT saqarTvelo, warmateba ar mohyolia.


...davubrundeT bizantions.

1449 wels uSvilZirod gardaicvala imperatori ioane da skiptra gadaeca mis

Zmas _ konstantine X I I -s, keTilSobils da vaJkacs, romelmac RirsebiT iTvisa sam-

Soblos ulmobeli xvedri. 1452 wels muhamed I I ieriSze gadavida. viTareba sagode-

beli gaxda. am dros gamoCnda kardinali isidore papis sigeliT, raTa sasicocxlo

problemebi ganexila. man wm. sofias taZarSi wirva aRasrula umaRles samRvdelo-

ebasTan erTad mefisa da senatis TandaswrebiT, rasac xucesmonazvnebisa da maTgan

waqezebuli masebis amboxeba mohyva. isteria, ramac mwvervals miaRwia, xelisuf-

lebis zogierT warmomadgenelzec gavrcelda da maTgan erT-erTma papis mociquls

pirSi miaxala: `jobia sulTanis Calmas davemorCiloT, vidre papis tiaraso~. sje-

rodaT, rom konstantines wm. qalaqs, mariam RvTismSobelis wilxvedrs, RmerTi

icavda: sagangebo wams zeciuri mxedroba gamoCndeboda da vai mas, vinc avi zraxviT

kurTxeul zRurbls gadmoscdeboda... ganrisxebuli papic niSns ugebda: `umjobe-

sia konstantinopoli Turqebma daipyron, vidre mwvaleblebmao~.

konstantinopoli ki ukve alyaSi iyo da saarako gmirobiT icavda Tavs.

kardinalma isidorem, daCoqilma da cremlmoreulma, Zlivs daiTanxma papi maSve-

li jaris gamoyvanaze. mowodebas mefeebic gamoexmaurnen da mZlavri armia, aRWur-

vili teqnikiT da brZolis unariT, aRmosavleTisaken daiZra.

magram...

1453 wlis 29 maiss, pirveli msoflio saeklesio krebisa da wm. konstantine didis

xsenebis dRes (SemTxveviT araferi xdeba!), Ramis 2 saaTze, konstantinopolis

Sturmi daiwyo. konstantine brZolis velze gavida samSoblosa da sarwmunoebi-

saTvis TavmiZRvnili jariskacis darad. berZenTa gverdiT italieli moxaliseebi

idgnen uZleveli venecieli raindis jovani justinianis meTaurobiT. ramdenime

Seteva moigeries, mteri ukuagdes, magram bediTma isarma justinianis goneba wa-

arTva, ris gamo mxedrebi wuTiT Sedrknen da daibnen. osmalebma yiJina dasces,

uSvelebeli zarbaznebi aamoqmedes da kedlebze avidnen; Riad darCenil kars mi-

aRwies da konstantines razmis zurgSi moeqcnen. dilis rva saaTze mterma galavani

gadaTela da sulTansac male axares, _ `qalaqTa mze~ Sens xelTaa da gelodebao.

triumfatormac ar daayovna da gezi wmida sofiisaken aiRo, romelic mlocvelebs

veRar itevda. mosTqvamdnen da RmerTs saswauls sTxovdnen. elodnen angelozebs

da swamdaT, rom isini saRmrTo maxvils Seagebebdnen moZaladeTa orlesul xmals.

mxolod karis Selewvam da meyseulad amdinarebulma sisxlma auxila maT Tvali

da daanaxva ugunurebis, fanatizmisa da zizRis nayofi: molis ambionze asvla da

mahmadianTa mrwamsis warmoTqma; sulTanis sakurTxevelSi Sesvla da namazis Ses-

ruleba; ganukiTxavi xocva da Jleta, muhamedisave `wyalobiT da sibraluliT~

rom Senelda sami dRis Semdeg; 3000-mde gadarCenili berZeni jariskacis erTbaSad

mosrva; moxucebis, qalebisa da bavSvebis monebad qceva da dayidva; maT Tvalwin


nadavlis ganawileba; eklesiebis meCeTebad gadakeTeba; xatebis fxrewa; qandake-

bebis gadadnoba; dauwvav da daungrevel saxlebSi gamarjvebulTa mokalaTeba da,

rac mTavaria, _ velze aRsrulebuli mefis, viTarca vinme SeuracxTaganis, Zlivs-

gamocnobili gvamis dacinva. mere Tavis warkveTa da urCebis moTvinierebis mizniT

centralur moedanze _ avgusteonze _ aRmarTva...

rodesac koaliciuri laSqari navsadgurs miuaxlovda, wmida sofiis samrek-

lodan, ukve minareTad wodebulidan, xoja alahis sadidebels warmoTqvamda.

ueWvelia, maTac gaexsnaT goneba da gaaxsendaT is ukeTurebani da simxece, rasac

maTi winapari jvarosnebi berZenTa Soris iqmodnen. maT dainaxes angarebiTi sar-

wmunoebis Sedegi: qristianuli imperiis samefo taxtze ijda sulTani da dasav-

leTisken icqireboda.

berZnuli qalaqi ramdenime dReSi Turqul qalaqad _ stambulad (`konstanti-

nopolis~ Turquli gamoTqmaa) _ iqca. qristianebi erT ubanSi SeyuCdnen _ fanaraSi.

iq daido bina patriarqma. osmaleTis kanonma qristianTa uflebebi mkacrad

Semofargla. asea dRemde.

kaTolikoba

didi sqizmis Semdeg romis eklesiis mrwamsi da praqtika, aRmosavleTis ekle-

siaTa mrwamssa da tradiciasTan mimarTebiT, calke konfesiad iqna gaazrebuli.

amitom am eklesiis teritoriuli sazRvrebi moiSala da 1054 wlidan igi yvelgan

arsebobs, sadac ki misi mrwamsisa da tradiciis mimdevrebi saxloben. aRniSnuli

epoqidan (XI-X I I I ss.) kaTolikobis dedamiwis nebismier mxareSi gasavrceleblad

misioneroba daiwyo.

saxelwodeba Sinaarss am SemTxvevaSi zustad gadmoscems, _ romaul eklesias

kaTolikeobis mZafri gancda axasiaTebs. igi monoliTuri da centralizebuli

eklesiaa, rogorc kanonikuri wyobis, ise doqtrinaluri TvalsazrisiT.

kaTolikuri aRmsarebloba Tavis sivrceSi mTlianad moicavs marTlmadideblur

rwmenaTa da tradiciaTa sistemas. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, im mamebisa da im krebebis

moZRvreba-memkvidreobas, romlis madlmosilebas marTlmadidebeli eklesia

aRiarebs, kaTolikuri eklesiac aRiarebs; is locvebi, sagaloblebi da sakiTxavebi,

romelTa kanonikurobaSi marTlmadideblebs eWvi ar eparebaT, arc kaTolikebs

eparebaT eWvi. kanonikuri literatura patristikis xanaSi, eklesiaTa erTianobis

dros, Seiqmna da es literatura (vTqvaT, ioane oqropiris liturgia) kaTolike-

bisTvisac iseTive avtoritetia, rogorc marTlmadideblebisTvis. am or konfe-

sias Soris gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Zvel saeklesio wignebSi gadmo-

cemul saRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebas anu dogmatikas kaTolikebi axal formu-

lebs anu dogmatebs umateben. magaliTad: nikea-konstantinopolis mrwamsi ro-


gorc marTlmadidebluri, ise kaTolikuri dogmatikis safuZvelia. misi me-8 wev-

ris Tanaxmad, suliwmida mamisagan gamodis, kaTolikebs eWvi ar eparebaT, rom es

asea, magram umateben, _ Zisaganac gamodis. aseTi damatebebiT isini, rogorc

TviTon amboben, eklesiaTa erTianobis droindeli mamebis RvTismetyvelebas av-

seben. kaTolike ideologebi, marTlmadideblebTan erTad, im poziciaze dganan,

rom dogmatebi istoriaSi ki ar iqmneba, aramed isini saRvTo werilsa da saRvTo

gadmocemaSi nagulisxmevi da Sefarulia. istoriaSi isini TavianT Tavs avlenen.

dogma cxaddeba droiT gangrZobiTobaSi nabij-nabij da TandaTan. am msjelobiT

kaTolikebi axali, maTi eklesiisaTvis niSandoblivi dogmatebis SemuSaveba-

SemoRebis gamarTlebas cdiloben.

dRemde kaTolikurma eklesiam oTxi specifikuri dogmati gamoimuSava (Ziri-

Tadad vsargeblobT ianis pavlovskis kaTolikuri katexizmoTi, romelic 1933

wels gamoica).

I. filiokve. esaa laTinuri sityva da niSnavs `Zisaganac~, `da Zisaganac~, romelic

Camatebulia rwmenis simbolos me-8 muxlSi. amdenad filiokve am muxlis interpo-

laciaa.

gamoTqma `suli gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan~ pirvelad tertulianesTan gvxvdeba

(I I - I I I ss.), Semdeg _ bevr sxva mamasTanac _ rogorc laTinurenovan (mag. netari

avgustine), ise berZnulenovanebTan (wm. aTanase aleqsandrielTan, grigol noselTan,

kirile aleqsandrielTan, maqsime aRmsarebelTan da sxv.). igi Tavs iCens 589 wlis

toledos mesame krebis aqtSi da TandaTan mkvidrdeba espaneTisa da safrangeTis

eklesiaTa liturgiebSi rogorc arianelTa subordinaciuli triadologiis (same-

bis wevrTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebulobis) gasabaTilebeli formula. 1000 wels

germaniis imperatoris TxovniT filiokve romis papma Tavis liturgiaSic CarTo da

amis Semdeg dasavleTis eklesiaSi misma warmoTqmam sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo.

filiokves bibliur safuZvlad kaTolike RvTismetyvelebi ioanes saxarebis im

adgils asaxeleben, sadac ieso nugeSinismcemlis anu suliwmidis movlinebas

gvpirdeba, _ igi `Cemgan miiRebs da Tqven gauwyebT~ 16:14-15). filiokves apologe-

tebi amtkiceben, rom trinitarul urTierTobaSi (samebaSi) erTi piri meorisagan

verafers miiRebs, Tu misgan ar aris gamosuli. qriste rom wuTisofels moevlina,

mamis nacvlad moevlina. man rom Cven suli mogvces, TviTon unda gaiRos. maTi

TqmiT, wm. suls axal aRTqmaSi amis gamo ewodeba `qristes suli~ (gal. 8:9; filip.

1:19) da `Zis suli~ (gal. 4:6). am da zogi sxva gamonaTqvamis safuZvelze mogvianebiT,

yvelaze mkveTrad Toma aqvinelis mier, Camoyalibda dogmati suliwmidis hipos-

tasurad (arsobrivavad) ara mxolod mamisagan, aramed Zisaganac gamomavalobisa.

amdenad, filiokve aris suliwmidis ormagi gamomavalobis Teoria.

aRniSnuli formulis, rogorc mrwamsiseuli tradiciis sapirispiro movlenis,

winaaRmdeg pirvelad 847 wels sabawmindelma berebma gailaSqres. patriarqma fo-


tiosma zemodamowmebul epistoleSi igi eresad moixsenia. gansakuTrebiT mkacri

Sefaseba mas lionisa (1274 w.) da ferara-florenciis krebebze mieca uniis mowi-

naaRmdegeTa mxridan (ix. zem.). amis miuxedavad kaTolikur da anglikanur eklesi-

ebSi filiokve dResac warmoiTqmis.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis pozicia aseTia: marTalia, eklesiis mamebi, maT So-

ris ioane damaskelic, aRniSnaven suliwmidis Zisaganac gamomavalobis faqts, mag-

ram am SemTxvevaSi isini Zes ara pirvelmizezad, pirvelsaTaved da sawyisad miiC-

neven, aramed saSualebad, visi meSveobiTac, vis mierac wmida suli mogvemadleba.

amis dasturia Sesabamis winadadebebSi (konteqstebSi) windebul `dia~-s (mier) da

ara `ek~-is (-gan) gamoyeneba. Tuki vityviT, rom suliwmida erTdroulad mamisagan

da Zisagan gamodis, maSin isic unda vaTqvaT, rom wmida suls, rogorc hipostass,

ori saTave, ori mizezi aqvs _ mama da Ze. es azri aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba patris-

tikul moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac samebis wiaRSi umizezoa mama, xolo Ze da

suli misgan namizezevi. eklesiis arcerT moZRvars ar uTqvams, rom Ze suliwmi-

dis mizezi da dasabamia. kaTolikuri formula swored amas gulisxmobs, ris ga-

moc igi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis rwmenasTan Seusabamo da miuRebel Tvalsaz-

risadaa aRqmuli. marTlmadidebelTa rwmeniT, suliwmidis arsobrivi saTave da

arsobrivi mizezi aris mxolod mama da mamisagan igi Zes gamoaqvs. Ze wmida suliT

Semosili da gamsWvalulia, aRvsilia, magram am sulis mflobeli mamisaganaa da

mamisagan gamomaval suls igi adamianebs uwyalobebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, suli

gamodis Zis mier da ara Zisagan.

I I . papis ucdomeloba. dogmati papis ucdomelobis anu Seumcdarobis (da ara

ucodvelobis) Sesaxeb gulisxmobs kaTolikuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelis mier

eklesiis saxeliT dogmatisa da moralis sakiTxebze samqadageblo kaTedridan

(eqs-kaTedra) gakeTebuli gancxadebebis Seumcdarobis rwmenas. papi gamocxadebu-

lia wuTisofelSi qristes mosaydred da, amdenad, xiluli eklesiis winamZRvrad.

yvela sxva episkoposi (patriarqebic) mociqulTa mosaydreni arian, papi qristes

mosaydrea. es Tvalsazrisi dogmatis rangSi 1870 wels vatikanis pirvel saekesio

krebaze aiyvanes.

kaTolikuri eklesiis Teoretikosebi am dogmatis safuZvlad rogorc saRvTo

werils da saRvTo gadmocemas, ise warsulis gamocdilebas da memkvidreobas asaxe-

leben, radgan papi mociqulTa Tavis, petres mosaydrea, iTvleba, rom swored masze

gadavida is uflebamosileba, riTac macxovarma petre _ `sarwmunoebis klde~ _

aRWurva. laparakia `Sekvrisa da gaxsnis~ uflebaze (maTe 18:19), rac msoflio ek-

lesiis marTva-ganmgeblobis sadaveTa erTi piris, kerZod _ petres memkvidreTa

xelSi moqcevis aucileblobis damowmebadaa aRqmuli. rac Seexeba istoriul as-

peqtebs, yuradReba im faqtebis garSemo maxvildeba, rom msoflio saeklesio

krebebis kurTxeva da ganCinebaTa damtkiceba papis prerogativa iyo.


ucdomelobis dogmatis Tanaxmad, papi eklesias pirovnulad ganasaxierebs. am-

denad, igi krebaze maRla dgas. marTlmadidebluri tradiciiT eklesiis saxe epis-

koposTa sinodi, episkoposTa krebaa anu suliwmida Tavis Tavs episkoposTa krebaSi

acxadebs, kaTolikuriT ki _ papSi. kaTolikeTa rwmeniT, eklesiis suli papSia daun-

jebuli. ase rom, papi de iurec da de faqtoc eklesiis SeuzRudavi mmarTvelia.

ucdomelobis dogmati aris im rwmenisa da Teoriis gafarToeba da maRal regis-

trSi warmoCena, romelsac dasavleTis eklesiaSi Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli.

esaa papis pirvelobis anu primatis, misi ufrosobis, danarCen patriarqebze Tanam-

debobrivad aRmatebulobis, yvela qristianis, yvela eklesiis gamaerTianeblis

rwmena. am rwmenis gamo romis papi, Zveli romauli tradiciiT, pontifeqsad (xidis

mSeneblad) iwodeboda da iwodeba.

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, cxadia, romis episkoposis apostolur mosaydreobas

ar uaryofs, magram xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom `Sekvrisa da gaxsnis~ uflebamo-

sileba macxovarma danarCen mociqulebsac mimadla (maTe 18:18; ioane 20:23) da igi,

Sesabamisad, mociqulTa yvela mosaydreze vrceldeba. aseve: marTalia, eklesiaTa

erTianobis xanaSi, pentarqiis dros, romis paps ditiqSi pirveli adgili eWira,

magram igi iyo pirveli `TanasworTa Soris~ da ara TanamdebobiT, qirotoniiT

(xeldasxmiT). amdenad, marTlmadidebelTa TvalTaxedviT, papis SeuzRudavobis

rwmenas da Teorias, Tundac mxolod religiisa da zneobis aspeqtiT, Teologiuri

da istoriuli gamarTleba ara aqvs.

I I I -IV. ori mariologiuri dogmati:

a) RvTismSoblis ubiwod Casaxeba. es rwmena dogmatad papma pius IX-m 1854 wels

Camoayaliba da dResaswaulic daawesa _ mariamis umanko Casaxeba (8 dekemberi).

iesom pirvelcodva ubiwod Casaxvis gziT aRxoca. mariologiuri dogmatiT, iesos

ubiwoebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo misi ubiwo sxeulSi Casaxva. Sesabamisad, mariami

yovliTurT, CasaxvisTanave, ubiwo unda yofiliyo. amis gamo mariams pirvelcodvis

daRi ar mihkarebia, igi saSoSive, Casaxvis wamidanve, ufalma wmida hyo.

b) RvTismSoblis amaRleba, romelic dogmatis saxiT papma 1950 wels Camoayaliba.

pirvel dogmats marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar iwynarebs, meoresTan ki sadavo

araferi aqvs, radgan igi erTianobis droindel tradicias efuZneba da arsobrivad

im dResaswaulis dogmatad formirebaa, romelsac RvTismSoblis miZinebad anu

zecad aRyvanebad vicnobT (15 agvisto).

marTlmadideblobasa da kaTolikobas Soris aris sxva aradogmaturi, magram

arsebiTi Teoriuli sxvaobani. aseTebia, magaliTad, rwmena saiqioSi gansawmende-

lis (salxinebelis) anu droebiTi jojoxeTis arsebobis Sesaxeb da rwmena wmin-

danTa zedmeti madlis Sesaxeb. wmindanebi, TiTqos, imden madls moimuSakeben,

rom ara mxolod sakuTari Tavis cxoneba ZaluZT, aramed SesaZlebelia, maTi mad-

lis siuxve sxvaTac Seewios. indulgenciebis praqtikas es rwmena da Teoria kvebavs.


kaTolikebis saerTo ricxvma 2000 wels miliards gadaaWarba. maT RvTismsa-

xurebis sxvadasxva wesi anu tipikoni (riti, rituali) aqvT. ZiriTadia laTinuri

wesi. am wesis mimdevrebs bevr qveyanaSi frangebs eZaxian. arseboben agreTve bizan-

tiuri (berZnuli), somxuri, qaldeur-asiriuli da kidev sxva wesis kaTolikebi.

praqtikis sxvadasxvaoba maTi rwmenis erTianobas xels ar uSlis.

kaTolikuri eklesiis centri dRes vatikania, romelic damoukidebeli saxelm-

wifos statusiT sargeblobs.

kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis rwmenis safuZvelze gaerTianeba

TiTqmis maTi gancalkevebisTanave daiwyo. am gzaze bolo dros TvalsaCino nabi-

jebi gadaidga. kerZod, _ romisa da konstantinopolis mamaTmTavrebma erTmaneTis

mimarT winaprebis wyevla aRxoces: 1965 wlis 7 dekembers aRniSnul qalaqebSi erTsa

da imave dros samarcxvino furclebi uwodes da sazeimod daxies anaTemis teqs-

tebi, romlebic cxra saukunis winaT daiwera. 1975 wlis 14 dekembers vatikanSi

zar-zeimiT aRniSnes am faqtis aTi wlisTavi. siqstis kapelaSi papma pavle IV ekume-

nuri sityva warmoTqva, mivida qalkedonis mitropolit melitonTan, daiCoqa da

waRebi daukocna. metic: 1987 wlis 6 dekembers romSi, wm. petres bazilikaSi, aRsa-

rebis sakurTxevlis win, papma ioane-pavle I I -m da yovladuwmidesma patriarqma

demetreos I-ma erTxmad warmoTqves savedrebel-samadlobeli locvebi da nikea-

konstantinopolis rwmenis simbolo. amis miuxedavad, marTlmadidebel da kaTo-

likur eklesiebs Soris evqaristiuli erToba ar ganaxlebula.

kaTolikuri eklesia saqarTveloSi

romsa da saqarTvelos Soris, rogorc istoriuli sabuTebidan Cans, sarwmuno-

ebrivi urTierToba `did sqizmasTan~ erTad ar gawyvetila. gavixsenoT Cveni mama

da moZRvari, saqarTvelos eklesiis TvalSeudgami avtoriteti _ wm. giorgi

aToneli (+1065) romelsac, swored didi sqizmis Semdeg, 1065 wels, oficialuri

saubari hqonda imperator konstantine dukiwTan. xelmwife moixibla qarTveli

beris ganaTlebiT da hkiTxa, rac mas, misive aRiarebiT, _ `samxedroTa saqmeTa

Sina aRzrdilsa da ver wvlilad mecniers~, Cans, patiosnad da gulwrfelad ainte-

resebda: romel mxaresaa simarTle am dausrulebel konfliqtsa da bataliebSi

anu ratomaa, rom Cven da Tqven, qarTvelebi, safuariani puriT da wyalgareuli

RviniT vwiravT, romaelebi _ xmiadiT da zedaSeTi? `vinaiTgan, _ miiRo pasuxad, _

berZenTa Soris mravali wvaleba Semovida pirvel da mravalgzis midrkes, amis-

Tvisca msgavsad Tqvensa RmrTismsaxurTa mefeTa wmidani krebani Semokribnes da

wvlilad gamoiZies gangebulebisaTvis qristes RmrTisa Cvenisa da xorcielad ga-

moCinebisaTvis misisa, da saufloTa maTTvis xorcTa gamoZieba iqna da daaweses,

raTa moviRebdeT comsa saxed xorcTa qristesTa... xolo Rvinosa Tana wyalsa ura-

TavT saxed sisxlisa da wylisa, romeli gardamoxda gverdsa mxsnelisasa, viTarca


ityvis ioane oqropiri. ese ars ganmarteba da mizezi amaT saqmeTa! xolo hromTa

vinaiTgan erTgzis icnes RmerTi, arRara odes midrekil arian da arca odes

wvalebai Semosrul ars maT Soris, da viTarca igi maSin Tavman mociqulTaman petre

Sewira usisxlo igi msxverpli da, umetesaRa, viTarca TviT Tavadman ufalman misca

mowafeTa Ramesa mas serobisasa, egreT aRasruleben igini. da arara ars amas Sina

ganyofileba, oden sarwmunoeba marTali iyos~.

naTqvami, rom gavSifroT, niSnavs Semdegs: aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi, sadac

saukuneTa manZilze borgavda da mZvinvarebda qristes adamianuri bunebis damak-

ninebeli Tu uarmyofeli eresi, martiv morwmuneTaTvis wuTisoflad mosuli mac-

xovris TvalsaCino xati rom warmoedginaT, mogvianebiT afuebuli puriT da wyli-

ani zedaSiT ziarebis aRsrulebis wesi SemoiRes. romis eklesiis winaSe mociqu-

lebrivi tradiciis Seferadebis aucilebloba ar damdgara da darCa ise, rogorc

Tavdapirvelad iyo. maSasadame, mocemuli msjelobis Tanaxmad, Tuki sarwmuno-

ebriv cdomilebas ara aqvs adgili, eresi arc erTi wesia da arc meore. pirveli

(xmiadi) Zveli da dasabamieria, meore (safuariani), praqtikuli moTxovnilebiT

gapirobebuli. SegviZlia davaskvnaT: romelime maTganis uzurpacia da gafetiSeba

ugunurebis niSania.

imperatori, romelic eklesiaTa Serigebis momxre iyo, pasuxiT kmayofili

darCa. romaelebi aRfrTovandnen. maT mTawmindeli mamis petres qalaqSi Cayvanisa

da papis winaSe misi wardginebis survili gamoTqves. agiografi ar azustebs, Rirsi

mama gamoexmaura Tu ara am SeTavazebas. cnobilia mxolod, rom ramdenime dRis

Semdeg, 29 ivniss, orSabaTs, igi gardaicvala. irkveva, rom giorgi mTawmindelma

romis saydrisadmi simpaTiebi Teologiur-literaturul SemoqmedebaSic gamo-

amJRavna. amas adasturebs wm. aTanase aleqsandrielis rwmenis simbolos miseuli

Targmani, romelSic wm. sulis gamomavalobis muxli Sevsebulia formuliT _

`suliwmida aris mamisagan da Zisa... gamosvliT~. esaa filiokve, rac arc giorgi

mTawmindels da, cxadia, arc mis Tanamosagreebs mwvaleblobad ar miaCndaT (ix.

a. koWlamazaSvilisa da a. RambaSiZis gamokvleva krebulSi `mravalTavi~, 1999, N18).

unda vifiqroT, rom giorgi mTawmindelma, misma biografma da aToneli qarTve-

lebis didma nawilma, romelTac berZen berebTan maSin ukiduresad daZabuli

urTierToba hqondaT, konstantinopolis 1054 wlis 20 ivlisis krebis verdiqti

ar gaiziares da romis eklesiis pozicia daiWires. savaraudebelia, rom am pozicias

imdroindeli saqarTvelos samefo kari, samRvdelo da saero sazogadoebaTa ara

erTi da ori warmomadgeneli emxroboda.

sagulisxmoa akad. k.kekeliZis dakvirveba: ~saqarTveloSi ar iziarebdnen saberZ-

neTis rigoristul (mkacr) da konservatiul-ritualur Sexedulebas romaelTa

eklesiis Sesaxeb; aq imTaviTve batonobda meore mimarTuleba, liberalur-spiri-

tualuri... berZnuli Sexeduleba kaTolikobis Sesaxeb CvenSi myardeba gacilebiT


gvian, vidre romisa da saberZneTis gayofa moxda, da isic TandaTanobiT. Tan am

Sexedulebas iseTi ukiduresi xasiaTi da gonji saxe ar miuRia aq, rogorc saber-

ZneTSi~.

aqve isic garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos saero da sasuliero xeli-

sufleba romaul kaTolikobas yovelTvis erTi da imave TvaliT ar uyurebda da,

cxadia, arc sazogadoebaSi iyo myari azri. verc ferara-florenciis krebaze ga-

movlenili pozicia CaiTvleba gamonaklisad Cveni qveynis religiur-politikur

orientaciaTa istoriaSi. ar viciT, rogor gamoexmauren samSobloSi aRniSnul

pozicias (cnobebi ar Semonaxula), magram faqtia, rom uniatoba qarTvelTa Soris

ar gavrcelda. samagierod, niadagi hpova laTinuri ritis (wesis) kaTolikobam,

rasac nergavdnen misionerebi X I I I s-dan, saqarTvelosa da romis eklesiebs Soris

evqaristiuli kavSiris gawyvetidan. esaa, ase vTqvaT, wmindawylis kaTolikoba,

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi `frangobas~ rom eZaxdnen, mis mimdevrebs _ frangebs.

`frangobis~ gverdiT kavkasiasa da tao-klarjeTSi arsebobda somxuri uniatoba.

mis wevrebs, erovnebis ganurCevlad, _ somxebad naTlavdnen. amis gamo qarTveli,

metadre mesxeTSi, vinc uniatur kaTolikobas miemxroboda, somxuri ritis kaTo-

like xdeboda da oficialurad somexad iwodeboda. es faqti xSirad gaurkveveli

situaciebisa da dabneulobis, metic _ qarTvelTa gasomxebis, mizezi xdeboda,

rac mezobeli erebis urTierTobas amwvavebda. xalxis gasaTviTcnobiereblad da

swor erovnul poziciaze dasayeneblad XIX-XX ss-Si iRvwodnen qarTveli kaTolike

mRvdlebi. maT Soris cnobili mecnierebi _ ivane gvaramaZe da mixeil TamaraSvili.

amrigad, X I I I s-idan, mefe rusudanis droidan, saqarTveloSi Seiqmna kaTolikuri

eklesia (ZiriTadad mesxeT-javaxeTSi), romelic metnaklebi warmatebiT TiTqmis

yvela kuTxeSi ikafavda gzas. mis mxareze arc Tu iSviaTad mefe-mTavrebi, episkopo-

sebi da, warmoidgineT, kaTalikosebic ki gadadiodnen. qarTvel ierarqTa Soris

erT-erTma yvelaze ganaTlebulma mRvdelmTavarma _ kaTalikosma anton pirvelma

_ sagangebod mowveul krebaze 1755 wlis 12 dekembers sajarod aRiara romis papis

primati da wmida sulis Zisaganac gamomavalobis dogmati, ris gamoc igi gankveTes,

dilegSi Caagdes da mxolod cremliT monaniebis Semdeg daubrunes xarisxi (masa-

lebi ixileT ~saRvTismetyvelo krebulSi~, 1991, N1).

mkvlevarTa mier araerTgzis Tqmula da dawerila, rom kaTolikurma da, kerZod,

saqarTvelos kaTolikurma eklesiam Cveni erovnuli kulturis, mecnierebis, poli-

tikisa da, metadre, ekonomikis winaSe (qarTveli kaTolikebi tradiciulad vaWrebi

da bankir-finansistebi iyvnen) sasurveli sityva Tqva; qveyanas Rirseuli Svilebi

aRuzarda.

saqarTveloSi dRes 50 000-mde kaTolike cxovrobs. tipikonis mixedviT isini

sam nawilad ganiyofian: 1. laTinuri tipikonisanni, 2. somxuri tipikonisanni da

3. siriul-qaldeuri tipikonisanni. pirveli da mesame wesis kaTolikebi kavkasiis


samociqulo administratoris episkopalur daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebian. maTi

episkoposi dRes aris juzepe pazoto (rezidencia TbilisSi, miZinebis taZarSi).

meore wesis kaTolikebi ki somexTa episkoposis iurisdiqciaSi Sedian.

saqarTvelos kaTolikeTa umetesoba laTinur wess misdevs, maT Soris is som-

xebic, romlebic TbilisSi cxovroben.

kavkasiis religiur da politikur cxovrebaSi didmniSvnelovani movlena papi

ioane-pavle II-is vizitebi gaxldaT, romlebic bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

amierkavkasiis samive respublikis dedaqalaqebSi ganxorcielda.

reformacia da protestantoba

istoria da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

didi sqizmidan sami saukunis Semdeg romis kaTolikur eklesiaSi, ufro sworad,

_ dasavleT evropis CrdiloeTSi, reformatoruli moZraoba daiwyo. ZiriTad

mizezad dasaxelebulia romis eklesiis rigorizmi, anu simkacre, kultmsaxurebis

gadatvirTva, dogmatebis simravle, kanonikuri struqturis sirTule da, rac

mTavaria, papebis sarwmunoebriv-politikuri gavlenis zrda, rasac ukureaqcia

mohyva.

reformatorul-protestantul moZraobas safuZveli inglisSi Caeyara. dama-

arseblad mRvdeli jon viklifi iTvleba, romelic XIV s-Si cxovrobda. misi qa-

dageba da ideebi kaTolikuri eklesiis rogorc Teoriuli, ise (gansakuTrebiT)

praqtikuli normebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. igi uaryofda wmindanebisa da

xatebis Tayvaniscemis praqtikas, saidumlo aRsarebas, evqaristiis tradiciul

gagebas (puris da Rvinis gadaarsebas), salxinebels (gansawmendels) da a.S. misi

mizani mociqulTa droindeli simartivisaken mibruneba iyo, rac gamoixateboda

episkopaluri eklesiis presbiterianulad gadaqcevis survilSi. es ki TiToeuli

saeklesio Temis anu calkeuli eklesiis damoukideblobas, episkoposis iuris-

diqciis gareSe arsebobis daSvebas, dedamiwaze eklesiaTa mmarTvelobiTi cen-

trebis gauqmebas niSnavda.

viklifis Teoriebi Tavis droze mkacrad gaakritikes. man da misma momxreebma

devna da lanZRva-gineba iwvnies, magram far-xmali ar dayares da reformatorul-

protestantur ideebs mwvane Suqi aunTes. am ideebis realizaciis erT-erTi nimuSia

saxarebis inglisur enaze Targmna, rac XVI s-is 20-ian wlebSi jon fritma da uiliam

tindalma ganaxorcieles.

reformacia da protestantoba faqtobrivad erTi da igive movlenebia. orives

arsebiTi niSani eklesiis tradiciaTa gadafaseba da Secvlaa, magram maT Soris

garkveuli sxvaobacaa. reformacia, ZiriTadad, eklesiis praqtikis (RvTismsaxure-

bis) da kanonikuri wyobis rekonstruqcias gulisxmobs, protestantoba _ Teoriebis,


TviT dogmatebis, cvalebadobasac. erTic da meorec laTinuri sityvebia: `reforma-

cio~ gardaqmnas niSnavs, `protestantis~ _ dapirispirebas, gamijvnas. TiToeulis

xasiaTi da buneba saxelwodebebSic Cans: reformatori miznad Zvelis gardaqmnas

isaxavs, protestanti ki arsebulsa da tradiciuls upirispirdeba. reformacia

saRvTo gadmocemas, rogorc rwmenis erT-erT wyaros, e.i. eklesiis avtoritets

principSi (globalurad) ar uaryofs, protestantoba ki swored saRvTo gadmocemis,

eklesiis mamebisa da krebebis avtoritetis gaufasurebas niSnavs.

reformaciisa da protestantobis istoria erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. isini er-

Tsa da imave dros, erTi da imave mizezebis gamo warmoiSvnen.

protestantoba Tavidanve, XVI s-idanve, sami mimdinareobis, sami denominaciis

saxiT mogvevlina. maTi damaarseblebi arian: martin luTeri (ix. qv.), ulrix (hul-

rix) cvingli (1484-1531) da Jan kalvini (1509-1564). maT bevri saerTo da bevri

gansxvavebuli Teoria hqondaT. saerToa, magaliTad, imis aRiareba, rom, TiTqos,

yovel adamians SeuZlia individualurad Seityos bibliisagan, ra da rogor unda

swamdes; eklesiis mamaTa avtoritetis gaTvaliswineba aq aucilebeli araa.

saRvTo werilis teqstisadmi aseTma modgomam protestantul eklesiaTa atomi-

zacia anu daSla-danawileba gamoiwvia. sxvadasxva mentalitetisa da buneba-ganwyo-

bilebis adamianebi bibliis erTsa da imave monakveTs xSirad sxvadasxvanairad aRiq-

vamen, rac, rogorc wesi, axal-axal Teologiur Tvalsazrisebs aRmoacenebs. es

faqti ki, Tavis mxriv, axali denominaciebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels.

rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavidanve sami protestantuli eklesia Seiqmna. esenia,

damaarsebelTa saxelebis mixedviT _ luTeriseuli (luTeruli), cvingliseuli

(cvinglianoba), kalviniseuli (kalvinizmi). maT male sxva saxelwodebis, Teoriisa

da praqtikis eklesiebi (denominaciebi) miematnen. kerZod: 1. anabaptistebi (1521 w.,

germania. damaarsebelia memaude nikoloz Storxi), 2. menonistebi (1536 w., damaar-

sebeli, mRvdeli meno simonsi; 3. zomieri anabaptistoba, romelic borotebisadmi

winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobas qadagebs), 4. baptistebi (ix. qv.), 5. kvakerebi (1649 w.

inglisi, damaarsebelia grafi fotsi. uaryofen yovelgvar saeklesio wess da

pirovnuli siwmindis wyarod `Sinagan naTels~ saxaven), 6. meTodistebi (1729 w.,

inglisi; qadageben saeklesio wesebis Tanmimdevrulad, meTodurad, pedanturad

dacvas), 7. xsnis armia, 8. axali samociqulo eklesia da sxva, romelTagan zogierTis

Sesaxeb qvemoT sagangebod SevCerdebiT.

aRniSnuli denominaciebi, romelTac axalprotestantul eklesiebs uwodeben,

luTeris, kalvinisa da cvinglis aRmsareblobas bevr sakiTxSi daupirispirdnen.

es pirvel rigSi bavSvTa naTlobasa da saxelmwifoSi eklesiis adgilis ganszRvra-

ze iTqmis. axalprotestantebi bavSvebs ar naTlaven da eklesiis saxelmwifosTan

integraciis winaaRmdeg gamodian. amis miuxedavad maT anglikanobasTan da tra-

diciul protestantobasTan bevri saerTo aqvT. esaa: saRvTo werilisadmi erTna-


iri midgoma, _ misi avtoritetad aRiareba, magram avtoritetis gareSe interpre-

tacia; sarwmunoebis Zveli simboloebis erTguleba; erTarseba-samebis rwmena,

ekumenur organizaciebsa da forumebSi monawileoba da a. S. axalprotestantoba

anu, igive, ultraprotestantoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris sazRvari, sadac mindori

mTavrdeba da saidanac mindorgare qristianoba (marginalia) (ix. qvemoT) iwyeba,

raSic, Cveulebriv, seqtebs gulisxmoben.

ZiriTadi literatura: Õîðîøåãî äåðæèòåñü (Öåðêâè, ðåëèãèîçíûå îáúåäèíåíèÿ â

Ðîññèéñêîé äåðæàâå, Ñîâåòñêîì Ñîþçå è íåçàâèñèìûõ ãîñóäàðñòâàõ âîçíèêøèõ ïîñëå åãî

ðàñïàäà), Õàðüêîâ, 1999.

anglikanuri eklesia

reformatorul moZraobas, romelic kaTolikuri eklesiis wiaRSi daiwyo, Sede-

gad 1534 wels inglisis eklesiis romisagan gamijnva da axali mimarTulebis Camo-

yalibeba mohyva.

mefe henri VIII (1509-1547) Tavidan erTguli kaTolike gaxldaT da m. luTers

(ix. qvemoT) upirispirdeboda, magram male reformatorad mogvevlina. man uRalata

kanonier cols ekaterine aragonels da qorwinebidan 17 wlis Semdeg eqvsTiTiani

da kuziani sefeqali ana boleini Seiyvara, ris gamoc pirveli qorwinebis gauqmeba

da meored daqorwineba gadawyvita. amisaTvis ki papis locva-kurTxeva iyo saWiro,

razec klimentim, maSindelma papma, kategoriuli uari SeuTvala. mefem papis uari

arad Caagdo, Tavisi Tavi inglisis eklesiis meTaurad gamoacxada, TviTneburad

ganqorwinda da TviTneburad iqorwina. mas mxarSi cnobili saxelmwifo moRvaweebi

Tomas kramveri da Tomas kromveli edgnen, romelTa zegavleniT parlamentma 1534

wlis 3 noembers mefis gadawyvetilebas dasturi misca. monastrebi gaauqmes, xatebi

da wmida nawilebi dawves, saeklesio qonebas konfiskacia uyves, Tumca SeinarCunes

Svidi saidumlo, mRvdelTa uqorwinebloba, saidumlo aRsareba da sxva. mefe tra-

baxobda, rom igi qveyanaze RvTis moadgilea, rom igi qveynisaTvis igivea, rac suli

sxeulisaTvis, mze _ samyarosaTvis. maSasadame, mefem TviTneburad episkoposis

funqciebi itvirTa da eklesiis episkopati gaauqma. papma mefe da misi momxre saero

Tu sasuliero pirebi sqizmatebad gamoacxada da eklesiisagan gankveTa. kaToli-

kebsa da anglikanebs (e.i. reformatorebs) Soris ulmobeli brZola daiwyo. daiR-

vara sisxli da bevrma kaTolikem mowamebrivi gvirgvini daidga. maT Sorisaa epis-

koposi jon fiSeri da Tomas mori.

viTareba henri VI I I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg ganimuxta. misma Svilma da memkvid-

rem eduard VI-m loialuri pozicia daiWira. marTalia, evangelur-reformatorul

kursze mas xeli ar auRia, rac e.w. `rwmenis 42 wesSic~ aisaxa, magram, yovel SemTxve-

vaSi, episkopaluri mmarTveloba da Zveli ritualebi aRadgina. qveyanaSi simSvidem


daisadgura da axali ideebis propagandisaTvis ufro xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna.

aqtiurobda kembrijis Teologiuri skola, romelmac axalgazrdebis didi nawili

evangelur-reformatorul moZRvrebas aziara.

zomieri reformatori eduardi mgznebare kaTolikem _ dedofalma maria stiur-

dma (1553-1558) _ Secvala. mis dros papis 400 mowinaaRmdege sikvdiliT dasajes,

maT Soris _ Tomas kramveri, episkoposi muher gloCestereli, ridlei londoneli

da laTimer vorCestereli.

marias gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze ana boleinis qaliSvili elizaveti avida,

romelmac reformebis kursi gaagrZela da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi mmarTvelobis

xanaSi (1558-1603) reformaciam inglisSi sabolood gaimarjva.

inglisis eklesia, romelsac Semdeg anglikanuri eklesia ewoda, episkopalur

eklesiad darCa. mmarTveli episkoposis roli kenterberiis mTavarepiskoposs

daekisra. SenarCunebul iqna romaul-kaTolikur wes-gangebaTa didi nawili, rac

1562 wlis saeklesio krebamac daadastura ocdacxra muxliani traqtatis saxiT.

episkopaluri mmarTveloba bevri reformatorisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda, ris

gamoc isini (radikaluri kursis mimdevrebi) anglikanur eklesias gaemijnen da

damoukidebeli eklesiebi, e.w. reformatoruli seqtebi Seqmnes. esenia: presbi-

terianelebi, puritanebi, independentebi da sxvani (ix. qv. `baptistebi~), romlebmac

ara marto episkoposis Tanamdeboba uaryves, aramed eklesiaze mefis uflebebic.

papobis instituti da kaTolikuri tradiciebi maT antiqristes memkvidreobad

gamoacxades.

anglikanebsa da radikal reformatorebs, anglikanebis saxelwodebiT, _ seq-

tantebs, Soris winaaRmdegoba male azvirTda. xelisuflebaSi xan erTi frTa gaba-

tondeboda, xan meore. anglikanebi monarqistebi iyvnen, radikal-reformatorebi

ki respublikelebi. erTi mxaris warmomadgenelTa sisxlic iRvreboda da meore

mxaris warmomadgenlebisac; episkoposebi xan mdevnelebi iyvnen, xan TviTon

idevnebodnen xelisuflebis cvalebadobis mixedviT. kaTolikobisadmi simpaTiebis

gamomJRavneba did riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli. mefe Sarl I-s Tavi swored prokaTo-

likuri orientaciis gamo mokveTes. 1689 wels parlamentsa da mefe vilhelm ora-

nels Soris xelSekruleba daido, romlis ZaliTac kaTolikebs saxelmwifo struq-

turebSi samsaxuri aukrZales. es ufleba maT mxolod 1828 wels moipoves.

anglikanuri reformacia irlandiaSic gavrcelda da saxelmwifo statusi mo-

ipova, Tumca mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili kaTolikuri eklesiis erTguli

darCa. rwmenis mixedviT mosaxleoba or moqiSpe mxared gaiyo. maT Soris antago-

nizmi da sisxliani Setakebebi dRemde grZeldeba.

anglikanuri eklesia (amaze saxelwodebac mianiSnebs) qveynis, saxelmwifos, eris

eklesiaa. igi identificirebulia inglisTan (did britaneTTan) da, nawilobriv,

irlandiasTan da, amdenad, nacionalizmis (garkveulwilad filetizmis) elemen-


tebsac Seicavs (somxuri samociqulo eklesiis msgavsad), ris gamoc misma moZ-

Rvrebam da praqtikam sxva qveynebSi gza warmatebiT ver gaikafa.

zogadi SefasebiT, anglikanur Teologias, kultmsaxurebasa da kanonikur

wyobilebas kaTolikobasa da protestantobas Soris Sualeduri adgili

uWiravs.

inglisis eklesia, rodesac papis iurisdiqciidan gavida, aRmosavleTis marTl-

madidebel eklesiebTan dialogis gzas daadga. es dialogi gansakuTrebiT inten-

siuri XV I I -XVI I I ss-is mijnaze gaxda. amaze is epistolec metyvelebs, romelic mar-

Tlmadidebelma patriarqebma inglisel qristianebs gaugzavnes (qarTuli Tar-

gmanis Sesaxeb ix. `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli~, 1987, N3, gv. 53-54). dialogi miznad

eklesiaTa gaerTianebas isaxavda, rasac realuri Sedegebi ar mohyolia.

luTerelebi da maTi eklesia saqarTveloSi

martin luTeri 1483 wlis 10 noembers saqsoniaSi, q. aislebenSi, germaneli kaTo-

likes ojaxSi daibada. aRizarda da pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba q. mensfildSi mi-

iRo. swavlobda magdeburgis da eizenaxis laTinur skolebSi. eufleboda mecni-

erebas erfurtis universitetSi xelovnebisa da iurisprudenciis ganxriT. niWi

da energia mas brwyinvale saero karieras hpirdeboda, magram erT dResa da STam-

beWdav Rames wuTisoflis samsaxurze xeli aiRo.

Wabuki fexiT midioda mensfildidan erfurtisaken. amovarda qariSxali. ielva

da mgzavris gverdiT mexi Camovarda. miwad ganrTxmulma da dazafrulma amoigmina:

`Semewie, wmidao ana! me monazvnad aRvikvecebi!~

morwmunem sityva ar gatexa da erfurtis avgustinelTa savanes miaSura. iq beris

sqema Seimosa da male, winamZRvarTa locva-kurTxeviT, swavla imave universitetsa

da, Semdeg, vitenbergSi Teologiis fakultetze ganaaxla, sadac dekani, profesori

da misi xelmZRvaneli iohan staopici _ germaniis avgustinelTa vicegenerali iyo.

1507 wels martin luTeri ekurTxa mRvdlad da Seudga samoZRvro moRvaweobas. iyo

romSi, sadac umaRlesi ierarqiis ndoba da pativiscema daimsaxura. igi kvalificiur

RvTismetyvelad aRiares. 1512 wels mianiWes doqtoris xarisxi da, prof. staopicis

gardacvalebis Semdeg, daamtkices dekanis Tanamdebobaze vitenbergis universitetSi,

sadac waikiTxa saleqcio kursebi egzegetikaSi fsalmunebsa da pavles epistoleebze.

axalgazrda RvTismetyveli erTob asketurad cxovrobda. misi goneba xsnis

problemam globalurad moicva. daeufla codvianobis gancda da sinanuli, rasac

xSirad sasowarkveTamde mihyavda, eZiebda ganmarTlebis saSualebebs da, ai, misi

pirveli individualuri sityva am gzaze: romaelTa 1:17-is ganmartebisas igi mivida

daskvnamde, rom gadarCenis erTaderTi saxsari saRvTo moqmedebaSi Zevs. esaa

qristes mimtevebeli siyvaruli anu moZRvreba wyalobaze, ris Tanaxmadac cxonebi-

saTvis mTavaria rwmena, Semdeg ki _ saqme. es Teoria luTerma ucilobel WeSmarite-


bad miiCnia da mis gaRrmavebas Seudga, ramac TandaTan miiyvana igi rjulis anu

kanonis, e.i. wes-gangebaTa da, sabolood, eklesiisa da samRvdeloebis funqciis

tradiciuli gagebis uaryofamde, kacsa da RmerTs Soris Suamdgomelis ignorire-

bamde. Sesabamisad, samRvdelo da saliturgio wignebis, RvTismsaxurebis dadge-

nili normebis da ritualebis avtoritetis eWvis qveS dayenebamde. misi TqmiT,

RvTismetyvelebis erTaderTi safuZveli aris werili, e.i. biblia. rac Seexeba re-

gularul wirvebs, man isini mogvianebiT `eklesiis saswaulmoqmedi Zalisa da sasu-

liero wodebis didebulebis yoveldRiur demonstraciad~ gamoacxada.

urTierToba romis kaTolikur eklesiasTan daiZaba da mwvervals 1517 wels

miaRwia. papma leon X-m wm. petres taZris ganaxlebis dRes morwmuneTagan gaRebuli

wvlilis sanacvlod indulgenciebi anu wyalobis sigelebi daariga, rac luTerma

dagmo. man Camoayaliba 95 Tezisi, sadac warmoaCina sakuTari mrwamsi uzenaesTan

pirovnebis uSualod dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis Taobaze. Tezisebi ima wlis 31

oqtombers vitenbergis mTavari taZris karibWeze gaakra, saidanac elviseburad

moefina mTels germanias. mas miesalmen e.w. humanistebi, inteligentebi da ajan-

yebuli glexebi. aRfrTovandnen studentebi. maT universitetis ezoSi dawves ro-

mauli kaTolikobis apologetis _ tecelis _ sapasuxo Tezisebi. gaimarTa sajaro

paeqroba. protestantma momxreebi Tanamowese berebs Sorisac hpova. samRvde-

loeba SeSfoTda. adgilobrivma episkoposma Tezisebi romSi gagzavna da `revo-

lucioneri~ mRvdlis winaaRmdeg saqme aRZra.

papma dialogis politika amjobina da sTxova sulier Svils, kardinal kaetanis

piriT, konfesiuri eqstremizmisagan Tavi Seekavebina. xangrZlivi bWobisa da

kamaTis Semdeg luTeri daTanxmda, gaCumdeboda, Tuki oponentebic ase moiqce-

odnen. es yalbi SeTanxmeba iyo da piroba ar Sesrulda. 1519 wels laifcigSi kaTo-

lik RvTismetyvel ioane ekis winaSe luTerma saxalxod ganacxada, rom mas ar swams

arc papis primati, arc wmida mamebis da arc msoflio saeklesio krebaTa dadge-

nilebebis WeSmariteba. mopasuxem luTers eretikosi uwoda da kamaTi Sewyvita.

reformatorma magistraluri xazi ganavrco da 1520 wels savsebiT gawyvita

kavSiri Suasaukuneobriv saeklesio tradiciasTan, rasac cxadyofs misi sami traq-

tati, _ trilogia: 1. `germaneli eris qristian Tavadaznaurebs~; 2. `eklesiis babi-

lonuri tyveoba~ da 3. `qristianTa Tavisufleba~, agreTve _ statiebi da pamfle-

tebi. avtori mouwodebda germaniis xelisufalT, aeRoT estafeta sasuliero

cxovrebis gardaqmnis mizniT: SeewyvitaT xarki wmida taxtisadmi, aekrZalaT sulis

mosaxseniebeli wirvebi, piligrimobani da sxva kaTolikuri wesebi; ar erwmunaT

dogma evqaristiis Jams purisa da Rvinis macxovris sisxlad da xorcad gadaar-

sebisa, rasac gvaswavlis samociqulo eklesia. sapirispirod daejerebinaT, rom

ziarebaSi mxolod Tanamonawileobs ieso qriste da misi RvTiuroba moicavs mtki-

ced pursa da Rvinos; daeyvanaT saeklesio saidumloTa ricxvi oramde, _ naT-


lisRebasa da ziarebamde. Tanac, ukanaskneli unda aResrulebinaT ara JamiTiJa-

mad, sistematurad, aramed xandaxan, ufro ki wiTel paraskevs (rodesac, kaToli-

ke da samociqulo eklesiis Zveli ganawesis Tanaxmad, usisxlo msxverpli ar iwi-

reba). misi mtkicebiT, qristiani macxonebeli rwmenis madliT Tavisufalia qvel

saqmeTa valdebulebisagan.

papma radikalur zomebs mimarTa: gamoaqveyna bula, romlis Tanaxmad 95-idan 41

Tezisi mwvaleblobad gamoacxada da gasca brZaneba teqstebis ganadgurebis Sesa-

xeb. Tu `mCxrekeli~ 60 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar moinaniebda, daisjeboda rjulis

kanonis Sesabamisad.

braldebuli gakerpda: man dRisiT-mzisiT, imave wlis 10 dekembers, vitenbergis

WiSkris win dawva bula kaTolikuri aRmsareblobis sxva wignebTan erTad, ris ga-

moc 1521 wlis 3 ianvars romis papma mas anaTema gamoucxada, _ Seracxa eretikosad

da gankveTa eklesiisagan. luTeris saqcieli, monaTluli xulignobad, saimperio

sasjelsac eqvemdebareboda. gaica Sesabamisi gankarguleba, magram saqsoniis

princis raindebma RamiT waritaces igi da miuCines senaki vardburgis cixe-simag-

reSi, sadac dayo 8 Tve Tavadi giorgis fsevdonimiT. bevrs igi cocxali aRar egona.

ltolvilebis Jams luTerma erTxel kidev gadaxeda Tavis pozicias da darwmun-

da, rom marTali iyo, rom RmerTma sagangebo misiiT moavlina dedamiwaze. igi enTu-

ziazmiT Seudga literaturul saqmianobas, romlis gvirgvins bibliis miseuli

Targmani warmoadgens. es Targmani Sesrulebulia xalxur dialeqtze. amis gamo

man advilad gaikafa gza rigiTi mkiTxvelebisaken, waruSlelad aRibeWda maT cno-

bierebaSi da udidesi roli Seasrula germanuli enisa Tu, zogadad, kulturis

istoriaSi. luTers hqonda daxvewili metyveleba, melodiuri xma da maxvili smena.

igi brwyinvale oratori da moqadage iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo mis warmatebas.

Tumca reformis iniciatori asparezze karga xans ar Canda, misi ideebi vrcelde-

boda da Sromebi mezobel xalxTa enebze iTargmneboda. maT xalisiT egebebodnen

yvela fenisa da wodebis warmomadgenlebi, rasac Tan sdevda tradiciuli saekle-

sio praqtikis modernizacia: mRvdlebi qorwindebodnen, monazvnebi monastrebs

tovebdnen, arRvevdnen wm. trapezebs, ugulvebelyofdnen xatebs da jvrebs,

iviwyebdnen aRsarebebs da marxvebs.

1522 wels, radgan dapatimrebis safrTxem ganvlo, luTeri vitenbergSi dabrun-

da, ganaaxla leqciebi da aRadgina ordeni saxecvlili formiT. 1525 wels man

colad SeirTo yofili monazoni katerina boraeli, riTac mimdevrebs celibato-

bis sawinaaRmdego magaliTi uCvena.

novatorma Tanamoazreebi mmarTvel wreebSic moZebna. Tavadebs ajanyebuli gle-

xebis dasja urCia, radgan ukanasknelTa Soris uxeS da ukulturo Zalas xedavda.

amiT man xelisufalTa guli moigo. amboxebulTa TvalSi ki avtoriteti ramdenadme

dakarga. Tumca misi moZRvrebis triumfs win veRaraferi daudgeboda.


reformatorTa Soris male ganxeTqilebam iCina Tavi. luTers daupirispirdnen

cvingli da inglisis mefe henri V I I I . pirveli evqaristiis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT

(igi uaryofda wirvaSi macxovris sxeulebriv monawileoba-myofobasac ki), meore

_ saeklesio saidumloTa ricxvisa da rigis sakiTxSi (icavda tradicias).

rudunebam reformatori da protestanti Teologi daRala da welSi gawyvita.

xolo sarwmunoebrivma omebma, mis mimdevrebsa da cvinglianebs Soris rom atyda,

igi pasuxismgeblobis winaSe daayena da moralurad dauwylula guli. amasTanave

mixvda, rom misi Teoria axali da axali Teologiur-eklesiologiuri Sexedulebis

warmoSobas axalisebda.

martin luTeri 1546 wlis 18 Tebervals mSobliur qalaq aislebenSi gardaicva-

la. iqve ganisvenebs.

luTerma datova umdidresi werilobiTi memkvidreoba. maTgan, zemoxsenebulTa

gverdiT, aRsaniSnavia: didi da mcire katexizmo, `samagido saubrebi~ (ojaxsa da

megobrebis wreSi warmoTqmuli sityvebi. cnobilia, rom luTeris saxli mudam

savse iyo stumrebiT: megobrebiT, TanamSromlebiT, studentebiT), himnebi, e.w.

samrevlo sagaloblebi, romelTa Soris brwyinavs _ `mtkice cixesimagrea Cveni

RmerTi~ da sxva. maT striqonebSi aRbeWdilia axali moZRvrebis arseba, rasac

uwodeben luTerobas. mimdevarTa dass _ luTerul eklesias.

mkvlevrebi yuradRebas amaxvileben luTeris pirovnul Tvisebebze, mis rTul

bunebaze, emociurobaze, temperamentze, romelic xSirad gonebas akontrolebda.

SesaZlebelia, amiTac aixsnas misi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis zogierTi mxare. TiTqos

Rrma pesimizmma miiyvana igi mtkicebamde, rom kacobrioba ukiduresad dacemulia,

goneba _ ususuri, adamiani _ yovlad uZluri. xsna mxolod qristes Tanamoqmedebis

Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli. marTalia, RmerTi gvaniWebs wyalobas, magram mainc codvis

morevSi vrCebiT Cveni usaSvelod gaukuRmarTebuli bunebis gamo. igi ambobs:

`yvelaferi, rasac vakeTebT, aris fuWi TviT yvelaze saukeTeso cxovrebaSic ki~.

amrigad, rom SevajamoT, luTeriis amosavali principia mxolod rwmenis gziT

gamarTleba. es niSnavs Semdegs: wuTisofelSi adamiani aris codvis mona da aRar

ZaluZs arsobrivi sikeTis qmna. miuxedavad amisa, gamosyidvis saidumlo mainc

sruldeba qristes TvalSeudgami sikeTis gamo.

isic xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom gamosyidvis gzaze mowyalebis usargebloba,

rac erTi SexedviT gamomdinareobs warmodgenili msjelobidan, arasdros dauJi-

nebia arc luTers da, miT ufro, mis mimdevrebs, romlebmac Semdgom epoqebSi moZR-

vris Teologiuri sistema daazustes da ganaviTares. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

Tavad luTeri pirad urTierTobaSi Tbili, saTno da keTili adamiani iyo.

luTeruli RvTismsaxureba gamoirCeva ubraloebiT. igi amoiwureba saRmrTo

werilis kiTxviT, qadagebiT da galobiT. SenarCunebulia sakurTxeveli, jvari,

orRani, religiuri ferwera (xatebis garda). Raribul magidaze biblia asvenia.


luTeroba germaniis oficialur konfesiad (kaTolikobis gverdiT) 1555 wels

aRiares. igi gavrcelda, aqtiuri misioneruli moRvaweobis Sedegad, skandinaviis

qveynebSi (Svecias, norvegiasa da fineTSi). agreTve, baltiispireTis regionebsa

da aSS-Si. 1970 wels luTerelebis ricxvi 75 milions aRwevda. ZiriTadi nawili

germaniis federaciul respublikaSi saxlobs. isini 1948 wlidan gaerTianebuli

arian kalvinistebTan da uniatebTan saerTo saxelwodebis qveS _ evangeluri

eklesia germaniaSi.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom luTerobam, aTabag mzeWabukis iniciativiT, saqar-

TveloSi luTeris drosve SemoaRwia da mrevlic gaiCina. es Teoria mecnierulad

ar dasturdeba (g. kutalia, martin luTeris sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedu-

lebani, Tb., 1993, gv. 206-208). samagierod faqtia, rom 1817-1818 wlebSi Cvens qveya-

nas jguf-jgufad estumren ucxoobis maZiebelni, romlebic TavianT Tavs kolo-

nistebs anu sxva saxelmwifoSi dasaxlebis msurvelebs eZaxdnen. isini germaneli

luTerelebis ganayofebi _ separatistebi _ iyvnen.

ra egulebodaT qarTlis sanaxebSi?

...XIX s-is dasawyisSi, napoleonis dapyrobiTi da gamanadgurebeli omebis Jams,

germaniaSi, luTeris rjulis mimdevarTa Soris, daibada azri meored mosvlis

moaxloebis Sesaxeb, ramac bevri gulubryvilo adamianis goneba daipyro. isini

ganudgnen eklesias da Camoayalibes seqta, romelic cnobilia saxeliT `separatis-

tebi~. misi arsebiTi niSani qiliazmi iyo. termini berZnuli warmoSobisaa da migva-

niSnebs aTaswlovani mefobis xanaze, rasac winaswarmetyvelebdnen seqtis ideo-

logebi iung-Stilingi da baronesa iulia-varvara krudeneri. isini qadagebdnen,

rom axlosaa qveynierebis gankiTxvis Jami; 1836 an 1846 wels sisxlis wvimebSi

CaixrCoba evropa; visac xsna surs, dauyovnebliv unda daadges gzas aRmosavle-

Tisaken, kavkasiisaken, araratis mTis midamoebisaken, sadac, maTi mtkicebiT, gamo-

Cndeba macxovari ieso qriste da daafuZnebs aTaswlovan samefos. 1815 wels ba-

ronesam ruseTis xelmwifis guli moigo: araerTgzis uwinaswarmetyvela gamarjve-

ba aleqsandre I-s, rac sinamdviled iqca da imperatoric usazRvro pativiscemiT

ganewyo `sakvirveli qalis~ mimarT; Seiwynara misi Txovna da separatistebis saqar-

TveloSi gadmosaxlebas daTanxmda.

religiuri SiSiT dazafrul morwmuneebs oficialuri nebarTvisaTvis ar dauc-

diaT. gayides moZrav-uZravi qoneba, mama-papaTa naterfalidan aiyarnen da, TiTqmis

Tavqudmoglejilebi, 1817 wels `aRTqmuli qveynisaken~ stiqiurad gamoiqcnen. maT

gverdiT wamqezeblebi aRar Candnen.

mgzavroba savse iyo vaebiT da faTerakebiT. yaCaRebma, sxvadasxva qveynis mebaJe-

ebma da Cinovnikebma gafrcqvnes isedac jibedacarielebulni, xolo papanaqebam,

kokispirulma wvimebma Tu qariSxlebma, metadre _ epidemiebma uamravi suli

imsxverpla.


ltolvilTa saerTo ricxvi 1400 komls anu 7000 kacs aRwevda. maTgan yvelas

rodi eRirsa saqarTvelos da Tbilisis naxva. pirveli nakadi 1817 wlis miwuruls

Camovida, meore da mesame _ 1818 wels. isini moralurad da fizikurad ilajgawyve-

tilebi iyvnen. garTulda maTi dabinavebis, gansaxlebisa da dasaqmebis problema.

bevri moxetiale maTxovradac iqca. ikvebebodnen da imosebodnen arasakmarisad,

ris gamoc maT wreSi gaxSirda daavadebani da naadrevi sikvdili. Tumca aklimati-

zebis procesi ramdenime wlis Semdeg damTavrda. arc mTavroba aklebda yuradRe-

bas da mzrunvelobas: aZlevda SeRavaTian sesxs, uyofda saSen masalebs da saxazino

miwis nakveTebs. ase Seiqmna kolonistebis dasaxlebani, _ koloniebi, romelTac

ZiriTadad germanuli saxelebi daarqves. esenia: 1. marienfildi (kaxeTis gzatke-

cilze, sarTiWalaSi), 2. Tbilisis kolonia (dRevandeli daviT aRmaSeneblis gam-

ziri), 3. aleqsandresdorfi (didube); 4. petersdirfi (marienfildis maxloblad),

5. elizavetali (sof. asureTi), 6. ekaterinenfeldi (borCalos mazraSi, bolnisTan),

7. ananfeldi (SamqorSi), da 8. elenendorfi (ganjis maxloblad). TiToeuli kolo-

nia calke samrevlos warmoadgenda.

ltolvilTa nawils jer kidev damqancvel gzaze aexila Tvali, nawils _ 1836

da, Semdeg, 1846 wels, rodesac, molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, meored mosvla ar

moxda. imedebi gacruvda, winaswarmetyveleba dasamarda, seqtanturi rwmena

daimsxvra da kolonisti qiliastebi TandaTan eklesiur-sazogadoebriv Sexedule-

bebs daubrundnen. Tumca es procesi rTulad mimdinareobda. kerZod: 1843 wels

kolonia ekaterinenfeldSi gamoCnda egzaltirebuli misani _ barbara Sponi,

romelic Tavis Tavs qristes sasZlos da mesiis momavali samefos dedofals uwo-

debda. igi meored mosvlas kvlav 1846 wlisaTvis irwmuneboda da gadarCenis mizniT

saswrafod ierusalimSi gadasaxlebas qadagebda. saxelmwifosa da pastoratis

mxridan Txovnam, Segonebam da muqaram ar gaWra. winaswarmetyvelis ankesze bevri

seqtanti wamoego. Soreuli mgzavrobisaTvis 362 fanatikosi moemzada. maT Tavi

ekaterinenfeldSi 1843 wlis 9 ivniss moiyares, raTa locva aResrulebinaT da

mwyobrad gamgzavrebuliyvnen wmida miwisaken. kolona, romelsac atacebuli da

qadagad dacemuli qali miuZRoda, adgilidan daiZra, magram male win jariskacebi

gadaeRobnen da, radgan molaparakebam arc amjerad gamoiRo nayofi, seqtis meTa-

urebi daapatimres. rigiTma wevrebma ki ganzraxvaze xeli aiRes da oficialurad

SeuerTdnen luTerul eklesias (ix. g. manjgalaZe, seqtanturi moZraoba amierkav-

kasiis germanel kolonistebSi: religiis istoriisa da aTeizmis sakiTxebi saqarT-

veloSi, 1, Tb., 1968, gv. 66-70).

ase Seiqmna luTeruli eklesia saqarTveloSi, romlis kults da ganaTlebas

taZrebisa da skolebis Sesabamisi qseli emsaxureboda. 1914 wlis monacemebiT,

amierkavkasiaSi 21 000 luTereli cxovrobda. maTgan germaneli 17 000 iyo. hyavdaT

pastorTa saTanado kontingenti. gaaCndaT wesdeba, romlis Tanaxmad germanelTa


koloniebi saqarTveloSi evangelur-luTerul eklesiad gamocxadda. misi centra-

luri Stabi _ pastorTa kreba anu sinodi _ TbilisSi mdebareobda. xelmZRvanels

oberpastori erqva.

aRsaniSnavia kolonistebis Sromis kultura da enTuziazmi. luTeris asketuri

sistemis Tanaxmad, ganuzomeli fasi aqvs SromaSi gamovlenil sibejiTes.

~o, Zvirfaso qristianebo, _ werda igi, _ RmerTze unda ilocoT cota, magram

Rrmad, vinaidan is gmobs xangrZliv da sityvamraval locvebs~. amitomac saqarTve-

loSi iSviaTad naxavdiT fuqsavat germanels. Sromobdnen da swavlobdnen gulmod-

gined. qmnidnen dovlaTs. gamoirCeodnen sanimuSo yofaqceviT, punqtualobiT.

pirveli da meore msoflio omebis dros saqarTvelos luTerelebs bralad ger-

maniis agentoba dasdes. daiwyo devna da gasaxleba. dauxures eklesiebi da skolebi.

mxolod perestroikis wyalobiT moipoves samlocvelo saxlis gaxsnis ufleba

TbilisSi. aqve daarsda germanuli kulturis centri da saTvistomo.

dReisaTvis qarTveli morwmune luTerelebis ricxvi 500-mde aRwevs. isini

cxovroben TbilisSi, soxumSi, gagraSi, rusTavSi, gardabansa da bolnisSi. hyavT

episkoposi _ prof. gert humeli da xucesi _ gari azikovi. maT erTi eklesia aqvT

(TbilisSi), sadac sakvirao skola funqcionirebs.

baptistebi

saxelwodebis Ziri berZnulia da niSnavs wyliT naTlobas, konkretulad –

STaflviT anu CayvinTviT naTlobas (berZn. baptiZo `vnaTlav wyliT~). amdenad,

baptistebis sulier cxovrebaSi yuradReba ZiriTadad rwmeniT naTlisRebazea

gadatanili; igi STaflviT unda Sesruldes.

rituali, Tu mdinareze gasvlis saSualeba ar aris, sruldeba baptisteriaSi

anu eklesiis darbazSi gakeTebul auzSi xeldasxmuli msaxuris (diakvnis, xucesis,

episkoposis) mier.

baptisturi liturgia msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvanairia. igi,

rigorc wesi, areklavs adgilobrivi kulturis Taviseburebebs. zogadi Targi ase-

Tia: Sesavlisa da dasasrulis locvebi (romlebic an spontanuria, an windawin

Sedgenili), rwmenis damowmeba (mrwamsi), `sityvis liturgia~, qadageba, evqaristia,

kurTxeva. inaTlebian mxolod morwmuneni, e.i. mowiful asakSi, rodesac adamians

Camouyalibdeba nabijis damoukideblad gadadgmis unari.

baptistebi cnoben eklesiis madlmosilebas da funqcias pirovnebisa winsvlisa

da warmatebis gzaze, magram, sxva protestantuli eklesiebis msgavsad, RmerTsa

da adamians Soris erTaderT Suamavlad ieso qristes, RvTis gankacebul Zes, aRi-

areben.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom baptistTa eklesias mkacri Teologiuri reglamenti ar

aqvs. isini eTanxmebian nikea-konstantinopolis mrwamss anu, rac igivea, patris-


tika-patrologiis ZiriTad debulebebs, maT Soris _ naTlisRebis erTgzisobis

formulasac, e.i. erTgzis naTlisRebas. amis gamo baptistebi, anabaptistebisagan

gansxvavebiT, savaldebulos ar xdian iseTi pirovnebis xelmeored monaTvlas,

romelic sxva eklesiaSi, Tundac siyrmis asakSi, yovladwmida samebis saxeliT

monaTlula da Tvlis, rom monaTlulia da gacnobierebulic aqvs naTlisRebis

Sinaarsi. Tuki konretul pirovnebas, adre ukve monaTluls, mainc surs, rom

naTlisRebis wesi Seasrulos, am wess, martivi logikis Tanaxmad, ara saidumlos

(naTlisRebis saidumlos erTgzisobidan gamomdinare), aramed mxolod deklara-

ciis mniSvneloba eqneba.

baptisturi eklesia rwmenis erTaderT wyarod acxadebs ieso qristes moZRvre-

bas, rogorc igi saRvTo werilSia gadmocemuli.

baptizmis akvani didi britaneTi da niderlandiaa, gansakuTrebiT _ amsterdami.

pirveli Temis damaarseblad anglikan mRvdels jon smits asaxeleben. igi yurad-

Rebas eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofaze da morwmuneTa TiToeuli adgilob-

rivi eklesiis damoukideblobaze (TviTmyofadobaze) amaxvilebda. mqadagebels

anglikanuri eklesia imTaviTve daupirispirda da devna dauwyo, ris gamoc man

1609 wels amsterdams Seafara Tavi. j. smitma iq, Tomas helvisTan erTad, 1611-1612

ww-Si anglikanebisa da menonitebis didi jgufi monaTla. ase Caeyara safuZveli

baptistur eklesias. baptistTa meore Temi henri iakobis xelmZRvanelobiT

inglisSi Camoyalibda. male maT sxva Temebic miemata. Tavidan isini sxva saxelwo-

debiT iyvnen cnobili: puritanebi (laT. purus `sufTa~), disidentebi (mowinaaRm-

degeebi), independentebi (ing. `damoukideblebi~, `TviTmyofadebi~).

imave saukunis Sua wlebSi baptistebs Soris Teologiur safuZvelze ganxeTqi-

leba moxda. erTmaneTs ori lideri _ Tomas helvisi da henri iakobi _ daupiris-

pirda. helvisi kalvinis gavlenas ganicdida da amtkicebda, rom adamianebis samo-

mavlo yofa RmerTma winaswar gansazRvra; kacTa simravlidan man rCeulebi gamoyo.

henri iakobis Tanaxmad, RmerTi ixsnis yvelas, vinc sikeTis gzaze dgas. am sakiTxze

kamaTma mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. sabolood, sayovelTao xsnis ideam gaimarjva da

baptistTa moZraoba msoflios did nawilSi gavrcelda rogorc sayovelTao xsnisa

da gadarCenis aRmsarebloba.

ruseTis yofil imperiaSi baptistur eklesias, baltiispireTis Semdeg, pirve-

lad saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, 1867 wlis 20 agvistos daedo saTave. am dros erTma-

neTs Sexvdnen germaneli baptisti martin kolveiti da Tbilisis malakanTa Temis

winamZRvari n.i.voronini, romelmac wyliT naTlobis aucilebloba aRiara, mo-

inaTla da Zveli Tanamorwmuneebis didi nawili gaiyolia. amdenad, Tbilisis bap-

tistTa eklesia ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli malaknebis bazaze Seiqmna. am TemSi

mogvianebiT qarTvelebic gaerTiandnen, magram maTi ricxvi imdenad mcire iyo,

rom qadageba mxolod rusul enaze mimdinareobda. 1919 wels viTareba Seicvala

da qarTulenovani eklesiis daarseba SesaZlebeli gaxda. es misia samxedro samsa-

xuridan axladdabrunebulma ilia kandelakma ikisra. igi bolSevikebma 1927 wels

mokles, rodesac qadagebidan Sin brundeboda.


1944 wels Tbilisis baptistTa Tems `saxarebiseuli qristianebi~ SeuerTdnen.

dReisaTvis es ori mimarTuleba (baptistebi da evangelistebi, radgan maT Soris

arsobrivi sxvaoba araa) gaerTianebulia da ewodeba saqarTvelos evangelur-

baptisturi eklesia.

saqarTvelos evangelur-baptistur eklesias swams, rom socialuri saqmianoba,

saxarebis gavrcelebasTan erTad, eklesiuri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmo-

adgens. amitom isini socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas sagangebo yurad-

Rebas uTmoben: exmarebian upovarT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulebs, obol da inva-

lid bavSvebs, miusafar moxucebs. ukve sami welia, rac saqarTveloSi wminda ninos

ordeni funqcionirebs, romelSic gaerTianebuli arian diakonisebi (msaxuri debi).

isini saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi saqmianoben da SeWirvebul adamianebs exma-

rebian eTniuri warmomavlobisa da religiuri kuTvnilebis ganusxvaveblad.

baptistebi ar arian sazogadoebisagan mowyvetilni. isini aqtiur monawileobas

iReben adamianis uflebaTa Tu garesamyaros dacvaSi. maTi eklesiebi gvxvdeba

msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. evropisa da amerikis kontinentze baptistTa

msoflio aliansi erT-erTi upirvelesi eklesiaa romis kaTolikuri eklesiis Sem-

deg. isini mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben dasavleTis kulturul da politikur

cxovrebaSi. aSS-is amJamindeli da wina prezidentebi, agreTve bevri sxva gavleniani

moRvawe baptisturi eklesiebis wevrebi arian.

saqarTvelos evangelur-baptistur eklesias mWidro urTierToba aqvs ev-

ropis da, saerTod, msoflios mravali qveynis erTmorwmuneebTan. igi sxvadasxva

saqvelmoqmedo da kulturul saqmianobaSi monawileobs, CarTulia sazogadoeb-

riv-erovnul procesebSi. es arcaa gasakviri: baptistebi Tvlian, rom warmoadgenen

nawils sruli, msoflio qristianuli eklesiisa da aRiareben mamis, Zisa da suli-

wmidis sarwmunoebas.

saqarTvelos evangelur-baptisturi eklesia mkafiod gamoxatuli ekumenuri

orientaciis eklesiaa. igi saqarTvelodan evropis eklesiaTa konferenciis erTa-

derTi wevria; TanamSromlobs kaTolikur, anglikanur, luTerul da reformato-

rul eklesiebTan. saqarTveloSi evangelur-baptisturi eklesia erT-erTi inici-

atori iyo qristianuli eklesiebis samuSao jgufisa, romelSic gaerTianebulia

oTxi qristianuli eklesia: evangelur-luTeruli eklesia saqarTveloSi, saqar-

Tvelos evangelur-baptisturi eklesia, somxuri samociqulo eklesia saqarTve-

loSi da romis kaTolikuri eklesia saqarTveloSi.

amJamad saqarTvelos evangelur-baptisturi eklesiis (sebe-is) monaTlul

wevrTa ricxvi 5000-s udris, TanamdgomTa da TanamgrZnobTa CaTvliT, – 17000-s.

isini saqarTvelos yvela regionSi cxovroben. maT Soris afxazeTsa da samxreT

oseTSic, romlebTan kavSiri centrs dResac SenarCunebuli aqvs. sebe-is mmarTve-

lobis umaRlesi organoa yriloba, romelic oTx weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba. igi

faruli kenWisyriT irCevs episkopos-prezidents, romelic eklesias marTavs da

yrilobis winaSe angariSvaldebulia. episkopos-prezidenti generalur mdivans

niSnavs. amJamad episkopos-prezidentia istorikosi, mTargmneli da mkvlevari –


malxaz sonRulaSvili, generaluri mdivani – merab gafrindaSvili.

regionaluri principiT sebe oTxadaa gayofili. TiToeul regions mTavarxu-

cesi hyavs. calkeul eklesiebs xucesebi, diakvnebi da mqadageblebi xelmZRvane-

loben. sebe-is eklesiebi marTva-gamgeblobis sakiTxebSi avtonomiurni arian. ami-

tom sxvadasxva eklesiaSi sxvadasxva wesisa da stilis msaxurebas SexvdebiT.

komunisturi reJimis dros baptist-evangelistebis nawilma uari Tqva regist-

raciasa da saxelmwifosTan nebismieri formiT TanamSromlobaze. isini daupiris-

pirdnen Tanamorwmuneebs, romlebic am TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT loialobas

iCendnen. maT calke eklesiebi Camoayalibes, romlebsac SesaZlebelia, pirobiTad,

radikalebi an fundamentalist-baptisturi eklesiebi vuwodoT. bolo dros

maT rigebs ideurad is evangelist-baptistebic SeuerTdnen, romlebic ewinaaRm-

degebian episkopos malxaz sonRulaSvilis kurss qveynis tradiciebTan da kul-

turul RirebulebebTan daaxloebis Sesaxeb. araoficialuri monacemebis Tanax-

mad, konservator, e.i. reformaTa mowinaaRmdege baptist-evangelistTa ricxvi

1000-mde aRwevs. isini, ZiriTadad, baTumsa da TbilisSi cxovroben.

ase rom, saqarTveloSi monaTluli baptistebis saerTo ricxvi, rogorc libera-

luri, ise radikaluri frTisa, 6000-mde aRwevs.

evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebi

ormocdaaTianeli anu, berZnulad, pentekosteli aris im qristianTa saerTo

saxelwodeba, romelTa Taviseburebas qarizmatuli ganwyobileba anu religiuri

anTebuloba (siSmage, transi) da ùcxo enebze laparakis unari~ (glosalalia) war-

moadgens. isini dRes TavianT Tavs evangelistebad, anda saxarebiseulad morwmune

qristianebad moixsenieben.

am mimdinareobis warmoSobis oficialur TariRad 1906 weli iTvleba, rodesac

q. losanJelesSi pirvelad Sedga `suliT naTloba~ ùcxo enebze laparakiTurT~.

Tumca ùcxo enebze laparakis~ rituali amerikel ultraprotestantebs adrec

CautarebiaT. amitom zogierTi mkvlevari ormocdaaTianelTa istorias 1892

wlidan iwyebs, zogierTi _ 1901 wlidan.

losanJelesis pirveli Temi rusi duxoborebis, malaknebis, adgilobrivi

baptistebisa da meTodistebis bazaze Camoyalibda. im dros pensilvaniis Statis

ukacrieli sanaxebis aTviseba mimdinareobda da axali moZRvrebis damaarseblebma

qadageba daiwyes: pensilvaniis Stati wmida miwaa, morwmuneTa iq Casaxleba ki RvTis

neba da uzenaesi madlia! mizansac miaRwies: aRniSnuli mxare axali moZRvrebiT da

ritualiT moxiblulma xalxma gaavso. ormocdaaTianelTa Temebi male amerikis

sxva regionSic warmoiSva da mis sazRvrebs miRmac.

ormocdaaTianelobis specifikuri niSani areklilia saxelwodebaSi _ ormocda-

aTi anu, berZnulad, pentekoste. aq igulisxmeba aRdgomidan ormocdameaTe dRis


saswauli _ mociqulebze wmida sulis gadmosvla da maTi Semosva ucxo enebze

metyvelebis unariT (saq. moc. 2:1-8).

am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebs swamT TavianTi mociqulebrivi pativi da

sjeraT, rom analogiuri madli maTac eboZebaT.

evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebi yuradRebas im faqtze amaxvileben, rom ènebze

laparakis~ niWi, mociqulebis msgavsad, pirvel qristianebs, kerZod, warmarTobi-

dan axladmoqceulebsac hqondaT (saq. 10:14). isini Tvlian, rom ucxo enebze lapara-

ki, mociqulebisa da pirvelqristianebis msgavsad, yvela morwmunes SeuZlia. saWi-

roa mxolod Tavdaviwyebuli locva da eqstazi, muxldadreka da xelapyroba, yo-

velive amqveyniuris daviwyeba da gonebis zecad amaRleba. maTi locva mkveTrad

paTetikuria. msaxureba simReris, musikis da cekvis fonze mimdinareobs; gamoiye-

neba sxvadasxva instrumenti. xSirad ixseneben daviT winaswarmetyvelis sityvebs:

àqebdiT RmerTsa wmidaTa Soris misTa.. aqebdiT mas xmiTa nestvisaiTa, aqebdiT

mas fsalmuniTa da ebniTa; aqebdiT mas bobRniTa da mwyobriTa, aqebdiT mas ZnobiTa

da orRanoiTa; aqebdiT mas winwiliTa keTil-xmiTa, aqebdiT mas winwiliTa RaRa-

debisaiTa...~ (fs. 150). mlocvelebs am dros TiTqos ecxadeba suliwmida, romelic

maT ucxo enebze ametyvelebs, rac gamoixateba ucnauri sityvebis warmoTqmiT. ai,

ramdenime nimuSi: ònari~, `kontari~, `famana~, `tala~, `lata~, `talala~, `silmini~,

`trambaba~, `diri~, `tili~ da a.S. amtkiceben, rom maT, da mxolod maT, ZaluZT

warmonaTqvamTa WeSmariti azris gamocnoba. es azri ki winaswarmetyveluria da

umTavresad esqatologiur Sinaarss Seicavs.

ormocdaaTianelTa praqtikaSi TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs naTlobas. principis

Tanaxmad, es rituali unda Catardes mdinareSi, tbaSi an zRvaSi, Tanac civ amindSi,

riTac isini xazs usvamen am tradiciis saxarebiseul safuZvels (qristec zamTarSi

da mdinareSi moinaTla).

eqstazSi Sesvla da ènebze laparaki~ ormocdaaTianelTa saerTo niSania da mas

yvela ormocdaaTianeli asrulebs, magram am ritualis gznebadobis mixedviT da

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT isini or banakad iyofian. erT

mxareze liberalebi dganan, romelTac saxelmwifosTan loialuri damokidebule-

ba aqvT, qveynis kulturul-politikur procesebSi monawileobaze uars ar amboben

da arc zRvargadasul eqstazs mimarTaven. meore mxareze arian radikalebi, rom-

lebic ènebze metyvelebis~ gamZafrebuli ritualiT gamoirCevian. maT sjeraT,

rom qarizma maT, da mxolod maT, aqvT moniWebuli da is, rac sxvas sigiJe da nev-

rosTenia hgonia, sinamdvileSi qarizma da, maSasadame gamorCeulobis niSania. qa-

rizmatuli RvTismsaxureba fsiqikasa da, saerTod, janmrTelobaze uaryofiT

zegavlenas axdens.

evangelist-ormocdaaTianelTa moZRvreba da praqtika ruseTSi, germanelTa

dasaxlebebSi, revoluciamde gavrcelda. rusulenovani sakrebuloebi ki pirve-


lad 1922 wels q. odesaSi Camoyalibda. damaarseblad iTvleba i. e. voronaevi. igi

malaknis ojaxSi daibada, magram baptistad moinaTla da amerikaSi gadasaxlda,

sadac ormocdaaTianeli gaxda. man sabWoTa kavSirSi farTo misioneruli qseli

gaaba da bevrgan warmatebas miaRwia.

es denominacia saqarTveloSi SedarebiT gvian gamoCnda. pirveli jgufi Tbi-

lisSi daaxloebiT 1939 wels Camoyalibda. igi rusi erovnebis moqalaqeebiT iyo

dakompleqtebuli. qarTulenovani rituali pirvelad 1945 wels gorSi Sedga,

romelic erT iqaur kacs, ruseTidan dabrunebuls, Cautarebia. goreli ormocda-

aTianelebi male Tbilisis rusulenovan Tanamorwmuneebs daukavSirdnen da maTTan

organizaciuladac gaerTiandnen. es faqti imdroindel specsamsaxurebs ar gamo-

parviaT da mqadagebelTa winaaRmdeg seriozul zomebs mimarTes.

saqarTveloSi amJamad 5000 monaTluli ormocdaaTianeli cxovrobs, moarul-

TanamdgomebiTurT _ 10 000-mde. maTi Temebi, Tbilisisa da quTaisis garda, bevr

sxva raionSic gvxvdeba. centraluri eklesiebi aris TbilisSi. ZiriTadia sami ek-

lesia. danarCeni eklesiebi an erTis, an meoris, an mesamis iurisdiqciaSi Sedian.

yvelaze mravalricxovani da, ase Tu ise, oficialuri is eklesiaa, romelsac oleg

xubaSvili xelmZRvanelobs.

`xsnis armia~

es moZraoba ingliseli meTodistebis wreSi warmoiSva. damaarsebelia meTodis-

ti mqadagebeli uiliam buTi, romelic daupirispirda Tavisi eklesiis wesebs _

dafuZnebuls anglikanur tradiciebze, magram samagierod axali da mkacrad

unificirebuli wesebi SemoiRo.

u.buTim 1861 wels inglisSi Camoayaliba organizacia _ `moZraoba sazogadoebis

aRorZinebisaTvis~, romelsac Semdeg `qristianuli misia~ ewoda, 1878 wlidan _

`xsnis armia~. am saxelwodebis eklesiebi male amerikis, evropisa da aziis mraval

qveyanaSi gaformda. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlis centri vaSingto-

nia.

u.buTis sistema dafuZnebulia samxedro disciplinasa da struqturaze, ker-

Zod, subordinacia-ierarqiaze. eklesiebs jariskacebi emsaxurebian, romelTa

ufrosebi oficrebi arian, oficerTa ufrosebi _ polkovnikebi, polkovnikTa

ufrosebi _ generlebi. saerTaSoriso alianss (erTian eklesias) saTaveSi mTavar-

sardali udgas. eklesiis wevrebi samxedro formebiT arian Semosili, _ mundirebiT

da epoletebiT wodebaTa mixedviT, Tumca maT xelSi iaraRs, verc civs da verc

Tbils, ver naxavT. amis miuxedavad, aRniSnuli denominacia (eklesia) diviziebisa-

gan, korpusebisa da forpostebisagan Sedgeba. erTmaneTs samxedro salams aZleven

da ficsac samxedro wesebis Sesabamisad deben. aqvT saswavleblebi, romelTac

kadetTa skola hqvia.


u.buTiseuli denominaciis Teologia igive protestantuli, ultraprotestan-

tuli, Teologiaa. eklesiologia ki, danarCeni protestantuli eklesiebisagan

gansxvavebiT, saeklesio tradiciis srul ignorirebaSi mdgomareobs. uaryofilia

ara marto saeklesio saidumloebebi, aramed naTlisRebis ritualis Sesrulebis

saWiroebac ki. armielebis mtkicebiT, mTavari is naTlisRebaa, romelic pirovnebis

gulsa da gonebaSi aResruleba, rituali fuWia da amao. amis gamo yuradReba pi-

rovnebis zneobasa da wesierebazea gadatanili.

RvTismsaxureba martivia. krebebi tardeba rogorc darbazebSi, ise gareT, xalx-

mraval adgilebSi. miRebuli normaa msvlelobebi sasule orkestris TanxlebiT.

xSirad warmoiTqmis sajaro aRsarebebi da monaniebebi. simRerebi da cekvebi

umetesad modernis stilSi sruldeba.

àrmiis~ mTavar mizans humanitaruli misia warmoadgens. xsnian usaxlkaroTa

TavSesafrebs, ufaso saavadmyofoebsa da sasadiloebs; exmarebian ltolvilebs,

pensionerebs, fizikurad da sulierad SeWirvebulebs erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis

ganusxvaveblad. aqedan warmodgeba saxelwodeba _ xsnis armia.

`xsnis armiis~ organizaciebi (eklesiebi) dReisaTvis asze met qveyanaSi moqme-

debs. misi jariskacebi saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, pirvelad 1993 wels gamoCndnen

da, qveynis xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT, humanitaruli saqmianobis farTo qseli

gaabes. maT organizaciebi Tbilisis garda, quTaisSi, gorSi, rusTavsa da baTumSic

aqvT. àrmielebis~ humanitarulma daxmarebam 1995-1996 wlebSi saqarTveloSi

Semosuli yvela humanitaruli daxmarebis 42% Seadgina. yvelaze krizisul wlebSi

(1993-1994) maT saqarTveloSi 13 800 tona produqti Semoitanes da 300 000 sulze

gaanawiles. 2000 wels àrmielTa~ ufaso sasadiloebSi (Tbilisi, gori, gardabani,

rusTavi, martyofi, dedofliswyaro, quTaisi, baTumi, qobuleTi) 7500 upovari

(beneficiari) ikvebeboda.

`xsnis armielTa~ saRvTismsaxuro SekrebebSi saqarTvelos masStabiT daaxlo-

ebiT 800 kaci monawileobs.

àxalsamociqulo eklesia~

daarsebis TariRi 1832 welia. am dros inglisSi _ olbansa da londonSi _ Tana-

morwmuneTa ramdenime jgufi Seikriba da mociqulebi airCies. ase Seiqmna axali

denominacia, romelic, misi mesveurebis rwmeniT, sinamdvileSi sxva ara aris ra,

Tu ara pirvelmociqulTa moZRvrebisa da praqtikis ganaxleba da aRdgena.

maSasadame, àxalsamociqulo eklesias~ samociqulo tradiciis yvelaze srulyo-

filad flobis pretenzia aqvs.

àxalma mociqulebma~ XIX s-is Sua wlebSi eklesiebi germaniasa da evropis sxva

qveynebSic Camoayalibes. maTi asparezi male msoflio masStabiT ganivrco da es

eklesia dRes rva milionamde wevrs iTvlis. igi dayofilia samociquloebad, samo-


ciquloebi _ olqebad, olqebi _ Temebad anu samrevloebad. msoflio axalsamo-

ciqulo eklesias saTaveSi mTavarmociquli udgas. mas mociqulebi eqvemdebare-

bian, mociqulebs _ episkoposebi, episkoposebs _ mRvdlebi, diakvnebi, mnaTeebi,

evangelistebi da mqadageblebi. eklesiebTan sakvirao skolebi moqmedebs.

axalsamociqulo eklesiis arsebiTi niSani mZafri esqatologiuri molodinia.

aq, danarCeni protestantuli mimdinareobebisagan gansxvavebiT, SenarCunebulia

sami saidumlo _ naTlisReba, konfirmacia (suliwmidis aRbeWdva anu igive miron-

cxeba) da ziareba. axalmociqulebi naTlaven bavSvebs da micvalebulTaTvisac lo-

culoben, e. i. panaSvidebs ixdian.

axalmociqulTa pirveli Temi saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, 1994 wels daarsda mo-

ciqul bernd klipertis misioneruli moRvaweobis Sedegad. b.kliperti erovnebiT

germanelia. amitom `qarTvel axalmociqulTa~ didi nawili qarTveli germanelebi

arian. TbilisSi ori eklesia arsebobs (avlabarsa da saburTaloze). analogiuri

eklesiebia baTumSi, quTaisSi, axmetasa da zog sxva raionSi.

axalsamociqulo eklesia saqarTveloSi 700-mde wevrs aerTianebs.

marginaluri eklesiebi

marginalia laTinuri sityvaa (marginis _ kide) da zRvargadasulobas, ganapire-

bas niSnavs. `marginaluri mdgomareoba”, `marginaluri saqcieli~ iurisprudenciaSi

pirovnebis kontrolgare mdgomareobas, kontrolgare saqciels, e. i. cnobierebis

dakargvas da mis miRma myofobas gulisxmobs. religiaTmcodneobasa da sociolo-

giaSi marginalur qristianobas zRvargadasul protestantobas eZaxian. masSi is

religiuri organizaciebi moiazreba, romelTa arsebiTi niSani mocemuli qveynis

kulturul warsulTan, awmyosTan da, zogadad, kulturul RirebulobebTan

konfliqtia. maSasadame, maT izolacia, msoflio anu ekumenuri moZraobebisaTvis

zurgis Seqceva, cxovrebis ucnauri stili da zogadqristianuli msoflmxedve-

lobisagan mkveTrad gamijnuli Teoriebi axasiaTebT. es pirvel rigSi bibliisa da

samebis dogmatis gaazrebaze iTqmis. igulisxmeba rogorc bibliis teqstis uaryofa

(mag. duxoborebi), misi mxolod simboluri gaazreba (malaknebi) da mis gverdiT

avtoritetad sxva werilobiTi wyaros dasaxeleba (mag. `mormonTa wigni~), ise samebis

erTarsebobis ugulvebelyofa (`iehovas mowmeebi~), Zveli da axali aRTqmis

gaumijnaoba (me-7 dRis adventistebi, romlebic SabaTs huriaebr inaxaven) da qristes

gverdiT sxva mxsnelis, sxva qristes aRiareba, e. i. pirovnebis gakulteba da gafetiSeba

(xlistebi da Tanamedrove totalitaruli seqtebi).

eklesiasa da seqtas Soris mTavari gansxvaveba Riaobis xarisxsa da pirovnebas-

Tan mimarTebaSi mdgomareobs. eklesia sayovelTao da gaxsnili samyaroa. misi wev-

rebi sulieri zrdisa da ganviTarebis kibes nebayoflobiT da nabij-nabij gadian.


seqta Caketili sivrcea, romlis wevrebi axali wevrebis mosazidad facifucoben.

miiReben mas, vinc filtraciis aparatSi gaivlis. ar SeiZleba, vTqvaT, Rvinis

daleva, Tambaqos moweva da sx. vinc am pirobas daarRvevs, man seqta unda datovos.

Rvinosa da Tambaqoze uaris Tqma eklesiis moTxovna da idealicaa, magram vinc am

moTxovnas ver asrulebs, eklesiidan ar agdeben.

seqtantobis ukiduresi formaa kulti anu totalitaruli seqta. ase im seqtebs

eZaxian, sadac avtoritarizmi batonobs da morwmuneebi winamZRvrebs monisebr

emorCilebian.

daismis kiTxva: arseboben Tu ara saqarTveloSi totalitaruli seqtebi?

Cvens masmediaSi araerTgzis gaiJRera cnobam, rom saqarTveloSi, kerZod, Tbi-

lisSi arseboben da moqmedeben iseTi totalitaruli seqtebi, rogorebicaa `muni-

tebi~ da `saientologebi~. gazeT ~alias~ Tu davujerebT (2000, 28-29.X, #170), sa-

qarTvelos ganaTlebis saministro ukve `seqtantebis klanWebSi moeqca”, radgan

iq Turme munitebis amerikul organizacias saqvelmoqmedo fondi dauarsebia. gaz.

`rezonansis~ cnobiT, sapatriarqo SiSobs: `munitebma, SesaZlebelia, mTavrobaSic

SeaRwion~ (2000, 26.I, #21). isini, gvauwyebs `axali saqarTvelo~ (2000 24.I I-2.I I I , #4;

l.jaSis korespondencia), TbilisSi mowamlul tkbileuls da mamakacis spermiT

Sezavebul coms avrceleben. msgavsi sensaciebi Cvens presaSi iSviaToba araa. maTi

avtorebi Jurnalistebi arian. maT mier gavrcelebuli xmebis safuZvlianoba kom-

pententur samsaxurebs dRemde arc daudasturebiaT da arc uaruyviaT, e.i. ar

gaurkveviaT _ realur diversiasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu Jurnalistur provokacias-

Tan, rac samwuxaroa. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom arc munitebis, arc saientologebis

da arc rajniSebis (oSos kultis, indur-amerikuli mimdinareobis) saqarTveloSi

myofoba mosaxleobisaTvis SesamCnevi araa.

duxoborebi da malaknebi

duxoborebi da malaknebi erTmaneTis ganayofni arian. asparezze jer duxobo-

rebi gamovidnen. es XV I I I s-is 60-ian wlebSi moxda voroneJis guberniaSi. glexebi

saero xelisuflebiTa da oficialuri eklesiis mRvdelmsaxurTa saqmianobiT

ukmayofiloni iyvnen. amiT ki eresiarqebma, vinme siluen kolesnikovma, matyliT

movaWre ilarion pobixorinma da gadamdgarma unteroficerma kapustinma

isargebles da TavianTi moZRvrebis energiulad qadageba daiwyes. male maT mim-

devarTa didi gundi gaiCines, romlebmac TavianT Tavs `duxoborebi~ anu `suli-

saTvis mebrZolni~, `suliT mebrZolni~ uwodes. amiT gamoxates rwmena, rom isini

wmida sulis matarebelni arian da amave suliT ebrZvian satanas.

duxoborebma uaryves bibliis teqsti da mis nacvlad SemoiRes `cxovrebis wig-

ni~. es `wigni~ arsebobda zepirad da gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, romelic gvian

mecnierebma Caiweres da mkvlevrebisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. `cxovrebis wignSi~


Tavmoyrilia Tqmulebebi da istoriuli cnobebi am mimdinareobis Seqmnisa da misi

Semdgomi bedis Sesaxeb. iq garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom duxoborebi ar scnoben

marTlmadidebel eklesias, mis ritualebs, sasuliero ierarqias, saeklesio sa-

idumloebebs, dogmatebs, jvar-xatebs, taZrebs. aRiareben qristes, magram ara

RmerTad, aramed adamianad, romelSic yvelaze metad gamovlinda RvTaebrivi suli

da goni; igi Cveulebriv adamianad daibada, romelSic RvTis suli da goni Semdeg

Casaxlda (es Teoria pavle samosatelisa da nestoris Teorias hgavs. ix. zem. gv.

107-111). maTi rwmeniT, RmerTi gamorCeul pirovnebebSi dResac `saxldeba~. aseT

pirovnebebs RvTis dari pativi unda mivagoT.

`cxovrebis wigni~ Seicavs zepir uwyebebs, Selocvebs, kiTxva-pasuxebs, sagalob-

lebs, romelTa bolo muxli aseTia: `naweri mkvdaria, sityva ki cocxali~. maTTvis

RmerTi siyvaruli, sibrZne da sikeTea. aRmerTeben TavianT beladebs; aqvT martivi

RvTismsaxureba. swamT sulis ukvdaveba da ziarebas iReben sulierad, sityvierad.

maTi erT-erTi dogma aseTia: kaenis STamomavlobam Seqmna eklesia, sadac yvelaf-

risaTvis fuls moiTxoven, sadac yvelaferi iyideba, yvelaferi maxinjdeba. abelis

memkvidreni duxoborebi arian. maT sCagraven kaenis Svilebi anu marTlmadideb-

lebi. am Cagvrasa da tanjvas abelis STamomavloba uZlebs, radgan swams, rom wmida

sulis daxmarebiT sabolood daamarcxebs kaenis memkvidreebs.

aseTi Teoriisa da rwmenis safuZvelze aRmocenebul Tems `qristes sxeuli~ da,

meorenairad, ~sulieri qristianebi~ ewoda. pobiroxinma Tavi mesiad gamoacxada,

airCia 12 mociquli da sazeimod Sevida qalaq tambovSi TiTqosda mosaxleobis

mxsnelad, magram igi daapatimres da gaacimbires. es 1775 wels moxda.

devnis miuxedavad, duxoborobam tamboveli mosaxleobis erT nawilSi fesvi

gaidga. revoluciamde maTi ricxvi ruseTSi 20 000-mde aRwevda.

male imave TemSi sxva mimarTulebac gamoikveTa: pobiroxinis mowafem, TerZma

semion ukleinma, gadasinja winamorbedis moZRvreba da axal denominacias daudo

saTave. esaa malaknoba.

malaknebi, duxoborebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRiareben bibliis avtoritets, mag-

ram yvelafers, bibliis teqstsac da saeklesio saidumloebebsac, simbolurad

gebuloben. magaliTad, erTarseba-sameba, maTi azriT, Semdegnairad unda gavi-

azroT: mamaRmerTi aris mexsiereba, ZeRmerTi _ goneba da suliwmida _ neba. aseve

Taviseburad esmiT maT qristes gankacebis faqti: qriste moevlina qveyanas, raTa

exsna igi moZRvrebiT da ara Tavisi Tavis nebayoflobiTi SewirviT. aRdgomis

saidumlos isini iazreben ara realur faqtad, aramed qristes mcnebaTa aRdgine-

bad mis mimdevarTa Soris. maT, duxoborebis msgavsad, wyliT naTlisReba miaCniaT

zedmetad. aRiareben mxolod am saidumlos sulier mxares. isini naTlobas uwo-

deben moZRvrebis aRqmas, ziarebas _ uflis sityvis STanergvas. morwmuneTa sabo-

loo miznad ki sulier aRorZinebas racxen.


duxoborebi da malaknebi racionaluri mimarTulebis rusul seqtebad ixseni-

ebian.

sityva `malakans~ sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. erTni amboben: `malakani~ imi-

tom ewodaT, rom marxvis dros, saeklesio tradicias rom dapirispirebodnen, rZes

svamdnen (e.i. `malakani~ anu `molokani~ momdinareobs sityvidan `moloko~). sxvani

ki mdinare moloCnaiasTan akavSireben, romlis napirebzec pirveli malaknebis didi

nawili saxlobda. SesaZlebelia, maT es saxeli dacinviT SeerqvaT, radgan isini

magari sasmelebis sastiki winaaRmdegni arian. imasac amboben, malaknebi TavianT

moZRvrebas `sufTa sulier rZes~ adarebdneno. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi malak-

nebis msjelobis Tanaxmad, maT es saxeli ricxobrivi simciris gamo Searqves.

asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom malaknebi da duxoborebi erTi Zirisagan warmoiSvnen da

dRes erTnic da meorenic mcirericxovanni arian. maT socialur idealebs pirvel-

qristianTa zogadcxovreba warmoadgenda. isini pugaCovis ocnebaTa xorcSesxmas

lamobdnen; hqondaT saerTo beRlebi, sasadiloebi, aveji, saxlebi da a.S. Tavidan

yvela erTnairad cxovrobda, mdidar-Rariboba moispo, magram erTi SexedviT. me-19

s-is dasawyisdanve maTi Temebi mdidrebad da Raribebad daiyo. ase rom, uklaso

sazogadoebis maTeulma ideam kraxi ganicada da rodesac ruseTSi baptizmi gav-

rcelda, malaknebis didma nawilma sulieri samSoblo am mimdinareobis wiaRSi hpova.

ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da mTavroba duxoborebsa da malaknebs dev-

nida. 1841-50 wlebSi maTi erTi frTa kavkasiaSi gadmoasaxles. malaknebi Tbilissa

da kaxeTis zogierT raionSi damkvidrdnen. isini ZiriTadad xelosnobas, gansa-

kuTrebiT _ meetleobas misdevdnen. duxoborebma yofili bogdanovkis (dRes nino-

wmindis) raionSi daides bina, sadac adre gamuslimanebuli javaxebi (qarTvelebi)

cxovrobdnen. maT saqmianobas mesaqonleoba da mecxvareoba Seadgens.

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi duxaborebis didma nawilma, religiuri ideale-

bis mixedviT, datova javaxeTi da centralur ruseTSi, winaparTa samSobloSi,

gadasaxlda. maTi ricxvi saqarTveloSi amJamad umniSvneloa. duxoborebisa da ma-

laknebis qarTuli sakrebuloebi dReisaTvis daaxloebiT 3500 murwmunes iTvlis.

`me-7 dRis adventistebi~

adventus laTinuria da niSnavs mosvlas. laparakia macxovris meored mosvlasa

da caTa sasufevlis ganaxlebaze. amdenad, am mimdinareobis qvakuTxedi aris

esqatologiuri molodini. morwmuneebs eWvi ar eparebaT, rom maTsave sicocxle-

Si dadgeba sanatreli dRe anu ukeTurTa warwymedisa da marTalTa cxonebis Jami.

am wuTs isini mudam sasoebiT elian da gadarCenis erT-erT mTavar saxsrad me-7

dRis, SabaTis, Senaxvas miiCneven. ase rom, adventistTa moZRvrebisa da cxovrebis

birTvs meored mosvlis molodini da sauflo dRed kviris nacvlad SabaTis

daweseba warmoadgens.


adventistTa Temi, romlisganac Semdeg `me-7 dRis adventistebi~ warmodgnen,

aSS-Si gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi dafuZnda yofili baptistis, fermer uliam

mileris TaosnobiT. u. milerma winaswarmetyvel danielis wignis 8:14-is mixedviT,

sadac aRwerilia xilva da naxsenebia 2300 dRe-Rame, gamoitana daskvna, rom TiTqos

wuTisofis aRsasruli 1843 wlis 21 martidan 1844 wlis 21 martamdel periodSi

dadgeba. igi winaswarmetyvelebda yvelasa da yvelafris sikvdils, garda adve-

ntistebisa. bevri gulubryvilo am TariRs momzadebuli Sexvda: tovebdnen kar-

midamos, aCanagebdnen qonebas, ar svamdnen, ar Wamdnen da gulxeldakrefilni

elodnen uzenaes ganaCens... winaswarmetyveleba ar gamarTlda. morwmuneTa umrav-

lesobas guli gautyda da seqta miatova, magram milers male gamouCndnen Tanamo-

azreni, romelTac `gamoaswores~ mis mier daSvebuli Secdoma. mqadagebelma samu-

el snoum 1844 wlis 21 martis momdevno dReebSi ganacxada, rom milers patara

Secdoma gaepara da qriste, eWvi araa, 1844 wlis 22 oqtombers mova. imedebi amje-

radac gaqarwylda. magram mileri da sniu ixtibars ar itexdnen da meored mosvlas

sikvdilis bolo wuTamde elodebodnen (mileri 1849 wels gardaicvala). mgznebare

adventistebis didi nawili pirgamexebul aTeistad iqca. da, ai, asparezze gamoCnda

feiqari xiram edsoni, romelmac TariRs _ 1844 wlis 22 oqtomberi _ sxva Sinaarsi

da datvirTva SesZina; daiwyo mtkiceba, am dRes qristem `zeciuri taZris sakurTxe-

veli~ datova da igi dedamiwisaken moemarTeba, Cven ki moTminebis mokrefa gvmar-

Tebso.

adventistebis sulier cxovrebaSi udidesi roli ioseb baitma (1792-1872) Se-

asrula, radgan man SabaTis uqmobis Zveli aRTqmiseuli tradicia ganaaxla da wes-

deba SeimuSava. am wesdebis safuZvelze aRniSnul mimdinareobas oficialurad

`me-7 dRis adventistebi~ ewoda. maT `prospeqtSi~ naTqvamia: `Cven gvwams axali

aRTqmis mowmoba imis Taobaze, rom ieso qriste kvlav mova _ erTdroulad da

yvelasaTvis xilulad. Cven ar viciT, rodis moxdeba es, magram gvjera, rom ukve

axlosaa es dRe~. marTalia, konkretul TariRs adventistebi aRar asaxeleben,

magram dResac amtkiceben, rom cis kabadonze saamiso niSnebi Cans.

adventistebis moZRvrebas didi kvali col-qmarma jeims da elene uaiTebma

daaCnies. isini amtkicebdnen, rom gamoecxadaT angelozi da imogzaures sxvadasxva

planetaze. dawvrilebiT aRweres, Tu ra naxes iupiterze, saturnze. iq samoTxe

sufevso...

elene uaiTma dawera wigni `diadi brZola qristesa da satanas Soris~ (Targm-

nilia qarTulad da gamocemulic), romelSic vrclad warmoaCina adventistTa

rwmenis safuZvlebi. aq umTavresi adgili kvlav meored mosvlis motivs ekuTvnis;

qriste gamogvecxadeba Zalian male da damyardeba sasufeveli. TariRi dakonkre-

tebuli aqac araa.

`me-7 dRis adventistoba~ Zvel rjulze dafuZnebuli qristianobaa.


radgan RmerTma meSvide dRes daisvena, adventistebi SabaTs uqmoben da RvTis-

msaxurebas am dRes asruleben. SabaTs isini saarsebo produqtebsac ar yiduloben,

arc wignebs. amitom maT `me-7 dRis adventistebi~ ewodebaT.

RvTismsaxurebis dros adventistebi urTierTsiyvarulisa da morCilebis niS-

nad erTmaneTs fexebs banen. isini yuradRebas kvebis reJimze amaxvileben; moiT-

xoven `sanitarul reformas~, rac racionidan Roris xorcis, yavis, kakaosa da

misTanaTa amoRebas gulisxmobs; magari sasmelebi sastikad akrZalulia.

adventistebs saiqio cxovrebaze Taviseburi rwmena aqvT. isini uaryofen jojo-

xeTis arsebobas da qadageben codvili sulebis gaqrobas, araraobad qcevas. sa-

iqioSi adgili mxolod samoTxisaTvisaa, romlis binadarni marTali adventistebi

arian.

adventistebi or nawilad arian gayofili. pirvels SedarebiTi liberalizmi

axasiaTebs da misi mimdevrebi TavianT Tavs oficialur da Ria eklesias uwodeben.

meore radikalurobiT gamoirCeva. misi mimdevrebi TavianT Tavs sazogadoebisa

da saxelmwifosagan ganyenebulad moiazreben. saqarTveloSi orive mimarTuleba

arsebobs.

`me-7 dRis adventistebi~ saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1904 wels gamoCndnen. maT

TbilisSi mcirericxovani Temi Camoayalibes, romelic rusulenovani iyo. cnobili

araa, es Temi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisadmi liberaluri iyo Tu radikaluri.

sabWoTa periodSi orive mimarTuleba arsebobda da dResac arsebobs.

`me-7 dRis adventistTa~ eklesia, romelsac isini `msoflio eklesias~ uwodeben,

dayofilia divizionebad teritoriis mixedviT. divizionebi, Tavis mxriv, _ uni-

onebad (gaerTianebad). saqarTvelo kavkasiis unionSi Sedis. kavkasiis unioni _ evra-

ziis davizionSi. kavkasiis unionis centraluri Stab-bina rostovSi mdebareobs.

oficialur adventistTa Temebi saqarTvelos bevr regionSi arsebobs. maTi wev-

rebis ricxvi 350-s udris. TanamgrZnob-moarulebianad _ 500-s. TbilisSi ori

eklesiaa.

saqarTvelos adventistTa gaerTianebis prezidenti aris saqarTveloSi erT-

erTi uxucesi adventisti petre lagutovi, generaluri mdivani _ grigol wama-

laSvili. igi, amasTanave, naZaladevis eklesiis xucesicaa.

radikaluri frTis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom maT reforma moaxdines. amitom maT

adventist-reformatorebs uwodeben. isini aqtiurebi sabWoTa periodSi iyvnen,

radgan moRvaweobis ZiriTad mizans sabWoeTis satanuri arsis mxileba da propa-

ganda warmoadgenda. maT Zlieri Temebi soxumsa da TbilisSi gaaCndaT. cxovrob-

dnen konspiraciulad; qadagebdnen individualurad da TavSekavebulad, Tumca

radikalurad da eqstremistulad, ris gamoc sdevnidnen da apatimrebdnen. dRes

maTi ricxvi Semcirebulia da daaxloebiT 50-s aRwevs. ikribebian ojaxebSi. aqvT

gasaidumloebuli Sinaganawesi.


reformatorebis ricxvi da gavrcelebis areali ara marto saqarTveloSi, ara-

med yvelgan mcirea. maTi eklesiebi 36 qveyanaSia, liberalebisa ki - 200-mde qveya-

naSi. saqarTveloSi adventistTa ricxvi 400-s aRwevs.

ìehovas mowmeebi~

es konfesia CvenSi ieRovelebis saxeliTaa cnobili. ìahve~, romlis damaxinje-

buli forma ìeRovaa~, Zvelebrauli sityvaa da RvTis erT-erTi saxelia. niSnavs:

`myofs~, àrsebuls~, `WeSmarits~. maSasadame, iahve epiTetia, romelic Semdeg ga-

substantivda da RvTis sakuTar saxelad, eTnonimad iqca. ìehovas mowmeebs~ swamT,

rom iahve RvTis ucvalebeli saxelia da igi dResac am saxeliT unda movixsenioT.

XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amerikaSi, pensilvaniis Statis qalaq

alebsinSi, `bibliis mkvlevarTa sazogadoeba~ Camoyalibda, romlis xelmZRvaneli

mewarme Carlz teis raseli gaxldaT. 1879 wels daarsda Jurnali `saguSago koSki~,

romelmac xsenebuli sazogadoebis gaaqtiurebas stimuli misca da saTave axal

religiur mimdevrobas daudo. sazogadoeba 1884 wels registraciaSi iqna gata-

rebuli da prezidentad raseli airCies. 1909 wels `saguSago koSkis~, rogorc

sazogadoebis, mTavari sammarTvelo niu-iorkSi, bruklinSi, gadaitanes. 1931 wels

`bibliis mkvlevarebma~ ìehovas mowmeTa~ saxeli SeiZines da samoRvaweo asparezi

msoflio masStabiT gaafarToves. isini raselistebisa da ruterfordistebis

saxeliTac arian cnobili (jozef franklin ruterfordma 1916 wels raseli

Secvala).

ìehovas mowmeTa~ arsebiTi niSani quCa-quCa da kar-kar siarulia. isini esaubre-

bian yvelas, vinc gauCerdebaT; urigeben literaturas da, visac interess SeniS-

naven, Sekrebebze epatiJebian. maT praqtikaSi udidesi adgili e.w. Studiebs anu

bibliis Seswavlas uWiravs. awyoben regionalur, respublikur da saerTaSoriso

kongres-konferenciebs. gamoirCevian aqtiurobiT.

~iehovas mowmeebi~ uaryofen samebis dogmats da aRiareben erT erTsaxovan

RmerTs, romelsac daJinebiT iahves, ufro gavrcelebuli variantiT _ iehovas

uwodeben; ieso qristes miiCneven RvTis mxolodSobil Zed da pirvelqmnilebad;

uaryofen suliwmidis pirovnulobas da mas `RvTis uxilav qmediT Zalas~ uwodeben;

ar sjeraT sulis ukvdaveba, samoTxisa da jojoxeTis arseboba; swamT, rom daar-

sdeba iahves samefo, romelSic 144.000 rCeuli damkvidrdeba da ukvdavebas ezi-

areba. maT eaxlebaT uamravi qveSevrdomi, romlebic ukvdavni iqnebian, magram mainc

qveSevrdomebi. isini uars amboben cecxlsasrol iaraRze da alternatiul samxed-

ro samsaxurs moiTxoven. eridebian sisxlis gadasxmas da a.S.

ìehovas mowmeTa~ TeologiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs brZolas qristesa

da lucifers Soris. ukanaskneli adamianTa meTvalyure iyo, magram ampartavnebis

seni Seeyara da zeciur mamasTan gaTanabreba moisurva. man acduna adami da eva da,


radgan RvTis uZlurebis iluzia Seqmna, yovlisSemoqmeds omi gamoucxada. es omi

dRemde grZeldeba. man umZafresi saxe mas Semdeg miiRo, rac satanis amqveyniuri

samefo _ sabWoTa kavSiri da socbanaki _ Seiqmna. 1918 wels dedamiwaze ieso qriste

dabrunda da aRniSnuli omis axali faza _ armagedoni _ daiwyo. misi mizani yvela

sataniseuli saxelmwifos damsxvrevaa, ris Sedegadac moispobian urwmunoni da

Seiqmneba erTiani, Teokratiuli, `iehovas mowameTa~ RvTaebrivi saxelmwifo; Sei-

musreba luciferi da misi armia.

`iehovas mowmeTa~ ricxvi, 1996 wlis monacemebiT, xuT milions aRwevs. maTi orga-

nizaciebi dRes oficialurad Tu araoficialurad da metnaklebi warmatebiT

msoflios TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs.

saqarTveloSi am mimdinareobis istoria 1953 wlidan iwyeba. sxvadasxva dros

da sxvadasxva regionSi qadagebdnen valentina miminoSvili, romelsac iehovas

mowmeebi nacistur sakoncentracio banakSi gaucvnia, Zmebi gudaZeebi (cimbiridan

1962 wels dabrunebulebi), vladimer gladiuki (romelic viTom samuSaos saZebrad,

sinamdvileSi ki galis raionSi samisionerod Sevida) da sxvani. 1970 wels engur-

hesze Tormeti prozeliti (axladmoqceuli) moinaTla, rac uSiSroebis samsaxurs

SeumCneveli ar darCenia da mqadagebelTa winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebic

aRiZra. amis miuxedavad, 1973 wlis 19 agvistos iehovas mowmed soxumSi 45 kaci

moinaTla. maTi mimdevrebi 1976 wels TbilisSic gaCndnen da male dedaqalaqi qar-

Tveli iehovelebis centrad iqca.

`saqarTvelos iehovas mowmeTa kavSiri~ (es maTi oficialuri saxelwodebaa)

dRes, mesveurTa TqmiT, 15000-s monaTlul wevrs aerTianebs, TanamgrZnob-Tanamd-

gomelebianad ki _ 40000-s. isini TiTqmis yvela raionSi gvxvdebian. centraluri

ofisi TbilisSi aqvT. iq uxucesebi da zedamxedvelebi periodulad ikribebian da

saWirboroto sakiTxebze msjeloben. kavSiris Tavmjdomaris movaleobas amjerad

badri kopaliani asrulebs. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis sakrebuloebze Tbi-

lisis iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeba. sakrebuloebs specialuri saxlebi, e.w. samefo

darbazebi, saqarTveloSi ar aqvT, ris gamoc mowmeebi kerZo binebSi ikribebian.

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