ta&SUu ae0ef;xGufonfUyrm...
Transcript of ta&SUu ae0ef;xGufonfUyrm...
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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ta&SUu ae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
odef;azNrifh
(yxrwGJ)
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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1
wifxGef;[k rSnfhac:ykH
uRefawmfhemrnf wifxGef;rSm i,femrnfr[kwfyg/
uRefawmhfi,femrnfrSm uRefawmfhtudku bOD;jzpfojzifh uRefawmfu bxl;jzpfcJUygonf/
odkU&mwGif uRefawmf jrefrmpmoifausmif; (0g) avmu"mwfausmif;rS xGufí t*Fvdyf
ausmif;odkU ajymif;a&TUaomtcgrS uRefawmhfemrnfudk wifxGef;[k ajymif;vdkufygonf/
taMumif;um; bxl;[laomtrnfrSm aeUeHESifh rudkuf&kHru &dk;vnf; &dk;vGef;onf/
uRefawmf rSm paeom;jzpfojzifh paeeHjzifhpNyD; paetnTefUwuf&vQif tvGef bkef;wefcdk;
BuD;rnf? ausmfMum;rnf? ynmxGef;rnf? pnf;pdrfOpömaygrnf ponfjzifh uRefawmfwdkU&GmrS
aA'ifq&m OD;tHUBuD;uqdkum q&mtHUudk,fwdkif ausmufoifykef;wGif paeay: paetnTefU
wufaom emrnfrsm;pGma&;í uRefawmhftm; a&G;cs,fapaomaMumifh wifxGef;[laom
trnfudk a&G;cs,f,lvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/
uRefawmftbdk;rSm avQmufvTmpma&;BuD;jzpfNyD; uRefawmfhtazrSm ajrwdkif;pma&;jzpfonf/
uRefawmfhtarharmif uRefawmfhOD;av;rSm NrdKUtkyf&kH;pma&;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfhta':
wpfa,muf\a,mufsm;? uRefawmfh OD;av;awmfolrSm 'dpBwdwfaumifpD pma&;jzpfavonf/
xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfwdkUtrsKd;rSm pma&;rsKd;jzpfonf[kqdkvQif rrSm;Edkifyg/
pma&;rsKd;rSm vljzpf&jcif;twGuf uRefawmfu rausreyfjzpf&aumif;rSef; rodaomfvnf;
uRefawmfhtazonf rsm;pGm rausreyfjzpf[ef wlavonf/ ]]pma&;jzpf&wmavmuf EkHwm
avmurSmr&Sdbl;}} [k uRefawmfhtazu cPcP ajymavh&Sdavonf/
pma&;b0wGif uRefawmfhtaz tonf;temqkH;tvkyfrSm v,f0ef (odkUr[kwf ajrpm&if;
0efaxmuf) tm; bk&m;xl;&jcif;ESifh &Sdcdk;&jcif;tvkyf jzpfavonf/ &Sdckd;&jcif; qdkonfrSm
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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pum;wifpm; ajymjcif;r[kwfyg/ wu,fyif v,fq,fjzmMumy'kHjzifh ezl;jyifwifí &Sdckd;
&jcif;jzpfaMumif; uRefawmfudk,fwdkif jrifzl;ygonf/
,if;uJUodkU uRefawmfhtaz tonf;temqkH; tvkyfrsm;wGif wzspfawmufawmuf
arhaysmufr&atmif tonf;emjcif; txGwfo&zlrSm þodkUjzpfygonf/
olESifh ajrwdkif;ausmif;aezuf olUoli,fcsif; wpfa,mufonf olUvkd ajrwdkif;pma&;b0rS
t*FvdyfpmtvGwfoifNyD; q,fwef;atmifí tvkyfwufoGm;&m aemufqkH; acwÅ v,f0ef
rif;yif jzpfoGm;avonf/ olonf acwÅv,f0efrif;tjzpfjzifh uRefawmfhtaz\ tkyfpkodkU
uGif;qif;vsuf ppfaq;avonf/ xdkoli,fcsif;a[mif; acwÅv,f0efrif; tm;vnf;
uRefawmfhtazonf bk&m;xl;vdkuf&ygonf/ tJ'Dwkef;u uRefawmfhtazu ]]ighom;? rif;
t*Fvdyfpm wwfatmifoif&r,f? wpfaeU v,f0efjzpfatmif vkyf&r,f[k uRefawmfhb0
twGuf vrf;nTeforI jyKygavonf/
wpfcgu uRefawmfhtazonf om&kd;ukef;qdkaom tkyfpkudk udkif&avonf/ uRefawmfh
toufum; tawmfyifi,fao;onfxif\/ uRefawmfwdkUonf om&dk;ukef;&GmwGif aeMu
avonf/ xdk&Gmum; aywpf&mvrf;rBuD;ay:rSmyif wnf&Sd\/ om;&dk;ukef;wGif aeMucdkuf
rsufESmjzLv,f0efwpfOD; vma&mufavonf/ &GmwGif AdkvfwJr&Sdjcif;aMumifh uRefawmfwdkU\
tdrftay:xyfudk AdkvfwJozG,f vkyfay;xm;&avonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rS aumfaZm
rsm; iSm;um cif;ay;xm;&m rsufESmjzLv,f0efrif;u zdeyfBuD;pD;í aumfaZmay:rSm avQmuf
\/ olUpm;yGJxkd;tm; uRefawmfwdkUu Muuf? MuufO? om;ig;rsm; ay;&\/ 4if;u txl;xl;
aomenf;rsm;jzifh AdkvfpmjyifqifcsufjyKwfí v,f0efrif;tm; yGJawmfquf&\/ uRefawmf
wdkU tokH;jyKaeaom ,kdtdrfom&Sdygvsuf rsufESmjzLv,f0efrif;twGuf ESD;aMumfzsmumí
tdrfomopf vkyfay;&\/ uRefawmfrSwfrdygao;onf/ uRefawmfonf þodkUpdwfrSm jzpfrd
avonf/ þrsufESmjzLv,f0efrif;BuD;onf tom;ta&mifvnf; igwkdUESifhrwl? pm;ykH
vnf; igwkdUESifhrwl? ,kdykHvnf; igwdkUESifhrwl? {uEÅ olUacs;onfvnf; igwkdUESifh wlrnf
r[kwf/ xkdodkUpdwfrSmjzpfNyD; uRefawmfonf ol,dkxm;aomacs;udk oGm;Munfhavonf/
uRefawmfwdkU\acs;ESifh wlaeonfudk awGU&aomtcg rsm;pGm tHUMoaerdavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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uRefawmfhtazonf rsufESmjzLv,f0efrif;tm; uRefawmfhavmuf txifBuD;rBuD;udkum;
rajymwwf/ okdUaomf olUtm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;u aumfaZmay:wGif zdeyfpD;avQmufaponfh
wdkifatmif jyKpk{nfhcHonfudk axmufvQif tawmftxifBuD;onf[kum; qdkEdkifayonf/
rsufESmjzLv,f0efrlum; uRefawmfhtazudk tawmftxifao;[ef&Sd\/ uRefawmfhtaztm;
eifESihfigESifh pum;ajym\/ þrQruao;? uGif;ppf&if; }'rf;zl;} [katmfum ajrykHvdyfjzifh
uRefawmfhtaz\ rsufESmudkayguf\/ uRefawmfhtaz\ rsufESmrSm eDjref;oGm;avonf/
okdU&mwGif vuftkyfcsDí aemufqkwfoGm;NyD; v,f0efrif;uG,f&mrSm pdwfqdk;qdk;ESifh xef;&nf
eif;aomufjcif;udkom vkyfEdkif&Smavonf/ aemufuRefawmf odwwfaom t&G,fa&mufrS
uRefawmfhtaz ajymjyonfrSm olonf a'gotrsuf acsmif;acsmif;xGufNyD; rsufESmjzL
v,f0efrif;BuD; acgif;udk &dkufcJG&ef oHwkwfwpfacsmif; aqmifxm;ao;onf/ tcsufaumif;
ay:í &dkufvdkufrnfvkyfaomtcg uRefawmfhtarESifh uRefawmfwkdU rsufESmrsm;udk ajy;jrifNyD;
]]tif;? ig&rf;vdkuf&if olwkdU 'ku©vSvSBuD; awGUawmhrSyJ}} [k olUpdwfudkol qkH;rvdkuf&
onf qkdayownf;/
xdktaMumif;udk jyefajym&if;..
]]tif;? pma&;vkyf&wmavmuf EkHwm avmurSmbmrSr&Sdbl;/ t*Fvdyf ausmif;qufaeEdkif
atmif av;wef;paumv&Spf &atmifoif/ t*FvdyfpmwwfrS ajrwkdif;pma&;rjzpfbJ
v,f0efjzpfrSm? em;vnfvm;}} [k oifcef;pmay;jyefavonf/
uRefawmfhtazrSm EkHvSaom ajrwdkif;pma&;b0udk pGefUvTwfvdkvS\/ xdkUaMumifh pGefUvTwf
Edkif&ef wpfzufu ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vkyfprf;\/ aq;vdyfckHaxmifMunfh\/
atmufjynfatmuf&GmokdU yJ? oeyfcg;acguf? qD;oD;rsm; ydkUprf;\/ iHjym&nfa&mif;\/
ta&mif;t0,f rpGH&kHru rdbtarGtESpfjzpfaom ,mawmESpfawmqkH;? aetdrf cspfwD;vuf
tyf&onftxd jzpfoGm;av\/ ajrwdkif;pma&;tvkyfudk tulpma&;vufwGif rsufESmvTJ
xm;&m trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; vpf[if;jcif;awGrsm;NyD; olygtvkyfjyKwfawmhrwwf jzpfoGm;
avonf/ uHaumif;í arsmufopfudkif;vGwf rjzpfonf/ odkUESifh 'kH&if;twdkif; ajrwdkif;
pma&; jyefjzpfavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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uRefawmfhtazonf pma&;b0udk awmfvSefvdk\/ oludk,fwdkif rawmfvSef&SmawmhNyD/ xkdU
aMumifh uRefawmfhtm;om ol\awmfvSefa&;rSDckd&m? wnfaqmuf&m? tm;xm;&m? arQmfvifh
p&m tjzpfjzifh owfrSwfxm;ygavawmhonf/ uRefawmfonf jrefrmpm 4-wef;wGif
paumvm;&Spf &&rnf/ t*Fvdyfpm q,fwef;atmifatmif oif&rnf/ ajrwdkif;pm&if;
tifpywfawmf ausmif;wuf&rnf/ tifpyufawmf vkyfief;vkyf&if; tvkyfudk BudK;pm;um
v,f0efjzpf&rnf/
uRefawmfhrSmvnf; OmPfuav;uvnf; txdkuftavsmuf&Sd? vkHUvvnf; tawmftwef
xkwfojzifh jrefrmpm 4-wef; paumvm;&Spf pmar;yGJudk atmifygavonf/ xdkUaMumifh
t*Fvdyfausmif; ajymif;ae&awmhrnf/ xdkUaMumifh emrnfopf wifxGef;udk a&G;,lvdkufyg
onf/
emrnfopfa&G;onfhaeUu aA'ifq&mBuD; OD;tHUtm; uRefawmfhtazu-
]]om;okH;rsKd; &SdwJUteufu uRefawmfhom;u twdZmwom;As/ tazhxufjrwfwJUom;?
ZmwmcGifudkvnf; Munfhprf;ygOD;/ t"dywdzGm;? Munfhprf; Opfb,fEScsyf&ovJ}}
OD;tHUBuD;onf uGrf;aoG;jApfceJaxG;NyD; ausmufpvif;tppf rsufrSefatmufrS rsufvkH;rsm;udk
yifhrí ZmwmcGifudk Munfhaeavonf/ yg;pyfrSvnf; ]]aem{uaem? a'G;ukwf}} ponfjzihf
&Gwfaeygonf/
uRefawmfhtarum; vufzufudk wkdUíwdkUí NrKHUvsuf-
zcifBuD;um; yg;pyfudk&GJUí ZmwmudkMunfhNyD;aemuf-
]]uRefawmfhom; rsufESmjrifcgeD;rSm tdyfrufxl; jrifxm;w,fAs? bk&m;ocif aumif;uifu
psmef<uvmwm zl;&w,fvdkU}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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uRefawmfum; Zmwdcsufa<u &yf&Gmajrudk pGefUcGm&avNyD/ t*Fvdyfausmif;&Sd&m NrdKUodkUoGm;í
t*Fvdyfausmif;om; jzpf&avNyD/
a,musmf;bom; v,f0efjzpf&rnf/
þonfum; uRefawmfhzcif\ tm;ay;oHwnf;/
þonfum; uRefawmf\b0wGif tapmqkH;aom cH,lcsufjzpfygonf/
,cktouf 25Espf wpf0dkuft&G,f ,ck uRefawmhfb0 0w¬KZmwfvrf;p&aom tajca&muf
cgrS xdkuJUodkUaom zcif\ tm;ay;ykHESifh þuJUokdUaom uRefawmf\ cH,lykHwdkUudk jyefvnf
okH;oyfMunfhvdkufaomtcg zcifBuD;udk oa&mfcsifovdkvdk? uRefawmfhudk,fudk,f oem;p&m
aumif;wJU owÅ0gav;yguvm;[k qdkcsifovdkvdk jzpfay:vmaomfvnf;? xkdpOfxdktcgurl
zcifBuD;tm; tajrmftjrifBuD;oltjzpfvnf;aumif;? uRefawmfhudk,fudk,f wpfac:oavmuf
pHajrmufaom om;tjzpfjzihf vnf;aumif; xifrSwfcJUygavonf/
a,mufsm;bom; v,f0efjzpf&rnf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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2
b0&nfrSef;csuf
bm&nf&G,fcsufeJUyJjzpfjzpf t*Fvdyfausmif;odkU a&mufcJUNyD/ acwfynmudk oif&avNyD/
uRefawmfh paumvm;&SpfrSmvnf; rrsm;? tazydkUay;Edkifaom aiGrSmvnf; rrsm;? uRefawmfh
tazrSmvnf; pma&;b0udk pGefUvTwfcsifvSí ukeful;&mrS cspfwD;tm; aetdrftyf&aom
tajcokdU a&mufcJU&kHru rajyvnfao;ojzifh vcxJu a<u;zJUqyf ae&avao;onf/
xdkUaMumifh abmf'grSm vcBuD;ay;íraeEdkif/ uRefawmfhta':ESifh vifawmfarmif 'DpBwdwf
aumifpD pma&;BuD;tdrfrSm ae&avonf/ pma&;BuD;qdkawmh tapcHriSm;Edkif/ xdkUaMumifh
tdrf&Sifrvkyfol uRefawmfhta':tm; tdrfwGif;rI Am[D&udpörsm;wGif ulnD&avonf/
t*Fvdyfausmif;om; qdkaomfvnf; a&xrf;&onf/ aps;oGm;0,f&onf/ qGr;fapmifhavmif;
&onf/ wHjrufpnf;vSnf;&onf/ þrnfaom jrm;ajrmifonfhudpöwdkUrS tm;vyfvQifom
pmzwf&\/ wpfcgwpfcg pmzwfaepOf OD;av;awmfu awmufwdkrnf& cdkif;jyefojzifh
ajy;vdkufvTm;vdkuf&avao;onf/ onfrQruao;? OD;av;awmfu rdef;ri,faeonf
[kqdkNyD; ta':onf nnvdkufacsmif;&m uRefawmfu aemufutazmftjzpf vdkuf&av
onf/
uRefawmfhrSm ausmif;oGm;csdefuvJGí ausmif;om;ESifh rwlvSyg/ tcdkif;tapuav;ESifhom
wlaeygonf/
xdkUaMumifh pmoifysufrnfpdk;&Smaom uRefawmfhtazu uRefawmfhtm; tjcm;tdrfwpftdrfodkU
ajymif;a&TUay;jyefygonf/ 4if;rSm uRefawmfhtazESifh i,fpOfu rddwfaqGjzpfzl;í ,ck
uRefawmfwdkU\ ausmif;rSmyif txufwef;q&m jzpfaeoljzpfygonf/ q&mhtdrfqdkawmh
pmvnf;ydkzwfjzpfrnf[k ,kHMunfonf/ okdU&mwGif xdktdrfrSmvnf; wpftdrfvkH;twGuf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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a&xrf;&? q&mhtwGuf awmufwdkrnf&vkyf&ef ajy;&vTm;&&kHru uav;awGA&yGrdkU uav;
yif xdef;ay;ae& jyefygavonf/
tdrfa&;tdrfudpötvkyfrsm;NyD; pmusufcsdefenf;ojzifh uRefawmfvnf;pdwfraumif;? uRefawmhf
rdbrsm;vnf; pdwfrcsrf;om/ okdU&mwGif uRefawmfwdkUtwGuf t*Fvdyfausmif;aeí acwf
ynm oifcsifvQif onfenf;om&Sdavonf/ okdUjzpf&um; olwdkUtcdkif;rsm;í pmusufcsdef
odyfr&aomfvnf; wpfenf;tm;jzihf pmoifjzpfatmif zefwD;ay;ojzifh uRefawmfhOD;av;tm;
vnf;aumif;? uRefawmfhtazhrdwfaqG xdkq&mtm;vnf;aumif;? ,aeUwdkif aus;Zl;wifpGm
jzifh owd&aeygonf/ 4if;jyif ,ck jyefpOf;pm;vdkufaomtcg t*Fvdyfausmif;om;[k
*dkufBuD;qkdufBuD;ESifh rae&bJ a&xrf;jcif;utp vkyfcJUjcif;onf uRefawmfhtm; tusKd;rsm;
aponf[k xifygonf/ usKd;EGHonf? pdwfBuD;r0if? paomt&nftcsif;rsm;udk uRefawmfhtm;
ay;cJUonf[k ,lqayonf/
pmusufcsdefenf;cJUaomfvnf; pmar;yGJrsm;udkatmif&kHru twef;ausmfí wufEdkifcJUygonf/
þtwGif; uRefawmfhtaz\ tajctaerSmvnf; wpfpwpfp aumif;rGefvmavonf/
a<u;ausoGm;NyD/ ajrwdkif;c? ajrykHul;c? OD;ydkifajymif;c paom w&m;aom vmbfoyfyum
rsm;tjyif ajrcGefawmf avsmhatmifayghatmif okdUr[kwf aumufyJoD;ESH vkH;0ratmifqdkNyD;
vkH;0yvyfEkdifaom wef;ckd;&Sdjcif;aMumifh ]tydk} vmbfoyfyumrsm;vnf; &&Sdavonf/
uRefawmfhtazum; tajctae acsmifcsdonfqdkvQifyif uRefawmfhtm; abmf'gokdUydkU\/
uRefawmfu abmf'graevdkvQif tdfrfiSm;&rf;í xrif;vcay;pm;Edkif&ef pDpOfay;\/ oltm&kH
pdkufaom t&mum; uRefawmfpmusufcsdef rsm;&efomvQif jzpfayonf/
odkUjzifh uRefawmfonf t*Fvdyfjrefrm q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk olrsm; oif&dk;oifcsdefxuf
xuf0ufruapmí atmifjrifcJUavonf/
q,fwef;atmifavNyD/ rlvrSef;ovdk ajrpm&if; tifpyufawmfausmif;udk oGm;ravm?
uRefawmfhtaz\ rSef;csufum; wufoGm;jyefavNyD/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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q,fwef;ratmifcifurl olUtm; EdkifcsifovdkEdkifoGm;aom? olu bk&m;xl;&Sdcdk;vdkuf&aom
v,f0efrsm;ESifh olUom;tm; wef;wljzpfapcsif\/ q,fwef;atmifNyD;aomtcg olUom;tm;
v,f0efrsm;txufu ae&rnfh&mxl;udk a&mufapcsif\/ q,fwef;atmifNyD; bDatatmif
&rnf/ bDatatmifNyD; tdkifpDtufpfatmif&rnf/ þonfum; uRefawmfhtaz\ topf
yGm;wdk;vmaom rSef;csufaywnf;/
olUrSef;csuftwdkif; uRefawmfu cH,lygovm;/
q,fwef;atmifcsdefü þtar;udk uRefawmf av;av;eufeuf qifjcifrMunfhrdyg/ t*Fvdyf
ausmif;ajymif;aepOfu v,f0efjzpf&rnf[k uRefawmf&nfrSef;cJU\/ odkU&mwGif ausmif;wGif
pmoifaomtcg xdkrSef;csufonf wjznf;jznf; aemufqkwfoGm;avonf/ tjcm; rSef;csuf
wpfckkck rnfrnf&&u olUae&mudk ,lonfum; r[kwfyg/ t*Fvdyfausmif;aeí t*Fvdyf
ynm okdUr[kwf acwfynm oif&aomtcgupí ynmwwfatmifoifrnf/ pmar;yGJ
atmif&rnf[laom &nfrSef;csufuom wpfpwpfp vTrf;rdk;vm&m q,fwef;atmifonf
txd jzpfyg\/
wpfcgwpfcg pmzwf&if;aomfvnf;aumif;? ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh pum;pyfrdí
ajymMu&if;jzifh vnf;aumif;? ynmwwfNyD;vQif igbmvkyfrvJ? okdUr[kwf BuD;&if ig
bmvkyfrvJ[laom jyóem ay:vmwwfayonf/ xdktcgrsKd;ü tazu uRefawmfhacgif;xJ
oGif;ay;cJUaom v,f0efjzpf&rnfqdkaom rlv&nfrSef;csuftjyif tjcm;rSef;csufrsm;vnf;
ay:vmwwfayonf/
Oyrm-OD;a&T&dk;\ a0a0vGifZmwfum;udk MunfhNyD;aemuf? OD;a&T&dk;\ ujy[efudk tvGef
ESpfouf pGJvef;jcif;jzpfNyD; ]]igawmh ausmif;xGuf&if &kyf&SifZmwfvdkuf vkyfruGm}} [k
oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; ajymrdavonf/
csm;vfpf'pfuif;? qm0gvfwmpaumh? qm&dkuf'g[uf*wfwdkU\ 0w¬Krsm;udk zwf&aomtcg
0w¬Krsm;udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;oavmuf 0wÅKa&;q&mrsm;udk MunfndKtm;usavonf/
xdkUaMumifh "When I become a man, I will be a novelist, if can" (igvlvm;ajrmuf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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aomtcg wwfEdkifvQif 0w¬Ka&;q&mvkyfrnf) [laom uAsmqefonfh pmuav;udk uAsm
qefaom pdwful;jzihf a&;rdavonf/
uRefawmfwdkU tvGefi,f&G,fí twef;i,fvSaomtcsdefwGif qma*satarmifBuD;onf acwÅ
bk&ifcHBuD; jzpfvmavonf/ qma*satarmifBuD;onf acwÅbk&ifcHtjzpfjzifh wdkif;cef;
vSnfhvnfav&m uRefawmfwdkUNrdKUodkU a&mufvmay\/ xdktcg NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;u
BudKqdkMu&m uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;uav;rsm;vnf; vrf;rSm pDwef;í ,leD,H*suf
tvHudkvTifhum }}atmifqkMobmr*Fvmjzifh? q,fjzmvufajrmuf? qufumavQmufydrfh}}
tpcsDaom a*smhbk&ifbkef;awmfbGJUudk oHNydKif&Gwfvsuf BudKqdkMu&ygonf/ xkdtcgwkef;url
tBuD;qkH;aom t&m&SdBuD;jzpf&ef jyif;xefaomqE´ uRefawmfhwGif jzpfívmygonf/
wpfaeUaomnaecif;wGif ausmif;abmvkH;uGif; jrufcif;ay:ü oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh 0dkif;zJGU
pum;ajymMu&m wifvSESifhpdk;0if;wdkUu q&m0eftvkyf aumif;raumif; jiif;ckHMuav&m
olwdkUESpfa,muf\ tjiif;tckHum; qkH;jzwfcsufrus/ uRefaawmfurl ]]igawmh q&m0ef
vkyfruGm}} [k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufygonf/
odkU&mwGif þrnfþrnfaom &efrSef;csufrsm;um; pE´&m;ay:wGif aMumifckefwuf&mrS
ay:xGufvmaom *DwoHrQom jzpfygonf/ e&Dwdkufí tpDtpOfESifh ay:vmaom
*DwoHrsKd; r[kwfyg/ taMumif;qdkufovdk pum;tvsOf;oifhovdk ay:vmaom &nfrSef;
csufrsm;om jzpfygav\/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 11 -
3
tazhrSef;csufrSm ESrf;xGufESif huGmonf
q,fwef;atmifí aumvdyfa&mufaomfvnf; b0&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí uRefawmf
onf rsm;pGmwdk;wufrI&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifyg/ ydkí&nfrSef;csufrsm;vmonf? axGjym;vmonf
[kom qkd&vdrfhrnf/ tdkifpDtufjzpf&rnf[laom uRefawmfhacgif;wGif;odkU tazoGif;ay;
vdkufonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSmvnf; v,f0efjzpf&rnfqdkaom rlvrSef;csufvdkyif aemuf
uG,frSmom acsmifckdaeavh&Sdygonf/ a&SUqkH;uaeonfh b0&nfrSef;csuf[kyif ac:Edkifrnf
r[kwfaom rSef;csufrSm ynmoif&rnf? pmar;yGJatmif&rnf[líom jzpfygavonf/
pmzwfolwdkU odNyD;jzpfMuonfhtwkdif; &efukefwuúodkvfwnf;[laom ,leDAmpDwDrSm ynm
oifMum;&mü ukefusp&dwf tvGefBuD;av;ygonf/ [kdufpul;ausmif;wkef;u abmf'g?
aumvdyfrSmawmh a[mfpw,fvfac:onfh ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;ae&vQif tazh ajrwdkif;
pma&;vcudk tdrfrSmpm;zdkUrcsefbJ ydkUrS avmufiS&kHavmuf jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ xdkUaMumifh
uRefawmfhrSm xrif;vcaygayg tdrfaecaygaygESifh &rnfhae&m &SmNyD; aeUausmif;om;tjzpf
ESifh ausmif;wuf&avonf/ c&D;p&dwfrukefatmif aumvdyfausmif;ESifhvnf; eD;&rnf jzpf
&m urm&GwfrSmyif ae&avonf/
tv,fwef;txufwef; t*Fvdyfausmif;om;wkef;uvdk a&xrf;jcif;ponfh tdrfrIa&;&m udk
um; rvkyf&awmhay? odkU&mwGif t&yfxJaeonfhtwdkif; &yfrIa&;&mrsm;wGif yg&avonf/
uRefawmfuvnf; rnfrQxd pyfpkygoenf;qkdaomf t&yfxJwGif we*FaEGaeUwdkif; qGrf;cHí
qGrf;BuD;avmif;aom qGrf;BuD;avmif;toif;ukdUyif ydwfjzL0wfpkH0wf toif;om;tjzpfjzifh
yg0if aqmif&Gufygonf/ ydwfjzL0wfxm;aom aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD; qGr;fqefawmif;
xrf;ívnf;aumif;? aMu;pnf&dkufívnf;aumif; qGrf;qefcHxGufaeonfudk awGUEdkifMu
ygonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 12 -
4if;jyif xdkpOftcgu urm&Gwfonf wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;\ tm;taumif;qkH;aom tajccH
&yfuGufwpfck jzpfaeavNyD/ urm&Gwf wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;udk 1934 ckavmufu pwif
wnfaxmifcJU&m pwifwnfaxmifcJUolrsm;rSm ocifodef;azESifh ocifcifarmifwdkU jzpfonf
[k od&avonf/ uRefawmf urm&Gwfa&mufNyD;aemuf urm&Gwfocifrsm;ESifh vkH;rdcsdefwGif
ocifodef;azonf umvuwÅm;odkU a&mufaeNyD[k od&onf/ uRefawmfESifh rawGUvdkuf&
awmhyg/ 4if;um;wufbkef;BuD;0wÅKudk a&;aomaMumifh wufbkef;BuD;odef;az[k ausmfMum;
vmaomolyif jzpfygonf/
ocifcifarmifrSmrl urm&Gwfom; &Srf;jrefrmjzpfNyD; urm&GwfrSmyifaeojzifh uRefawmfESifh
awGU&ygonf/ ocifcifarmifrSmum; jzLjzLykyk cyfwkwfwkwfjzpfavonf/ ocifApdefonf
olUxHokdU tpnf;t&kH;udpöESifh vnf;aumif;? tvnftywfvnf;aumif; vmwwfav&m
uRefawmfjrifawGUzl;&ygonf/ ocifApdefrSm ndKndKykykcyf00yifjzpf\/ olUtm; jznf;jznf;
aES;aES; oGm;vmaeonfudk b,fawmhrSrjrifzl;yg/ olonf ykojzihf olUajcwdkaeonfudk
tNrJowd&um ajcwdkaeonfESifh umrdatmif wrifyif tvSrf;us,fus,fBuD; vSrf;í
oGufoGufBuD; avQmuf[efwlavonf/
4if;jyif olpum;ajymwdkif; a'gESifharmESifh rajymonfhtcg[lí rawGUrjrifzl;yg/ w&m;a[m
pifjrifh ay:rSmvnf; a'garmESihf? ESpfa,mufwrf;ajymvnf; a'garmESihf? vlolav;yg;
rMum;atmif wdk;wdk;ajym&mrSmvnf; a'garmESifhyif jzpfayonf/ olonf rcifqdkaom trsKd;
orD; wpfa,mufESifh nm;oGm;NyD[k owif;pmxJwGif ygvmaomtcg uRefawmf yxrqkH;
pOf;pm;Munfhvdkufaom t&mum; ol orD;&nf;pm;pum; ajymykHwnf;/ olb,fvdkrsm; orD;
&nf;pm; pum;ajymygvdrfh/ 'D a'g'DarmESifh yJavvm;/
urm&GwfxJrSmae&if; uRefawmfonf ocifrsm;ESifh wJGavmif;wJGavmif; jzpfaerdonf/
txl;ojzihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh taygif;yg &JabmfokH;usdyfwGif Adkvfvif;,kefESifh
Adkvfrdk;ndK[k jzpfvmMuaom ocifrsm;rSm uRefawmfESifh &G,fwlvdkjzpfojzifh ydkvdkUwJGrdyg
onf/ ocifrsm;ESifh uRefawmfonf wyl;wGJwJGjzpfaeonfudk urm&Gwfvlxku trSwfxm;
rd[ef rwlaomfvnf; ykvdyfum; aumif;pGmtrSwfxm;av\/ uRefawmfhtm; aumvdyf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 13 -
ausmif;om; EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;tjzpfjzihf oufqdkif&modkU urm&GwfXmerS wdkifcsufydkU[ef
&Sday\/ taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfhtazxHu qlylBudrf;armif;oHESifh csLoHygatmif nnf;
nLoH a&m>yrf;xm;aom pmwpfapmifvmaomaMumifhwnf;/ uRefawmfhtaztm; NrdKUtkyfrif;
u ac:í ]]rif;om;[m ocifawGeJUwJGNyD; EdkifiHa&;vkyfaew,fvdkU bk&ifcHrif;BuD;qDu pm
vmw,f? tpdk;&trIxrf; om;orD;[m EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&bl;qdkwm owday;zdkUvdkw,f/
rif;om;qDudk pmcsufcsif;a&;vdkuf}} [k rdefUMum;onf[k xdkpmuqdkavonf/ tazu
uRefawmhftm; EkdifiHa&;orm; vkyfonfhtwGuf qlvdkufavonf/ ]]igtvkyfjyKwfatmif
vkyfwmvm;}} [kvnf; aighawmhawmhar;vkdufonf/ NrdKUtkyfrif;u xdkokdU pum;ac:ajym
aomtcg rdk;BudK;typfcH&ovdk tazcHpm;rdaMumif;? tdrfa&mufaomtcg ]]iga,musmf;&ifhr
BuD; idkBuD;csufrjzpfrdaMumif;}} udk a&;í nnf;nLoHay;avonf/ 4if;aemuf ]]tdkifpDtuf
atmifatmifoif&rnf}} [laom rSef;csufudkrarhzkdU? rSef;csufESifh ESrf;xGufruGmzkdU owday;
EId;aqmfvdkufavonf/
odkU&mwGif uRefawmfhrSm ykvdyftpD&ifcHovdk EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD; r[kwfyg/ t&yfxJae&if;u
t&yfudpörsm; xrf;&Guf&if;u ocifrsm;ESifh aygif;oif;rdjcif;om jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHa&;
pifjrifhokdU wufí w&m;a[mjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? qE´jyyGJacgif;aqmifjcif; aomfvnf;
aumif;? wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; &efykHaiGaumufcHjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; rvkyfcJUay/ okdU&mwGif
EdkifiHa&;rSmawmh pdwf0ifpm;onf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfuvnf; &ifwGif;rSm 0ifaeNyD;jzpfygonf/
i,fi,fuav;wkef;u rif;om;OD;py,fopfESifh rif;orD;OD;zl;ndKwdkU\ &kyfao;udk Munfh&
pOf ]][oFmpvkwfxGef;NyD? jrefrmwdkU acwfaumif;csdefeD;ygNyD}} [k &kyfao;pifay:u w&m;
a[moH Mum;e&uwnf;u trsKd;om;todw&m;awG 0ifvmcJUonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif; ae
wkef;uvnf; q&mawmfOD;eE´rmvmESifh oajyyif&GmrS vlBuD;rsm;u ESpfusdwf&Spfaomif;aom
oHcarmufaqmif; ppfonfrsm;udk uGyfuJvmrnfh rif;avmif;ay:rnfhtaMumif;? xdkrif;
avmif;onf jrefrmjynfBuD;tm; rdpäm'dXdrsm;vufatmufrS u,fwifrnfhtaMumif;rsm;
ajymqkdaqG;aEG;aeMuonfudk Mum;&av&m uRefawmfhrSm rsm;pGm pdwftm;xufoef aerd
ayonf/ twefMumatmif rif;avmif;arQmfonfh 0g'pGJaeao;onf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 14 -
uRefawmfwkdU ajcmufwef;avmufwGif &Sdaewkef; om,m0wDolykefBuD; ay:aygufvmav
onf/ uRefawmfwdkU rnfrQ acsmufcsm;oGm;ygoen;f? uRefawmfwdkU rnfrQ aoG;<uoGm;
ygoenf;/ *VKefq&mpHonf oHcarmufaqmif;í *VKefudkpD;um uRefawmffwdkU ausmif;0if;
xJodkU xdk;qif;vmavrnfavm/
4if;aemuf &efukefouúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;onf *VKefolykef axmufcHa&;rsm; acgif;
aqmifí EdkifiHjcm;txnftvdyf oydwfarSmufa&;? pD;u&uf raomufa&; ponfrsm;
vkyfMuonf[k Mum;vkduf&avonf/ xdktcg uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;awG vdkufvkyfMu
ao;onf/ yifeDtay:tusÐ 0wfvkdufMuao;onf/ rsKd;cspfpdwf\ txdrf;trSwf tjzpfjzifh
vnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyfrqefvdkaom txdrf;trSwftjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;? AdkvfauawG
y,fum acgif;wkH;yif wkH;vkdufMuao;onf/
urm&GwfrSmaeí ocifrsm;ESifh aygif;rdaomtcg EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwf0ifpm;rIESifh rlv&SdNyD;
rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfwkdUonf wdk;wufyGm;rsm;vmonfudkum; 0efcHygonf/ 4if;jyif ocifrsm;udk
uRefawmf MunfndKvmaMumif;udkvnf; 0efcH&ayrnf/
Oyrm- ]acG;acgif; ajymif;jyef uyfvdkufonf} [laom udpöü tcsKdUolwdkUu awmifil
ocifvSarmifonf rdkuf&l;&JvkyfaMumif;? tusKd;r&SdwJUvkyfief; vkyfaMumif; ajymqdk&Iwfcs
avonf/ uRefawmfum; ocifvSarmiftm; csKd;usL;ygonf/ aESmif;vlwdkU em;vnfEdkif&ef
tenf;i,f &Sif;yg&ap/ awmifilrS ocifvSarmifqdkolonf wpfae&modkU pma&;ydkU&m
pmtdwfwGif a*smhbk&ifwHqdyfacgif;udk ajymif;jyefuyfNyD; atmufrS ]acG;acgif;ajymif;jyef
uyfvdkufonf} [k a&;vdkufavonf/ xdkuJUokdUaom jypfrIaMumifh axmif'Pf (7)ESpf
&avonf/ ocifvSarmifonf þtvkyfudk trSwfwrJU vkyfvkdufonfr[kwf/ wrifyif
t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;rIudk qefUusifaom qE´jyyGJwpf&yftaeESifh wpfudk,fwnf; olem;vnf
pdwful;aygufaomenf;jzifh usif;yvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/ ,if;qE´jyyGJum; xda&mufvS
ayonf/
ocifrsm;onf tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;rsm;ESifhrwl/ tiwftjywf tqif;&JcHí EdkifiHa&;
vkyfMu\/ oGm;vmp&m p&dwfr&SdvQif ajcvQifavQmuf\/ om;r,m;? aqGrsKd;rdbESifh
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 15 -
jywfpJrnfvm;? wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;ESifh jywfpJrnfvm; a&G;cs,f&vQif
wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;ESifh rjywfpJEdkif[k a&G;olrsm;jzpfay\/ axmifwef;
udkvnf; raMumufolrsm;jzpf\/ axmufusvQif 0rf;renf;? pdwf"mwfrus? ]ta&SUu
ae0ef; xGef;onfhyrm wdkUacwfudkawmh a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg} [laom wkdUArmoDcsif;udk
qdkvsuf pdwfwif;um cH&JolawGjzpf\/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; jzpfygvsuf vufxdyfcwfjcif;?
vlqdk;&mZ0wfaumifudkvkyfenf; tvkyfcH&aomtcg ociftusOf;orm;rsm;onf xdkif
oydwf arSmufjcif;? tpmiwfcHjcif;? ponfwdkUjzifh qE´jyMu\/ ckHcHMu\/ tcGifhta&;
&atmif aqmif&GufMuav\/ olwkdUvdkrvkyfEdkifOD;awmh? uRefawmfonf olwkdUudk rMunf
ndKbJ &SdEdkifygrnfavm/
urm&GwfwGif puf&kHrsm;&Sdav&m tBuD;qkH;puf&kHrSm wa,mpGyfus,fpuf jzpfavonf/
pGyfus,fpufrS tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; uRefawmfhvdkyif ocifrsm;udk MunfndK\/ olwdkU
\ pGefUpm;rItwGuf csD;usL;\/ urm&GwfrSm ocifw&m;yJGusif;yvQif w,mwHqdyf
pGyfus,fpuf&kHrS tvkyform;rsm;onf tm;wkduftifwkduf wufa&muf tm;ay;Mu\/
uRefawmfonf ocifrsm;udk MunfndKtm;ay;&mü wpfa,mufxD;wnf;BuD; r[kwfyg/
uRefawmfrrSm;Edkifyg/ wpfa,mufxD;wnf;jzpfvQifum; ]]igrsm; rSm;aeNyDvm;}} [k ylp&m
&Sdao;onf/ ,ckrl ylp&mr&Sdyg/ qif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm;vnf; uRefawmfwdkUbufu
&SdaeavNyD/
uRefawmfonf EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwf0ifpm;onf/ jrefrmhacwfaumif;csdefudk arQmfonf/ jrefrmh
vGwfvyfa&;udk vkdvm;onf/ ocifEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk MunfndKonf? tm;ay;onf?
axmufcHonf/ odkU&mwGif uRefawmfudk,fwdkif EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;
jzpfzdkUum; pdwful;yif rxnfhrd&dk; {ueftrSefjzpfygonf/
ykvdyfuawmh uRefawmhtm; EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;tjzpf pm&if;oGif;xm;avNyD/ NrdKUtkyfrif;u
uRefawmfhtaz ajrwdkif;pma&;udk ac:í tpdk;&trIxrf; om;orD;qdkwm EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&bl;
[k owday;pum; qdkavNyD/ tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;um; rvGwfvyf? 4if;wkdU\ om;orD;rsm;
yif rvGwfvyfMu/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIawG rsm;vSbdawmhonf/ þonfum; cH,lvdkufaom
oifcef;pm aywnf;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 16 -
tpdk;&trIxrf;tvkyfudk uRefawmfpdwfemvmonf/ t&m&SdBuD;jzpfOD;awmh? tdkifpDtufpf
jzpfOD;awmh rvGwfvyf[laom tjrifudk jrifvmayonf/ xdkUaMumifh zcifBuD;ay;vkdufonfh
tdkifpDtufpfjzpf&r,f[laom &nfrSef;csufudk rpGefUvTwfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfwJUtvkyf
vkyf&&if aumif;rSmyJ[k xGufayguf&Smrdavonf/ a&SUae? 0wfvkHvkyf&&if raumif;ay
bl;vm;?? vGwfvnf;vGwfvyfr,f? *kPfvnf;&Sdr,f? 0ifaiGvnf; aumif;Edkifw,f/ igh
tBudKuf jzpfEdkifw,f/
&nfrSef;csuf a&G;cs,fa&;ESifhywfoufí uRefawmfonf bufwfrifwef Muufawmifvdk
jzpfae[ef&Sdonf/ tajctae tjzpftysuf trsKd;rsKd;wkdU\ Mum;0,f &dkufykwfxkwfonfh
bufodkU ul;ae&avonf/
aumvdyfausmif;wGif toif;trsKd;rsKd;&Sd\/ arG;&yfa'oqdkif&m toif;rsm;? ynmbmom&yf
qkdif&m toif;rsm;? ausmif;aqmiftvdkuf toif;rsm;? bmoma&;toif;rsm;? usef;rma&;
toif;rsm;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾wdkU jzpfavonf/
uRefawmfwkdU aeUausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; toif;zJGUxm;ao;onf/ uRefawmfonf
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾okdUvnf; 0ifxm;avonf/ 4if;jyif ynmbmom&yfqdkif&m
toif;tcsKdUudkvnf; 0ifxm;avonf/ Ak'¨bmomtoif;udkvnf; vufrvTwfyg/ toif;
tyif; Am[D&udpörsm;rSm tawmfrsm;ay\/ wuúodkvfausmif;or*¾onf t&Sdefwufaewkef;
jzpfavonf/ or*¾OuúXa&G;aumufyGJESifh trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif udk,fwdkif0if
ta&G;rcHaomfvnf; ocifqefaom ausmif;om;rsm;bufrS tEdkif&atmif uRefawmfwkdU
0ifvkH;yef;& ygao;onf/
uRefawmf wuúodkvfpa&mufonfhESpfrSm 1935-36 jzpfav&m ausmif;om;avmuonf
txl;ojzihf tkH<uonfhESpfaywnf;/ 1920 jynfhESpf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH NyD;onfhaemuf
tBuD;qkH; ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH ay:vmaomESpfjzpfonf/ wuúodkvfa&mufcgpESpf
vnf;jzpf? tazhMoZm ylaEG;aewkef;vnf; jzpfjyefav&m xdkausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHwGif
uRefawmf\tcef;rSm bmrQajymprSwfrjyKavmufyg/ 'Da&xJarsmygaeaom aA'gyifavmuf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 17 -
om jzpfygonf/ trsm;enf;wl or*¾xJ0ifvkdufonf/ trsm;enf;wl or*¾rS BuD;rSL;aom
w&m;yJGrsm;okdU oGm;emonf/ trsm;enf;wl vufckyfwD;onf/
trsm;ESifh wlEdkifrnfr[kwfaom tawGUtBuKHuav; wpfckESpfckawmh &Sdygonf/ 4if;wkdUum;
þodkUwnf;/ or*¾OuúXjzpfvmol udkEkonf uRefawmfwkdU wuúodkvfra&mufrD ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGmu bDatatmifNyD; ausmif;q&mvkyfaecJUonf/ aemufrS Oya'oifwef;wuf&ef
wuúodkvfodkU jyefvmcJUjcif;aMumifh uRefawmfwkdUvli,fawGESifh qkHpnf;&jcif;jzpf\/ olUrSm
&Sif;vif;jywfom;aom rsufESm&Sd\/ olUudk,fvkH;udk,faygufESifh olUtouft&G,frSmvnf;
uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;uav;rsm;ESifhpmaomf nDtpfudktrsm;tjym;wGif tpfudktBuDqkH;
ESifh nDtaxG;qkH;awGvdk jzpfaeay&m udkEkonf uRefawmfwkdU\ cspfaMumuf&dkaojcif;udk
cH&avonf/ olonf pum;ajymaomfvnf;aumif;\/ jywfom;pGm ajym&kHru vIyf&Sm;
atmif vIHUaqmfí ajymqdkonf/ þtcsufrsm;wGif trsm;tawGUtBuKHESifh uRefawmfhtawGU
tBuKHjcm;em;vSrnfr[kwfyg/ okdU&mwGif udkEku ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhpfESifh tjcm;
rsufESmjzLygarmu©rsm;udk Armhtay: a[mh&rf;jcif;? armufrmjcif;rsm;twGuf &Iwfcsvkduf
aomtcg uRefawmfhtawGUtBuKHonf trsm;tawGUtBuKHESifh wlEdkfifrnfr[kwf[k xifyg
onf/ uRefawmfonf y&dowfxJu tjcm;olrsm;udk rqkdxm;bd? xdkpum;udkajymaom udkEk
xufyif xdkpum;\ oabmouefudk em;vnfayonf/ taMumif;rlum; uRefawmf
i,fi,fwkef;u bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS iSm;ay;&aom aumfaZmay:wGif zdeyfjzihf avQmufaom
rsufESmjzLv,f0efrif;onf uRefawmfhtaztm; ]]'rfzl;}} [k qJNyD; ajrykHvdyfjzihf rsufESmudk
aygufcJUonfudk udk,fawGUjzpfaomaMumifh aywnf;/
wuúodkvftmPmydkifwkdU\ tjyKtrlrsm;udk uefUuGufaomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyf
e,fcsJUorm;wkdUay;aom uRefynmudk azmfxkwf&Iwfcsaomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif; udkEku
bDatbJGUudk jyeftyfaomtcg ,if;odkUtyfjcif;onf trsm;wumrSmxuf uRefawmfh tay:
wGif ydkípl;&Sxufjrufaom tmedoif&Sdonf[k uRefawmfqdkcsifygonf/ uRefawmfonf
t*Fvdyfpmoifrnf? pmar;yGJatmif&rnf[laom rSef;csufjzifh q,fwef;atmifcJUonf/
aemuf bDatatmif&rnf? tdkifpDtufpfjzpf&rnf [laom jyXmef;csufrsm;jzifh aumvdyfodkU
wufcJUonf/ þjyXmef;csufrsm;udk ESvkH;ydkufí ynmoifaepOf udkEk\ bJGUjyeftyfaom
tvkyfonf ZufBudK;aqmifhqJGvdkufonfESifh wlay\/ ,if;odkUaom jyXmef;csufrsm;\
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 18 -
abmiftwGif;rSm pOf;pm;ae&mrS xkdabmifudk cGJzsufvkdufNyD; vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;aponfESifh
wlay\/ oifMum;ae&aom ynm&yfwpfckvkH;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;vm\/ ynma&;pepf
wpfckvkH;udk a0zefpjyKvm\/ xkdynma&;pepfudk zefwD;ay;vdkufaom e,fcsJUtkyfcsKyfa&;
taqmufttkH wpfckvkH;udk NcKHí qifjcifokH;oyfvmavawmh\/
uRefawmfhtawG;tac:um; ajymif;vJrIpavNyD/
okdU&mwGif tvkyfum;rygvSao;yg/ "avhxkH;pH tusifhponfwkdU\ t&Sdeftmedoifonf
BuD;rm;vSaypG/ pmar;yGJatmifzkdU pmoifonf[laom "avhxkH;pHonf >cif;csufr[kwfay/
xdkUaMumifh 1936 ck? ausmif;om;oydwfBuD; jzpfyGm;vmaomtcg uRefawmfonf trsm;
enf;wl oydwfarSmufí vdkufcJUaomfvnf; awmif;qkdcsuf&vQif ausmif;jyefí pmar;yGJ
aNz&rnf[laom &nf&G,fcsufum; tNrJ&Sdaeavonf/ tdkifpDtufpfatmif&rnf [laom
rSef;csufuav;u OD;aESmuf\ aemufuG,fwpfae&mrS pufykef;ckwfaeqJ jzpfavonf/
oydwfarSmufpü a&Twd*kHukef;awmfay:wGif oydwfpcef;odkU rSefrSefa&muf\/ ntdyfonfh
tcg tdyfvdkufao;\/ aemuf oydwfESifhtmPmydkif ta&;qdkí tBudwfte,fjzpfvmaom
tcg uRefawmfonf rdb&yfxHokdU jyefcJUavonf/ uRefawmfhtazu oydwfarSmuf&mokdU
yg&ygrnfvm;[k qD;íBudrf;av&m ]]trsm;vkyfawmh vdkufvkyf&wmaygh taz&JU/ oHCm
tm; bk&m;rqefomvdkUawmif pum;ykH&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;}} [k uRefawmfu tajzay;
avonf/ taru jyefa&mufvmonfhom;tm; at;jrjcif;ESifh cspfjcif;udkom jy&rnf[k
ulajymavonf/ tazhpdwfrSm rajywwfao;/ uRefawmfu-
]]udpörNyD;jywfao;cif [dkrSmae&if pmrzwfjzpfrSmpdk;vdkU tdrfjyefvmcJUwm? tdrfrSmpmzwfr,f}}
zcifBuD;onf pdwfajyoGm;NyD; tcGefawmfajympmrsm; ukef;a&;aeavonf/ oltvkyfvkyfykH
Munfh&onfrSm uRefawmfh aemufqkH;pum;aMumifh tvkyfESpfqwdk;vkyf&ef pdwfxufoef
oGm;[ef &Sdayonf/
þum; 1936 ck oydwftwGif;u tjzpftysuf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 19 -
aemufESpfrsm;wGifvnf; uRefawmfonf ocifqefaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
pdwftm;jzifh vkH;0axmufcH\/ vufawGUtm;jzifh rJay;jcif;? tpnf;ta0;wuf em;axmif
jcif;rsKd;jzihf axmufcH\/ uRefawmfwkdU axmufcHaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif
udkb*srf;? rdw¬DvmudkvSarmif? udkatmifqef;? udkb[def;? udkAaqG? udkxGe;f&Sdef ponfwdkUudk
txl; owd&ayonf/ olwdkUxJwGif udkb[def;ESifh udkxGef;&SdefwdkUrSvJGí tjcm;olwdkUrSm
&kyfvu©Pm raumif;Muyg/ udkb*srf;rSm rxdwxd tm;rvkdtm;r& rsufESm&Sdonf/
udkvSarmifrSm &IHUrJUrJUrsufESm&Sdonf/ udkatmifqef;um; pkwfcRef;cRef; rIefawaw rsufESm
&Sdonf/ udkAaqGrSm ysif;&dxdkif;rIdif;aom rsufESm&Sdonf/ okdU&mwGif &kyfvu©Pmonf ta&;
BuD;vSonf[k rxifyg/ olwkdUtm;vkH;onf ausmif;om;ta&;rsm; pdwfygvufyg &dk;&dk;
om;om; aqmif&GufaeMuonfudk awGU&\/ olwdkUtm;vkH;onf wkdif;jynfudk wu,f
cspfjrwfEkd;[ef &Sd\/ xkdUjyif olwkdUtm;vkH;onf uRefawmfhxuf pGef hvTwfEdkifaom owÅdrsm;
&SdMu\/ xdkUaMumifh olwdkUtm; MunfndKygonf/
onfvdkESifh 1938 ckESpfodkU a&mufcJUNyD/ xdkESpfwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ü udkb[def;
OuúX? udkvSa&Tu 'kwd,OuúX? udkAaqGu twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfMuav\/
xdkESpf\ aemufydkif;um; þ0w¬K pwiftuGufazmfonfhtcsdef jzpfayonf/ okdU&mwGif
jynfzkH;um;udk r..rwifrD uRefawmf\ t&ifu tjcm;tjzpftysuf tcsKdUudkvnf; twkdcsKH;í
tpD&ifcHzdkU vdkao;onf[k xifyg\/ okdUrS cspfpGmaompmzwfolonf þ0w¬KwGif BuKHawGU
ae&rnfh uRefawmfhtm; ydkrkdtuJcwfEdkif&ef tajccH&xm;ygvdrfhrnf/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 20 -
4
udk&ifBuD; OD;boef;\ zdkrudpö oifMum;csufrsm;
b0wpfoufwm &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí uRefawmfhtazonf ykAÁmp&d, vufOD;
q&m jzpfaomfvnf; ra&;? zdka&;? cspfa&;? BudKufa&;wGifum; ykAÁmp&d,r[kwfyg/
vufOD;q&mrsm;ESifh awGUNyD;rS uRefawmfhtazu aESmif;q&mtjzifhjzihf 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
&jcif;omjzpfayonf/
,if;udpörsm;ESifhywfoufí uRefawmhvufOD;q&mum; udk&ifBuD;OD;boef; jzpfayownf;/
zdkrta&;? cspfa&;BudKufa&;wGif udk&ifBuD;wpfyg;u vufOD;q&mjzpf&onf? ]]xl;ay qef;
ayonf}} [k qdkMurnfvm;/
jzpfykHurl þokdUwnf;/ uRefawmfonf t*Fvdyfausmif;rSm 7-wef;pmar;yGJ NyD;aomtcg
ausmif;ydwfí &Gmjyefvmonf/ touf 14ESpfrQ &SdavNyD/ ausmif;ydwfwkef; tcsdeftv[o
rukefbJ ukodkvf&ap&ef q&mawmf OD;eE´rmvmausmif;wGif udk&if0wfaeavonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; 10a,mufcefUtjyif uRefawmfyg udk&if4-yg;&Sdav\/ 4if;wdkUteuf
2yg;rSm rsm;pGmi,fí tBuD;qkH;rSm udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;jzpfavonf/ olonf touf 17ESpf?
18ESpfrQ &Sdvdrfhrnf/ naearSmif&DvmNyDqdkvQif ausmif;om;a&m udk&ifyg pmtHMu&\/
wpfem&D pmtHNyD;vQif &yfem;um i,f&G,folrsm;rSm tdyfMu&\/ uRefawmfwdkUum; q&m
awmftm; 0wfjznfhMu& (0g) eif;ay;Mu&\/ 4if;aemuf q&mawmfum; rSdef;avNyD/ b,f
tcsdef usdef;pufonf[kum; rod&? rodEdkif/ uRefawmfwkdU pum;oHenf;enf; jrnfvmvQif
]][JUtdyfMu}} [laom q&mawmfhtoHum; ay:vmNrJwnf;/
uRefawmfwkdUonf arSmifBuD;rnf;rnf;xJwGif okdUr[kwf ausmif;ocFrf; twGif;odkU rIefwd
rIefrTm; wkd;0ifvmaomva&mifwGif wdk;wkd; pum;pjrnfajymMu\/ uRefawmfESifh udk&ifBuD;
OD;boef;um; twGif;usus wdkifyifaqG;aEG;Muaom wdk;wdk;azmf wdk;wdk;zufrsm;wnf;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 21 -
udk&ifBuD;u avmueDwdvm £w¬d0F*H? e'D0*Fpaom pum;rsm;jzihf rdef;rtaMumif;p\/
rdef;rrsm; aumufuspfykH ajymjy&mrS cspfp&maumif;ykHodkU a&muf\/ rdef;rrsm; &m*BuD;
onf[k qdk&mrS a,musmf;rsm;MumckdykHokdU a&muf\/ olESifh vufyGef;wwD; awGUzl;onf
qdkaom rdef;rrsm;taMumif; ajymjy\/ uRefawmfhrSm þrQt&om&Sdaom pum;rsm;udk ,cif
u wpfBudrfrQrMum;zl;yg/ udk&ifBuD;tajymaMumifh uRefawmfonf wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;jcif;
rsm; jzpf&\/ udk&ifBuD;u tysKdawG b,fvdkcspfatmif vkyf&rnfqdkaom enf;rsm;udk
&Gwfzwfjy\/ 4if;jyif tysKdwpfa,mufESifh? ESpfa,mufwnf; vlBuD;rsm; rjrifuG,f&mrSm
awGUvQif csufcsif; vufujrif;&efvnf; onmay;vdkufavonf/
udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;\ zdkrudpö? cspfa&;BudKufa&; ynmrsm;aMumifh uRefawmf acsmufuszl;
avNyD/
uRefawmf udk&ifvlxGufNyD; t*Fvdyfausmif;odkU oGm;aomtcg olay;vkdufaom oifcef;pm
rsm;onf uRefawmhfacgif;xJwGif vnf;aumif;? aoG;xJwGif vnf;aumif;? ylylaEG;aeG;yif
&Sdavao;onf/ uRefawmfaeaom q&mhtdrfwGif touf 14ESpf? 15ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;
wpfOD;onf uav;xdef;vkyfvsuf &Sdav\/ wpfaeUoü q&m? q&muawmfESifh tjcm;ol
rsm;yg tdrfwGifr&Sd/ tqdkygoli,fronf uav;csDívm&m uRefawmfu bmrajym nmr
ajymESifh udk&ifBuD;\oifcef;pmudk vufawGUusifhokH;um? vufo&rf;vdkufavonf/ oli,f
ronf csKH;csíidk\/ olUbmomol ikd&kHqdkvQifawmfao;\/ xdkokdUum;r[kwf q&muawmf
jyefvmaomtcg uRefawmfvufo&rf;aMumif; qD;wdkif\/ uRefawmfhrSm twif; bl;uG,fí
om ae&avawmhonf/ ]]uav;udkqGJ,lwmyg}} [k cyfwnfwnf vdrf&avonf/
tu,fíuRefawmfhrSm t*Fvdyfausmif;om; pm;a&;BuD;om;r[kwfbJ tcdkif;tap aomfvnf;
aumif;? ausmif;jymwm aomfvnf;aumif; qif;&Jom;xJu jzpfbdrl? q&muawmfESifh
Mum;Mum;orQaom rif;a,musmf; rif;rdef;rwkdUonf ]][JU wPSm&l;? acG;wd&pämef}} ponf
jzihf qJa&;um <uufaoudk acG;awG0dkif;qGJovdk qGJiifqkwfNzJMuayvdrfhrnf/ ,ckawmh
q&muawmfu ]][JUaumifrav;? r[kwfwmawGrajymeJU/ armifwifxGef;[m vl&dk;uav;/
wdkUu twGif;od? tjyifod? tifrwefodu©m&SdwJU aumifuav;}} [k omajymNyD; aumifr
uav;udk NidrfoGm;aponf/ uRefawmfhudkum; bmrQrajymMuay/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 22 -
uRefawmfonf þudpöwGif ]acsmuf} rS vGwfajrmufcJUaomfvnf; udk,fhvdyfjymudk,f &SufvS
ygonf/ xdkrdef;uav;udkvnf; r[kwfrcHojzifh &dkaordayonf/ xdkUaMumifh awmifNyKH;yJGvdk
ae&mrsKd;rSmyif vufraqmhawmhyg/
okdU&mwGif þtrSm;udk usL;vGefrdaomfvnf; udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;\ oifMum;csufrsm;
tm;vkH;udk pGefUy,fjcif;rjyKyg/
udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;u ]]aumifrwpfa,mufu rif;udk okH;cgwdwdaphatmif NyKH;MunfhNyDqdk&if
rif;udkBudKufvdkUyJvdkU rSwfayawmh}} [k oifMum;cJUzl;avonf/
uRefawmfaeaom tdrfteD;&Sd jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif 7-wef;ü pmoifaeaom rdef;uav;
wpfa,muf&Sd\/ uRefawmfESifh &G,fwlavmufyif/ tom;rSm jzL0if;ae\/ rsufpdcyfarS;arS;
ay:wGif okH;&ufv? ckH;rsufponf 0JacGvsufae\/ ausmif;oGm;ausmif;jyefwGif qkHwdkif;
olu uRefawmfhtm; eDjref;aomEIwfcrf;uav;rsm;jzihf NyKH;jyí rsufvkH;arS;uav;rsm;jzihf
Munfhavh&Sd\/ okH;cgru q,fcgrQ NyKH;MunfhonfjzpfaomaMumifh? 'if;awmh ighBudKufaeNyD
[k uRefawmfxifrSwfvdkuf\/
okdUaomf pma&;&efum; rqkH;jzwfao;/ uRefawmfu t*Fvdyfausmif;om; olu jrefrm
ausmif;ol/ uRefawmfu v,f0efavmif;? olu tpGrf;ukefjzpfvSrS jrefrmausmif;q&mr/
þrQ tqifhtwef;csif; uGmjcm;aeaomaMumifh rydk;vdk/ þum;wpfzuf/ tjcm;wpfzuf
wGif uRefawmfonf udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;\ oifcef;pmudk vufawGUusifhokH;vdkayonf/
aemufqkH;wGif ]]prf;Munfhaygh? tyef;BuD;wmvdkufvdkU? t&IH;vnf;r&SdEdkifygbl;}} [laom
udk&ifBuD;\ qifjcifwkHw&m;udk owd&NyD; &nf;pm;pmay;vdkufavonf/ þum; uRefawmf
\ yxrqkH;aom &nf;pm;pmwnf;/ aemufwpfaeUwGif olu t&ifuvdkyifNyHK;um t&ifu
vdkyif Munfhí jyefpmuav; vSrf;ay;oGm;avonf/ olUrSm &nf;pm;&SdNyD;jzpfvkdU 0rf;enf;
ygowJU/ udk&ifBuD;\Mo0g'u vJGrSm;ovm;? uRefawmfhuHuyJ acvGef;aeovm; rajym
wwfawmhyg/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 23 -
uRefawmf 9wef;a&mufaomtcg vlyg;tawmf0vmNyD;[k qdkEdkifygonf/ EIwfcrf;arT;a&;a&;
udkyif jrifEdkifojzifh tawmiftvufpkHaomt&G,f[kyif qdkEdkifayonf/ &G,fwl&G,fwef
odkUr[kwf udk,fhxuftawmftwefBuD;aom rdef;rysKdrsm;udkjrifvQif pdkufMunfhNyD; tMunfh
csif;qkHrdvQif zdef;ceJ? &Sdef;ceJ? t&omcHpm;wwfavNyD/ xkdtcg 6-wef;wGif rdef;racsmav;
wpfa,muf &Sdav\/ tom;jzLjzL rsufvkH;rsufzefaumif;aumif;? ESmwHay:ay: yg;pyf
vSvS? olUudk,fvkH;udk,fxnfuav;rSmvnf; pdkpdkjynfjynfESifh ,Ofpp/ olUwpfudk,fvkH;wGif
uRefawmftcspfqkH;aom t&mrsm;rSm ol\qHawmufuav; jzpfonf/
trnfuawmh rjr0if; jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfonf rjr0if;tm; usdwfícspfae\/ b,folUudkrQrajym? rjr0if;\ rsufESmuav;
udk jrifEdkif&mwpfaxmifhaxmifhu wpdrfhpdrfhMunfhaerd\/ olUtm;jrifEdkif&ef olwdkU 6-wef;
a&SUwGif vrf;ovm;&onfrSmvnf; tarmyif/ ausmif;wufaewkef; taMumif;r&Sd
taMumif;&Smum q&mudkwdkifí tjyifxGufNyD; 6-wef;tcef;ayguf0em;u jzwfavQmuf\/
olwkdUtdrfa&SUu oli,fcsif;tdrfodkU vdkufoGm;NyD; pmzwf[efaqmifí olUtm;Munfh\/
olESifhuRefawmf tMunfhcsif;qkHaomtcgrsm;ü yDwdvIdif;w<u<uESifh rl;arhrwwf jzpfae
wwfayonf/
uRefawmfonf olUtm; b,frQtxd cspfygoenf;qdkaomf twnfBuHonftxd jzpf\/
olUtm; &nf;pm;pmra&;? zGifhrajymbJaejcif;rSm udk,fhbufu aocsmcsifí jzpfayonf/
raocsmvQif oluav; pdwfraumif;jzpf&rnfudk rvdkvm;/ uRefawmfh zcifBuD;tm;
taMumif;pkHzGifhajymí wdkifyifavonf/
]]olUtazu b,folvJ}}
]]a&SUaeOD;wifav? tazodrSmyg}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 24 -
]]at;at;? olUtazudk igodygw,f? aeygOD;ighom;&,f? rif;ynmqufoifygtkH;/ v,f0ef
jzpfatmif BudK;pm;ygOD;/ tJ'Dawmh rif;aumifrav;xuf ydkvnf;vS? ydkvnf;ypönf;&SdwJU[m
onfhxufomwmawG &Edkifygw,f? apmifhygOD;uGm}}
uRefawmfonf uRefawmfhtaz\ qifjcifwkHw&m;udk vufcHvdkufavonf/ onfhxufom
wmawG &Edkifrnfh tem*wfudkom apmifhpm;aevdkufawmhonf/
aemufrsm;rMumrD rjr0if;onf olUxuf toufrsm;pGmBuD;aom a,musmf;wpfa,mufESifh
rdbrsm;pDrHonfhtwkdif; vdkufemí vufxyfvdkufavonf/ uRefawmfonf [dkt&G,fwkef;
u uRefawmfwkdUESifh&G,fwl rdef;uav;rsm;xuf a,musmf;vkyfolrsm;u 6ESpf 7ESpfBuD;vQif
toufuGmvGef;vSonf[k xifwwfonf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfhpdwf0,f rjr0if;crsmrSm
tbkd;BuD;wpfa,mufESifh nm;oGm;NyDjzpfav[ef ESajrmow ,lusKH;r& jzpfrdavonf/
uRefawmfhtazonf uRefawmfhtm; pdwful;,OfcGifhray;/ tdyfrufxJutcspfrsKd;wGif arGUaysmf
aecGifhray;/ aysmfovdkrae&? awmfovdkae&rnfqdkaom pum;vdk cspfwmudkr,l& awmfwm
udk ,l&rnfqkdaom Mo0g'udk ay;cJUavonf/ awmfrawmf\ rSwfausmufum; v,f0ef
jzpfa&;wnf;/ v,f0efjzpfvQif onfhxufydkvSaomrdef;r? onfhxuf ydkypönf;aygaom
rdef;rudk &rnf[kxifovdk v,f0efjzpfa&; okdUr[kwf t&m&Sdjzpfa&;udk taxmuftul jzpf
apvQif awmfaomrdef;r[k ,lq[efwlavonf/
taMumif;aomfum; rjr0if;xufydkvSaom ydkívnf;ypönf;&Sdaom rdef;uav;wpfa,mufudk
awGU\/ olUtaztarrsm;u uRefawmfhtm;vdkvm;\/ uRefawmhftaru xdkacR;ravmif;udk
oabmus\/ uRefawmfuvnf; cspfEdkifyg\/ uRefawmfhtazonf rdef;uav;rdbrsm;tm;
twdtvif; ar;vkdufavonf/ ]]uRefawmfhom;udk v,f0efjzpfonfhwdkifatmif ynmquf
oifay;oGm;rvm;}}
olwdkUu tif;rvdkufaomtcg tazu uRefawmfhtm; ]]ighom; avQmhaps;ray;eJU}} [k
ukefonfpum;ESifh oifMum;avonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; zcifBuD;\ ukefonfwGufudef;udk
tvG,fwulyif vufcHvdkufavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 25 -
onfwdkUum; 8wef;? 9wef;? 10wef; vlysKdayguft&G,fwGif zdkrudpö? cspfa&; BudKufa&;wdkUü
uRefawmfBuKHawGU&aom tawGUtBuKHwdkU jzpfay\/ ,if;udpöwkdUü q&mrsm;rSm udk&ifBuD;
OD;boef;ESifh tazwkdUjzpfygonf/ ,ck0w¬Kpaomtcsdef? touf 25ESpfwpf0dkuft&G,fü
vlysKdaygufb0udk jyefvnfqifjcifvkdufaomtcg þodkUawGU&\/ udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;onf
uRefawmfhtm; trSm;udkrvkyfvkyfatmif oifjyay;oljzpf\/ okdUaomf olUtm; uRefawmf
&efNidK;rxm;&kHru rkef;yifrrkef;Edkifyg/ olUaMumifhtrSm;vkyfrdonf/ trSm;vkyfrdí trSefudk
jrif&ayonf/ ]]rrSm;aoma&SUae raoaomaq;orm; r&Sd}} [laom qdk&dk;pum; &Sdonf
r[kwfygvm;/
Oyrm- uRefawmfonf aumvdyfa&mufonfhwdkif zdkrudpö? cspfa&;BudKufa&; udpöwdkUü
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olUESrtaMumif; udk,fhcPcPajymjyNyD; olUESrESifhudk,fESifh rdwfqufay;vQif oli,fcsif;u
udkf,fESifholUESr ay;pm;zdkUvkyfaeonf[k xifwwfygao;onf/ e'D0*FH paom tpJGESifh
a,musmf;ESifhrdef;r wef;rwl[laom tpGJrsm;rSmvnf; rukefwwfao;yg/
þonfwdkUum; uRefawmf\ aemufcHum;aywnf;/ tcef; 1-2-3 ESifh 4-wdkUjzifh aemufcH
um; azmfjycJUayonf/
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tm; em;vnfEdkifayvdrfhrnf/ þaemufcHum;udk odxm;rS uRefawmfhtm; opömrJUol [k
vnf;aumif;? awGa0,ddrf;,dkifol[kvnf;aumif;? vTwfceJ tjypfwifrapmbJ uRefawmf\
cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk axmufaxmufnSmnSm pOf;pm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmfum; cRwf,Gif;csufajrmufjrm;pGmESifh vlwpfa,muf/
uRefawmfum; rjynfhpkHao;aom vlwpfa,muf/
uRefawmfum; vlvm;rajrmufao;aom vlwpfa,muf/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 26 -
5
0w¬Kpcsdef\ EdkifiHa&;aemufcHum;csyf
cspfpGmaompmzwfol? pdwfr&SdygESifhOD;/ yifr0w¬KBuD;udkrprD cRwf,Gif;csuf ajrmufjrm;pGmESifh
uRefawmf? rjynfhpkHao;aom uRefawmf? vlvm;rajrmufao;aom uRefawmf? xdkuRefawmf
þuRefawmf &ifqdkif&aom xdktcsdefxdkumv EdkifiHwumjzpfysuf&yfrsm;? Armhjzpfysuf&yf
aemufcHum;rsm;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfhtm;
&dkufcwftyfaom xdkjzpfysuf&yfwkdU\ tmedoifonf uRefawmfhyifudk "mwfcHpdwfESifh
OmPfwdkUxufvnf;aumif;? uRefawmfhzcifxufvnf;aumif;? udk&ifBuD; udkboef;xuf
vnf;aumif; ydkrkdpl;&Sxda&mufaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfonf udk,fawGUjzifh EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwf0ifpm;aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfpmwrf;ESifh
EdkifiHa&;vTrf;aom owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;udk jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf zwfolr[kwfyg/
odkU&mwGif Oa&myü emZDESifhzufqpfrsm; pcef;xvmNyD; [pfwvm rlqdkvdkeDwdkU wefckd;xGm;
vmonfudkum; rMum;bJraeEdkifyg/
rlqdkvdkeDu tmz&duuEÅm&BuD;rS tbDqD;eD;,m;qdkaom wdkif;i,fjynfi,f *sifuv,f
uav;udk twif;t"r® csif;eif;wdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkufvdkufavonf/ uRefawmfwkdUonf
e,fcsJUvufeufEdkifiHBuD;jzpfaom t*Fvdyf\ odrf;ydkufxm;jcif;cHae&aom uRefvlrsKd;rsm;
jzpf\/ tjcm;e,fcsJUEdkifiHjzpfaom tDwvDu uRefawmfwdkUESifh b0wljzpfaom EdkifiHi,f
uav;tm; usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufaomtcg tbDqD;eD;,m;bufodkU pmemaxmufxm;
u&kPmryGm;bJ raeEdkifyg/
*syefe,fcsJUorm;onf tuJGuJGtjym;jym;ESifh tm;enf;vsuf&Sdaom atmufusaemufus
Edkifonfh w&kwfjynfBuD;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufckdufvsuf &Sdavonf/ e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 27 -
pdwf"mwfcH&Sdaeaom uRefawmfwdkUonf usL;ausmfcH&aom w&kwfjynfBuD;bufodkU
udk,fcsif;pmjcif; arwÅmouf0ifjcif; ra&mufbJraeEdkifyg/ 4if;jyif w&kwfjynfoljynfom;
wkdUu rnfrQyif tiftm;BuD;rm;aom &efoljzpfapumrl pnf;vkH;nDnGwfpGm tEdkifrcH t&IH;
ray;bJ ckcHwkdufcdkufaejcif;jzihf uRefawmfwdkU pdwftm;wufrdavonf/ &dkifz,fESifhvmaom
&efoludk 0g;cRefESifhyifjzpfap? vSHwHqGJvsufyifjzpfap ckcHujzpfEdkifonf[laom taMumif;
&yfonf vufeufqdkí 6vufrt&G,f&Sd "m;udkyif udkifaqmifcGifhr&Sdaom uRefawmfwkdkUtm;
t*Fvdyf&dkifz,fudk raMumufatmif tm;arG;jrLay;aeavonf/
tdE´d,rS *E´D? ae&l; paomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; acgif;aqmifonfh tdE´d,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufBuD;\
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrsm;rSmvnf; uRefawmfwdkUtm; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifatmif zdwfac:vIHU
aqmf aeonfESifh wlbd\/
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jyKaeonfhMum;rSyif jynfoltrsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;aom tzJGUtpnf;BuD;jzpfvmayonf/
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pm;? uReftarmufpm;jzpf&kHa&S;&Iaom tzGJUtpnf;ygwDrsm;\ twdkuftcHjyKjcif;udk cHae&
onfh Mum;rSyif wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;onf wdk;wufvmcJU\/ ,if;odkUaom tzGJUtpnf;ygwD
wdkU\ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; (1935)Oya'u cGifhjyKcsuft&
t*Fvdyfuay;vkdufaom &mxl;&mcHrsm;udk cJGa0,la&;? tcJGta0rwnfhvQif tcsif;csif;
cGufapmif;ckwfa&;wdkUudk vkyfaeMuay&m? uRefawmfwkdUvli,frsm;onf 4if;wdkUtm; pufqkyf
Muayonf/ uRefawmfwdkUvli,frsm;um; udk,fwdkifvkyfEdkifonf rvkyfEdkifonf tyxm;í
EdkifiHa&;tm;opfjzpfaom wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;udkom tm;udk;wpfck
axmufcHjyKMu&avonf/
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uRefawmfwdkUu vdkufqdkMuonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 28 -
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ocif}} [k [pfatmfoDqdkum vufoD;vufarmif;wef;Muonf? vuf&kH;qefUMuonf/
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tpnf;t&kH;BuD;u oGif;ay;vdkufonfhtwkdif; trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; tkH<urIBuD;onf
BuD;xGm;vmcJUayonf/ xdktkH<urIBuD;onf ae&mwumudk &dkufcwfívmay&m? t*Fvdyf
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onf tazhMo0g'aMumifh a&Smifwdrf;&efBuHonfhtwdkif; a&Smifwdrf;EdkifygvQif uRefawmfhtm;
qefUusifaom vlxl;vlqef;wpfa,muf[kyif ac:&ayvdrfhrnf/
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wkdU\ t&Idufudk xdk;vkdufbdouJUodkU ay:aygufvmav\/ ,if;oydwfBuD;udk wdkif;jynfESifh
t0Srf; axmufcHMuí ,if;oydwf\ acgif;aqmif wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS [pfqdkvkdufaom
]]ta&SUu ae0ef;xGufonfhyrmy? wkdUacwfudkom a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg/ wdkUArm? a[h
wkdUArm}} [laom oDcsif;oHonf uRefawmfwdkU&if0,f yJUwifcwfvmayonf/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 29 -
6
ydwfjzLpifMu,f0wf aumvdyfausmif;om;
0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;ESifh uRefawmfwkdU yxqkH;tBudrf awGUqkHMuykHrSm awmfawmf qef;
onf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ taMumif;rlum; aumvdyfausmif;om;jzpfol uRefawmfonf
rodef;0if;tm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;u qGrf;avmif;ol 'umruav;tm; awGUykHawGUenf;
ESifh awGU&aomaMumifhwnf;/
0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;\zcif OD;azrSm tNidrf;pm;0efaxmufBuD; jzpfí urm&GwfESifh
tif;vsm;Mum; NcHBuD;wpfNcHwGif aexdkifavonf/
txufwpfae&mwGif azmfjyNyD; jzpfonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfonf urm&GwfrSmaeí aumvdyf
ausmif;odkU wufpOf t&yfxJu qGr;fBuD;avmif;toif;wGif yg0ifNyD; ydwfjzLpifMu,f 0wf
vsuf we*FaEGaeUwdkif; qGrf;qefcHavh&Sdavonf/ uRefawmfwkdUonf OD;az\NcHodkU 0ifí
vnf; qGr;fqefcHMu&\/ OD;az\NcHrS tywfpOf aiGwpfusyfESifh qefwpfjynf avmif;avh&Sd
ayonf/
OD;azrSm <u,f0csrf;omaom rdbrsm;u qif;oufonfhtwdkif; urm&Gwfwpf0dkufwGif
ajr{uawmfawmfrsm;rsm; ydkifcJUzl;\/ odkUaomf tokH;BuD;oljzpfojzifh ajrrsm;udk wpfpwpfp
a&mif;cspm;cJU&m xdktcsdefwGif olwdkUaeaomNcHajrESifh ajr{utenf;i,frQom usefav
awmh\/ okdU&mwGif tokH;um;ravQmh? jrif;yJGokdUvnf; tywfpOfrSefrSef oGm;vdkufao;onf/
]]jrif;yJGroGm;&ifvnf; bmrSvkyfp&mr&Sdawmh ysif;p&mBuD;}} [k OD;azu jrif;yJGoGm;jcif;udk
uefUuGufaom rdwfaqGrsm;tm; ajzMum;avh&Sdavonf/ rSefvSayonf/ olonfvnf;
aumif;? olUZeD;onf a':aX;Munfonfvnf;aumif;? om;orD;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;?
olUtm;rSDcdkaeMuaom trsKd;BuD;aqGrsKd;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; toufarG;rItvkyfqdkí bm
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 30 -
wpfckrQ rvkyfMu/ xdkUaMumifh jrif;yJGonfom olwdkUtm; we*FaEGwpfywfvkH; rtm;rvyf&
atmif tvkyfay;xm;Edkif\/ we*FaEGaeUwGif paeaeUuNyD;cJUaom jrif;yJGudk pm;NrHKUjyefMu
onf/ wevFmaeUESifh t*FgaeUrsm;wGif jrif;rsm;\&mZ0ifudk avhvmMuonf/ Ak'¨[l;aeU
wGif a&SUtywfNydKifyJG0ifrnfh jrif;rsm;udk avhvmMuonf/ cJwGufMuonf/ Mumomyaw;?
aomMumaeUrsm;wGif wpf&SmazGMuonf/ wwfEdkifvQif udk,fwdkif jrif;aZmif;rsm;qif;í
penf;emMuonf/ onfhxufwwfEdkifvQif aA'ifq&mudk oGm;awGUNyD; jrif;\Zmwm? a*smfuD
\ Zmwmponfrsm;udk wGufppfí Ekdifajcudk &SmMu&avonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]jrif;yJGroGm;&if
vnf; bmrSvkyfp&mr&Sdawmh ysif;p&mBuD;}} [laom OD;az\ajympum;rSm taMumif;rJU
r[kwfyg/
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0efBuD;rsm;? 0efBuD;csKyfrsm; (,ckacwfwGif 0efBuD;[k ac:wGifolrsm;udk ,cifacwfu
0efBuD;csKyf[k ac:Mu\) ukefonfyJGpm;rsm;? pma&;pmcsDrsm; jrif;yJGoGm;onfudkum;
em;rvnfEdkifyg/ 4if;jyif aumvdyfausmif;om;tcsKdUyif jrif;yJGoGm;onfudk awGU&aomtcg
tjyif;txef &Iwfcsrdayonf/ þum; pum;pyfrdojzifh Mum;nSyfíajymjcif; jzpfygonf/
OD;azwdkUtaMumif; qufygOD;rnf/
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yifapmufBuD;rsm;jzifh pdkjynfpnfum;vSay\/ NcHBuD;tv,fwGif tdrftdkBuD;wpfvkH;&Sd\/
trdk;rSm "ed? eH&HESifhtcif;rSm opfom;jzpfavonf/ opfom;eH&Hrsm;udk txyfxyf a&eHokwf
xm;ojzifh ndKrIdif;íae\/ xdkuJUodkU txyfxyfa&eHokyfxm;jcif;onf wpfenf;tm;jzifh
a[mif;EGrf;,dk,Gif;jcif;udk zkH;tkyfxm;ovdk&Sday\/ tcif;Murf;jyifrSm tBudrfBudrf wkdufxm;
ojzifh wzdwfzdwfawmufae\/ odkU&mwGif awmufyaeaom tcif;ta&mifonf
a[mif;EGrf;,dk,Gif;jcif;udk rzkH;tkyfEdkif/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajceif;xm;ojzifh ajcwdkufpm;aom
aMumifh cGufaeaomae&mrsm;udk xdawGUEkdifonf/ aqG;ojzifh usKd;usaom ae&mrsm;wGif
zmax;xm;onfudkvnf; jrifEdkifonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 31 -
{nfhcef;wGif cif;xm;aom ukvm;xdkifpm;yJGrsm;rSmvnf; rnfrQyif yGwfwdkuf okwfvdrf;
xm;xm;? rnfodkUyif ZmtvSwdkUjzihfzkH;zkH;? a[mif;EGrf;aom taoG;tarG;ESifh a&S;qefaom
ykHoP²mefrsm;udk rzkH;vTrf;Edkifacs/ olwdkUtdrf{nfhcef;wGif yGwfvkH;wyf ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? bk&m;wefaqmif;wGif yef;ykxkxm;ovdk xkvkyfqif,ifxm;aom pm;yJGrsm;
udkvnf;aumif; cif;usif;xm;avao;\/ tu,fwEÅK {nfhcef;odkU<uyg[k zdwfac:jcif;
rcH&bJ xdktcef;wGif;odkU0ifrdacsaomf a&S;a[mif;tdrfaxmify&dabm*ypönf; jycef;wpfckodkU
0ifa&mufaeonf[k xifrdayvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmfwdkUonf xdk{nfhcef;ü usKHUusKHU,kHU,kHUuav; xkdifaeMu\/ {nfhcef;t0if0ü
qGrf;qefawmif;udk csxm;onf/ qGrf;qefawmif;xrf;olrsm;rSm tcef;xJr0ifMubJ
jyifbuf0&efwmwGif &yfaeMuonf/ aMu;pnf&dkufolwdkUum; tdrfay:odkUyif rwufcJUMu/
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aomuf? uRefawmfESifh OD;av;jrifhwdkUom {nfhcef;wGif;odkU 0ifMuavonf/ uRefawmfhvuf
rSm tvSLcHaiGzvm;&Sd\/ OD;av;jrifhrSm qGrf;cH&mwGif bmwm0efrQ xrf;aqmifzdkUrvdk?
rsufESmjyzdkUom vdkaomaMumifh olUvuf0,f bmrQudkifaqmifrxm;acs/ OD;av;jrifhrSm
owif;pmwdkufwpfwkdufwGif 'kwd,zdkrifvlBuD;jzpfNyD; &yf&Gmoma&;ema&;wGif rm;rm;
rwfrwf aqmif&Gufojzifh vlodrsm;aom yk*¾KdvfBuD;aywnf;/ uRefawmfwdkUonf
apmifhaeMu\/ apmifhaeMupOf eH&H&Sd csdefoD;wyfem&DBuD;rS a'gufa'guf- a'gufa'guf
toHESifh uRefawmf\ tonf;ESvkH;ckefoHrsm;udk Mum;ae&avonf/
wpfatmifhavmufMumvQif twGif;cef;rS {nfhcef;wGif;odkU rdef;rysKduav;wpfOD; 0ifvmav
onf/ olUvufxJrSm qGr;fqefwpfjynfESifh aiGwpfusyf/ tu,fí olUvufxJrSm qGrf;qef
wpfjynfESifh aiGwpfusyfrygvQif uRefawmfonf olUtm; xdkNcH? xdktdrf? xdk{nfhcef;rS
rdef;rysKdav;jzpfonf[k b,fenf;ESifhrQ rSwf,lrnfr[kwfay/ yifapmufBuD;rsm;jzihf zkH;tkyf
aeaom xdktdrfBuD;ESifh xdk{nfhcef;a[mif;wdkUonf xdkrdef;rysKduav;\ vwfqwfysKdrspfjcif;
ESifh oabmrwl jcm;em;vSacsbd\wum;/
olk\tom;rSm pdkjynf0g0if;aeí yg;rdkU? vufz0g;ponfwkdUwGif aoG;pdkUum eDMuefUMuefU
jzpfaeayonf/ tdpufnufanmaom udk,fvkH;udk,fxnfESifh wnfMunfaom rsufESmwdkUrSm
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 32 -
MunfndKESpfvkdzG,f aumif;vSonf/ qHyifudk wpfywfvQKdbD;cHí aemufwGJxkH;xm;ay&m
tdrfae&if;obm0usus rcdkUw&dkUtvSudk wrifazmfxkwfjyae&m a&mufay\/
olronf £ajEé&aomrsufESmudk uRefawmfhqDokdU rlxm;ojzifh awmufyaeaom rsufvkH;rsm;
ESifh wif;vnf;rwif;? avsmhvnf;ravsmhbJ aphxm;tyfaom EIwfcrf;eDuav;rsm;udk owd
jyKrday\/ 4if;jyif olr\ rsufvkH;rsm;onf uRefawmfhrsufESmay:odkU tm&kHpdkufxm;onf
r[kwfbJ uRefawmfhvufxJu tvSLcHzvm;qDodkUom tm&kHpdkufxm;onfudkvnf; owdjyKrd
ayao;\/ okdUuvdk uRefawmfhtay:wGif tm&kHrpdkufonfudk owdjyKrdaomaMumifh pdwfxJ
rSm aMuuGJ0rf;enf;ovdkvdk jzpfrdao;\/
olronf uRefawmfhvufxJu zvm;xJokdU aiGwpfusyfudk &dkaopGmxnfhNyD; tayguf0&Sd
qGrf;qefawmif;xJodkU qGrf;qefudk xnfhavmif;NyD;aemuf twGif;cef;xJodkU 0ifrnfjyKaom
tcg OD;av;jrifhu vSrf;íar;vdkufavonf/
]]a':aX;MunfwdkUaum &Sd&JUvm;}}
olru uRefawmfwkdUbufokdU udk,fudkrvSnfh? acgif;udkvSnfhNyD;-
]]rmrD&Sdygw,f? ckyJxGufvmygvdrfhr,f}}
odkUuvdk vSnfhajym&if; uRefawmfwdkUbufokdU vSnfhMunfhaomfvnf; olr\tm&kHonf
uRefawmfhqDokdU wpfqHjcnfrQa&muf[efr&Sdyg/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfonf tESdrfcH&ovdk
xifrdNyD; rmetaiGUtoufuav; a&m,Sufonfh a'gouav;yif xGufrdao;\/ okdU&m
wGif vSnfhtBunfhvdkuf rD;a&mifxJrSm pdefudkvSnfhvkdufaomtcg zswfceJxGufvmaom
ta&mifESifhtwl olr\ tvSa&mifudkum; rcsD;usL;bJraeEdkifyg/
þonfum; 0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;ESifh yxrqkH;tBudrf awGUjrifMuykHwnf;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 33 -
aemufwpfatmifhavmufMumaomtcg *kPfoa&&Sd trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfOD; xGufvmavonf/
toufrSm 38-39ESifh 50Mum; jzpfcsif&mjzpfEdkifonf/ okdU&mwGif b,fenf;ESifhrQ yifpif
tNidrf;pm; ,lavmufaom t&G,fr[kwfacs/ ydkíwduspGmqdk&aomf b,fenf;ESifhrQ yifpif
tNidrf;pm;BuD;wpfOD;\ ZeD;t&G,fr[kwfacs/ vwfvwfqwfqwf rif;uawmfBuD;ESifhom
wlay\/ axmifaxmifarmif;armif; t&yftarmif;aumif;vS\/ 0NzdK;tdpuf\/ tom;
jzL0if;\/ rsufESmcsKdNyKH;í azmfa&G\/ uRefawmfonf jrifjrifcsif; a':aX;MunfyJ[k odvdkuf
ayonf/ olru OD;av;jrifhbufodkU-
]]atmufuoli,fawG aq;vdyfaomufMu&&JUvm;}}
aomufMu&ygw,f/ a':aX;Munf&JU tdrfuvlawGu edpöywfukodkvf 0wÅ&m; ausyGefMuyg
w,f/ uRefawmfwdkU rvmcifuwnf;u aq;vdyfawGcsxm;w,f}}
]]uRefrwdkU 0wÅ&m;auswmu bm[kwfao;vJ&Sif/ OD;jrifhwkdU ukodkvfa&; ausyGefwmurS
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a':aX;MunfESifh OD;av;jrihfwdkUonf 'geoDv bm0em taMumif;rsm;udk wpfa,muf
wpfayguf a&mufwwf&m&m ajymqdkaeMuavonf/ a':aX;Munfonfvnf; olUorD;uJU
odkUyif uRefawmfhbufodkU tm&kHusufpm;jcif; &Sd[efrwlyg/ uRefawmfum; olr\ udk,fcE¨m
wpfckvkH;udk odrf;usKH;MunfhNyD; tb,fhaMumifh þrQt&G,fwifygoenf;/ olUorD;udk olr
b,ft&G,fwkef;u arG;cJUygavoenf;/ olUorD;ESifholUtar b,fae&mwGif wlnDMuyg
oenf;/ olr\pdefMu,foD;onf tppfavmtwkavm/ olr\qHyifonf rnfrQ &Snfo
enf;/ tNidrf;pm;0efaxmufBuD; OD;azu olUtm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ cspfayvdrfhrnfenf;- ponf
jzihf trQifrjywf rtm;rvyf pOf;pm;vsuf&Sdav\/
,if;odkU bmodbmom pOf;pm;awG;awmaeqJ a':aX;Munfu qwfceJ uRefawmfhbuf
vSnfhí-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 34 -
]]'Doli,fu b,folvJ? wpfcgrS rjrifzl;ao;yguvm;}}
uRefawmfhrSm xdkpum;udkMum;aomtcg usD;uef;vlrd uoduatmuf jzpfoGm;ao;onf/
aemufrSNyKH;vkdufNyD; tajzay;&ef jyifqifaepOf OD;av;jrifhu 0ifajzvdkufavonf/
]]olUemrnfu armifwifxGef;wJU? uRefawmfwdkUt&yfxJrSmaeNyD; aumvdyfausmif; bDatrSm
wufaew,f}}
a':aX;Munf\rsufESm ododomomBuD;csKdoGm;NyD; uRefawmfhbuf vkH;vkH;vSnfhvdkufonf/
]]aMomf? rif;u aumvdyfausmif;om;udk;? om"kuG,fom"k? Munfhprf;- Munfhprf;? Aumvdyf
ausmif;om;qdkNyD; aoG;rBuD;bl;? qGrf;BuD;avmif;toif;rSm udk,fwdkifudk,fus 0ifNyD;
aqmif&Gufw,faemf? om"kuG,f om"k}}
,ckrS olwdkUonf uRefawmfhtm; todtrSwfjyKMuayawmhonf/ xdktcsdefxd uRefawmfhrSm
a':aX;MunfESifh olUorD;wkdU\ todtrSwfjyKjcif; rcH&bJ ESdrfxm;ovdk cHpm;ae&aom
aMumifh pdwftm;i,fum vlaeygusKHUaecJUygonf/ ,ckrl uRefawmfonf &ifudkaumhEdkifNyD/
rsufESmudk armhEkdifNyD/
]][kwfuJU? bk&m;omoemawmftusKd;udk aqmif&Guf&mrSm vlcsrf;omyJ? qif;&Jom;yJ? rif;yJ?
eif;jym;yJ? ocifyJ? uRefyJ? aumvdyfausmif;om;yJ? vlUtE¨yJ cJGjcm;zdkU rvdkygbl;cifAsm?
ydwfjzLpifMu,f0wfNyD; ukodkvfa&;vkyfw,fqdk&if tm;vkH;wef;wlcsnf;ygyJ/ ck- uRefawmf
wdkU txJrSmqdk&if bwfpfum;py,f,m? jrif;vSnf;orm;? aps;onf? ausmif;om; tpkH
ygMuwmygyJ/ ukodkvfa&; BudK;pm;MuwmrSm acR;xGufMuwm b,folUb,folrS rydkMu
ygbl;}}
a':aX;Munfu wNyKH;NyKH;ESifh em;axmifae&mu-
]]Munfhprf;Munfhprf;? tefwDwluav;u pum;ajymuvnf; wwfvdkuf vdr®mvdkufwmaemf}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 35 -
4if;aemuf uRefawmfharG;&yfXmeDESifh rdbrsm;taMumif; ar;avonf/ uRefawmfu vkH;aph
ywfaph jyefajzaomtcg-
]]tJ'D rif;wdkUe,fudk tefwDwdkUaumif;aumif;odwmaygh/ rifhtefu,fvf NrdKUtkyfvkyfwkef;u
a&mufzl;wmaygh}}
okdUjzihf a':aX;Munfonf uJGuGmaeaom &yfaqG&yfrsKd;udk awGUav[ef? a&S;a[mif;
aESmif;jzpf pum;rsm;ajymNyD; uRefawmfESifh &if;ESD;rI,lvdkufygonf/ uRefawmfuvnf;
rqGwfcifu nGwfcsifonfhyef;/
]]at;? tefwDwdkUESifh aqGrsKd;&if;csmvdk oabmxm;NyD; qufqHaemf/ tvnfoufouf
vmcJUOD; armifwifxGef;a&? rif;tefu,fvfBuD;eJUvnf; rdwfqufay;&OD;r,f/ ckawmh
tefu,fvfBuD;u r&Sdbl;/ olUorD;ti,f&,f om;uav;&,fac:NyD; tefwDU&JUarmif
0wfvkHawmf& OD;jrbl;tdrf oGm;vnfMuw,f/ orD;tBuD;0ifeDawmh tdrfrSm&Sdw,f/ ckeifu
awGUvdkufw,f r[kwfvm;}}
a':aX;Munfu ar;vdkufykHrSm NyKH;pdpdrdkU &dk;&dk;ar;onfhtar;[k r,lqyg/ uvdqGonfh
tar;jzpf[ef &Sdygonf/
]]tJ'g 0ifeDwJUvm;? jrifawmh jrifvdkuf&yg&JU}}
]]aMomfaMomf? jrif&kHomjrifvdkuf&NyD; todrzJGUvdkuf&bl;aygh? [J[J todzJGUay;&rSmaygh/ 0ifeD
a& 0ifeD orD;a& vmygOD;uG,f}}
0ifeDrSm cyfa0;a0;rSm ae[efrwl/ uRefawmfwkdUESifh uyfaeaom twGif;cef;rSmom &Sd[ef
wl\/ ac:vdkufoHESifh xl;oHrSm qufaeygonf/ xl;oHMum;&NyD; bmrQrMumcif 0ifeDaz
(ac:) rodef;0if; a&mufvmavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 36 -
]]bmvJrmrD}} [k ar;NyD; tarhab;rSm uEGUJuvsvmí &yfaeavonf/ uRefawmfh rsufvkH;
tpkHum; 0ifheDrsufvkH;uav;ay:wGif vTJz,fír&atmif NidwG,faeMuavonf/
]]xdkifygOD; orD;&JU}}
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0ifeDESifh wpfygwnf; vkdufoGm;Muavonf/
]]a[m'gu aumvdyfausmif; bDatrSmoifaewJU armifwifxGef;wJU? vufpowfawmh
rmrDwkdUeJU oda[mif;uRrf;a[mif; &yfaqG&yfrsKd;xJuudk;uG,f}}
0ifeDu uRefawmfhtm; NyKH;íMunfhvkdufonf/ olUtNyKH;uav;rSm uRefawmfh&ifudk at;ceJ
jzpfoGm;apygonf/
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b,favmuftm;xkwfovJ NyD;awmh pum;ajymvnf; tifrwefaumif;w,f}}
,if;uJUodkU csD;usL;pum;ajymaeavojzihf uRefawmfhrSm raewwfrxdkifwwfESifh rsufESm
cyftrf;trf; jzpfvmygonf/ 0ifeDrSmum; csD;usL;pum;rsm;udk NyKH;NyKH;uav; pl;pdkuf
em;axmifíom aeavonf/
]]armifwifxGef;? bDatatmifNyD; bmvkyfrvJa[h}}
uRefawmfhrSm tajz&kwfw&ufray;EdkifbJ cPawGaeavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfh
&nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm txl;axGjym;aecsdefjzpfavonf/
]]uRefawmfudk,fwdkifawmh cdkifckdifrmrm? rnfrnf&& bmrSrqkH;jzwf&ao;ygbl;? tazuawmh
tdkifpDtufpfatmifatmif BudK;pm;&r,fwJU}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 37 -
a':aX;Munfonf ckdifrmpGmjyXmef;tyfaom rsufESmjzifh-
]]'grSayghuJGU? tdkifpDtufpfatmifatmif BudK;pm;&r,f}}
0ifeDuNyKH;í acgif;udk rodromndwfum tarudkaxmufcHvdkufonf[k uRefawmfxif\/
OD;av;jrihfum; yg;pyfta[mif;om;ESifh uRefawmfwkdUudk wpfvSnfhpD Munfhaeavonf/
uRefawmfurl olwkdUtm;vnf; ruefUuGufcsif? tdkifpDtufpfavmif;tjzpfjzihf olwdkUu
uRefawmfhtm; arQmfvifhjcif;jzihf MunfhvdkuMunfhaeapcsif? udk,fhpdwfxJ &SdwmawGudkvnf;
zGifhrajymcsifao;&um; NyKH;pdpdESifhom vkyfaevkdufayonf/ xdktwGif; tay:u "edydk;pmvkH;
uav;rsm;onf ajymifacsmaomMurf;jyifay:okdU usvmav&m uRefawmfonf 4if;wkdUudk
Munfhaerdavonf/ xdktcg a[mif;jrif;,kd,Gif;aeaomtdrfESifh vwfqwfvSyaom 0ifeDwkdU
obm0rus yeHr&ykHonf uRefawmfhpdwfwGif ay:vmjyefav\/ a':aX;Munf\ pdwfrSm
vnf; "edydk;pmvkH;uav;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí wpfpkHwpf&m ay:vm[efvu©Pm&Sdavonf/
]]tefwDwdkUvnf; a&SUESpfcgus&if 'DtdrfudkzsufNyD; wdkufwnf&OD;r,f/ 'Dtdrfuckvdk tNrJaezdkU
aqmufxm;wJUtdrfr[kwfbl;/ NcHxJtvnfvmawmh wnf;ckdzdkU 'Dtdfrfudkaqmufxm;wm?
wkdufaqmufzdkUav? [dkjrLeDpy,f&kH;BuD;udkaqmufwJU OD;wifudkawmif ykHpHtqJGcdkif;xm;NyD;NyD}}
þrQajymNyD; pum;&yfum a':aX;Munfonf uRefawmfhrsufESmudk aphaphMunfhae\/
uRefawmfu bmrQpum;raxmuf? pum;rjznfh/ 0ifeDuvnf; xdkUtwl? OD;av;jrihfuvnf;
xdkenf;/ okdUjzihf eH&Huem&DBuD;\ csdefoD;oHomvQif vTrf;rdk;aeavawmhonf/ OD;av;jrifhu
xvdkufNyD;-
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uRefawmfvnf; rwfwwfx&yfvdkufNyD;-
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 38 -
]]at;at; oGm;OD;a&mh? aemufvmvnfaemf/ rif;tefu,fvfBuD;eJU awGU&atmif vmjzpf
atmif vmcJUaemf}}
a':aX;Munfu wzGzGvdkufrSmaeavonf/ uRefawmfu 0ifeDtm; NyKH;íEIwfqufcJUonf/
]]oGm;OD;r,faemf 0ifeD}}
0ifeDonf xdkif&mrSx&if;-
]][kwfuJU udkwifxGef;}}
þum; 0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;ESifh uRefawmf pum;tjyeftvSef yxrqkH;tBudrf ajym&
jcif;wnf;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 39 -
7
ig;yd&nfBudKufoGm;aom tnmom;
naenae ausmif;qif;csdefrsm;wGif uRefawmfonf tdrfodkU wdkuf&dkufjyefavhr&Sd? Wuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾toif;wdkuf pmMunfhcef;oGm;í pme,fZif;rsm; zwfavh&Sdonf/
wpfcgwpf&H EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;iSm;cJU\/ tdkif,mvef vGwfvyfa&;twGuf igwdkU\ pGefUpm;
csufrsm;? tdkif,mvefolykef AkH;tzJGUpaom tdkif,mvefvGwfvyfa&;ESifh ywfoufaom
pmtkyfrsm;? tdE´d,jynfvGwfvyfa&;ESifh tdE´d,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufwkdUESifh ywfoufí *E´D?
ae&l;? rpöufEdkif,D'l;? plbwfpfbdkUpf paom acgif;aqmifrsm;a&;onfh pmtkyfrsm;? &k&Sm;
awmfvSefa&;ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk awGU&ayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pmMunfhcef;onf wuúodkvfyd#uwfwdkuf pmzwfcef;xuf ydk
aumif;\/ tcif;tusif;? pm;yJGukvm;xdkif? yefumwdkUjzifh wcrf;wem; xm;onfhtjyif
tvif;a&mifvnf; ydk&\/ naeapmif; tdkufvQif qif0ifbufxGufí Budrfukvm;xdkif
BuD;rsm; csum pmzwfEdkifonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pmMunfhcef;wGif pmzwf&if; rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk awGUqkHum rdwfjzpf&wwfavonf/ þokdUtm;jzihf
uRefawmfonf udkxGef;&Sdef? udkatmifausmf? udkat;aiG polwdkUESifh todtuRrf;jzpf&ayonf/
olwkdUum; uRefawmfwdkUESifh &G,fwl&G,fwefrQ jzpfMuay\/ 4if;jyif udk,fvkH;udk,fayguf
tcsKd;tpm;rSmvnf; wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;vdkvdk rydefr0? rykr&Snfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
okdU&mwGif jcm;em;csufrsm;awmh &Sdayonf/ tom;ta&ta&miftqif; uGJMu\/
udkatmifausmfrSm rnf;onf/ udkxGef;&SdefrSm ndKndKESifh 0Jaygufaeonf/ udkat;aiGrSm
jzLonf/ uRefawmfwdkUtxJwGif udkatmifausmf\rsufESmrSm txl;jcm;qkH;jzpfayonf/ rm
awmufawmuf <uyfqwfqwfEdkifvSaom rsufESmESifh acgif;wkH;Akdvfauudk wpfcgjrifNyD;vQif
rarhEdkifay/ udkxGef;&Sdefum; BuD;rm;aom a&SUoGm;ESpfacsmif; xif;ceJay:atmif NyKH;aewwf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 40 -
\/ olpum;ajymykHrSm tnmavraysmuf/ udkat;aiGrSm EIwfcrf;r[bJESifh NyKH;aeaom
rsufESm&Sd\/ olpum;ajymaomtcg wriftm;xkwf[ef vu©Pmr&SdbJESifh toHpmpmESifh
ajymavh&Sd\/ olwkdUonf uRefawmfhtm; EdkifiHa&;odkU ajcpkHypf0if&efqkH;jzwfzdkU rMumcP
wkdufwGef;Muolrsm; jzpfavonf/
wpfaeUoü uRefawmfonf pmMunfhcef;wGif pmxdkifrzwfawmhbJ pmtkyfiSm;NyD; jyefawmh
rnf[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh pmtkyfAD&dka&SUrSm &yfí pmtkyfa&G;vsuf&Sdavonf/ uRefawmfh
aemufem;u vlwpfa,mufvm&yfonfudk vSnfhrMunfhbJESifhodvdkuf\/ BudKufaompmtkyf
&SmrawGUojzifh vSnfhrMunfhtm;avmufatmif jzpfaeavonf/
4if;olu-
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ydefvSonfhtjyif NydKvJawmhrnfh udk,faersKd;&Sdavonf/ 0wfxm;aomtay:tuÐsrSm olydkifrS
[kwfygavvm;[k oHo,jzpfavmufatmif acsmifí wJGusaeavonf/ av,mOfysH
uGif;xdk;zdeyfudkvnf; tm;&Sdyg;&Sd pD;eif;rxm;? awh&kHom awhxm;[ef &Sday\/ udkausmfNidrf;
udk uRefawmf oduRrf;zl;onfr[kwfyg/ udkausmfNidrf;onf bDatatmifNyD; t*Fvdyfpmay
XmewGif enf;jyq&m (usLwm) vkyf&if; tdkifpDtufpfpmar;yJG 0ifaeoljzpfygonf/
xdkUaMumifh udkausmfNidrf;tm; uRefawmfu ta0;rSjrifNyD; udkausmfNidrf;[k odxm;ygonf/
uRefawmfu tHtm;oifh&mu NyKH;NyD;-
]][m.. q&mygvm;? bmpmtkyf&,fvdkUawmh rnfrnf&& &Smwmr[kwfygbl;q&m? zwf
aumif;r,fhpmtkyf &SmaewmygyJ}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 41 -
udkausmfNidrf;onf pmtkyfrsm;udk Munfhae&mrS uRefawmfhudk Munfhvdkufonf/ olUrsufESmrSm
cyfarmharmhxm;ojzifh rsufrSefrsm;u 0if;aeayonf/ 4if;aemuf taMumqJGaom [efrsKd;jzifh
acgif;wpfzufapmif;oGm;atmif ar;udkqwfceJxdk;vdkufNyD;-
''Secret Agent of Japan" (*syefolvQKd) qdkwJUpmtkyfudk zwfNyD;NyDvm;.... tJ'grsKd;u
zwfvnf;aumif;w,f A[kokwvnf;rsm;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;olvQKdvkyfief;eJU ywfoufwJU
pmtkyfawG[m zwfvdkuf&if rNyD;rcsif; pmtkyfcsrxm;Edkifavmufatmif pdwf0ifpm;zkdU
aumif;w,f/ NyD;awmh rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfvnf; wkd;wufapw,f? pGefUpm;vdkwJU pdwf"mwf
vnf; &ifhoefapw,f/ rif;zwfcsif&if udk,f&Smay;r,f}}
]]zwfcsifygw,f q&m? &Smay;prf;yg}}
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tcef;odkU vdkufcJUí pmtkyfwpftkyf,l&ef ac:ao;\/ uRefawmfu rtm;ojzifh rvdkufEdkif
ao;aMumif;? olUtcef;odkU vmí,lrnhftaMumif; ajymí &ufcsdef;vdkuf&ayonf/
uRefawmf rtm;onfhtaMumif;rSm 0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;wdkUtdrfodkU oGm;&ef&Sdojzifh jzpf
ayonf/ rodef;0if;\ vwfqwfaomtvSuav;udk aemufwpfBudrf xyfMunfEl;Edkif&ef
vnf;aumif;? OD;azESifh rdwfzJGU&efvnf;aumif; olwdkUxH tvnfoGm;&ef vGefpGm pdwfapm
aeavonf/
a':aX;Munfudk,fwdkifyif uRefawmfhtm; OD;azxHokdUac:oGm;\/ {nfhcef;ESifhqufvsuf tdrf
OD;wGif tumryg 0&efwmwyfxm;aom tzDuav;wpfck&Sdavonf/ xdktzDwGif cef;vkH;
jynfhrQus,faom Budrfyufvufukvm;xdkifBuD;wpfvkH; &Sdav&m OD;azonf ajcypfvufypf
Zdrf&Sd&SdESifh xdkifaeavonf/ OD;az\touft&G,f &kyf&nf&lyumrSm tNidrf;pm; 0efaxmuf
BuD; yDo&kHru olaX;&kyfvnf; ay:aeavonf/ aiGa&mifqHyifESifh jynfhNzdK;0azmif;aom
udk,fcE¨mBuD;rSm OD;aztm; BuD;pGmaomusufoa& jzpfapay\/ olUrsufESmrSm 0efaxmuf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 42 -
BuD;b0ü rmea&mif&Sdef xdefaumif;cJUayrnf/ ,ckrlum; csKdomvSay\/ uRefawmfonf
OD;aztm; jrifjrifcsif;cifrifoGGm;ayonf/
a':aX;Munfu-
]]tpfudkBuD; a[m'Doli,faygh? tMunfajymwJU aumvdyfausmif;om; armifwifxGef;qdkwm?
armifwifxGef;a& a[m'gyJ rif;tefu,fvf}}
OD;az\ ajcaxmufrsm;onf tjcm;ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;wGif wifvsuf&Sdae&m OD;azonf
ajcwdkUudk &kyfodrf;NyD; xdkukvm;xdkifudk uRefawmfhtm;ay;avonf/
]]xdkifa[h xdkifyg armifwifxGef; ckb,fu avQmufvmovJ}}
]]uJ uJ pum;ajymMuOD;? tefwD rD;zdkbufoGm;vdkufOD;r,f? armifwifxGef; npmpm;NyD;rS
jyef&r,faemf}}
a':aX;Munfum; ajymajymqdkqdk xGufoGm;av\/ uRefawmfu ]]aeygap a':a': rpm;yg&
apESifh}} [krS rajymvdkuf&/ OD;azar;onfudkom ajz&awmh\/
]]uRefawmf ausmif;utqif;rSm uRefawmfwdkU wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pmMunfhcef;
udk cP0ifw,f/ NyD;awmh OD;ESifhawGU&atmifqdkNyD; 'Dudkwef;vmcJUwmyJ}}
]]rif;wdkU or*¾rSm w&m;yJGawG cPcPvkyfw,fvdkU owif;pmrSm zwf&w,f? tefu,fvf
wpfcgavmuf vdkufem;axmifcsifw,f/ a'gufwmbarmfeJU OD;apm w&m;NydKifa[mr,f vdkU
qdkwm vkyfjzpfrvm;}}
]]vkyfjzpfr,fvdkU Mum;w,f? b,fawmhvJawmh rodbl;cifAs}}
]]at; vkyfjzpf&if tefu,fvfudk vmac:prf;a[h? vdkufem;axmifr,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 43 -
þodkUvQif OD;azonf uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;or*¾ vkyfief;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; a[majymyJG
rsm;wGif pdwf0ifpm;onfudk awGU&aomtcg uRefawmfhrSm tawmf0rf;ajrmufrd\/ OD;aztm;
&if;ESD;cifrifrIrSmvnf; BuD;rm;vmav\/ OD;azu a'gufwmbarmf pum;ajymaumif;ykH?
t*FvdyfpmawmfykH csD;usL;\/ t*Fvdyfpm 6-wef;atmifaom OD;apmu t*Fvdyfpum;jzihf
a'gufwmbarmfESifh ,SOfNydKifum rnfokdUajymEdkifrnfudk cefUrSef;Munfhae\/
]]OD;apmu BudK;pm;w,fOD;&JU? ajym&Jqdk&J owÅdvnf;&Sdw,f}}
]]tif;? olvnf; vlawmfwpfa,mufyJaemf? Munfhprf; OD;bazu olUudk vufoyfarG;vm
cJUwm? ol&d,wkdufrSm tpk0,fNyD; tvkyfvkyfEdkifatmifvnf; Od;bazuyJ oGif;vmwmyJwJU/
ckawmh OD;bazvdkvludkawmif ab;z,fypfNyD; udk,fwdkifwufvmw,f/ rsKd;cspfygwDudkvnf;
cJGaxmifw,f? vlawmfyJa[h}}
OD;azu olUtjrifjzifh a'gufwmbarmfESifh *VKefOD;apmwdkUtm; csD;usL;Edkifaomfvnf;
uRefawmfum; wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfatmif acgif;aqmifjcif;ESifh ywfoufíum; csD;usL;zG,f
r&Sd[k uRefawmfxifygonf/ xdkUtjyif xdktcsdefu uRefawmfonf Oya'jyKvTwfawmf
rif;wdkifyiftrwfqdkaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif BuD;rsm;udk rsm;pGmpufqkyfaeavonf/
]]uRefawmfuawmh 'DvlBuD;awGa&m? olwdkUaemufu rif;wdkifyiftrwfawGa&m[m tvum;
vlawGcsnf;yJxifw,f tefu,fvf/ wdkif;jynfa&mif;pm;NyD; udk,fusKd;&SmaeMuwJU vlawGyJ}}
OD;azonf uRefawmfhpum;jzihf txdwfwvefU jzpfoGm;onf[kxif\/ ezl;a&rsm; wGefUoGm;
atmif rsufvkH;jyL;oGm;NyD; cg;qefUíxdkifum-
]]qdkprf;ygOD; armif&}}
]]uRefawmf txl;ajymzdkU rvdkygbl;/ rMumao;cifu ckeef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmf&JU
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jynfxJa&;0efBuD;csKyf OD;ay:xGef;ajymwmudk owif;pmxJrSm OD;zwfvdkufrd
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 44 -
rSmaygh/ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&zGJUcgeD; trwfaps;awG 2500d-3000d wufoGm;wmwdkU? axmufcHzdkU
trwfawGudk zmtdrfvdkufac:&wm wdkUav}}
OD;azu w[m;[m;&,fvdkufNyD;-
]]tif; tif; oluawmh ajymrSmyJ? yg;pyfu cyfvG,fvG,f&,f/ y&d,m,fvnf;r&Sdbl;/
tefu,fvfNrdKUtkyfjzpfpu olu e,fydkif0efaxmuf? olUvufatmufrSm cPvkyfvdkuf&
ao;w,f/ vlcsif;vnf;cifygw,f/ olajymykHawG vkH;aphywfaph ajymprf;ygOD; [m; [m;
[m;}}
xdktcdkuf 0ifeDonf NcHxJrSwufNyD; {nfhcef;xJrSjzwfum tdrfxJ0ifoGm;onfudk &dyfceJ jrif
vdkufayonf/ uRefawmfu tmomirf;irf;jzifh olrtm; vSrf;Munfhrdaomfvnf; olu
uRefawmfhtm; waphwapmif;rQ MunfhroGm;yg/ uRefawmfhpum;pOfonf tenf;i,fyif
qGUHoGm;ao;\/
]]oJukef;NrdKUe,f tif;r&GmrSm ajymwmOD;&JU/ Oya'jyKvTwfawmfac:wJU aumifpDrSm trwf
70ausmf axmufcHrS tpdk;&tzJGU zJGUEdkifw,fwJU/ OD;ay:xGef;&JU vIdifjrwfay:ygwDrSm
14a,muf? a'gufwmbarmfygwDrSm 16a,mufom&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmhonfhjyif trwf 40ausmf
&atmif qJG&w,f/ ukvm;trwfwkdUudk acsmharmhEkL;ESyf,l&w,f/ ig;yGifhqdkifygwDrSm&SdwJU
trwftcsKdUudk 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;ae&m ay;ygr,fqdkNyD; zJUxkwf&w,f/ a'gufwmodef;armif
udk ig;yGifhqdkifygwDu zJUxkwfNyD; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl; ay;&w,f/
'gaMumifh a'gufwmodef;armifeJU trwfq,fa,muf[m nGefUaygif;buful;vmw,f/ 'geJU
rvkHavmufao;wmh wcsKdUtrwfawGudk aiGay;ac:&w,f/ ESpfzuf-tBudwfte,f qGJac:
aeavawmh trwfaps;[m 2500d-3000d txd wufw,fwJU/ 'geJUawmif pdwfrcs&ao;vdkU
trwfwcsKdUudk um;eJUwifac:NyD; rJay;csdefra&mufrcsif; 0Sufxm;&owJU/ tcsKdUtrwfawG
udk zmtdrfrSm vdkufac:&w,fwJU/ 'gawG[m OD;ay:xGef;udk,fwdkif xkwfajymwJU pum;awGyJ
tefu,fvf}}
OD;azum; w[m;[m; &,faejyefavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 45 -
]]'DavmufvkyfwmawmifrS nGefUaygif;tpdk;&[m olUESmacgif;eJUol touf&SLEdkifao;bl;OD;&JU/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&udk axmufcHwJU trwfOD;a&[m ig;yGifhqdkif? azbD,H? wdkUArmpwJU twdkuf
tcH trwfOD;a&xuf odyfomvSwm r[kwfbl;/ wpfrJ? ESpfrJyJ omw,f/ 'Dawmh Mum;ae
ygw,fqdkwJU t*FvdyfrJ-8rJudk nGefUaygif;tpdk;& wnfNrJa&;twGuf tm;udk;ae&ao;w,f/
'Dawmh nGefUaygif;tpdk;&[m bk&ifcHrMunfomwmudkawmh xm;ygOD;? t*Fvdyftrwf
8a,muf rMunfomwmudk bmrSrvkyf&Jbl;/ ig;yGifhqdkifu jyefwufcsif&ifvnf; t*FvdyfrJ
8rJudk oabmusatmif vkyfNyD;rS wuf&rSmyJ}}
]]at;av? 4000d-pm;? 5000d-pm; 0efBuD;csKyfawG? eef;&if;0efawG vkyfcsif&ifawmh 'DvdkyJ
vkyf&ayrSmaygh/ 'DwpfyJGrSmawmh a'gufwmbarmfwdkU? OD;ay:xGef;wdkUu OmPfomoGm; w,f
vdkU qdk&rSmaygh? [m; [m; [m;}}
]][kwfw,f? uvdrfOmPf omoGm;wmyJ}}
OD;azum; w[m;[m; &,fjyefonf/ OD;az&,fykHrSm tm;&yg;&&SdvSonf/ aemuf £ajEé
&kwfjcnf; qnfvdkufNyD;-
]]armifwifxGef; oabmu b,fvdkvkyf&if aumif;r,fxifovJ}}
]]uRefawmfawmh wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;u vIHUaqmfaeovdk trwftm;vkH; ygwDra&G; nDnGwf
NyD; &mxl;vufrcH? tpdk;&rzJGUbl;vdkU wpfoHwnf; jiif;y,f&r,f/ NyD;awmh jrefrmjynf
(1935) tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'udk zsufypf&r,f}}
]]armifwifxGef;u ocifvm;a[h}}
]]ocifawmh r[kwfygbl;? ocif0g'eJU ocifawGudkawmh BudKufw,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 46 -
uRefawmf OD;az\ aemufqifhar;cGef;wpfck vmvdrfhEdk;Edk;ESifh apmifh&if; NcHxJodkU ai;Munfh
aeonf/ OD;azum; bmrQrajymbJ pOf;pm;ae[ef&Sd\/ xdkUaMumifh a':aX;Munf uRefawmf
wkdUteD;odkU a&mufvmonfudk owdrxm;rdvdkufacs/
]]uJ tpfudkBuD;eJU armifwifxGef; vmMu? xrif;pm;Mu&atmif}}
]]uRefawmf rpm;awmhbl; tefwD}}
]]bkd b,fjzpfrvJ? jyifqifNyD;NyD? rif;u a':a':wdkUcifovdk rcifvdkU xrif;rpm;wmvm;}}
a':aX;Munfu uvdqGaomtNyKKH;jzihf uRefawmfhtm; ar;vdkufonf/
OD;azu xkdif&mrSx&if;-
]]tdkifaq; vm pm;&atmif? ayghwfvyfcf (uHaumif;&if [if;aumif;vdrfhr,f) ayghuG,f}}
uRefawmfhrSm rjiif;omNyD/
xrif;pm;cef;rSm aemufaz;rD;zdkacsmif taqmifi,fESifh tdrfrBuD;Mum;wGif&Sdí {nfhcef;rS wpf
qifh tdyfcef;rsm;Mum;rS jzwfoGm;&avonf/ þtcef;um; a':aX;MunfESifh OD;azwkdU\
tdyfcef; jzpfwef&m\/ þtcef;um; 0ifeDwdkUnDtpfr\ tdyfcef;jzpfayrnfavm/ þtcef;
rSm t0wfwefqmjyifqif&m tcef;jzpfaumif;jzpf&m\ ponfjzifh cefUrSef;&if; OD;azaemuf
u vdkufoGm;&ayonf/
xrif;pm;cef;rS tdrfaxmify&dabm*wdkUonfvnf; acwfrrD? a[mif;jrif;aom ykHoP²mef
ta&miftqif;wkdUudk aqmifaeMu\/ okdU&mwGif vif;xdefaeaom rD;onfvnf;aumif;?
w[l;[l;wdkufcwfaeaom pm;yGJwifyefumonfvnf;aumif;? tqDttdrfh tcsKdtcsOf tief
tpyf tom;toD;t&Guf pkHvifpGmESifh jyifqifwnfcif;xm;tyfaom xrif;pm;yGJ0dkif;BuD;
onfvnf;aumif;? xdkUjyifwpf0 ESpfvdkzG,f&mysLiSmpGmjzifh BudKqdkaeaom 0ifeDonf vnf;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 47 -
aumif;? uRefawmhftm; oHvdkuf"mwf qGJiifovdk qGJiifaeMuay&m a[mif;jrif;aom
y&dabm*wdkUudk aemufwpfBudrfxyfí trSwfyifrjyKrdawmhacs/
xrif;pm;yGJwGif OD;azESihf a':aX;MunfwdkUu rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifMuonf/
uRefawmfESifh 0ifeDwdkUuvnf; rsufESmcsif;qdkif/
OD;azu olUyef;uefxJ xrif;xnfhNyD; uRefawmfhxH xrif;tkyfudk urf;vdkuf&if;-
]]uJ tdkifaq; rsm;rsm;xnhfarmif? tMunfa& arpDaum rpm;ao;bl;vm;}}
a':aX;Munfu cyfoJUoJUNyKH;NyD;-
]]arpD rpm;ao;bl; tpfudkBuD;&JU? olUudk [if;vdkufzkdU wm0efay;xm;w,f/ aMomf-'gxuf
armifwifxGef;eJUarpD rdwfqufray;&ao;bl;aemf? arpDa& orD; arpDa&}}
]]vmNyDrmrD}} [laom toHESifhtwl arpDxGufvmavonf/ arpD\ t&yftarmif; tom;
ta& ponfwkdUrSm 0ifeDESifh wpfax&mwnf;vdkyifjzpf\/ odkU&mwGif arpD\ ESmwHrSm
ydkay:í ESmacgif;enf;enf;cRefonf/ rsufvkH;uvnf; ydkus,fNyD; rsufckH;ydkxlonf/ ukvm;
qifuav;[k qdkxdkufay\/ qHyifudk vdyfjymtawmifjzefUovdk ykHoP²mefjyKxm;aom
zJBudK;jzifh pnf;xm;avonf/
]]armifwifxGef;? a[m'g orD;ti,f arpDav}}
uRefawmfu NyKH;í EIwfqufvdkufonf/ ]]aeaumif;yg&JUvm;? awGU&wm 0rf;omygw,f}}
]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f? awGU&wm tifrwef 0rf;omaeygw,f}}
a':aX;Munfu Muufom;qDjyef[if;udk cyfí uRefawmfhyef;uefxJ xnfh&if;-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 48 -
]]tefwDu 'DaeUn arpDUudk xrif;vdkufzdkU wm0efay;xm;w,f/ [J [J 'DaeUntzdkU
pm;yJGxdk; cefUxm;wmayghuG,f/ tefwDuav orD;awGudk tdrfrIa&;&m oifay;w,f? tapcH
awG&Sdr,fh olwdkUvnf; tcsuftjyKwf? tauR;tarG; {nfhcHwmawGrSm 0ifvkyfapw,f? 'grS
wwfrSmudk; armifwifxGef;&JU/ 0ifeDa& orD;bufu ig;csOfa&yef;uefudk armifwifxGef;
buf ay;yguG,f}}
]]aeygap tefwD uRefawmfrDygw,f/ [J [J aeygap 0ifeD udkwifxGef; rDygw,f/ ckvdk
odyf*&kpdkufMuawmh pm;&wmawmif tm;emwmwm jzpfvmw,f? [J [J xrif;xnfhygOD;
arpD}}
tm;vkH;u [J [J ESifh vdkuf&,fMuonf/
a':aX;Munfu-
]]armifwifxGef; ig;yd&nfBudKufNyDvm;}}
]]ig;yd&nfryg&if xrif;rpm;wwfoavmuf jzpfaeNyDtefwD}}
]]'gjzifh tnmom; tnmrjyefEdkifawmhbl;aygh [J [J [J}}
uRefawmfu [J [J [J ESifh a':aX;MunfESifhtwl vdkuf&,fonf/ usefvlrsm;u NyKH;&kHom
NyKH;Muonf/
odkUjzifh OD;az a':aX;MunfwkdU\ tdrfrSm uRefawmfhpm;tdrfaomuftdrfozG,f jzpfvmvsuf
OD;az\ tdrfrdom;pkESifh txJ0if tjyifxGuf &if;ESD;vmcJUayonf/ 0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;
ESihfrlum; &doJUoJU? csdwfwdwfwdwf? axhawhawh jyKMurdvsuf bmuvdkvkd? bkduvmwmwm
tjzpfodkU a&mufcJU&ayownf;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 49 -
8
t,ltqajymif;yk Hrsm;
1938ckESpf twGif;wGif &ufawGul;ajymif; vawGanmif;vmavav (0g) 1936ckESpfonf
Ek&mrS&ifhNyD; OD;&mrS aESmif;vmavav? uRefawmf\ t,ltqrsm;onf ajymif;vJvmav
jzpfonfudk awGU&ay\/ oifMum;ae&aomynmESifh ywfoufaom t,ltqwdkUwGif Ek&mrS
&ifhí&ifhívmonf/ EdkifiHa&;t,ltqwkdUwGif aysmh&mrS jyif;ívmayonf/
zcifBuD;u uRefawmhfacgif;wGif; xnfhay;vdkufaom tdkifpDtufpf atmif&rnf[laom b0
&nfrSef;csufum; vkH;0aysmufuG,froGm;&kHwpfrnfom usefawmh\/ aemifawmhrS bmvkyf
vkyf? ausmif;ae&if ausmif;uay;wJU ynmudkawmh tpGrf;&SdorQ oif,l&rnf[laom
uRefawmhf udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfcsufESifh ywfoufívnf; ajymif;vJrIrsm; ay:vmcJUavonf/
wdkUoifae&aom ynm[m b,fvkdynmrsKd;vJ[k a0zefrIjyKí vmavawmhonf/
t*Fvdyfpmayuxduq&mu 0ghwfpf0ghof\uAsmrsm;udk t&omcHjy\/ uAsmq&m oDukef;
jc,frIef;xm;aom obm0tvSuav;rsm;udk axmufjy\/ yef;yGifhuav;wpfyGifhrS oifcef;
pm xkwf,lxm;ykHudk csD;usK;jy\/ uRefawmfonf apmapmu xkdtoiftjyrsKd;udk
ESpfouf\/ uRefawmf\pdwfonf uxduq&m\ toHESifhtwl? vdyfuav;rsm;ESifhtwl?
rdk;apGiSufuav;rsm;ESifhtwl obm0tvSrsm;qDodkU a&mufoGm;NyD; obm0tvSxJrSm
epfjrKyfoGm;avh&Sday\/ 1938ckESpf jyu©'defudk vSefoGm;avav xkdtouftjyrsKd;udk rESpf
NrdKUvmavav jzpfay\/ vlUavmuESifh uif;a0;vSaom pmayrsm;ygwum;[k tjypfjrifrd
\/ vlUtoufwpfacsmif;xuf vdyfjymuav;wpfaumif\ toufudk ydkwefzdk;xm;aom
pmayrsKd;ygwum;[k pOf;pm;rd\/
oifay;aeaom &mZ0ifynmwGifvnf; tjypfawGjrifvmayonf/ eydkvD,H\ wpfOD;wnf;
ydkif pGrf;&nfrsm;oufoufaMumifh jyifopfEdkifiH wefckd;BuD;rm;vmovdkvdk? eydkvD,H tvdk
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 50 -
&r®ufBuD;vGef;í jyifopftifydkif,mBuD; NydKvJ&ovkdvdk a&;NyD; jyifopfta&;awmfykHu
jzefUay;vdkufaom vlxkpdwf"mwfESifh [yfrdvSonfh vGwfvyfa&;? wef;wla&;ESifh w&m;
rQwa&; oifcef;pmrsm;udk zkH;EdkiforQ zkH;ay;onfh &mZ0ifynm&yfrsKd;udk auseyfa&mifh&JpGm
vufrcHvdkawmhacs/
4if;jyif oifay;aeaom abm*aA'ü uRefawmfwkdU Armqif;&Jom;rsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom
urÇmhqif;&Jom; vltrsm;twGuf oufomacsmifcsda&;? csrf;omBuD;yGm;a&;ESifh Armjynf
acwfrDí b,fokdUvQif auseyfa&mifh&JEdkiftHUenf;/
tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkaomf uRefawmfonf wuúodkvfuay;aeaom ynm&yfrsm;\ tajccHrsm;
udk tjrpfygvSefí okH;oyfqifjcifaeygNyD/ ,if;tajccHrsm;udk ,kHMunfrI avsmhyg;aeygNyD/
,if;tajccHrsm;udk ,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfaeygNyD/ ,if;tajccHrsm;wGif ,kHMunfrIjyif;xefrS?
,if;tajccHrsm;wGif ,kHrSm;oHo,uif;ygrS ,if;odkUaom ynm&yfrsm;udk ydkifEdkifwwfajrmuf
ayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;ynmrsm;udk ydkifEdkifwwfajrmufrS tdkifpDtufpfpmar;yGJudk atmifEdkifayvdrfh
rnf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfonf tazu acgif;xJoGif;ay;vdkufaom b0&nfrSef;csufrS
ab;zJUum OmPfuGefUjrl;aeNyD[k qkd&ygawmhrnf/ tdk-aus;Zl;&Sif zcifBuD;? om;armifonf
zcifBuD;\MoZmudk awmfvSefz,f&Sm;aerdygNyD/ tkd-aus;Zl;&Sifq&mwkdU? wynfhausmfonf
q&mwkdU\ MoZmudk awmfvSefz,f&Sm;aerdygNyD/ uRefawmfhtm; jypfwifarmif;rJMutHUavm/
jypfwifarmif;rJjyKcsif jyKygawmh? uRefawmfum; rwwfEdkifNyD/
uRefawmfonf wuúodkvfyd#uwfwdkufodkU ta&mufenf;onfxuf enf;vm\/ wuúodkvf
yd#uwfwdkuf pmMunfhcef;onf uRefawmfhtzkdU touf&SLusyfovdkvdk? pGwfpdkxdkif;rIdif; ovdk
vkd? arSmifovdkvkd xifrdawmhonf/ uRefawmfonf ausmif;om;or*¾ pmMunfhwkdufodkUom
ta&mufrsm;onfxuf rsm;vmawmh\/ wuúodkvfor*¾pmMunfhcef;onf uRefawmfhtzdkU
touf&SLacsmifonf? ESvkH;arGUavsmfzG,f&Sdonf? tvif;a&mifxGef;onf/
uRefawmfonf us,fjyefUíom;em;aom pmoifcef;xuf usOf;usyfí EkHcsmaom EdkifiHa&;
aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;udk ydkvdkUjrwfEdk;aeayNyD/ enf;jyq&m\ oifwef;wGif pmpDpmukH;a&;&onf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 51 -
xuf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;? '*kefr*¾Zif; wuúodkvfuPÖESifh owif;pmrsm;wGif aqmif;yg;a&;onf
udk ydkvdkU ESpfoufpdwf0ifpm;aeNyD/
xdkESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; ydkírsm;vm\/ wuúodkvfor*¾ cef;rBuD;xJwGif
vlpnfum;aom EdkifiHa&;w&m;yJGrsm;omru or*¾twGGif;a&;rSL;tcef;? OuúXtcef;? '&0rf
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wdwfwdwfpka0;um EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyfMuao;\/ arSmif&dyfaqG;aEG;yJG
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v,form;tvkyform; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taMumif;? tdE´,jynf vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;
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,cifurl uRefawmfonf EkdifiHa&;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;&kHomjzpf\/ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
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uRefawmfESifh tjcm;ausmif;om; 20cefUtjyif udkb[def;paom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
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- 52 -
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- 53 -
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tvHudk MobmtBudrfBudrfay;Muw,f/ tqkH;owfrSm tvHajrSmufudkifNyD; &JabmfwkdU igwdkU
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- 54 -
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udkb[def;u tpD&ifcHao;\/
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- 55 -
udkodef;azESifh udkb[def;wdkUu tvkyform;rsm;taMumif;udk ajymMupOf uRefawmfonf
uRefawmfudk,fwdkif &if;ESD;pGmodaom urm&Gwf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;taMumif;udk ajy;jrifrd
avonf/ olwkdU\ qif;&Jaomb0udk uRefawmfh&Jabmf ausmif;om;rsm;a&SU0,f csjyvdk
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a&eHajrtvkyform;wkdU\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk qufay;&ef wdkufwGef;vkdonf/ urm&GwfwGif
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ao;w,f}}
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udkodef;azu acgif;tBudrfBudrfndwfvsuf-
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- 56 -
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wdkif; uGufwdwifjyvdkufonf/
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twkdif; ausmif;om;0wÅ&m;uvnf; &Sdjyef? rdcifzcifwkdU\ rsufESmudkvnf; axmufxm;&
jyefojzihf ausmif;pmudkvnf;aumif;? ausmif;pmoifcef;udkvnf;aumif;? rpGefUvTwfyg/
rypfy,fyg? okdU&mwGif ckeifuazmfjycJUaom aqG;aEG;yJGrsKd;wGif ydkípdwf0ifpm;rdonfrSm
trSefyifjzpfyg\/ xkdaqG;aEG;yGJrsKd;onf uRefawmf\ vlUavmuESifh ywfoufaomtjrifESifh
urÇmBuD;udkjrif&aom rkd;ukyfpuf0dkif;udk ydkus,faponf[k uRefawmfxifay\/ ,cifu
ausmif;om;avmuudkom jrif&avonf/ ,ckrl ausmif;om;avmuabmifudk ausmfvsuf
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,ckrl olrsm;&yf? olrsm;a'o olrsm;EdkifiHwdkUrSmvnf; t[kwfxifp&mawG wpfykHwpfacgif;
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[k qdkcsifygawmhonf/
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ppfuGif;ocifbaomfqdkolu acgif;aqifavonf/ cef;rBuD;rSm usif;yaomfvnf; w&m;yJG
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- 57 -
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&IH;aeykHudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; oabmaygufvmay\/ olajymjyaomtcg bDtkdbif;?
rpöwmAefeDA,fvf paom t*Fvdyft&m&Sd ajr,mjyóemyg&*lrsm;\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rS
aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk udk;um;ajymqdkavonf/ uRefawmfonf ocifbaomftm; tpu
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t,ltq &SdcJUjcif;wkdUtwGuf 0rf;enf;rdygonf/
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- 58 -
4if;aemuf ocifbaomfu wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;\ rQwaomoD;pm;c (Fair Rent) owf
rSwfNyD; xdkrQwaom oD;pm;cudkomay;&ef &kH;rsm;odkU v,form;tpkta0;ESifh avQmufvTm
oGif;aeMuykHudk tpD&ifcHavonf/ v,form;rsm;onf rnfrQ Edk;Mum;vmoenf; qdkaomf
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orm;wdkU\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taMumif; Mum;&NyD; vlxky&dowf\ tiftm;xkxnfudk cHpm;
aerdonf/ /
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- 59 -
9
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rsm;udk tvGefESpfoufí tcsKdUav;csKd;BuD;rsm;rS tydk'fuav;rsm;udk tm*kHaqmifxm;um
oDqdkavhyif&Sdonf/ okdU&mwGif MumvQif onfhjyiftydk'fawG arhaumif;arhayvdrfhrnf/
atmufygtydk'fudkum; wpfoufvkH; arhEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/
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wpfrsKd;o'¨grysufapESifh? tydk;0goembufudkwJU uGif;ordkUz,f? rif;wdkU
t&G,fudkjzihf ausmif;wumrapm? aMomf jiif;vdkUy,fEdkifyg&JU ajzmifhpGm
oabm}}
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vkyf&ygrnfvm;[k &efawGUpmav;wpfapmif a&;vdkufaomtcg txufyg aumufEkwfcsuf
uav;udk uRefawmfhjyefpmrSm xnfhoGif;udk;um;onfupí olESifhuRefawmf oli,fcsif;
vnf;ru? orD;&nf;pm;vnf;rus jzpfonftxd &if;ESD;oGm;aomaMumifhwnf;/
rjrifhOD;taMumif; azmfjy&aomf rjrifhOD;onf uRefawmfhxuf wpfESpfomomBuD;aMumif;
OD;pGm azmfjyvdkayonf/
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wpfESpfBuD;vQif odomvSonf/ rjrifhOD;onf uRefawmfhxuf wpfESpfomom BuD;aomfvnf;
tysKdBuD;*dkuf zrf;ae\/ aeykHxdkifykH qufqHykHrSm ausmif;olESifhrwl? q&mrESifhomwlae\/
tusÐ0wfvQif &SHom; 0dkifom;yg;yg;rsm; r0wf? r'kr®mxlxlBuD;udk 0wfonf/ vkHcsnf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 60 -
ta&mifEkEk? tqifqef;qef;udk r0wfwwf? ta&mif&ifh&ifh tqif&dk;&dk;udkom 0wfavh
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rjrifhOD;rSm tom;ndKaomfvnf; ndKacsmxJujzpfonf[k qdkEdkif\/ ESmwHray:? ESmacgif;
jym;onf[k qdk&aomfvnf; 0dkif;pufaom rsufvkH;rsm;? aumhysHaeaom rsufawmifrsm;
nDnmjzLpifaom oGm;rsm;jzihf cspfp&maumif;aom yg;csKdifhrsm;onf 4if;wdkU\ tvSjzihf
wpfrsufESmvkH; vTrf;oGm;ayonf/ rjrifhOD;\ udk,fvkH;ESifh t&yftarmif;rSm pdkjynf0NzdK;
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oGm;\/
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rjrifhOD;tm; txifBuD;Mu\/ rjrifhOD;tm; rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdaom ausmif;olrsm;pm&if;wGif
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pmvkH;cufcufuav; wpfvkH;awGUvQif q&mawG? a,mufsm;oli,fcsif;awG wpfykHwpfacgif;
BuD;udk ausmfí rjrifhOD;xH ]]rjrifhOD;uawmh jrefrmpm*kPfxl; ,laeolqdkawmh pum;uav;
t"dyÜm,f &Sif;jyEdkifygvdrfhr,f}} [k pma&;í ar;vkdufonf/ rjrifhOD;uvnf; vdyfywfvnf
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avonf/ rjrifhOD;url pme,fZif;wpfpkHwpf&mudk zwfae&mrS uRefawmfhxH pmwpfapmif
aumufa&;onf/ ]]udkwifxGef;uawmh EdkifiHa&;0goemtkd;BuD;rdkU 'Dpmydk'f&JU EdkifiHa&;
t"dyÜm,fudk vG,fvG,fESifh &Sif;jyEdkifr,fxifw,f}}/ uRefawmfu rjrifhOD;tm; EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmif vkyfwrf;upm;jy&ojzifh auseyftm;&vSayonf/ wu,fyif EdkifiHa&;vkyf
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- 61 -
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jzpfonf/
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ESifhykwf rvJGwrf; pGJvrf;cspfcifaeayvdrfhrnf[laom ,kHMunfrIonf cdkifrmvmayonf/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 62 -
olUtm; ]yg&rDjznfhbuf rjrihfOD;} [k ac:vdkufí uRefawmfhudk,fudk,f ]udkxGef;} [k azmfjy
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 63 -
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- 64 -
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ykH uRefawmfowdjyKrdonf/ rjrifhOD;ESifhuRefawmfwkdU\ &if;ESD;cifrifrIrSm 'D*&Dwufvm\/
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0g'ESifhum; vkH;0qefUusifaeavNyD/ /
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- 65 -
10
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wifhwifhw,f MunfndKzG,fyif jzpfayonf/
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[if;vif; jzpfaomaumif;uifudk ausmcHvsuf wnfNidrfpGm uRefawmfha&SUrSm xD;wnf;BuD;
wnfaeaom apwDawmfBuD;onf uRefawmfhtm&kHudk wefaqmif;wGif;rS ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;
aqmifaom qif;wkawmfrsm;? yef;tdk;rsm;? anSmfoif;vsuf&Sdaom za,mif;wdkifrsm; toH
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh qlnHvsuf&Sdaom bk&m;&Sdckd;oHrsm;xuf ydkí wnfNidrfpkpnf;apEdkifonf[k
oabm&ayonf/
wpfBudrf? ESpfBudrf? okH;Budrf 0wfcsí NyD;cg&Sdao;-
]]0ifeDwdkUESifhtwlwl bk&m;rzl;csifvdkU 'DrSmvmNyD; zl;aewmayghaemf? a&pufrqkHxifyg&JU [J
[J}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 66 -
vSnfhMunfhvdkufaomtcg NyKH;aeaom0ifeDudk jrif&avonf/ 0ifeD\ eDjref;aomEIwfcrf;?
qHxkH;rS ESif;qDeDESifh vnfwdkifrS wausmhESpfausmh&pfNyD; avsmhusvGifhysHaeaom a,m*D
y0guav;rsm;udk txl;owdjyKvdkufrdonf/ olESifh ykckH;csif;,SOfum &yfvdkufNyD;-
]]r[kwfygbl; rodef;0if;&,f? 'Dae&mrSm ydkMunfEl;w,f? ydkNyD; tm&kH&w,f? 'gaMumifh
'DuaeNyD; bk&m;zl;wmyg/ ae&mcGJNyD; bk&m;zl;ayr,fh 0ifeDwkdUeJU pdwf0rf;uGJ&apom;vdkU
qkrawmif;ygbl;/ 'DtcsdefxJrSm 'Dbk&m;udkyJ twlwlzl;w,f/ wpfa,mufeJU wpfa,muf
vnf; trQtwef;a0w,fqdk&if ukodkvf&awmhvnf; twlwlyJjzpfrSmaygh rodef;0if;&JU}}
]]uJyg pum;wwfwdkif; &SnfraeygeJUawmh/ 'uf'DwkdUrmrDwdkUawmif [dkbufavQmufESifh
MuNyD/ 0ifeDu udkwifxGef;twGuf tapmifhusae&pfcJUw,f/ vm vm vdkufMupdkU}}
uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,mufonf ,SOfwJGí ukef;awmfudk ywfMuavonf/ OD;azwkdUum;
uRefawmfha&SUu avQmufaeMuavonf/ okdUuvdk ,SOfwGJoGm;&if; uRefawmfu 0ifeDU
bufodkU rMumcP iJUíiJUí Munfhrdavonf/ ,if;odkUMunfhonfudk 0ifeDu oabmus
ovdkvdk? rusovdkvdk[efjzifh-
]]bmMunfhwmvJ udkwifxGef;&JU? bmrsm; tqef;awGUaevdkUvJ}}
]]rodef;0if;u a,m*DtzGJU0ifxJuvm;}}
]][ifhtif;? b,fa,m*DtzJGUrS rygbl;}}
]]'gjzifh rdk;nSif;w&m;yJGoGm;NyD; w&m;emzl;ovm;}}
]][ifhtif;? wpfcgrS ra&mufzl;bl;? bmjzpfvdkUvJ[if}}
]]bmrSawmh rjzpfygbl;? vnfyif;u a,m*Dyk0guav;aMumifh ar;wmyg}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 67 -
]]tdk udkwifxGef;uvnf; rodbl;vm;/ a,m*Dyk0g[m a,m*DtzGJU0ifrS rkd;nSif;w&m;yGJoGm;rS
qif&wmr[kwfygbl;/ bk&m;oGm;ausmif;wuftwGuf pyg,f&S,f ta&mifvnf;jzpfw,f/
vSvnf;vSw,f/ 'gaMumifh 0ifeDwdkU 0wfMuwmaygh}}
]]Mo 'Dvdkudk;? aumif;w,f aumif;w,f/ vSvnf;vSygw,f}}
ukef;awmfudk wpfywfywfNyD;aemuf aoG;aq;uefbufodkU qif;Muav\/ aoG;aq;uef
bufrSm OD;azwkdU\ udk,fydkifum;onf apmifhvsuf&Sd\/ um;rSm tm&fat eHygwfxJu jzpf
NyD; aq;okwf? aygif;wif? tkdAma[m tBudrfBudrf vkyfvifhupm; a[mif;jrif;aom ta&mif
tqif; toGiftjyiftrlt&m raysmuf/ xGufcgeD;qdkvQif oHaumufBuD;ESifh wa*smif;a*smif;
vSnfh&onf/ xGufjyefaomtcg zifydkif;rS rD;cdk;waxmif;axmif; xGufwwfonf/ "mwfqD
wdkifuDydkufudk EdkUqDbl;cGHESifh ydwfxm;&m rMumcP jyKwfusavh&Sdojzifh '&dkifbmonf
EdkUqDbl;cGHtydkuav;rsm; aqmifxm;\/ xdkum;\ tqkd;qkH;aomOmOfwpfckum; ykvdyf
vufjywdkifa&SU um;awGpDwef;&yfaecsdefwGif puf&yfoGm;wwfjcif;jzpf\/ xdktcgrsKd;ü
'&dkifbmonf ysmavmifcwfaeonf/ 0ifeDpaom rdef;rom;rsm;rSm-
]]igwdkUudk vlv,faumift&SufcJGwJU aomufum;yJ}} [k jiLplum acgif;ikHUí aewwfav
onf/ OD;azum;tajcrysuf? cyfcHUcHUyif tcHUom;xdkifaeonf/ awGUorQ vefcsm;ukvm;
awG ac:NyD; twGef;cdkif;um wpfusyfp? ESpfusyfp qkaumif;aumif;csavh&Sdonf/
uRefawmfhpdwfxiftm;jzifh 0ifeD(ac:) rodef;0if;onf þum;ay:xdkifvdkufwkdif; rsufESmtdk
oGm;onf/ tylxdaomyef; nId;usoGm;ovdk 0ifeD\ vwfqwfaomtvSrSm ndK;oGm;onf
[k xif&\/ rdcifvkyfolvnf; xdkUtwlyif/ um;ay:wGif xdkifonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf um;udk
olrurpD;? olrudkom um;upD;ae[efwlonf/ um;onf a[mif;vSygonfwum;[laom
todonf zdpD;csufaumif;vSygonfwum;/ okUd&mwGif rdcifvkyfolonf orD;awGxuf
pdwfudk ajzwwfonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 68 -
]]armifwifxGef;&JU tefwDwdkU um;opfxkwfawmhr,f/ a[m'Dum;udk a&mif;vdkU aps;rwnfh
ao;wmeJU MuefUMumaewm? ckawmh &aps;eJUyJ a&mif;vdkufr,fatmufarhw,f}} [k jynfvrf;
tauGUwGif uRefawmfhtm; vSrf;ajymvdkufavonf/
uRefawmfonf olwdkUpdwfudk awmfawmfodaeavNyD/ yifpifESifh &Sdypönf;rsm;udk xdkifpm;
aeMuaom txnfBuD;ysufrsm;jzpfonf/ tvkyfopftudkifopf rvkyfEdkifovdk? tdrfopf
raqmufEdkif/ um;opfr0,fEdkif/ okdU&mwGif tvkyfopfudkpdwful;ovdk tdrfopf? um;opfudk
pdwful;aumif;aeMuavonf/ txnfBuD;ysufrsm; "r®wmtwkdif; tzmtax; rnfrQyif
xnfh&apawmh? txnfBuD;udk rpGefUEdkif/ zm&ax;&ykHudk vljrifwdkif; topfaqmufrnf
topf0,frnfajymí zkH;zday\/ okdUuvdk "mwfodjzpfvmjcif;aMumifh uRefawmfonf
olwdkUtm; rrkef;? rpufqkyf? oem;íomaerdonf/ xdkUjyif olwdkU\ txnfa[mif;
aemufuG,frS wu,fhapwemESifh pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;wdkUudk uRefawmfMunfndKonf/
olwdkUrSm ]r&'óucsKdif} qdkaom avmbrsKd;r&SdonfhtwGuf csD;usL;vkdonf/ olwdkUu
tzmtax;udk zkH;&efBudK;pm;onfudk awGUwdkif; uRefawmfyga&mí zkH;ay;wwfaeavNyD/
]]a':a':&,f? um;opfawGbmawG 0,fraeygeJUawmh/ tydkukefwmbJ/ vlpD;bwfpfum;
wdkUvdk? ukefwifavmvDwdkUvdktwGuf ukefwmudkawmh ukefoifhw,fqdk&r,f/ udk,fydkifum;
qdkwmuawmh ZdrfcHypönf;oabmrsKd;rdkU 0,fwmudk uRefawmfjzifh tm;ray;csifbl;/ wpfaeU
u owif;pmrSm pm&if;wpfckawGUw,f/ 1938ck arv 31&ufaeUtxd? ukefcJUwJU wpfESpf
twGif;rSm ArmjynfxJudk um;tpD; 200 0ifvmNyD; EdkifiHjcm;odkU um;wefzdk;aiG 6 oef;
ausmfausmf ydkUay;&w,fwJU}} odkUuvdk uRefawmfu *CeP wdusaompum;wdkUjzifh olwdkU
rvkyfEdkifrnfhtvkyfudk rvkyf&ef zsufvkdufaomtcg a':a':\rsufESmonf 0if;oGm;\/
pdwfoufom&m tawmf&oGm;[efwl\/ odkUaomf uRefawmfhtBuHay;csufudk rauseyf[ef
jyKvdkufNyD;-
]]r[kwfao;bl; armifwifxGef;&JU? um;qdkwm ZdrfcHypönf;r[kwfbl;? 0,frSjzpfr,f}} [k
qdkvdkufavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 69 -
uRefawmfpum;rjyefawmhacs/ tefu,fvfBuD;OD;azu 0ifNyD; ]]tdkifaq; EdkifiHjcm;udk aiGawG
ra&mufatmif vkyfwm tifrwefaumif;w,f/ tefu,fvfawmif tck yifeD0wfawmhr,f
atmufarhw,f armif&}}
]]aumif;wmaygh OD;&,f? wpftdrfvkH; yifeD0wf&ifawmif aumif;OD;r,f}}
]]a':a':u uRefawmfhtm; rsufapmif;xdk;MunfhvdkufNyD;-
]]armifwdkU wl0&D;om 0wfMuarmif? tefwDwdkUawmh r0wfyg&apeJU? tefu,fvfvnf;
armifwifxGef;eJUaygif;rS ocifjzpfcgeD;aeNyD [J [J}}
tefu,fvfOD;azu w[m;[m;&,fvkdufonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; &,fvdkufonf/ aemuf
a':a':u-
]]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufvwJhuaemf}}
okdUjzihf tdrfa&mufMuav\/ a':a':ESifh 0ifeDwkdUonf olwdkUtcef;rsm;odkU 0ifoGm;Mu
avonf/ uRefawmfESifhOD;azonf tdrfa&SU0&efwmwGifxdkifí pum;ajymaeMuav\/
OD;azum; Budrfyufvufukvm;xdkifBuD;ay:rSm vSJvsuf? AdkufylBuD;ay:wGif vufESpfzufudk
ywÅmqufovdk qufumwifxm;vsuf? uRefawmfum; xdkifukvm;xkdifay:rSm xdkifvsuf
ajcESpfzufudk um;xm;vsuf-
OD;azrSm ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv} pum; t&Sdefrukefao;/
]]tdkifaq; armifwifxGef;? ocif0g'qdkwm bmvJ? OD;udk aoaocsmcsm ajymjyOD;/ wdkUArm
0g'eJU b,fvdkjcm;em;ovJ}}
]]ocif0g'eJU wdkUArm0g' twlwlayghOD;&JU}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 70 -
]]at; at; &Sif;jyprf;ygOD;/ OD;wdkUzwf&wJU owif;pmawGxJrSmvnf; 'D[mawGryg? ocif
w&m;yGJvnf; OD;wdkU wpfcgrS ra&mufzl;bl;}}
uRefawmfonf odMuNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; ocifacgif;aqmif wpfOD;r[kwf? ociftppfyif
r[kwfao;/ ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv} pcef;odkUyif ra&mufwwfayao;/ odkU&mwGif
ocifudkMunfndK\/ ocifhtaMumif; tawmftwefavhvm\/ Mum;zl;em;0&Sd\/ ocifh
taMumif;udkvnf; t&yfrSm ajymjyvdk\/ rjrihfOD;u pmuav;a&;í EdkifiHa&;jyóemrsm;
ar;aomtcg EdkifiHa&;orm;vkyfwrf; upm;jy&mü ESpfNcdKufaysmfydkufovdk OD;azu ocifh
taMumif; ar;ojzihf ocifvkyfwrf; upm;jy&mü aysmfydkufayonf/ ocifhtaMumif;
vufoD;vuf&kH;wef;í ajymaeavawmhonf/
]]OD; wkdUArmoDcsif; em;axmifzl;ovm;}}
]]em;raxmifzl;bl;? qdkjyprf;ygOD;}}
]]qdkjyzdkUr[kwfbl;? wdkUArmoDcsif;[m wkdUArm0g'udk aumif;aumif;azmfjyEdkifwJU oDcsif;
jzpfw,f/ 1292ckESpfxJrSm a&;cJUwm/ uRefawmf &dk;&dk;toHeJUqdkjyr,f? OD;em;rvnfbl;
xifwJU ae&mrSm t"dyÜm,f&Sif;jyr,f}}
]]aumif;om;yJ}}
(waumif; tbd&mZm? wdkUArm omuDrsKd;[mrdkU? rnId;*kPfawZm?
,dk;',m;eJUukvm;udkyg? wdkufcdkufum atmifcJUwm? wdkUArm....)
]]'Dtydk'fuawmh wkdUArmawG[m rsKd;&dk;pOfvmtm;jzifh rnHUwJUtaMumif;? omuD0ifrif;rsKd;u
qif;oufaMumif;? Armh&mZ0iftp waumif;ujzpfaMumif;? ArmawG[m ,kd;',m;eJU
ukvm;awGudkawmif EdkifcJUzl;aMumif;? ArmwdkU&JU BuD;us,fcJUwJU twdwfudk jyefazmfvdkuf
wmudk; OD;&JU}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 71 -
]][kwfwmaygh tdkifaq;? xrif;vnf;a0;ao;w,f/ umzDaomufygOD;vm;/ a[h- 0ifeDa&
'uf'DwdkUtwGuf umzDESpfcGuf ,lcJUyguG,f}}
(pdefrSefuif;ppf? tjzpfBuD;jzpf&JU? xif;wpfvSnfhBuKH&xkH;ESifh raoG?
avmu"r®mwmay? igwkdUuHac? jzpf&jyefoav? okdUaomf t&if;udk
ppfvQif Armjynf igwdkU igwdkUjynf)
]]rSefuif;wpfvSnfh? xif;wpfvSnfhqdkwJU pum;&Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/ pdefzl;rSefuif; jzpf&mu
aeNyD; xif;vnf;jzpfwwfwmyJ/ 'g[m"r®wm? tJ'D"r®wmtwdkif; wdkUArmawG[m uHZmwm
nId;rSdefvdkU uRefjzpfae&w,f/ Armjynf[m uRefwdkif;jynfjzpfae&w,f/ okdUayr,fh t&if;
ppf Munfhvdkuf&if Armjynf[m wkdUArmawG&JUjynfyJ? ocifwdkif;jynfyJ/ rSefuif;wpfvSnfh
xif;wpfvSnfh jzpfovdkyJ? ocifjzpfcJU&mu uRefjzpfvm&w,f/ avmu"r®wmrkdU tm;i,f
p&mr&Sdbl;/ t&if;ppfvkduf&if wdkU[m ocifjyefjzpf&OD;r,f vdkUqkdNyD; udk,fhudk,fudk,f
tm;wif;vdkufwJU oDcsif;ydk'fjzpfw,f}}
]]'gaMumifh ocifac:wmudk;}}
]][kwfw,f}}
(aemifO'gef; b,frausp&m? &mZ0ifwifxm;? rsKd;&dk;EG,fvm urÇm
wpfcGifrSmjzifh Arm txift&Sm;? wkdUacwfwGifrS nHUMuawmhrSmvm;?
wkdUArm r[kwfavovm;? wdkUArm igwdkUArm? wdkUArm igwkdUArm? 'g
igwdkUArm? 'g igwkdUArm)
]]urÇmrSmArm&,fvkdU &mZ0ifwGifxif&Sm;cJUw,f? wkdUacwfusrS nHUMuawmhrSmvm;/ wdkU[m
Armr[kwfbl;vm;/ ArmrS Armtppf? wkdUArm? igwkdUArm? 'g igwdkUArmjzpfw,f/ ZmwdaoG;
ZmwdrmefawG azmfjyvdkufwm? vufcarmif;cwfvkdufwmbJ}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 72 -
(tm;vkH;nDnD? a,musmf;bom;? wdkUArm? aemifvmaemufom;
aumif;pm;zdkU&m? wkdUudk,f usKd; vkH;vkH;ryg? &J&J ArmyDyD? Armjynf
wkdUArmzdkUyg? ocifusifhudk usifhMuyg? ocifrsKd;a[h wkdUArm?
rdk;atmufajrjyifrSm? txufwef;pdwfeJU pmr&DaoG; wkdUArm)
]]wkdUArmawGtm;vkH;[m nDMu? a,musmf;bom;yDMu? wdkUudk,fusKd; vkH;vkH;rzufbJESifh
aemifvmaemifom;awG aumif;pm;zdkUvkyfMu? Armjynfudk wdkUArmawGydkif&atmif ArmyDyD
BudK;pm;Mu? wdkUArmawG[m ocifrsKd;awG/ 'gaMumifh ocifusifhusifh&r,f? txufwef;pdwf
arG;jrLMu&r,f? wdkUArmawG[m pmr&DiSufvdk r[kwfrcH ckcHpdwf&SdMu&r,f? tJ'Dvkd
wuf<uvmatmif vIHUaqmfwJU oDcsif;ydk'fjzpfw,f? aemuftydk'fusawmh oHNydKifqdk&wm
OD;Mum;apcsifw,f? oHNydKifqdkwJUtcgrSm MuufoD;arG;nSif;awGawmif xvmw,f}}
xdktwGif; 0ifeDonf aumfzDESpfcGufudk vifyef;uav;ay:rSmwifí ,lvmavonf/
tNiD;ajy0g;zkdU ajryJqm;avSmfwpfyef;uef ygvmao;onf/ 0ifeDum; bmrQrajymbJ vif
yef;udk uRefawmfwkdUa&SUrSm csxm;ygonf/ olUudkMunfhaeaom uRefawmhftm; rsufvTmyifhí
Munfhvdkufonf/ yg;pyfaphí NyKH;jyoGm;onf/ xdktNyKH;um; oa&mfawmfawmftNyKH;jzpf\/
{uEÅ uRefawmfa[maeaom wkdUArmw&m;udk oa&mfNyKH;NyKH;wmjzpfrnf[k uRefawmf ,lq
vdkufonf/ okdUaomf uRefawmfolUtm; rrkef;yg/ em;rvnfvdkUom oa&mfjcif;jzpf&rnf[k
uRefawmfu olUtm;em;vnfNyD; oem;vdkufrdygonf/
OD;azonf aumfzDwpfcGufudk ,laomufaeavNyD/ uRefawmfu oHNydKiftyk'fudk &Gwfjy
aeavonf/
(urÇmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwkdUjynf? 'gwdkUajr? 'gigwdkUjynf? urÇmraMu?
ArmawG? 'gwdkUjynf? 'gwdkUajr? 'gigwkdUjynf? 'gwdkUjynf? 'gwkdUajr?
'gigwdkUjynf? wdkUArm wdkUArmjynfudk wdkif;&if;om;tukeftpif?
wdkUjynfvdkUrSwfxif? wdkU0wÅ&m;yif wkdUArmocif/)
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 73 -
]]'Dtyk'fuawmh txl;t"dyÜm,f&Sif;zkdU rvdkygbl;OD;&,f? wdkUjynf? wkdUajr jzpfw,fqdkwm
BuKH;0g;NyD;jywm/ wkdUjynfrSef;odNyD; wkdUjynfudkcspfMuygvdkU wdkufwGef;wmjzpfw,f}}
]]tdkifaq; armifwifxGef;? umzDaomufvdkufOD;av}} [k OD;azonf olUaumfzDyef;uefudk
csxm;NyD; ajymvdkufonf/ OD;azonf ajryJaphrsm;udk aumufpm;aejyef\/
(trsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf;Muyg/ wkdUArma[h wdkUArm? aMomf-
trsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf;Muyg? wdkUArma[h wkdUArm? ta&SUu ae0ef;
xGufonfhyrm? wkdUacwfudkawmh a&muf&rnfrSmrvJGyg? wkdUArma[h
wkdUArm? Armjynft0Srf;tukef? wkdUtdrfrSwfyg? wkdU&mrSwfyg? tJ'g
wkdUArm/)
]]tJ'Dtydk'fNyD;awmh oHNydKifxyfaumufwmyJ/ wkdUArmociftaygif;[m trsKd;om;a&; BudK;
yrf;MuzdkU? wkdUArmawG[m ightdrfrS ightdrf? igh&GmrS igh&Gm? igNrdKUrS ighNrdKU? ighe,frS ighe,fvdkU
usOf;ajrmif;pGm owfrSwfNyD; a'opdwfrxm;MuygeJU/ wpfjynfvkH;udk wkdUtdrfrSwfyg/ wkdUtdrf
wkdUcspfovdk? wkdUtdrfwkdU umuG,fapmifha&Smufovdk? wkdUwpfjynfvkH;udkvnf; cspfyg/ apmifh
a&Smuf umuG,fyg/ wdkif;pdwfjynfpdwf arG;Muprf;ygvdkU wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfoHjzpfw,f/
NyD;awmh ta&SUuae0ef;BuD;xGufwm[m "r®mwmjzpfovdk? rvTJra&Smifomovkd? wkdUacwf
ocifacwf a&muf&rnfrSm "r®wmyJ/ rvTJra&Smifombl;qdkNyD; tm;wufp&m oDqdk
xm;w,f/ raumif;bl;vm;OD;? 'DoDcsif; raumif;bl;vm;}}
OD;azonf xdkcPü tenf;i,fpdwfavaeonf[k xif&\/ taMumif;rlum;
]]tif; tif;? aumif;w,f? 'DajryJawmfawmfaumif;w,f? tdkifaq; umzDaomufvdkufav}}
uRefawmfonf w&m;a[m&í armvSonfhtxJ OD;azpdwfavonfudk awGU&aomtcg
tvkH;qdkUrwwf jzpfoGm;avonf/ aumfzDudk,laomufNyD; tarmajzaevdkufonf/ twef
MumvQif OD;azu 0ifeDudk vSrf;ac:vdkufjyefavonf/ 0ifeDa&mufvmaomtcg olUacgif;
wGif eHeufuyefvmaom ESif;qDeD&J&JBuD;udk rawGU&awmhacs/ EIwfcrf;uav; eD&J&Judkom
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 74 -
awGU&\/ ESif;qDeD&J&JBuD;udk b,folUjzKwfay;vdkufoenf;/ aemufaz;u acsmif;0ifwJU
&nf;pm;udkrsm; jzKwfay;vdkufw,fqdk&if tdrfa&SUrSm wkdUArmw&m;a[maewJU ighrSmaum
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- 75 -
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- 76 -
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- 77 -
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 78 -
11
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 79 -
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- 80 -
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olonf uRefawmfwdkUtm; vufjyí olUudkapmifhapavonf/ þwGif a&SUrqufrD udk<u,f
taMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyzdkUvdkao;onf/
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oufoufESifhjzpf\/ olonf om;r&Sd? r,m;r&Sd? aqGrsKd;rSmvnf; jrif;NcHrSmom&Sd&pfí
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rlum; tokH;0ifolwpfa,muf jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ rkqdk;ra':vkH;wifonf vufzufqdkif
uav; bl;oD;aMumfqdkifuav; ponfjzifhzGifhxm;&m olu &efukefoGm;í vufzuf?
MuufoGefaMumf? qD ponfrsm;0,fay;onf/ jrif;vSnf;orm; udkwifaz zsm;vQifjzpfap?
tem;,lonfjzpfap udk<u,fu jrif;vSnf;0ifarmif;ay;onf/ pGyfus,fpufxJu ruf
uif;epfudkarmf\ uav;rsm;udk tdrfpmulvkyfay;onf/ &yf&GmxJwGif oma&;? ema&; &SdvQif
udk<u,fonf 'dkifcHtusKd;aqmifoljzpf\/ &efukefoGm;í vSLzG,fwef;zG,f 0,fay;\/
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&if;EDSD;avonf/ qdk;wkdifyif aumif;wdkifyif jzpfavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 83 -
olonf uRefawmfwdkUaemufodkU cyfokwfokwfvdkufvm&m touf&SLyif rSm;aeonf[k
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- 84 -
uRefawmfum; Mum;vdkuf&onfhcPü ukvm;-Arm b,folrSm;ovJ[k rpOf;pm;Edkif/
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avonf/
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b,fukvm;aumif;ovJ/ wdkUaumifrav;awG 'if;wdkUr,m;vkyfw,f/ w&m;0ifr,m; jzpf
csif&if wkdUaumifruav;awGu rGwfpvifbmomudk 0if&r,fwJU/ b,favmufpD;ydkifovJ?
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- 85 -
udk<u,fu atmufygtwdkif; axmufcHjznfhpGufjyef\/
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ukvm;awG vTrf;rdk;aeovJ/ Munfhprf;? usKyfwdkUurm&GwfrSm&SdwJU pGyfus,fpuf? xD;puf?
qyfjympuf 'gawG b,folydkifovJ? ukvm;awG? rGwfpvifawG? urm&GwfrSm&SdwJU
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rSmvnf; ukvm;? A,maMumfqdkifrSmvnf; ukvm;? zdeyfqdkifrSmvnf; ukvm;? txnfqdkif
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ukvm;? *sr'gvnf; ukvm;? axmifrSL;vnf; ukvm;? ae&mwum ukvm;csnf; vTrf;ae
wmyJ...}}
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uRefawmfudk,fwdkifum; ukvm;oGm;cszdkU pdwfryg/ udk<u,fygoGm;rSm pdk;&drfrd\/ xdkUaMumifh
]]raumif;ygbl;Asm/ ukvm;tay:rSm rauseyfcsufudk onfhjyifenf;eJU ajz&Sif;Muwmaygh/
t"du&kPf;jzpfatmifawmh rvkyfMuygeJU}}
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- 86 -
udk<u,fum; wnfNidrfoGm;NyD;-
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- 87 -
13
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odcsifao;onf/ trsm;vkyfovdk vdkufvkyfwmyJ rSefavrnfvm;[k xifrdavonf/
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aumif;? tcsKdUrSm "m;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? udkifaqmifvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;wyfBuD;
onf or*¾wHcg;0ü &yfvsufaeavonf/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 88 -
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enf;/ uRefawmftHUMoaeonf/
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- 89 -
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- 90 -
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- 91 -
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]]q&mav;wdkU&,f pdwfcsyg? usKyfwkdUvlaumif;awGyg/ t"du&kPf;qdkwm ukvm;vlqdk;?
Armvlqdk;awGuom vkyfwmyg? usKyfwdkUu vlaumif;awGyg}} [k qdkNyD; olUrdwfaqGArmtm;
vSrf;Munfhvdkufonf/ xkdrdwfaqGu-
]][kwfygw,f vlaumif;awGyg? vlqdk;awGuom t"du&kPf;vkyfwmyg}}
þpum;rsm;rSm uRefawmfwdkUESifhygvmaom t"du&kPf;aoG;<ucJUzl;aom Armausmif;om;
rsm;tzdkU oifcef;pmozG,f jzpfoGm;avonf/
wpfBudrfwGifum; uRefawmfwkdUonf armifaxmfvrf; (AdkvfqGefyufvrf;) wGif Armtdrf
wpftdrf&Sdonfqdkojzifh 0ifMu\/ tdrf&Sifrsm;rSm r*dkvrf; (a&TbkHomvrf;) wGif 0if;ukrÜPD
ydkif&Sif OD;xGef;0if;ESifh rjrrSDwkdUjzpfonf[k od&\/ uRefawmfonf olwkdUemrnfrSwpfyg;
bmrQ tydkodxm;onfr&Sdacs/ tdrfxJodkUa&mufoGm;aomtcg tawmfcrf;em;pGm aexdkif
Muonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ukvm;tapcHBuD;udk OD;pGmawGU&\/ olonf rGwfpvifukvm;
jzpfaMumif; &kyfjrif&kHESifhod&\/ touf 50ausmf[ef&SdNyD; tdrfoltdrfom;wpfOD; ozG,f
jyKrl\/
rjrrSDu xGufí uRefawmfhtm; {nfhcHajymqdkavonf/ rjrrSDrSm touf 30 avmuf &Sday
vdrfhOD;rnf/ tom;ta& pdkjynfjzL0if;í udk,fvkH;udk,f[ef awmifhwif;jynfhNzdK;vSayonf/
ttdkESifhrwl? tysKdESifhomwl\/ rsufESmrSmvnf; avsmufywfwifhw,faom rsufESm jzpf
ay\/
uRefawmfuacgif;aqmifí uRefawmfwdkUvmMu&if; tusKd;taMumif;udk ajymjyaomtcg
rjrrSDonf NyK;HNyKH;uav; pdkufem;axmifaeNyD; tapcHukvm;BuD;odkU-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 92 -
]]rlqmBuD; qyfudkac:cJU}} [k trdefUay;vdkufavonf/
4if;aemuf uRefawmfhtm; ]]aus;Zll;BuD;vSygw,f armifwkUd&,f/ trBuD;wdkUrSm tdrfeD;csif;
ukvm;awGuvnf;aumif;? rlqmBuD;uvnf; tapmifhta&Smufaumif;vdkU ab;roD&efrc
ae&yg&JU/ odkUayr,fh b,frSrxGuf&vdkU rBuD; ysif;aewmwpfckyJcufw,f}}
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wGef;ac:vmavonf/ xdkolrSm tom;ta& opf&Gufajcmufvdk 0gajcmufaeonf/ t&dk;ay:
ta&wifrQ ydefaeonf/ t&G,frSm BuD;ao;[efrwlaomfvnf; vltdk&kyfaygufae\/ ol\
atmufydkif;udk ouúvwfapmifxlxlBuD;jzifh &pfywfxm;\/
þolum; OD;xGef;yifjzpfonf/ uHw&m;onf OD;xGef;0if;ESifh rjrrSDwkdUtm; zufpyfxm;
jcif;rSm rwljcm;em;rIoabmudk ay:vGifxif&Sm;ap&ef jzpfonf[k xif&ayonf/
]]udkudk a[m'g aumvdyfausmif;u oli,fuav;awG? ukvm;-Arm t"du&kPf;rSm ukvm;
Mum;rSmae&wJU ArmawGudk vdkwJUtultnDay;zdkUeJU a&TUcsif&ifa&TUay;zkdU vmMuw,f}}
OD;xGef;0if;u uRefawmfwkdUtm; aphaphMunfhNyD; oJUoJUNyKH;vdkufonf/ rSdefaeaom rsufvkH;
rsm;onf ta&mifawmufvmay\/
]]jruawmh 'DrSm ab;tEÅ&m,fr&SdwJUtaMumif; ajymxm;w,f}} (uRefawmfwdkUbufodkU
vSnfhí) ]]t[kwfygyJ? rlqmBuD;uvnf; pdwfcs&w,f/ tdrfeD;em;csif;awGuvnf; pdwfcs
&w,f/ odkUayr,fh trBuD;ysif;aewmwpfckyJ cufwm}}
uRefawmfonf OD;xGef;0if;ESifh rjrrSDwkdUtm; wpfvSnfhpDMunfhNyD; rwljcm;em;rIrsm;udk wpfck
NyD;wpfck wpfuGufNyD;wpfuGuf rSwfom;aerdavonf/
OD;xGef;0if;u Muifemaxmufxm;aom trlt&mjzihf ZeD;tm;MunfhvdkufNyD; avoHjzihf-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 93 -
]]jr tysif;ajy jynfvrf; odef;odef;wkdUtdrf cPajymif;aeygvm;uG,f}}
rjrrSDonf nId;i,fpGmjzihf OD;xGef;0if;tm; MunfhNyD;-
]]b,fhES,fvkyfNyD; udkudkU xm;ypfcJUvdkUjzpfrvJ}} (uRefawmfwdkUbufodkU) ]]tudkBuD;u udk,f
wpfydkif; y,f&,fvdkufqpf jzpfaew,f armifav;wdkU&JU? ESpfESpf&Sdawmhr,f/ rxEdkifbl;/ tck
ukrÜPDtvkyfudk trBuD;yJ vkyfae&w,f/ trBuD;u tjyifxGuform;? 'Dawmh tck tvkyf
ydwfxm;&NyD; ajccsKyfrdaevdkU ysif;wmyguG,f/ 'gayrJU olUxm;cJUvdkU b,fjzpfrvJ}}
OD;xGef;0if;u-
]]xm;cJUvdkUjzpfygw,f/ rlqmBuD;vnf;&Sdw,f/ aumifrav;awGvnf; &Sdw,f/ [dkbufcef;
u udktDb&m[ifwkdUvnf; tm;aewmyJ/ 'Dbuf cPcPvmaeEdkifw,f/ jr tysif;ajy
vdkufoGm;yguG,f}}
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]]vdkufomoGm; trm? qyfudk pdwfcsxm;cJUyg/ trm tysif;ajyvdkufoGm;/ wpfywfavmuf
Mum&if at;oGm;rSmyJ/ 'Dawmh jyefvmcJU}}
okdUjzihf rjrrSDtm; ,m,Dtdrfajymif;ay;&ef pDpOf&avonf/ rjrrSDonf olUtokH;taqmif
t0wftpm;rsm; xnfhxm;aom aowÅmwpfvkH;udk,lí uRefawmfwdkUESifh vdkufvmcJUav\/
um;twufwGif rjrrSD\aowÅmudk uRefawmfu,lay;NyD; rjrrSDab;wGif xdkifvdkufavonf/
olonf uRefawmfhxuf toufrsm;pGmBuD;\/ umrydkif vif&Sdrdef;rvnf;jzpf\/ odkUaomf
rjrrSD\ ysKdrspfrIESifh txl;ESpfvkdpdwfnGwfzG,faom &lyg&kHaMumifh olUtem;xdkif&&m0,f
uRefawmfonf &Id;wkd;&SefUwefU? &dk;wkd;&Gw jzpfrdao;onf/ rjrrSDtm;MunfhNyD; udk&ifBuD;
OD;boef;\ rSwfausmufjzihf [wÅeDavm? pdwÅ&eDavm? ocFeDavm? y'kr®eDavm tuJjzwf
&ef BudK;pm;aerdavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 94 -
rjrrSDu olUudktuJcwfaeaom uRefawmfhtm; pdkufMunfhwJUNyD; emrnfESifh toufudk
ar;vdkufavonf/ ,if;odkU emrnfESifhtoufomar;NyD; uRefawmf b,ftwef; pmoif
aeovJ b,fausmif;aqmifrSmaeovJ paom ausmif;om;ESifhywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk
qufrar;onfhtwGuf okdUavmokdUavm awG;awmaerd\/
uRefawmfwkdUonf rjrrSDoGm;vdkaom jynfvrf; odef;odef;tdrfodkU vdkufydkUMu&avonf/
jynfvrf;ay:odkU a&mufaomtcg rjrrSDu uRefawmfhtm; ckoloGm;aernfh odef;odef;tdrfodkU
vnf;aumif;? t"du&kPf;at;vQif olUukrÜPD wnf&mXmeodkUvnf;aumif;? olUaetdrfodkU
vnf;aumif;? vmvnfyg[k twefwef zdwfMum;avonf/ aemifolu ulnDEdkifaom t&m
rsm;&Sdu olUtm;ajymyg? wwfEdkifaombufu ulygrnf[kvnf; uwday;aeavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 95 -
14
ocifpdk;ESif hawGUjcif;
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rSm wif;rmcufwa&mfaeao;aomfvnf; wpfzufESifhwpfzuf &efrl&eftm;rxkwfMu/ [dE´L
ukvm;rsm;um; jrefrmAk'¨bmomwdkUESifh tvGef;oifhap&efrsm;twGuf [dE´L-Ak'¨bmomqdkif
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vnf;aumif;? awGUEdkifavonf/ ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; ArmArmcsif;
&kdif;yif;a&;? Armaps;qdkifrsm;wnfaxmifí Armrsm;umuG,fa&; paom 0HomEkvkyfief;rsm;
wdk;wufvmavonf/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ü ArmwdkUonf ukvm;rsm;xuf &yfuGuf
wumrSmvdkvdkyif or0g,rtoif;qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvmcJUayonf/ tvkH? Munfhjrifwdkif
a&ausmf paom &yfuGufrsm;omru paumhaps;xJrSmyif Armqdkifrsm;ESifh or0g,rtoif;
qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvmcJUayonf/ þtawmtwGif; wuúodkvf or0g,rtoif; onf
vnf; xdk;xGufBuD;yGm;vmcJUavonf/
e,frsm;rSmum; t"du&kPf;rsm; jzpfay:aeqJjzpf\/ e,frsm;rSm t"du&kPf;udk ppfykvdyf
wdkU\ aoewfjzifh ESdrfeif;ypfonfom rsm;avonf/
Mo*kwfv 26&ufaeUu Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif nGefUaygif;tpdk;&tm; t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqdk
oGif;&m eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfu ]]t"du&kPf; Nidrf0yfydjym;atmif oifhavsmfrnf xif
ovdk pDrH&ef uREkfyftmPmay;onf}} [k e,ft&m&Sdrsm;tm; trdefUxkwfxm;aMumif; zGifh[
ajymavonf/
,if;odkUaom ypfcwfrIrsm;aMumifh vl 55a,muf aoí 108a,muf 'Pf&m&&Sdavonf/
aool 55a,mufteuf Arm 52a,mufESifh ukvm; 3a,muf jzpfavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 96 -
t,kHtMunfr&SdtqdkwGif a'gufwmbarmf\ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf 66rJ&&Sdí twdkuftcH
rSm 61rJ&avonf/ tpdk;&udk axmufcHolwdkUteuf ukvm; 12rJESifh t*Fvdyf 9rJ ygav
onf/ t"du&kPf;udk rjzpfrDu rwm;qD;cJUbJ jzpfvmaomtcgrS t&rf;ypfcwfESdrfeif;aom
nGefUaygif;tpkd;&\ ay:vpDudk t*FvdyfESifh ukvm;"e&SifBuD;rsm;u axmufcHaMumif;
xif&Sm;ay\/
Mo*kwfvxJwGif tcsdef&vQif&csif; rjrihfOD;xHodkUoGm;awGUum t"du&kPf;wkef;u udk,fawGU
tjzpftysufrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? Mum;jrifcJUonfrsm;udk vnf;aumif; ajymjyavonf/
rjrifhOD;rSmum; t"du&kPf;wpfcsdefvkH; tjyifrxGuf? ausmif;aqmiftjyifodkU vrf;avQmuf
&efyif rxGuf/ t"du&kPf;qdkwm Mum;omae&onf? owif;pmrSmom zwfae&onf?
t"du&kPf;\ 'Pf&m'Pfcsufqdkí t"du&kPf;jzpfpu olUoli,fcsif; aeUausmif;ol
rcifaqGonf &efukefNrdKUwGif;&SdtdrfodkU rjyefEdkifojzifh olUckwifay:rSm nodyfvdkuf&onf
om &SdcJUavonf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfu udk,fawGUrsm;udk ajymjyaomtcg txl; pdwf0if
pm;pGm em;axmifvsufaeayonf/ uRefawmfu rjrrSDtp&Sdaom ukvm;Mum;rS Armrsm;udk
u,fq,f&ykH ajymjyaomtcg 0dkif;pufaom olUrsufvkH;rsm;wGif uRefawmfhtm; tHUMo
MunfndKaom ta&mifrsm; orf;aeonf[k uRefawmfxifay;onf/
]]rjrrSDqdkwm odyfacsmovm;}}
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wmyJ}} [k uRefawmfu oem;u&kPmpum;rsm; ajymvdkufaomtcg rjrihfOD;um;
NyKH;vkdufNyD;-
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jznfhae&w,fvdkU xifcsifxifrSmaygh [J [J}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 97 -
uRefawmfvnf; vkduf&,favonf/ pdwfxJu rjrihfOD;\ oabmxm;udk csD;usL;aerd
avonf/
]]tm;&if rjrrSDqD oGm;vnf&atmif? olu tvnfvmygvdkU zdwfxm;w,f}}
]]wpfaeUoGm;wmaygh? aemuf uRefrcsdef;r,fav}}
xdktawmtwGif; uRefawmfonf OD;azwdkUNcHodkU oGm;&efvnf; 0wÅ&m;rysufyg/
a':aX;Munfu qD;í avmuGwfaumif;vdkufonf/
]]tr,fav; tefwDwdkUjzifh pdwfylvdkfuf&wm? tefwDHwluav; ukvm;awG&JU&efeJU vGwfrS
vGwfyghrvm;vdkU/ tdrfudk vlvTwfar;r,f vkyfjyefawmh oGm;&Jvm&JwJU vluvnf;r&Sd?
'&dkifbmuvnf; rtm;bl;}}
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armif ygao;ovm;}}
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rsm;udk ajymjy&jyefavonf/ OD;azwdkU ZeD;armifESH? 0ifeDwdkUnDtpfr omru tjcm; tdrfol
tdrfom;rsm;yg pka0;vma&mufí emaxmifMuavukefonf/ uRefawmf ajymtNyD;wGif
OD;azu-
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rSmawmh rGwfpvifukvm;awGudk b,folrSrrDbl;a[h}}
a':aX;Munfu NyKH;vkdufavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 98 -
]]rif;tefu,fvfuawmh tpm;yJawG;aewmuG,f/ tefwDwkdUrSmjzihf ylp&mtrsKd;rsKd; udk,fhtdrf
ol tdrfom;awGwGufomrubl;? udk,fhwlawG? aqGrsKd;awG rdwfaqGawGtwGufvnf; yl&
wmyJ/ b,frSm tpm;wGufylaeEdkifyghrvJ}}
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uRefawmfonf olwdkUESpfOD;tm; wpfvSnfhpDMunfhum Nidrfaevdkufavonf/
pufwifbmv 12&ufaeUupNyD; &efukefNrdKUü ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf; topfwpfzef
jzpfyGm;vmjyefavonf/ uRefawmfwkdU Armrsm;bufrS Mum;&onfum; ukvm;rsm; tvGef
csnf;omwnf;/ ukvm;rsm;u armfawmfbwfpfum;rsm;udk cJESifh qD;aygufonf[k vnf;
aumif;? 24vrf;xdyfwGif usLv,mukvm;rsm;u Armwpfa,mufudk vSHESifhxkd;owfvdkuf
onf [kvnf;aumif; Mum;&avonf/
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taMumif;rlum; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; acgif;aqmifrIjzihf rsKd;cspfvli,ftaygif;onf
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aom pm;yGJrSm tcef;av;rsm;\tjyifbufwGif jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdUpm;yJGESifh ab;wkduf
pm;yJGwpfckwGif tom;ta&cyfjynfhjynfh? Avaumif;aumif;ESifh vlwpfa,mufonf xdkifí
pm;yJGay:rSm pmtkyfBuD;wpftkyfzGifhcsum pmzwfaeonf/ olUAdkvfaurSm cyfwdkwdkjzpf\/
rsufESmrSm eDpyfpyfjzpf\/ olonf wpfpkHwpf&mpm;&ef rSmxm;[ef&Sd\/ pm;yJGxdk;ukvm;u
olUa&SUodkU MuufoGefESifhocGm;oD; yef;uefwpfck vmcsavonf/ olonf yef;uefxJodkU
iHjym&nf avmif;xnfhNyD;aemuf c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpfudk avmif;xnfh\/ c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpf
rSm enf;aeojzihf topfykvif;,lcJU&ef awmif;avonf/ xdktcg pm;yJGxkd;u tifwifwif
vkyfae&m qdkif&SifOD;xGef;&ifudk,fwdkif aqhmpfykvif;opfudk ,lvmNyD; ay;avonf/ odkUuvdk
OD;xGef;&if udk,fwdkifu ta&;w,l aqmhpfykvif; vmay;aomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkUonf
xdkolUtm; ydkí*&kpdkufum Munfhaerdavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 99 -
xkdolonf yef;uefxJodkU c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpfrsm;udk cyfrsm;rsm; avmif;xnfhNyD;aemuf
MuufoGef? ocGm;oD;rsm;udk cuf&if;ESifharTNyD; onftwdkif;pm;aeavonf/ pm;&if;
pmtkyfudk oJoJrJrJ zwfaeavonf/
olUudkMunfh&if; ol[mb,folrsm;jzpfygvdrfh[k awG;aerdavonf/ MuufoGefwpfyef;uef
ukefoGm;aomtcg wufbkef;BuD; udkodef;az a&mufvmNyD; olUqDudk wef;oGm;avonf/
udkodef;azonf olESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkifí xdkifvdkufav&m uRefawmfwdkUudk jrifoGm;avonf/
]][vdk udkwifxGef;wdkUygvm;? 'Dudkvmyg&Jabmf? pum;ajym&atmif}}
uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,mufonf olwkdUpm;yJGodkU ul;oGm;Muavonf/ xdktcg udkodef;azu-
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- 100 -
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udk udkufzJUpm;NyD;aemuf qufjyefavonf/
]]a&eHajr ypönf;rJUtvkyform;awGu t*Fvdyf"e&SifBuD;awGudk oydwfarSmufNyD; wdkufaeMu
w,f/ awmifolv,form;awGu oD;pm;c? twkd;? ajrcGefawmf wdkufyGJawG qifaeMuw,f/
wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;u 'DwdkufyGJawG acgif;aqmifNyD; e,fcsJUpepfvufatmufu vGwf
atmif wdkufaeMuw,f/ 'Dvdk t*Fvdyf"e&SifBuD;awGudk 0dkif;wdkufaeMuwJUtcgrSm "e&SifBuD;
awG[m usKyfwdkU&JUtm&kHawG vrf;ajymif;oGm;atmif ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf;udk zefwD;ay;
wmyJ/ ukvm;vnf; t*FvdyfuRef? Armvnf; t*FvdyfuRefyJ/ uRef-uRefcsif; cGufapmif;
ckwfaerS t*Fvdyf[m qufNyD; tkyfpdk;oGm;EdkifrSmudk;As/ [kwfw,fr[kwfvm; udkoef;az}}
olonf udkodef;aztm; odkUuvdkar;vdkufjcif;rSm olUudkaxmufcH&ef vl&Smjcif; jzpfonfom
ru udkodef;azyg 0ifpum;ajymatmif zdwfvdkufjcif;jzpf[efwlonf/ udkodef;aztm; 0if
ajymapNyD; olum; qdwfom;rsm;udk udkufzJUpm;aomufaeavonf/
udkodef;azu t*FvdyfwdkUonf ukvm;awGudk oGif;vmykHESifh t*Fvdyfvkyfxm;aom vl0if
vlxGuf Oya'taMumif;udk ajymaeavonf/ ocifpdk;\ qdwfom;yef;uef ukefavNyD/
qdwfom;ukefawmhrS olrSmxm;aom MuufoGefyef;uef a&mufvmavonf/ olonf
MuufoGefyef;uefxJodkU ,cifenf;wl iHjym&nfESifh c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpfwdkUudk avmif;xnfhNyD;
onftwdkif; pm;aejyefavonf/ olpm;pOf udkodef;azu pum;qufajymaeay\/
]]ukvm;-Arm t"du&kPf;jzpfvmawmh b,fhavmuf ypönf;awG ysufpD;qkH;&IH;ovJMunfh/
b,fhavmuf vlawGaoovJMunfh/ ckxdt"du&kPf;rSm vl 165a,muf aoNyD; 'Pf&m&ol
818a,muf jzpfw,f/ 'g[m pm&if;aumuf&oavmufjzpfw,f/ tpdk;&u b,folU emem
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 101 -
ESdyfpufovJ MunfhOD;/ t"du&kPf; taMumif;jyKNyD; ocifawGtrsm;BuD;udk zrf;w,f/
bkduav;u wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; twGif;a&;rSL; ocif&Sdef tzrf;cH&wm Munfhygvm;}}
udkodef;azu vufzuf&nfaomufaeonf/ ocifpdk;u ajymjyefavonf/
]]tcsKyfrSmawmh "e&Sifpepf&Sdae&if vlrsKd;a&;t"du&kPf;wdkU bmoma&;t"du&kPf;wdkUqdkwm
&SdrSmyJ/ bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmh "e&Sifpepf qefUusifwdkufzsufMuwJU ypönf;rJUrsm;? tvkyf
orm;rsm;? qif;&Jom;rsm;udk vrf;vJGa&mufatmif wrifzefwD;ay;&w,f/ aoG;cJGay;&w,f/
'Dawmh usKyfwdkUu aoG;cJGrcHzdkU ta&;BuD;w,f/ vrf;vJGra&mufzdkU ta&;BuD;w,f/
OD;vnfrokef "e&Sifpepfudk tjrpfygjzKwfypfzdkUomvdkw,f/ 'grS vlrsKd;a&;t"du&kPf;awG
bmawG csKyfNidrf;yaysmufoGm;rSmyJ}}
xdktwGif; oli,fwpfa,muf0ifvmNyD; ocifpdk;ESifh udkodef;azwkdUtm; udkEku tac:vTwf
onf[k ajymavonf/
olwdkUonf cyfjrefjrefpm;aomufMuonf/ ocifpdk;u olUpmtkyfxJwGif nSyfxm;aom
wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS xkwfjyefaMunmonfh ukvm;ArmwkdUonf t"du&kPf;udka&Smif&Sm;í
oifhjrwfpGmaeMu&efESifh e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk nDnGwfpGm wdkufxkwf&ef pmwrf;tcsKdUudk
uRefawmfwdkUtm; ay;avonf/ udkodef;azurl e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; aMumfjimpm&Gufrsm;ESifh
toif;0ifykHpHrsm;udk ay;avonf/ xdkUaemufolwdkUonf qef;uaz;teD;wGif wnf&Sdaom
e*g;eD pmtkyftoif;wdkufxJodkU 0ifoGm;Muavonf/ udkEkum; ]e*g;eD} pmtkyftoif;udk
wnfaxmifNyD; udk,fwdkif OD;pD;vkyfudkifvsuf&Sdav\/
uRefawmfonf udkodef;azay;cJUaom e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; aMumfjimpmudk zwfaeavonf/
e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;
ArmjynfwGif qif;&Jjcif;? a&m*gxljcif;? ynmrJUjcif;rsm; xllajymaeav&m
xdk raumif;qdk;&Gm;okH;yg;udk y,fazsmufEdkifaomynmESifh y,fazsmufNyD;vQif
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 102 -
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;\ vGwfvyfa&;? wkd;wufa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tajccHum
acwfopfwpfck wnfaxmifEdkifrnfh ynmrsm;udk e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;u
ay;vsuf&SdNyD/
oifonf toif;om;tjzpfjzihf 0ifí xdktoif;\ wm0efrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;
ulnD aqmif&Gufygavmh/
uRefawmfonf wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;u xkwfa0aom t"du&kPf;qefUusifa&; pmwrf;udk
urm&Gwfocifrsm;ESifh &yfrd&yfzwdkU\ tultnDjzifh xyfrH&dkufESdyfNyD; wpfqifha0iSavonf/
aumvdyfausmif;rSm vnf;aumif;? urm&GwfrSmvnf;aumif;? e*g;eD pmtkyfoif; aMumfjim
rsm;a0NyD; toif;om;pkavonf/ tvkyftudkifr&Sdaom udk<u,f? ykHESdyfwdkuf 'kwd,zdkrif
OD;av;jrifh? yifpifpm;0efaxmufBuD; OD;az? jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef; rjrifhOD;paom rdwfaqGrsm;
udkyif pwifí e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;0iftjzpfodkU oGwfoGif;&ayonf/
rMumrD e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;rS udkodef;aza&;aom ukvm;-ArmwdkufyGJ pmtkyfuav; xGuf
ay:vmavonf/ udkxGef;at;? udkxGef;a&T? udkxGef;tkH? ocifwifarmif? udkatmifqef;?
udkb[def;? ocifxdef0if;? udkEkESifh udkAaqGwdkUu xdkpmtkyfi,fudk axmufcHí wm0efyl;wGJ
,laMumif;udk awGU&onf/ urm&Gwfü jrefrmydkif ukefpkHqdkifzGifhyJGwpfck&Sd&m uRefawmf\
aqmfMocsuft& qdkif&Sifu xdkpmtkyfuav;rsm;udk0,fí <uvmaom y&dowftm; a0iS
avonf/
uRefawmfum; tawmfwdk;wufvmNyD[k qdkEdkifygonf/ aMumufaMumuf&GHU&GHUjzihf ocif
vdkvm;oljzpfcJUonf/ qkwfuefqkwfuefESifh ocifaemufvdkufvkyfcJUonf/ 0g;vkH;acgif;
vomonfhyrm wpfa,mufcsif; ESpfa,mufcsif; ocifw&m;a[mcJUonf/ ,ckrSmrl
wuf<uaom ocif0g'jzefUorm;? pnf;&kH;a&;orm; jzpfvmavNyD/ tpu ukvm;-Arm
t"du&kPf;udk rBudKufaomfvnf; bmrQrvkyfwwfbJ vufydkufMunfhaecJU&onf/ aemuf
wpfqifh ukvm;rsm;tMum;wGif taeusyfaeaom Armrsm;udk 0ifu,fcJUonf/ ,ckawmh
ukkkkvm;-Arm t"du&kPf;udk pepfwus qefUusifNzdKzsufaeavNyD/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 103 -
uRefawmfum; tawmfwdk;wufvmNyD[k rqdkEdkifygoavm/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 104 -
15
uRefawmfhwGif ajymif;vJcsufrsm;
pufwifbmvqef;pwGif ukvm;Armt"du&kPf; xyfrHjzpfyGm;vmonfqdkvQifyif aumvdyf
ausmif;udk ydwfypfvdkufavonf/ tcgwdkif; oDwif;uRwfausmif;ydwf&ufrSm wpfvwmrQ
&Snfaomfvnf; ,ckESpfwGif ESpfvausmfMumavonf/ ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif uRefawmfonf
tdrfrjyefay/ trSefpifppf tdrfjyefzdkUxdkufvS\/ t"du&kPf;awG jzpfyGm;aeojzifh &efukefrSm
aeaom uRefawmfhtwGuf rdbrsm; &wufrat; pdwfav;MurnfrSm rkcsjzpf\/ om;jzpf
oludk olwkdUtem; &SdapcsifrnfrSm rkcsjzpf\/ uRefawmfonf rdbrsm;xHodkU uRefawmfhrSm
ab;roD&efrc at;jrvsuf&SdygaMumif;? uRefawmfhtwGuf pdk;&drfzG,f wpfa&G;om;rQ r&Sd
aMumif;? vmrnfhbDatpmar;yGJwGif bmomwdkif;ü trSwfrsm;rsm;ESifh atmifjrif&ef BudK;pm;
ae&aomaMumifh tdrfjyef tcsdefrjzKef;vdkawmhaMumif;? odkUrS zcifBuD;&nfrSef;xm;onfh
twdkif; tdkifpDtufpf jzpfEdkifrnfhtaMumif;rsm;udk pma&;om;ay;ydkUvdkufavonf/
uRefawmfum; rsm;pGmajymif;vJcJUavNyD/ 1963 oydwftwGif;u olrsm; oydwfarSmufaepOf
uRefawmfonf tdrfokdUjyefí pmusufaecJU\/ ,ck 1938ck ukkvm;Arm t"du&kPf; twGif;
wGif trsm;aomausmif;om;wdkU tdrfjyefMupOf uRefawmfum; wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾? wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;ESifh e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; e,fedrdwftwGif;rSm aysmfarGUum &efukef
rSmyif qufaeavawmh\/
onfhjyif ajymif;vJcsufrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ Oyrm awmfovif;? oDwif;uRwfvrsm;odkU
wdkif a&mufvmav&m rdk;yg;pjyKvm\/ rdk;tkHUndKrIdif;aom aumif;uiftpm; ta&mif
trsKd;rsKd;ESifh ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;udk aqmifaeaom wdrfawmifwdrfwdkufrsm;udk awGUjrif&p
jyK\/ cgwdkif;qdkvQif uRefawmfonf ,if;wdfrfawmifwdkU\ qef;jym;rIESifh crf;em;rIrsm;wGif
tvSudkxkwf,lí cHpm;arGUaysmfaewwfayonf/ wdrfrsKd;pkHta&mif[yfojzihf wpfrsKd;vSae
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 105 -
aom obm0ywf0ef;usifudk a&mifrsKd;pkHyGifhaeaom yef;rsm;ESifh ,SOfMunfhaewwfayonf/
wdrfrsm;ESifhtwl uRefawmfhpdwfonf vGifhysHaewwfayonf/
wdrfndKrdv’m? wdrfplumESifh
wdrfjyma&m,Suf? r&ef;zufí
wdrfoufwHa&mif? t0gaygif0,f
arSmifcJUwpfcg? jymcJUwcsKdU
ndKcJUwpfvD? &DcJUwpfzkH
rIefcJUwpfcsuf/
.....
,k*efxufu
av;bufvkH;NcKH? wdrf*VKefvnf;
e*g;&kHa<uU? &efcsif;awGUaomf
cdk;aiGUvTwfNydKif? *kPfcsif;qdkifcJU
paomuAsmrsKd;wGif arGUavsmfMunfEl;aewwfayonf/ arGUavsmfMunfEl;&mrS i,fpOfu
0guRwfyGJ tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk vGrf;aewwfayonf/
]]v0guRwfonf? qef;vwfcg
vlU&GmyJGobif? qDrD;wefaqmif
yef;axmif xD;BuD;ysifí
oifykef;wif wef;jAufcuf
tVoDESifh yOöoDudk? tnDapmifhokH;rSwfí
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 106 -
'ge0wf pGefUBuHvSL
rif;yGJobif? NrdKUjyifwcsKdUvlu
oDZm[l aomuf>yef;>yef;
aumif;rIvufaqmif? xrif;axmifudk0efí
tHUazGrItoHcsKd? vufckyfwajzmufajzmuf
jcif;aumuf oHNydKifqdkí
tvdkvdkaomaom&k? 0guRwfobif
aysmfrIqifonf? vl&SiftpkpkESifh
,pf0rItdtHum? wcsKdUuvnf; wcsKdUqJonf
wcsKdU&kdUu &efcdkuf&Smí? wcsKdUom ypfwifukef
ydefaygifc&m? pnf'kyÜgESifh? ywfomNrdKUvkH;NcHrQ
rNcDrlywÅvm;? apmif;nSif;NyDaom wl&d,monf
vlU&Gmobifrsm;ESifh? waomaom xrif;axmif
vIdifulxGufxm;? bk&m;yg;a&mufatmifwnf;
BuD;aqmifonf tpkpk? om"kBuHBuH? aeUrnHonfh
toHw&k&kESifh &TifaysmfrI toG,foG,f}}
(&cdkifpmqdkawmf OD;umAsef)
þodkUaompmayrsm;udk zwf&INyD; awm&Gm\ om,maysmf&TifzG,faumif;ykHudk OmPfikHqifjcifrd
NyD; awmolawmifom;onf avmuvlUbkHwGif tauseyfta&mifh&JqkH;? taysmfqkH;oljzpfonf
[laom tqdkudk axmufcHaecJUayonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 107 -
,ckrl ,if;odkUaom arGUavsmfMunfEl;rI? vGrf;rIESifh auseyfrIrsm; uRefawmfhpdwf0,f
cef;ajcmufoGm;ovm; atmufarh&ayonf/ tu,fíom rjrifhOD;wnf;[laom jrefrmpmay
b@mpdk;BuD;ESifh r&if;ESD;ygvQif xdkpmayrsKd;udk wl;wl;cg;cg; ypfy,frdaumif; ypfy,frd
ayvdrfhrnf/ ,cktcg uRefawmfonf wdrf&J&Jawmufonfxuf wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;\
vuf&kH;wyfrsm; &J&Jawmufonfudkom MunfEl;vdkonf/ csD;usL;vdkonf/ vuf&kH;wyf
&J&Jawmufonfudk zJGUEGJUaom oDcsif;oHrsm;om wu,fhem;0ifyD,HtoH? wu,fhuAsm t&
omudk ay;Edkifonf[k xifavonf/ em;axmif/
]]&J&Jawmuf wdkUArmajr
owdÅcJawG
&mZ0ifxdk;avmufatmif pGefUay?
Armhvuf&kH; wyfawmfom;ay/
tmZmenfaoG;awG?
t&dk;aMuaMu?
wkdUajy? wdkUajr/
acwfaqG;udkajymif;jyef?
wufacwfudkpDrH?
wdk;wufatmif pdwfoef/
nDapaemf
ppf&Jarmf/
csDwufMupdkU wlaysmfaysmf?
b,fnm b,fnm/
Armajy? igwdkUajy?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 108 -
Armajr igwdkUajr?
cifcifrifrif? trsKd;udkapmifhMu?
b,fnm b,fnm
(onfcsdefcg) Armajy
ZmwdaoG; ta&mifwifap/
Armqdk *dkPf;*Ppdwf aysmufzdkUawmfNyDav}}
(wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS xkwfaom Armhvuf&kH;wyf ppfcsDoDcsif;)
,cktcg uRefawmhftm; awmvufaus;&Gm\ pdrf;vef;om,maom &Icif;xuf awmol
awmifom;wdkU\ ausmrJGjcif;u vTrf;rdk;aeavonf/ om,mnif;aysmif;aom yavGoHxuf
b0tajctaeudk rauseyf nnf;nLqlyloHu vTrf;aeavonf/
xdkUaMumifh-
]]v,form;vkyf&? r[kwfpGckcg?
rEkóvlU&GmrSm? rIromEdkifbJ/
uRJ-EGm;aps;wif&mrSm? cGmvQmemoif;uweJ/
rsKd;pyg;wdk;wuf&mrSm? NyKH;&uf&SmEdkifbJ?
eef;AGuf&mtdkZmrjzihf? ,dkifvJzdkUBuKHvm?
tdrfaxmifpkHbufypönf;[muvnf;? EIef;opfenf;av;qwufyg?
a&S;uESifh pufygvQif? oGufoGufcgjrihfwdk;vdkU?
]trdk;} ESi fh]tzm;} udkac:? ,rf;a,mifvdkUatmf?
v,fcif;u pyg;tay:rSm? odMum;aemf r aumif;&JUav;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 109 -
(a&;oltrnfrod? 1921ckESpf ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif awGU&onf/)
[laom aw;xyfrsKd;onfom uRefawmfh&ifwGif yJUwifcwfEdkifayonf/
]]wdkUArmwdkif;jynf? v,form;rSeforQ? vlwdkif;toufocif/
ezl;ay:vufwif awG;Munfhawmh aus;Zl;&Sif/
oem;nSmyg v,fawG"e&Sif?
tpdk;&"e&Sif? csKyfcs,fykHrqifjcif?
epfematmif OmPfeDxGif?
ouúm,qdkwmvnf; rjrif?
v,fawG uRJawG EGm;awGyif?
udk,fydkifjzpfzdkU enf;udkxGif?
rdrdudk,fomtm;udk;rS vGwfvyfzdkUjrif?
vQmwpfacsmif;ESifh vla&mif;wJUacgif;awGawGU&if?
ESpfxyfqvHwif?
nDnm&if jynfom,m?
wdkUv,form; e,fwdkif;wGif?
tpnf;ta0;wGif?
rdk;ukefawmh pmzwfzdkUjyif okdUrSjrif?
0dkiftrfbD ocifwif?
nDnmatmif pDpOf?
EId;aqmfwJU owday;uAsm,Of}}?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 110 -
(0dkiftrfbD ocifwifa&;aom awmifolv,form;oDcsif;)
þoDcsif;rsKd;udkMum;&vQif em;pdkufaerd&kHru EIwfuvnf; wdk;wdk;uav; vdkufaerdav
onf/
pme,fZif;rsm;wGif rif;qdk;rif;npfwkdUtm; oa&mfuavmfxm;aom uAsmrsm;awGUvQif rSwfpk
rSm xnfhxm;wwfavonf/
Oyrm- wuúodkvfEG,fpdk;a&;í b*srf;umwGef;jzifh o&kyfazmftyfaom trwfvctaMumif;
uAsmuav;-
]]tiwfoif;ygbd? rwfrif; udk,fpm;vS,fwkdU? tcsKdqG,f vdkzG,f pum;awG
ESifh? pm;Muaygh wdkif;jynfaiG/
ZGwfr&SufEdkifbl;? vTwfwufum pm;rmefzDMu? [efuNyD vpmaMu;&,fvdkU?
Munfat;pGm tom,laygh? csLjymjzL usKyfwdkUrGJayr,fh? qif;&Jolya'omu?
acRumav olwdkUpm;r,fwJU? tm;&ygay/
rwfr[kwf&ifv? AsyfpkwfrSm xrif;&nfESifh? tmomajy avG;r,fhrsKd; awGu?
*kPfNzdK;um udk,fpm;vS,frdkU? [dkw,frSm aysmfaysmfjrL;EdkifzkdU? pdwful;jzihf
,Of&Smav? wdkUaiGuJGU rwfrif;/
wm;rNyDbl;? pm;0vQif NrdeftDvdkU? ZdrftqD&pfum tdyfygvdrfh? rGwfodyfol
jynfrSmqlawmh ukvm;jzLrif;xHBudKUEdkifzdkU? qdkU[JUtyif;/ /
(1938ckESpf r*¾Zif;wpfckrSm awGU&onf)
armifxifa&; bkH&kHuAsmudk atmufygtwdkif; awGUEdkif\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 111 -
1/ q,ftdrfacgif; acRt&H?
ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfxrf;ygvdkU? awmvrf;ujyef?
vufpGJwJU Oya'vSef? [efyefESifhav;?
aus;&Gmtuf trIayGw,f?
12-axG oHpkHwD;ygvdkU?
olBuD;wJUav;/ /
2/ vlcGefawmftvGwfxm;vdkU?
q,ftdrfpm; ydkiftajc?
Muuf0dkif;qdk vufudkwdkUygAsmh?
rl;vdkU&,fae?
uGrf;zdk;aiG a0pkuJGU &atmifawmif;?
Oya' igrwwfaomfvnf;?
rIayGatmif &GmudkywfEdkifiJU?
b,fZmwf b,fvdkcif;vdkufr,f?
rif;tdrfq,facgif;/ /
3/ owÅdqdk bmr&Sdaomfvnf;?
rdkufygbd ighudk,f?
acG;rSefvQif vlrrSwfygbl;?
&dkufwwfolAdkvf?
rl;w,fa[h &J&ifqdk ]rat} udkaumfqJ?
vufxdyfudk tazmfxm;wJU?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 112 -
awmom;wJUbJ/ /
(1938ckESpf? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;)
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ av;csKd;BuD;rsm;udk txl;pGJvrf;ESpfoufonfudkum; txll;ajymzdkUyif
vkdrnfrxifyg/
AsL&dkua&pdDtpdk;&udk wefckd;r&SzdkU oydwfarSmufykH av;csKd;BuD;-
ZrÁLxdkajrr[DrSm wefckd;&Sí vif;cJUwJU? ]AsL&dkua&pD} tpdk;& oeif;udkjzihf?
olcdk; "jrudk nSOf;ovdky e&if;aemufzJU aMumufwJUp&m? tdkuG,f trsKd;rsKd;
jrefrmhtoif;awGu? *dk;*dk;*G*G ykvif;awGeJU? twif; arSmufr[JUvdkU
aygufyuJGUwpfcg? aMomf-]yOöoDv} &JU tjyif? tpOf MunfjrapzdkU?
tV*ÐrQwJUtjyif? tMuif þurÇmhte,fe,f ][krf;&l;} qdkwJU acwfudkjzifh?
Munf&TifpGmarwÅmESifh okH;r,fhjyif? ____ [dwf[efaumif;pGm orÇm
armufcsifawmh? odyÜHausmif;rSm ,Mwmtavsmufayxifh? oydwfoH aumif;
pGm wpfcgwpfcg arSmufcsdefrdkU? ____&kH;cef;rSm? bkef;wef;tmPm ESifh?
a&TorÇmawZmNzdK;aeMu? pdk;&ol ]AsL&dkua&pD} ujzihf? vlawGnDnD rquf
rqHjcif;&,fESifh wdkif;&if;oljA[®pdk&fydkuf&ifjzihf? ]udk,fBudKuftkyfcsKyfenf;}
awGESifh acwfBuD;om,mpnfyifvdkUrdkU? urÇmyx0D0if ta&SUbufwpfjcrf;
rSmjzifh? jrefrmjynfwpfcGif wpfaeUxuf wpfaeUvQrf;ygvdrfh? udef;cef;wm&m
]Munf} ay:NyDavrdkU? ]'Darmfua&pD} r[mor,wGifjzihf? rMum rMumqGum
xumxum awmif;Muayawmh? tr,frif; a'gif;ZrÁLtar jrefrmh wpft*Fg
rEGrf;cJUayordkU? aMomf- wpfaomif;,lZemwGifjzihf? taMumif;rlv t&Snf
or,qDu? awZtMuif orÇmtpGrf;awGESifh? tdkuG,f taumif;[lorQ
aZ,r*Fvmyef;/
(1921ckESpf? ol&d,r*¾Zif;)
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 113 -
xdkav;csKd;BuD;udk rpöwmarmifrIdif;b0 1921ckESpfu a&;cJUNyD;? xdkacwfu EdkfifiHa&;
tajctae o&kyfazmfcJUonf/ xdkacwfu awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjycJUonf/ ,ck
uRefawmfwdkUacwf 1938wGifum; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;tjzpfjzifh wuúodkvfor*¾toif;ESifh
a'gif;tdk;a0r*¾Zif;BuD; bGJUtvFum r*Fvmav;csKd;BuD;udk oDqdkum uRefawmfwdkU\ tajc
taersm;udk wifjyjyefavNyD/
aMomf- txufe*dk&fu ysufNydKvdkUuscJUwJU? ueufy[dk&fyv’if vufp
t<uif;ayxifh? wuúodkvfobif or*¾toif;qDu? tquforw toif;
awGeJU? Mwif;e0if; aumif;rsKd;taxGaxG tdkuG,f? xufruG twif;a[hvdkU?
tuGufusus eif;eif;NyD;? cuforQ&Sif;ayrnfh owif;]a'gif;tdk;a0}/ /
____aMomf tkyfcsKyfa&;awGuvJ? &Iyf&IyfaxG;axG; tjynfjynf BuKH;NyD;
awmh? yx0DESpfvkH;u tpftDqkH;qdkwJU tqDwkH;t&om 0pGmpm;csdefrdkU? t&kyf
uav;awG jynfzkH;csumxm; aomfvJU? nDwkef;or,tcgrsm;u? urÇmh
urÇm<um;cJUwJU ArmhArmom;awG&JU wkdUArmajr/ wdkUArmtarGrdkU tEdkifr,l
aypaumif; ]tdkuG,fh} wkdUArmjynfrSmjzifh wkdUomaer,fvdkU rqdkifolawG
armif;// ____awmifpOfppfudkif;wGifjzihf acsmifjrifwdkif;rSm armif&if
rIdif;BuD; Adkvf0ifcHvdkUrdkU? [dkt&if,ref rufrdonf orxwpfrsKd;ayy?
zkdyv’ifysHrSm t*¾d& &uf&SdorQxdk;&mu? trsKd;bmom omoemiHUaywnfh?
wyJUocif ]av;armif} ]Apdef} uav;wdkUESifh? jrefrmhtcsdefa&G;um atmifajr
eif;ra[hvdkU? awmifajctqif;rSm aerapmif;rDy a&Ta'gif; ]tdk;a0} r*¾Zif;
qDu? tqufruif;wJU oHo&mrSm? wyJUt&if;&JU pHyrm &G,f&nf&Sm
t,f'Dwm ]armifndKjr} &JUjyif? aMomf ArmhtwGuf r&orQ yGufruGqdkwJU?
or*¾OuúX ]armifb*srf;} wkdUudk? "Z*¾okwft& aMomifwzGzGref;&mu?
atmifZ,yef; anmifoajyEkcsdefrawmh? aemifjrefrmhpmwrf; ]armifa&TEk}
&,fvdkU? atmifaZw,k >rufrqkH;Edkifr,fhjyif? wufbkef;BuD;q&m ]odef;az}
uav;wdkUudkjzifh ,drf;raoG udef;aoa&G;vdkufuJU? ta&;&SdvQif t&may:
Mua&mh? q&mtausmftarmf a,m*Du0d&,fu? urÇmrSmaomf ta[mnD\
rnD\ awmqDuMunfhvdkufawmh? jrefrmraemf aumvDrdcsdefrdkU? aZm0Dxd
wuGufrrSdef arSmifrndKUrlí? avmuD\jyu©'defrSm ajymifordkUomy? tkd-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 114 -
azarmifwif&JU atmifrQKdUtvSJU txuf[dk,cifuuJUodkU? ueufy[dk&f
ajymif;&rSmu? aemifodkUwuJU atmifzdkUwyJUawGeJU aMomf.... armifwdkU&JU
wuúodkvfocifausmif;/ /
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf oludk,fwdkif ocifjzpfvmcJUovdk uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;
tm;vnf; ocifjzpfvmap&ef ac:vsuf&Sdayonf/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf aumvdyf
ausmif;om; rD;yGm;uav;rsm;udk ocifrD;awmufuav;rsm; jzpfapvdkonf/ q&mBuD;onf
aumvdyfrD;yGm;uav;rsm;ESifh txl;a&pufqkHonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ 1920-yxrausmif;om;
oydwf? 4if;aemuf trsKd;om;aumvdyfwdkUESifh q&mBuD;onf qufaeovdk ,ckausmif;om;
or*¾acwf? tdk;a0acwf? aq;ausmif;om;acwfESifhvnf; wpfqufwnf;wpfom;wnf;
jzpfaejyefavonf/ xdkUaMumifh q&mBuD;\ pmayonf ausmif;okH;jyVmef;csuf r[kwfaomf
vnf; uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm; tESpfoufqkH; tpJGvrf;qkH;pmayjzpfaeayonf/
odkUuvdk uRefawmf\ pmayarGUykH? pmayt&om&SmykHXme ajymif;vJjcif;\ t"dyÜm,fudk
uRefawmfhzcifodygvQif oabmwlEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ taMumif;rlum; þodkUaom ajymif;vJ
jcif;onf uRefawmfhtwGuf olrSef;xm;aom b0yef;wdkifodkU rydkUaqmifEdkif&kHru vrf;vTJ
ay;aeaomaMumifh jzpfygownf;/
tcgwdkif;ausmif;ydwfvQif uRefawmfonf tdrfjyefvsuf tdrf&dyfwGif rdcif\tjyKtpk t,k
t,udkcH,lum uav;vkyfaewwfayonf/ ,ckrlum; aeylusJusJwGifxGufvsuf ykvdyfESifh
vlBuD;EdkifiHa&;orm; pm;zm;BuD;rsm;\ tjiLtpl taightaxhcH,lum wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;
\ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk a0aeavNyD/ rdcif\ txl;csufjyKwfauR;arG;tyfaom tpm;
taomuf tpm;? ocifacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ aemufvdkufvkyfí wpfcgpm; q,fjym;wef
xrif;ESifh wif;wdrfae&avNyD/
tcgwdkif; ausmif;ydwfvQif &Gmjyefí wpfaeUvkH; tdrfjyifrxGuf? pmzwfvdkuf? tdyfvdkuf
vkyfNyD; naeapmif;aomf a&rdk;csKd;? pwdkifvkyfNyD; vrf;avQmufxGufonf/ &Gmol&Gmom;
awGu aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;a[hqdkNyD; txifBuD;wpfcJGom;ESifh 0dkif;MunfhMuonf/ EIwf
qufMuonf/ a&uefay:wGif tdk;&Gufum a&cyfvmMuaom &Gmol tysKdacsmrsm;u
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 115 -
]0efaxmufavmif;}? ]ta&;ydkifavmif;} BuD;tjzpfjzihf rsufvTmyifhí r0HUw0HUMunfhMuonf/
uRefawmfu NyKH;MunfhvQifvnf;aumif;? NyKH;í EIwfqufvQifvnf;aumif; olwdkUcrsm
ajymírNyD;Mu/ ,ckrl uRefawmfonf vkHcsnfwdkwkdESifh yifeDwdkufykH0wfí 0g;zwfOD;xkyf
aqmif;um &efukefNrdKUvlpnfum;&mrSm avQmufaeav&m ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv}
tjzpfjzifh 0dkif;MunfhaeMuavNyD/
okdUuvdk ajymif;vJaeojzifh uRefawmfonf aemifw&oavm/ 0rf;enf;oavm/ aemifw
r&? 0rf;renf;/ udk,fhudk,fudk,f csD;usL;rdonf/ igvdkvl ZrÁL&Sdao;ovm;[k BuKH;0g;
rdonf/ aysmfvnf; aysmfrdavonf/
okdUuvdk ocifaygufptjzpfjzihf aysmfaewkef; jAKef;qdk urÇmajrBuD;aygufuJGNyD; ay:xGuf
vmovdk uRefawmfhzcifBuD; ay:vmavonf/
trSefrSmawmh zcifBuD;qdkufa&mufvmjcif;onf uRefawmfhbufu MunfhvQifom tHUMozG,f
jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;bufu MunfhvQifum; pdk;pOf;rQ tHUMozG,fr&Sdyg/ wpfjynfvkH; tkef;tkef;
uRwfuRwf? qlqlylyljzpfaeaom þukvm;Arm t"du&kPf;tcsdef raeomojzihf ausmif;yg
ydwfay;vdkuf&aomtcsdefü rdbrsm;onf rdrdom;udk olwdkUtem;rSmom aeapvdkayvdrfhrnf/
rsufuG,frSmqdkvQif b,fenf;ESifhrQ pdwfrcsEdkif? trsKd;rsKd;awG;í pdk;&drfylyefrnfrSm "r®wm
omwnf;/ uRefawmfu olwkdUpdwfat;atmif a&;vkdufaompmonf yJavSmfzdk rD;awmuf
rD;vQHxJusonfh a&wpfpufrQom &Sdayvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmfonf uRefawmfhtazukd jrifvQifjrifjcif; xdwfceJjzpfoGm;ayonf/ tazh"mwfudk
odxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh uRefawmfhudk aumvdyfausmif;om;jzpfaeNyDrdkU r&dkufrESufonfhwdkif
atmif qlawmhylawmhrnf? rJawmhrmefawmhrnf[k wef;xifvdkufayonf/ odkUaomf taz
um; rqlryl? rBudrf;rarmif;bJ ndKrnf;nId;EGrf;aom rsufESmjzihfom Munfhaeavonf/
xdktrlt&monf uRefawmfhpdwftm; rsm;pGmxdckdufapygonf/ tazhudkacsmh&ef pum;p&Sm&
awmhonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 116 -
]]tazuvnf; pmav;bmav; a&;vdkufa&maygh/ a&;vdkuf&if uRefawmfblwmudk vmBudK
rSmyJ}}
]]ighbmom igvmwwfom;yJ}}
aemufxyf pum;qufp&m cufoGm;avonf/ uRefawmfhtazonf xdkpum;udk wkdawmif;
rmausmpGmajymNyD; uRefawmfhtm; wpfudk,fvkH;NcHKí Munfhaeavonf/ xGDceJ wHawG;axG;
vdkufawmhrnfh trlt&may:aeonf/ uRefawmfh ocif*dkufudk rowDaeoavm/ tawmfMum
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf pum;rajymbJ MunfhaeMuonf/
uRefawmfu t&JpGefUum pum;pvdkufjyef\/
]]uRefawmfay;vdkufwJUpm &w,fr[kwfvm;taz? uRefawmfhtwGuf bmrS rylaeygeJU qdkae
rSyJ}}
tazonf oufjyif;csvdkufonf/ 4if;aemuf ab;odkU xGDceJwHawG;axG;vdkuf\/ uRefawmfh
rsufESmay:odkU axG;yufvkdufjcif; r[kwfí awmfygao;\/
acG;rsKd; bmem;vnfovJ/ rdbvkyfwJUvlawGrSm b,favmufyl&ovJ od&JUvm;/ rif;tar
qdk&if rif;twGuf tdyfvdkUawmifraysmfbl; od&JUvm;}}
uRefawmfonf rsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;oGm;ygonf/ tdrfrjyefrdwm rSm;avjcif; [kyif aemifw
&vmygonf/
þpum;udkajymNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhtazonf a&rdk;csKd;NyD; c&D;yef;vmaomaMumifh tyef;
ajzaeavonf/ tjcm;pum;odkU rul;Muawmhay/ odkU pum;rul;ojzihfvnf; uRefawmf
txl; pdwfoufom&m&ayonf/ taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfonf tdkifpDtufpfavmif; vrf;
aMumif;rS aoGznfNyD; ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv} b0okdU a&mufaeaomtaMumif;odkU
pum;pyfrdrSm txl;pdk;&drfaomaMumifhwnf;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 117 -
uRefawmfonf zcifBuD;pdwfajy&ef 0wfBuD;0wfi,frsm;jyK\/ ajcqkyfvufe,fjyK\/
tauR;tarG; vdkavao;r&Sdatmif {nfhcH\/ 4if;wdkUxuf ESpfodrfhauseyfzG,f&mum;
aemufaeUeHeufwGif a&Twd*kHbk&m;odkUydkU&ef pDrHvdkufjcif;aywnf;/
aemufaeUeHeuf bk&m;oGm;Muaomtcg uRefawmfonf yifeDwdkufykHtusÐudkyif 0wfvm
onf/ tazu ydk;tusÐbmvdkU r0wfovJ[k ar;&m-
]]ckukvm;Arm t"du&kPf;tNyD;rSm vlwdkif; 0HomEkpdwf"mwfawG wufaeMuw,f/ zsifyifeD
tusÐ wdkif;&if;jzpfawG odyf0wfaeMuw,f/ NyD;awmh &efukefNrdKUrSm ArmqdkifawG trsm;BuD;
ay:vmw,f/ NrdKUxJus&if tazjrifygvdrfhr,fAsm}}
]]tif; aumif;wmayghuGm? udk,fhwdkif;&if;om;jzpf tm;ay;wm? wdkif;&if;om;qdkif xGufwm
[m aumif;wmyJa[h}}
uRefawmfonf 0HomEkpdwf0ifvmaom tazhtwGuf rsm;pGm0rf;omtm;& jzpfoGm;av
onf/
uRefawmfonf tm&ftD;wD bwfpfum;ay:odkU wufrnf[k[efjyifaeaom tazhtm; Arm
bwfpfum;qDodkU ac:oGm;&if;-
]]tJ'Dum;BuD;awGu wdkif;&if;om;ydkifr[kwfbl;/ Armydkifbwfpfum;udk pD;&atmif taz/
tm&ftD;wD um;BuD;awGavmufawmh Zdrfr&Sdbl;/ odkUayr,fh udk,fhwdkif;&if;om; tm;ay;wJU
taeeeJU tqif;&JcHwmaygh taz&m}}
Armbwfpfum;wpfpD;wGif 0ifxdkifMuonf/ '&dkifbmu um;udkpufEId;xm;NyD; py,f,mu-
]]xGufawmhr,f vdkufrvm;q&m/ [dk; [dk;vdkufr,f? vdkufr,f? vdkufrvm; t&mBuD;/
t&mBuD;uawmh b,fvdkufrvJ? tm&ftD;wDom vdkufrSmaygh/ a[m axmifuJBuD; wpf
a,muf vmaeNyD? vdkufrvm;axmifuJ}} ponfjzifh atmf[pfum vlac:aeavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 118 -
tawmftoifh vljynfhavNyD/ tm&ftD;wDum; ESpfpD;yif xGufoGm;avNyD/ uRefawmfwdkU
bwfpfum;um; rxGufao;/ wpfa,mufu ]]rxGufao;bl;vm;}} [k ar;&m '&dkifbmonf
um;udk a&SUwdk;aemufiif vkyfaeavonf/ py,f,mu ]][dk; [dk; rxGufeJUOD;? [dk
tpfrav;u vdkufr,fwJU}} [k jzef;oef;í atmfaeavonf/ olajymaom tpfrav;udk
uRefawmfwkdUrjrif&/ um;udkum; a&SUwkd;aemufiif vkyfaejcif;aMumifh zifxdkifckHESifhzif
Budwfe,faeí zifem&kHru rxGufEdkifí pdwftaESmifht,Suf rsm;pGm jzpf&avonf/
uRefawmfhtazu ]]rif;wdkif;&if;om; tm;ay;&wm redyfygbl;uGm}} [kyif nnf;pjyKavNyD/
twefMumrS py,f,mu ]]ckd;vdk;}} [k trdefUay;vdkufaomaMumifh um;xGufavonf/
]]aemufuum;rvmao;bl; vSdrfhq&mvSdrfh}} [k py,f,mu trdefUay;xm;ojzihf um;onf
jznf;jznf;uav; vSdrfhaeavonf/
xdkUaemuf a&SUem;rSm vljrifaomaMumifh py,f,mu ]]qGJqGJ}} [k trdefUay;jyef&m '&dkifbm
onf cyfjrefjrefarmif;jyefavonf/ aemuf tm&ftD;wDudk ausmfwufEdkif&ef twif; tjref
armif;jyef&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm toufudk zufESifhxkyfxm;Mu&avawmh\/
twif;armif;aepOf py,f,mu-
]]a[h a&SUem;rSm Zdk; Zdk;}} [k owday;vkduf&m '&dkifbmonf jAKef;ceJ b&dwftkyfvkdufav\/
c&D;onftm;vkH; ,drf;xdk;NyD; ckHay:rS pOfusroGm;atmif renf;xdef;xm;Mu&avonf/
odkUuvdk udk,fpdwfESpfyg; rsm;pGmqif;&JNyD;aemufrS odrfBuD;aps;odkU a&mufMuavonf/
bwfpfum;ay:rS qif;Muaomtcg tazu-
]]onfhjyif[m 0HomEkcsifEkyguGm? bwfpfum;rSmawmh 0HomrEkygeJU}} [k qkH;ravawmhonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 119 -
odrfBuD;aps; axmifhwpfaxmifhwGif 0ufNcHcwfxm;aom xDqdkifuav;rsm;udk awGUaomtcg
tazonf tHUMopGmESifh Munfhaeavonf/
]]bmvJuG}}
]]xDvufrSwfa&mif;wJUqdkif taz&JU/ tpdk;&odef;xDav? nGefUaygif;tpdk;& wDxGifvkyfwJU
tvkyfwpfckaygh/ tpdk;&u wdkif;oljynfom; xdk;orQaiGtay:rSm 50 &mckdifEIef; tcGefawmf
&w,f}}
]]uGm nGefUaygif;tpdk;&u [efrusygbl;/ tcGefaumufom ,lwwfwm? wdkif;jynf at;csrf;
atmif awmh rtkyfcsKyfwwfygbl;}}
tazhxHrS þvdk tpdk;&a0zefa&;pum;rsm; rarQmfvifhcJUaom uRefawmfhrSm tHUtm;oifh&kHru
0rf;vnf; omrdavonf/
]]a[h xDxdk;&atmifuGm}}
tazu xDxdk;vdkaomaMumifh xD0ifxkd;Muonf/ tazonf twdwfwGif ]]om;tm; bdvyf
ydkU ynmoif&ef}} [k a&;vkdufavonf/ uRefawmfhzcif\ &nfrSef;csufum; wpfqifhxuf
wpfqifh wdk;ae\/ tpwkef;u q,fwef;atmif&kHom? aemuf bDatatmif&kHom? 4if;
aemuf tdkifpDtufpfatmif&ef? ,ckaemufqkH; bdvyfydkUynmoif&ef/
xDqdkifrSxGufí bk&m;oGm;bwfpfum;qdyfodkU avQmufvmpOf owif;pma&mif;orm;rsm;
atmf[pfaeMuonfudk uRefawmfa&mtazyg Mum;Mu&avonf/
]]ocifESpfjcrf;uJGtwGuf ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; EIwfxGufawmhrnf qdkjcif;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 120 -
þatmf[pfoHonf uRefawmfem;wGif;odkU oH&nfyl avmif;xnfhvdkufouJUodkU jzpfayonf/
atmf[pfaeMuaom owif;pma&mif;orm;rsm;udk aMumifíMunfhaeavonf/ 0,fzwf&ef
yif owdr&/
bk&m;oGm; bwfpfum;ay:odkU wufrdMuaomtcg tazu-
]]a[h rif;tck ocifawGeJU aygif;ao;ovm;}}
uRefawmfum; b,fvkdtajzay;&rnf[k pOf;pm;r&atmifjzpfaeí rajzbJaeonf/
]]tif; raygif;eJUaemf? aygif;&if wkdUtBuHtpnftm;vkH; ysufukefvdrfhr,f em;vnfvm;}}
bwfpfum; vIyf&Sm;ojzifh uRefawmfhacgif;ndwfoGm;onf/
]]at; aumif;w,f raygif;eJU/ Munfhprf;? olwdkUtcsif;csif;uJGukefNyD? olawmfaumif;BuD;
awmif xGufoGm;NyD}}
a&SUwkd;aemufiifvkyfaeaom bwfpfum;yif xGufavNyD/ uRefawmfhyg;pyfrS pum;wpfvkH;rQ
rxGuf/
bwfpum;onf bk&m;ajc&if;odkU a&mufonfhwdkifatmif uRefawmfpum;rajymEdkif/ tazu
wpfcGef;wav ajymonfudkvnf; axmufcHjcif;? uefUuGufjcif;? pGufzufjcif; wpfpkHwpf&m
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opfyif&dyf wefaqmif;&dyfponfwkdU vTrf;NcKHxm;ojzifh at;jrom,mzG,f&m qdwfNidrfaeay
onf/ þuG,f&m qdwfNidrfaxmifhuGufonf rsm;pGmaom ZeD;armifESHESifh orD;&nf;pm; 'G,H
'G,HwdkUtzdkU ESpfudk,fMum;aqG;aEG;&ef tuGufaumif;jzpfcJUonfrSm trsm;odcUJMuaomfvnf;
uRefawmfwdkUom;tztzdkU ESpfudkMum;aqG;aEG;&ef tuGufaumif;jzpfaeonfudkum; odMu
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- 130 -
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- 131 -
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&nf;pm;vnf;rus tjzpfoepfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? rsKd;&dk;tpOftvm tajctjrpf pm&if;
tif; aeUpGJrsm;ESifhwuG vkH;aphywfaph u&m;rSa&vTwfouJUodkU wwGwfwGwf ajymjy&av
awmhownf;/
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em;axmifayonf/ wpfcgwpf&H odcsifaom tcsufuav;rsm;udk ar;cGe;fxkwfjcif;jzihfom
0ifpGufavonf/
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bmazuG? at;-0ifeDazqdkwmuawmh txnfBuD;ysufqdkawmh vSnf;usKd;BuD;0ifxrf;&ovdk
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pOf;pm;Munfhprf;/ rif;uvnf; ynmawGeJU oluvnf;ynmawGeJU/ trSefu rif;vdkwm
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OpömeJUynm aygif;rdovdk jzpfrSmAsm;/ Mum;vm;? rif;odwJUtwkdif; igwdkUrSm Opömr&Sdbl;? igh
vcuav;eJUqdk&if wpfouf b,fawmhrS olaX;rjzpfEdkifbl;/ 'Dawmh rif;[m rif;ynmeJU
t&if;wnfNyD; Opömypönf;<u,f0wJU rdef;rudkom &Sm,l&r,f Mum;vm;}}
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uRefawmfonf wkPSdbma0 qdwfqdwfaeayonf/ okdUaomf þwpfBudrf qdwfqdwfaejcif;
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rwl/ rdef;r&Sma&;ü tazESifhuRefawmfonf ,cktcg ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifaom t,ltq
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 132 -
&SdMuonfr[kwf/ uRefawmfonf tazhtqkH;trMo0g'ü rwnfEdkifao;onfhwdkifatmif
,if; tqkH;trMo0g' rSm;onf[k rxifEdkif/ 'DvdkMunfhawmhvnf; [kwfaywmyJ[k
wpfrsKd;wpfzufvSnfhum pOf;pm;qifjcifvsuf&Sdayonf/
]]uJ oGm;MupdkU? wdkUwpfae&m&mrSm0ifNyD; xrif;0,fpm;MuOD;pdkU&JU}}
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wdkUonf vmaeMuavonf/ tazhMo0g'wdkUonf qnf;vnf;oHuJUodkU om,maMumif;
awGU&rnfhedrdwfayavm/ /
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- 133 -
16
tazhMoZm rwnfaomae&m
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vdkvdk ukvm;wpfa,mufvnf; &Sdonf/
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toifhapmifhaeaom '&dkifbmvufodkU tyfvdkufavonf/
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vdkufydkU&rnf[k qdkxm;aMumif;ajymjyav&m tazonf bmpdwful;aygufonfrod? wHwm;
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- 134 -
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vnf;ru orD;&nf;pm;vnf;rus jzpfaeavNyD? taz\Mo0g'um; ]]rif;vdkwmu ynm&Sd
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 136 -
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- 137 -
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- 138 -
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tqdk;wumhAdkvf? tpdk;&'&IdvdkpGJNyD;? rdkufoeJU BuHBuHzefzef? udkufwJU
&efwyGJudkjzifh? NyD;pJatmif ESpfpkHESpfjyify? ckHwifum q&mjzwfcJUNyD;?
tem*wftcgrSm aumif;atmifvkyfr,fvdkU? acgif;aqmif ESpf&ly z,fum
&Sif;aomfvJ? ruif;ol4if;ESpfaumifuarG;cJUwJU? ausmif;acG;vdk
]trIaqmif} irdkufwdkUuvnf;? tudkufcdkif;vQif rdkuf&dkif;csifwJU
p&dkufawGaMumifh? pdwftdkufum rMunfr&TifESifh? 'Docif#DumrqkH;rDy?
rnDrnm qdk;wynfhawGudk wnfhapr,fvdkU rwwfomojzifh?
cyfcGmcGmaeMutkH;pdkU&JUvdkU? tqkH;owfum usrf;pma&;NyD;? aemifbdkU
wufp&mudk armifwdkUwGufwm rat;olu? raorD tarGnDnD
ay;cJUwJUtjyif? ta0;wynfhawG udkom nDnmbdkU? MunfMunfomom
EIwfawmfqufwJUNyD;? &kwfw&ufyif ocif*dkPf;&,fu? raeom
aoGcGmvdkU pdkif;a&mhr,fvdkU? aZ,m auomwdkUESifh qdkif;awmh
wpfAdkvfw*dkPf;eJU ArmrEkóawG&JU? r[m'ku© ,ckvdkrD;udkjzihf?
olUtvdkvdk NyD;Mur,fhjyif? xkdxkdppfudkif;wynfhawGeJU? tvdktwdkif;
wnfhaprnfh? (atmf) udkrIdif;&JU "r®mEk*¾[ukodkvfBuD;/ /}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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uRefawmfhtaz ra&mufvmrDuav;u uRefawmfonf 0ifeDaztm; cspfaMumif; BudKuf
aMumif; twdtvif;zGifhajymum ckdifNrJaomarwÅmaESmifBudK;jzihf csnfwkyfawmhrnf[k BuH&G,f
cJUavonf/ rBuH&G,fbJ aeygrnfavm/ tjcm;tjcm;aom t&mwdkUxuf 0ifeD\ pJGrufzG,f
aumif;aom &kyf&nfESifh cspfpEdk;zG,f&maumif;aom yGwfoD;yGwfoyf eD;uyfpGmaerIwdkUonf
uRefawmfhtm; vTrf;rkd;pdk;&aeavonf/ pmzwf&mrSm olUrsufESmuav; ay:vmwwfonf/
q&moifwef; a[majymae&mrSm olUtoHuav; Mum;aewwfonf/ olESifheD;eD;pyfpyf
yGwfoD;yGwfoyf ae&jcif;ü rsm;pGmESvkH;arGUaeavonf/ 0ifeDwkdUrSmawmh AdkvfcyfqefqefrdkU
wpfcgwpfcg rodrom uRefawmhfvufarmif;udkqGJudkifí ac:vm;ajymvm; vkyf&mrSmvnf;
bmrQ txl;wqef;jzpf[efr&Sd/ ]u&dk;uufcsfonfu&def;} upm;rsKd;ü &,f&if;arm&if;
wpfa,mufwpfa,muf zufvm;,rf;vm; qGJvm;vkyf&mrSmvnf; r&dk;r&Gjzpfrnfrxif/
uRefawmfum; ol&dkUvdkr[kwfyg/ txl;wqef;jzpfao;onf/ &dk;wdk;&Gw jzpfao;onf/
tl&dkif;jzpfaomaMumifh qdkrnfvm;/ udk&ifBuD;Od;boef;\ zkdrqufoG,fa&; Mo0g'rsm;\
MoZmt&dyfaiGU rukefao;aomaMumifh qdkrnfvm;/ tdrfjyefa&mufonfhwdkifatmif olu
ac:ac:ajymajym vufarmif;udkifvdkufaom txdtawGU\ taiGUonf usef&pfwnfqJ
jzpfavonf/ upm;&if; zuf,rf;qGJiifvdkufaom t&Sdefonf tdyfrufxJrSmawmif pJGae
wwfavonf/
xdkUaMumifh eD;onfxufeD;atmif BuHvdkcJUjcif; jzpfavonf/ ckdkifNrJaomarwÅmjzifh tajzcuf
atmif csnfaESmifcJUvdkjcif; jzpfavonf/ trSefpifppf uRefawmfonf EIwfxGufr&J ao;o
jzifh vnf;aumif;? EIwfjzifhajymvQif vdyfywfrvnfbJ aernfpdk;aeojzifh vnf;aumif;
rajymrdao;jcif;om jzpfavonf/ tdrfrSmum; olUay;&ef pmwpfapmifyif pDxm;cJUavNyD/
zcifBuD;a&mufvmNyD; olUt,ltqrsm;udk uRefawmfhOD;aESmufwGif;odkU &dkufoGif;vdkufjyef
aomtcg uRefawmfonf tdyfrufrS vefUEdk;oluJUodkU jzpfvmavonf/ olUt,ltqjzifh
jyóemwpf&yfvkH;udk okH;oyfMunfhavonf/ tazht,ltq rSm;onf[k acsy&ef wpfvkH;
wpfyg'rQ uRefawmf &SmrawGUcJU/ xdkUaMumifh tazjyefoGm;aomtcg a&;xm;aompmudk
0ifeDtm;ay;&ef qdkif;xm;vdkufjyefavonf/ odkU&mwGif 0ifeD\tvSESifh 0ifeDESifh yGwfoD;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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yGwfoyf ae&aomtawGUwkdUonf uRefawmf ckcHjcif;iSm cufaomtm;rsm; jzpfaeonfudk
awGU&avonf/ zcifay;vdkufaom tjrifOmPfESifh qifjcifum tm;opfrsm;arG;í renf;
BuD; ckcHae&av\/ tif;-cyfcGmcGmaerS aumif;rSmygyJuvm;? ]u&dk;ufcsfonfu&def;} awG
odyfrupm;rS jzpfrSmyguvm;/
rjrifhOD;ESifh ywfoufíum; tajctaerSm qkwfomwufom qdkwmvkd taumif;qkH;
tajctae jzpfonf/ wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf cifrifonfESifhtrQ taetxdkifrSm &dkao
Muonf/ rSefMuonf/ wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf ,lEdkifMuaomtajcokdU qdkufa&mufygrl
zGifhajymNyD; csufcsif;vufxyfMu&kHom&Sdonf/ onftawmtwGif; onfhxufqef;jym;pGm
aexkdifzdkUvnf;r&Sd/ ]armif&Sifh} ]r,fAs} [k nKwmae&efvnf; r&Sdacs/ 4if;jyif uRefawmf
onf ]wufwufpif &dk;ygvsufu,fESifh? uvufwufwufxifol&,f wpfrsKd;o'¨grysuf
apESifh? tydk;0goembufudkwJU uGif;ordkUz,f? rif;wdkUt&G,fudkjzihf ausmif;wum rapm?
jiif;vdkUy,fEdkifyg&JU ajzmifhpGmoabm} [laom uAsmjzihf pum;uRHcJUonf r[kwfygvm;/
odkU&mwGif taza&mufvmNyD;aemuf &Sif;vif;&aom jyóem 2&yfteuf rdef;rESifh ywfouf
í udk,fhudk,fudk,f ZufBudK;udkif&wmu vG,fao;onf/ EdkifiHa&;ESifhywfoufí ZmwfBudK;
udkif&wm rvG,fulay/ onfhjyif vli,fvl&G,fawGrSm b,fvdkawGUBuKH cHpm;&onfrod/
uRefawmfhrSmawmh EdkifiHa&;\ qGJaqmifac:iifrIudk ckcH&jcif;u ydkcufaeaMumif; awGUBuKH&
ayonf/
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ausmif;om;or*¾ OuúXtjzpfrSvnf;aumif; EkwfxGufvdkufNyD; wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU
ajcpkHypf0ifum ocifjzpfoGm;avonf/ olESifhwpfNydKifeufwnf; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; (ocif
odef;armifESifhwuGaom trsm;pk pka0;í A[dkwdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;) odkU 0ifa&mufoGm;Mu
olrsm;um; udkEkESifh umvuwÅm;udkvSazwkdU jzpfavonf/ udkvSazrSm umvuwÅm;wGif
udkodef;azESifhtwl ausmif;aeae&mrS udkodef;az ArmjynfodkU jyefa&mufvmNyD; rMumcif
ay:vmaom 1936 ckESpf? ausmif;om;oydwf acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfavonf/
udkatmifqef;? udkEk? udkvSazwdkU ocifjzpfvmjcif;rSm uRefawmfwdkU ocifausmif;om;rsm;\
csDwuf&rnfhvrf;pOfudk nTefjyvdkufouJUodkU &Sdavonf/ odkUuvdk acgif;aqmifawGu
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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EdkifiHa&;wGif ajcpkHypf0ifMupOf uRefawmfu vSrf;NyD;cJUaom ajcwpfvSrf;udk &kyfodrf;&rnfrSm
ajy;aeaom bwfpfum;ay: ajcwpfvSrf;wufrdNyD;rS jyefckefqif;&ef BudK;pm;olESifh wlae
ay\/ ,if;odkU jyefckefqif;vQif vJus ajcusKd;rnfudkyif pdk;&drf&avonf/
urÇhmhtajctaeudk MunfhvdkufygOD;/ emZD[pfwvmonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUacgif;aqmif
csdefbmvdef\ oabmwlnDrI (0g) &efoltm;ay;tpmauR;rIjzifh qla'wefe,fudk odrf;ydkuf
um csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;wnf;[laom wkdif;i,fjynfi,fudk usL;ausmfapmfum;vdkuf
avonf/
uRefawmfwkdUjynf\ ajrmufbuf&Sd w&kwfjynfBuD;udkvnf; zufqpf*syefESifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU
orm;wkdUonf a0cGJ,l&ef BuHaeMuavonf/ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;wkdUonf wpfzufu
þtBuHjzihf *syefppfbDvl;rsm;udk ]tavQmhay;} vsuf&Sd\/ wpfzufwGifum; tdE´d,?
Armpaom olUydkifeufteD;odkU *syefrvmEdkifatmif? w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;wGif olUMoZm
rysufatmif? w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;wGif *syefajcukyfr&atmif w&kwfudkrifweftpdk;&udk
ulnDaeavonf/ w&kwfArmvrf;rBuD;udkyif azmufvkyfxm;avNyD/ xdktcsdefwGif w&kwf
Arm vrf;rBuD;ay: usLukyf-ref&SDMum;wGif aeUpOf ppfavmf&D tpD; 200rQ ul;vl;oGm;vm
aeavonf/ uGwfcdkifrSm av,mOfysHuGif;BuD; aqmufvkyfaeonf[k Mum;&avonf/
,if;odkU t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;\ ]]wdkUrD; &IdUrD;vkyfrI}} ? ]]rD;pwpfzuf a&rIwfwpfzufvkyfrI}}
rsm;aMumifh ppfyGJonf uRefawmfwdkU\e,fpyfodkU wpfaeUwjcm; eD;uyfvmcJUavNyD/
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;\ ]tavQmhay;a&;} ay:vpDudk tpGrf;ukef tokH;csaom *syefonf
uRefawmfwdkU ArmjynfwGif;odkUvnf; toGiftrsKd;rsKd;jzihf 0ifvsuf&Sdavonf/ *syef
oGm;pdkufq&m? *syef"mwfykHq&m? *syefukefonfrsm; rIdvdkaygufvm\/ *syefjrefrm qufqH
a&;toif;rsm; ay:vm\/ *syefjynfodkU Armausmif;om;rsm; ynmoifvmyg[k zdfwfMum;
vsuf &Sd\/ *syefjynfwGif tESpf20ausmfaeojzifh ArmawGuyif arhaeNyDjzpfaom OD;pHnGefU
onfyif ArmjynfokdUjyefvmum *syefjrefrmqufqHa&;0g' jzefUvsuf&Sday\/ rpöwm
rl&mumrd acgif;aqmifaom *syefukefonfBuD;rsm;onf topfaqmufNyD;pjzpfaom &efukef
NrdKUawmfcef;rBuD;wGif *syefukefpnfjyyJGBuD;wpfck usif;yavonf/ e,fcsJUorm;trsKd;rsKd;\
ajcukyf,l&mjzpfaom ,dk;',m;uyifvQif ]vGrfADcspf} qdkaom t&m&SdBuD;wpfa,mufudk Arm
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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jynfodkU vTwfavonf/ olonf ESrawmfol qdkovdkvdk? c,frawmfol qkdovdkvdk
rdef;racsmuav; rpöy&bdkiftm; ac:NyD; q&mjzpfoifaumvdyfausmif;wGif ]ynmoif&ef}
tyfESHcJUavonf/ owif;pmrsm;u þudpöudk ,dk;',m;jrefrmqufqHa&; aumif;zdkU[k
a&;Muonf/ uRefawmfwdkU wuúodkvfausmif;om; trsm;tjym;um; rdef;racsmuav;
rpöy&bdkiftm; oGm;MunfhMuonf/ ol\tvSudk MunfndKMuonf/ olUvkd[mruav;u
Armjynf pmvmoifojzifh *kPf,lMuonf/ uRefawmfwdkU EdkifiHa&;ausmif;om;rsm;omvQif
rpöy&bdkif\ tjzpfrSefudk &dyfrdMuavonf/ ]vGrfADcspf} ESifh y&bdkifwdkUonf *syef udk,fpm;
vS,frsm; jzpfonf[k Mum;&avonf/ pm;usufvkppfyJGBuD;\ ,rf;awmifhwpfawmifh
omvQif jzpfayownf;/
,if;odkU e,fcsJUorm;wkdUu ppfjyifqifvIHUaqmfaeaom tajctaewGif todkUvQif tdrfwGif;
rSm pdwfajzmifhpGm pmukef;usufaeEdkiftHHUenf;/ todkUvQif wuúodkvfpmMunfhwdkufwGif
at;at;aq;aq; avhvmEdkiftHUenf;/ todkUvQif pmoifcef;ü tm&kHpl;pdkufí oifcef;pm
awGudk vkdufEdkiftHUenf;/
udk;q,fhwpfXme tkyfcsKyfa&;t& ArmjynfBuD;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfaeaom tpdk;&\
vkyfykHawGudk MunfhvkdufygOD;/
a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwf bdodufyJGodkU eef;&if;0efa'gufwmbarmf trSL;&Sdaom udk,fpm;vS,f
awmfrsm; vTwf&onfhtwGuf aiG 55000-okH;NyD;? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm pufrIvufrI zGGHNzdK;a&;
twGufum; aiG 50000- omvQif okH;avonf/ ppfwyf? axmif? ykvdyf ponfwdkUtwGuf
,cif,cifrsm;uxuf aiGydkokH;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkppfwyf? axmifESifhykvdyfwkdUrSm ESpfpOf
aiGaygif; 6uka#rS 10uka#txd tjrwf,laeaom a&eHajr"e&Sifrsm;xHrSm tcaMu;aiG
tjzpf ESpfpOfaiG 7oef;rS 10oef; txdom &aeaom tvkyform;wkdU\ vIyf&Sm;qlyl
qefUusifrIrsm;udk zdESdyf&efom jzpfaeayonf/ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf opfawmwif'gudk
aiGtenf;qkH;ay;aom opfawma&;a&m0efBuD;csKyf OD;yk\ rdwfaqG csyfoif;OD;bwiftm;
ay;cJUavonf/ &mxl;ESifhrQm;í ig;yGifhqdkifudk zUJxkwf&aom nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf
rEÅav;rS OD;bOD;tm; tcGefawmf0efBuD;tjzpf cefUvdkufonf/ cefUNyD;rQrMumcif 0efBuD;csKyf
OD;bOD;onf t&ufrl;rl;jzihf ae&Sife,fuvyf taygufapmifh Armuav;tm; vufoD;ESifh
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 143 -
xdk;í 0efBuD;pGrf;jyvdkufavonf/ ajrvwfrS rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfa,mufonf tysufr
uav;wpfa,mufESifh aysmfwNyKH;NyKH; armfrqkH;&SdaeqJ trwfrif; ajcmufvkH;jyL;udk upm;rd
ojzifh aygifudkxdrSefcJUavonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fESifh e,fjcm;a'o Oya't& trsKd;om;a&;
vkyfief;? qif;&Jom; vlxkvkyfief;rsm; ArmjynfrS ,if;a'orsm;odkU rul;pufap&ef
OD;uGmydE´m"dywdtm; jrpfBuD;em;rSvnf;aumif;? ocifwifvIdiftm; awmifBuD;rS vnf;
aumif;? udkOmPftm; er®wlrSvnf;aumif; ESifxkwfcJUavonf/
þonfwkdUum; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUESifh 4if;\ Armjynf&kyfao;tpdk;&\ tajctaewnf;/
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tHUenf;/ todkUvQif þtpdk;&rsKd;\ trIawmfudk xrf;&Guf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ynmudk
oifEdkiftHUenf;/
cufw,ftaz? cufw,f/ tazhMo0g'twdkif; EdkifiHa&;rSm 0ifrygzdkU BudK;pm;wmyJ r&bl;/
ocifawGeJU raygif;bJaezdkU BudK;pm;wmyJ? ratmifbl;/ ajy;aewJU bwfpfum;ay:rSm
a&mufNyD;om; ajcvSrf;udk &kyfodrf;NyD; ckefcszdkU BudK;pm;MunfhwmyJ? txrajrmufbl;/ vJus
ajcusKd;rSmudkawmif aMumufrdao;w,f/
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17
atmifausmfESif h vGwfvyfa&;orx bm0em
ygawmfrlaeUodkU a&mufcJUavNyD/
xdk ygawmfrlaeU (1300ck? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 8&ufaeU) wGif jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m
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BudKufovdk yg0ifqifEGJMuayonf/ Oyrm udkatmifausmfonf olUtcef;0wGif ]]þaeU
þ&ufum; igwdkUt&SifESpfyg; ygawmfrlaomaeUjzpfonf/ owd&Muyg}} [laom pmwef;
BuD;wpfck a&;qJGí csdwfxm;avonf/ olonf tcef;udk twGif;rSydwfum wpfaeUvkH;
tcef;atmif;í tpm;rpm;? pum;rajymbJ ]vGwfvyfa&;} orxbm0em pD;jzef;í aeav
onf/
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ukvm;rsm;udk wpfa,mufwnf;xGufcsrnf[k wuJuJvkyfaeojzifh wm;xm;Mu&avonf/
olUt,ltqrsm;rSm a&S;qefonf/ Oyrm rdef;uav;ESifh a,musmf;uav; vGwfvyfpGm
aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;udk rBudKuf/ xrif;pm;yJG tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif rdef;uav;ESifh
a,musmf;uav; twGJvdkuftwGJvdkuf xdkifí pm;onfh"avhudk rBudKufaomaMumifh xdk
xrif;pm;yJG tcrf;tem;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufavh&Sd\/
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zl;avonf/ 4if;jyif wpfOD;csif;pGefUpm;í &efolacgif;aqmifrsm;udk owfypfjcif; (0g) &efol
acgif;aqmifESifh toufcsif;vJí vGwfvyfa&;,ljcif;wGifvnf; ,kHMunfrI&Sdavonf/ vlxk
ESifhcsDí qlyljcif;xuf ,if;odkUvkyfjcif;u ydkíxda&mufrnf[k ,lqwwfavonf/ okdUaomf
udkatmifausmf\ t,ltqrsm;udk udkb[def;paom acgif;aqmifrsm;u aomfvnf;aumif;?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 145 -
uRefawmfwdkU oli,fcsif;rsm;uaomfvnf;aumif; a0zefcJUojzifh ,if;odkU,lq&mwGif rjyif;
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bmyJjzpfjzpf ygawmfrlaeUu udkatmifausmf ]vGwfvyfa&;} orxbm0em jyKvkdufykHum;
ausmif;om;avmuwGif awmfawmfuav; vIyf&Sm;oGm;ao;\/
aemufwpf&ufjcm;NyD; trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeU ae&Sife,fa'; a&mufvmay\/ uRefawmfwdkU
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udk ydwfay;avonf/ rBuKHzl;atmif pnfum;aom trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeUaywnf;/ ]]rD;wkwf
-rD;wkwf &IddU&IdU}} ]]oydwf-oydwf arSmufarSmuf}} ]]olykef-olykef xx}} [laom a<u;aMumfoH
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oGm;aomtcg ae&Sife,fausmif;om;rsm;uom qufvufusif;yaecJUavonf/ wuúodkvf
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wGif ausmif;om;aygif;pkH tiftm;jyyJG jzpfvmcJUavonf/ xkdtwGif; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;
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ausmif;om;rsm; tiftm;jyyJGrQom ruawmhbJ ]]trsKd;om;a&;} pdwf"mwf wuf<uvmaom
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]]tm;vkH;awmh vufrcHEdkifao;bl;/ rsm;aomtm;jzihfawmh oabmusw,f}}
uRefawmfwkdUonf tif;vsm;vrf;rSm qif;Muonf/ rjrihfOD;tm; tif;vsm;vrf;ESifh ppfudkif;
vrf;axmifh? tif;vsm;aqmifaxmifhodkU a&mufatmif vdkufydkUvdkufavonf/
,aeUtzkdU uRefawmfonf yk*¾dKvfa&;t&ajym&aomf rjrifhOD;bufodkU tawmfyif wdrf;nGwf
oGm;avonf/ rjrifhOD;\ &doJUoJU tac:tajymrsm;ESifh rcdkUw&dkUcspfzdkUaumif;pGm uRefawmfh
tm; qufqHjcif;rsm;onf uRefawmfh&ifwGif;0,f yJUwifrcwfbJ raeEdkifyg/ odkU&mwGif
EdkifiHa&;? 0g'a&;rsm;t& ajym&ygrl olESifhuRefawmfwkdUonf uGmvSrf;aeonfudkawGU&\/
olu EdkifiHa&;? 0g'rsm;ESifha0;vmNyD; olUpmay? olUtwef;ynmoufoufodkUom ydkrdka&GU&Sm;
aeay\/ uRefawmfu uRefawmfhtwef;ynmrS a0;vmNyD; EdkifiHa&;0g'a&;rsm;bufodkU ydkrdk
a&GU&Sm;aeay\/ uRefawmfonf tusÐyg;udpöüvnf;aumif;? &ifxkd;"mwfykH udpöüvnf;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 155 -
aumif; rjrifhOD;\qifajcrsm;udk acsyEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg/ olUt,ltqrsm;udk axmufcHEdkifonf
om &Sdyg\/ odkU&mwGif rjrifhOD;onf uRefawmfvdkoavmuf trsKd;om;pdwfrjyif;xef?
uRefawmfvdkoabmuf tvkyform;ta&;udk raxmufcH? uRefawmfvdkoavmuf EdkifiHa&;
0g'oabmw&m;udk ravhvmjcif;wkdUaMumifh rausreyfjzpfaeygonf/ txifvnf;
]tenf;i,f} ao;rdayownf;/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 156 -
18
a&eHajrrS wyfBuD;
1300jynfhESpf? ewfawmfvqef; 8&uf/
4if;aeUwGif Armowif;pmrsm;ü atmufygowif;udk zwf&IMu&avonf/
a&eHajroydwfarSmuf tvkyform; 1000
&efukefodkU ajcvsifvmMuawmhrnf
a&eHajrwGif ukrÜPDuwif; tpdk;&uyif;ojzifh twd'ku©a&mufí aeMu
aom a&eHacsmif;? acsmuf? rlvm? vrf;&Gmtp&Sdonfh a&eHajrwpf0dkufrS
oydwfarSmuftvkyform; 1000 ausmfwkdUonf Edk0ifbmv 30 &uf
Ak'¨[l;aeUwGif acsmufNrdKUrS &efukefodkU ajcvsifcsDwufvmMurnfjzpf&m
acsmufNrdKU ocifbdk;vSBuD;u acgif;aqmifvmrnf qkdaMumif;/
aemufwpfaeU (ewfawmfvqef; 9&ufaeU) xkwfwGifum; acsmuf owif;axmufxHrS ydkU
onfh atmufygowif;udk zwfMu&avonf/
a&eHajrrS oydwfwyfBuD; oydwf1000ausmfygí
Ak'¨[l;aeUpwifxGufMuNyD
a&eHusyf? vrf;&Gm? acsmuf? a&eHacsmif;ponfh 4-XmewkdUrS 2000ausmfrQ
&Sdao;aom oydwfarSmuftvkyform; pma&;pmcsDwkdUonf rdrdwdkU\
oydwfarSmuf ta&;awmfykHudpöBuD; tNyD;tjywfaqmif&Guf qkH;cef;wdkif
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 157 -
a&mufMu&eftvdkUiSm? &efukefodkU tm;vkH;wpfa,mufrusef ajcvsifcsD
wuf oGm;a&mufaqmif&Guf awmif;qdkMu&ef trsm;oabmwl pdwftm;
xufoefpGm pnf;a0;qkH;jzwfMuaom tvkyform;aygif;pkH tpnf;ta0;
BuD;udk y&dowf 2000ausmf wufa&mufaMumif;/
tpnf;ta0;em,utjzpf oydwfarSmuftvkyform;? wGifckHpuf vuf
orm;q&mBuD; ocifoufu aqmif&Gufí tusKd;taqmiftjzpf oydwf
arSmufpma&; ocifvGifuaqmif&GufNyD;vQif bDtdkpDarmfawmfum; qdkif&m
oydwfarSmufpma&;BuD; ocifbkd;vSBuD;ESifh ocifbwifwdkUu atmufyg
qkH;jzwfcsuf 2&yfwdkUudk tus,fw0ifh a[majymaxmufcHMuaMumif;/
oydwfudpötjrefay; aphpyf&ef tqdktrSwf(1)
a&eHajr tvkyform;wkdUonf rdrdwkdU\ epfemcsuft&yf&yfwdkUudk
Armjynftpdk;&odkU ay;ydkUwifoGif;xm;cJUaomfvnf; ,aeUtxd xdkudpö
udk NyD;jywfat;Nidrf;&ef aqmif&GufaphpyfcJUjcif;r&Sdonfhjyif oydwfarSmuf
tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh oydwfwm;trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tjypf
'Pfay;jcif; tvkyfwdkUudkom awGUBuKHcJU&ayonf/ xdkuJUodkU jyKrlcsuf
wdkUudk Munfh&Ijcif;tm;jzifh Armjynftpdk;&wdkUonf "e&SifwdkU\ tvdkus
wpfzufowf jyKrlaqmif&Guf o,fydk;vmcJUaMumif; xif&Sm;vSojzihf
(u) a&eHajr tvkyform;wdkUtay:wGif ESpfaygif; 50cefUu aumufcH
vmcJUaom tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk jyefay;&ef? (c) a&eHajroydwfarSmuf
udpöBuD;udk tjrefqkH;NyD;jywfatmif aphpyfaqmif&Gufay;&ef þ tpnf;
ta0;BuD;u Armjynftpdk;&odkU av;eufpGm wdkufwGef;awmif;qdk xm;
aMumif;/
&efukefodkUcsDwuf&ef tqdktrSwf(2)
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 158 -
(u) tqkdygqkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf-1udk Armjynftpdk;&xHodkU oydwf
arSmufpm&if;0if tvkyform;pma&;rsm;yg nDnmjzjzpk&kH;í &efukefodkU
ajcvsifcsDwuf wifoGif;awmif;qdkMu&ef? (c) xkduJUodkU csDwuf
oGm;a&muf awmif;qdkMu&mwGif yg0ifaomoydwfarSmuf tvkyform;
wdkUonf 1290ck jymodkvqef; 8&ufaeUupí ,aeUxd w&m;ojzihf
at;csrf;NidrfoufpGm aqmif&GufvmMuouJUodkU a&mufav&m Xme
wdkif;ESifh oydwfudpöNyD;onhfwdkifatmif w&m;Oya't& at;csrf;om,m
pGm &GufaqmifoGm;Mu&ef þoydwftvkyform;aygif;pkH tpnf;ta0;
BuD;u av;eufpGm wdkufwGef;aMumif;/
tqdkygqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk twnfjyKNyD;aemuf a&eHusyfESifh vrf;&GmrS
oydwf-400cefUwdkUonf Edk0ifbmv 29&ufaeUnwGif avSrsm;jzihf
acsmufNrdKUodkU ta&mufpkefqif;vmMuí 30&ufaeU eHeuf6em&D tcsdefu
pí acsmufoydwf-500ausmfwdkUESifh pkaygif;pwifxGufNyD;aemuf vrf;c
&D;&Sd a*G;csKdwGif eHeufpmpm;MuNyD; a&eHacsmif;odkU 4if;aeUn ta&muf
oGm;um a&eHacsmif;rS vdkufygvmrnfh oydwfrsm;ESifhtwl rauG;?
awmifwGif;BuD; jynfvrf;twkdif; &efukefodkUoGm;Murnfh tpDtpOfwdkUudk
ajyma[m &kyfodrf;vdkufaMumif;/
vdkufygrnfholwdkif; ,laqmif&rnfh ypönf;wkdUrSm vG,ftdwf? t0wf
tpm; tydkwpfpkH? apmifwpfxnf? a&bl;wpfvkH;pDjzpfí tpm;taomuf
rsm;twGuf a&muf&mNrdKUwdkif;wGif tvSLcHw&m;a[m csufjyKwf
pm;aomufoGm;Murnf jzpfaMumif;/ /
]]a&eHajrtvkyform;oydwfBuD; &efukefodkUcsDwufvmNyD}} [laom owif;onf wpfwdkif;
jynfvkH;udk wkefvIyfoGm;apavonf/
a&eHajroydwfarSmuf tvkyform;wkdU\ xdktvkyfrSm vQyfppfyifr rD;cvkyfudk zGifhvkduf
onfESifh wlay\/ wpfjynfvkH;wGif ta&;awmfykHaoG;? awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf rD;yGifhrsm;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 159 -
vif;xdefoGm;apayonf/ om,m0wDc&dkif zm;a&Tausmf&GmwGif q&mpHwkdUvlpk ypfazmuf
vkdufaom aoewfoHxufyif ydkí e,fcsJUorm;wdkUtm; acsmufcsm;oGm;apav\/
uRefawmfwdkUonf xkdowif;udk rsufawmifrcwf t,m;razsmufbJ pdkufí em;axmif
Mu\/ csDwufvmaom tvkyform; oydwfwyfBuD;udk OmPfrsufpdjzifh ajy;BudKMunhfMu
av\/ urm&Gwftvkyform;Mum;rSm vnf;aumif;? vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm vnf;aumif;?
wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ toif;wdkufrSmaomfvnf;aumif;? pmoifcef;rSm vnf;
aumif;? tif;vsm;uefapmif;rSmvnf;aumif;? bwfpfum;ay:rSmvnf;aumif; þowif;udk
ajymqdkaeMuay\/
]]wpfaeUvQif 15rdkif csDwufrnf}}
owif;pmrsm;wGif ajcmufvdkif;pmvkH;rJBuD;rsm;jzihf ygvmonf/
(acsmufNrdKU uREkfyfwdkUowif;axmufxHrS)
]]pnfawmfoHvm;? rkd;oHvm;a[h? pnfoHyJ? rkd;oHyJa[h? atmifbmav
oajyndKqdkwJU yef;&,fESifh a&csrf;udkavmif;...}} [k oDqkdí wD;rIwf
vdkufaom pnfawmfoHonf wpfNrdKUvkH; odrfhodrfhwkefatmif jrnf[nf;
vsuf xGufvmonfhtcsdefwGif vrf;ay:ESifh xGufMunfhaomvlxkBuD;rSm
BudwfBudwfwdk; aeawmhaMumif;}}
ponfjzifh owif;axmufrsm;u pDumywfukH; a&;om;azmfjyMuonf/
]]csDwufMuaom oydwftvkyform;rsm;tm; jrif&aom y&dowfvlxk
BuD;rSm oem;jcif;jyif;jyvSojzifh rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;? trsKd;orD;rsm;?
wufvli,fwpfpkwdkUrSm onf;xefpGmidka<u;vsuf bDtdkpD"e&Sif
ukrÜPDudkvnf;aumif;? nGefUaygif;tpdk;&wdkUudkvnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;
tjypfwifpum; ajymqdkMuonfudk awGU&aMumif;/ NrdKUopfta&muf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 160 -
vkdufydkUMuaom vlxkBuD;rSm 4000-ausmfausmfcefU&SdaMumif;/ ____
wpfaeUvQif trsm;qkH;15rdkif vrf;avQmuf&ef pDpOfxm;aMumif;/ tqdkyg
ajcvsiftzGJUBuD;rSm usef;rma&;tzGJU? csufjyKwfa&;tzGJU? axmufyHUa&;
tzGJU? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU[k toD;oD;yg&SdaMumif;/ usef;rma&;tzJGUrSm
jrefrmaq;? t*Fvdyfaq;aowÅmrsm; xrf;vsuf vdkufygaMumif;?
csufjyKufa&;tzJGUrSm pm;aomuf&ef tqifoifhjzpfap&ef qefqD aiGaMu;
rSpí pkaqmif;&efjzpfaMumif; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGUJrSm tvHeD tvHpdrf;uav;
rsm;ESifh c&mwpfckpD,laqmifvsuf oGm;&ef? &yf&eftcsufay;í apmifh
a&Smufvsuf vdkufygaMumif;/ ____ c&d;pOfrsm;rSm um;vrf;twdkif;
jzpfí acsmufrS a&eHacsmif;? 4if;rS rauG;NrdKU? 4if;rS awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKU?
4if;rSatmifvHNrdKU? 4if;rSjynfNrdKU? 4if;rS &efukefNrdKUodkU a&mufoGm;&ef
pDpOfaMumif;/
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aeonfudk jrif&aMumif; ykvdyftzJGU pkHaxmufbufrS 17rdkif a*G;csKdokdU
ta&mufvkdufygí a*G;csKdokdU a&eHacsmif;ykvdyftzJGUrS vma&mufvdrfhrnf
[k Mum;od&aMumif;/ axmifxGufoydwfwm; trsKd;orD;rsm;vnf;
oajyyef;udk,fpDudkifvsuf vdkufydkUMuao;aMumif;/ wdkUArm tvkyform;
tpnf;t&kH;BuD;rSm ajcmufuyfuyfjzpfaeawmhaMumif;/ tpnf;t&kH;BuD;ü
twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh tvkyftrIaqmif ocifarmifBuD;om usef&pfcJUawmh
aMumif;/ bDtdkpDvcxkwf cefUrSef;ajc t*Fvdyfvqef; 7&ufaeUavmuf
wGif tvkyform;rsm; tvSLaiGaumufcHNyD;vQif ocifarmifBuD;yg
vdkufygoGm;vdrhfrnf jzpfaMumif;}}/
xdkuJUodkU csDwufvmaom oydwfwyfBuD;udk BudKqdkulnDMu&ef atmufygtwdkif; arwÅm&yfcH
xm;onfudkvnf; awGUMu&ay\/
oydwfwyfBuD;\ arwÅm&yfcHpm
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 161 -
a&eHajra&eHacsmif;rSpí rauG;? awmifwGif;BuD;? tmvH? jynfvrf;
wavQmuf &efukeftxd NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;&Sd *dkPf;*PygwDra&G; toif;
tyif; NrdKUrdNrdKUb? rsKd;cspfwdkif;cspf? qif;&Jom;cspf &[ef;&Sifvl e,fol
e,fom; taygif;wkdUtm; wifBudKEdk;aqmf arwÅm&yfcHvdkufygonf/
taqGawmfwdkU\ aqGcsif;om;csif; qif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm; jzpfMu
ukefaom a&eHusyf? vrf;&Gm? acsmuf? a&eHacsmif; ponfh 4-XmewdkUrS
oydwfarSmuftvkyform; 1000-ausmfcefUwkdUonf jynfydkiftpdk;&
"e&SifukrÜPDBuD;wdkUu (11)vausmfwdkif vspfvsL&I wif;rmxm;rIwkdU
aMumifh ,cktcg tdrfwef;vsm;rsm;rS tESifxkwfcHMu&jcif;? taESmifh
t,Suf qif;&J'ku© BuD;pGmcH&NyD; iwfjywfukefMu&jcif;? ab;'Pf
t&yf&yfwdkUudk rcHr&yfEdkifMuonfh tm;avsmfpGm taqGwkdU\ e,fy,f
NrdKU&Gm vrf;c&D;pOftwdkif; &efukefokdUta&muf ajcvsifavQmufMurnfh
a&eHoydwfwyfrBuD;rSm 30-11-38 aeUupwifxGufcGm csDwufvmMu
ygNyD/
okdUygí tqdkygc&D;pOftwdkif; taqGwdkU NrdKUe,fy,fodkU oydwfrsm;
qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg acwÅ tarmajz wnf;ckd&ef? aqG&dyf rsKd;&dyf?
aiGtm; aqGtm;? eHeufpm npmponfh tultnDtaxmuftyHU ukodkvf
'gexl;wdkUudk apwempdwftm; xufoefpGm ulnD0dkif;0ef;Muygrnfh
taMumif; av;eufpGm wifBudKarwÅm&yfcHvdkufMu&ygonf/
ta&;awmfykHatmifygap...
ocifbdk;vS
tkyfxdef; apmifha&Smufa&;rSL;
ajcvsifcsDwufa&; wm0efcHtzJGU/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 162 -
tqdkyg a&eHajroydwfwyftm; 0dkif;0ef;ulnD&ef arwÅm&yfcHcsufudk t&yf&yfrS vufcHMu
avonf/ a&mufav&mt&yfrSm oydwfwyfBuD;onf wnf;aep&m tultnD? pm;eyf&du©m
tultnDrsm; &avonf/
a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD; csDwufvmNyD[k odMuaomtcga0g? oeyfyif? jzL;? oxkH?
om,m0wD paomt&yfrsm;rS awmifolv,form;wkdUuvnf; olwdkU awmifolv,form;
rsm; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;twGuf ta&;qdk&efESifh awmifolv,form; nDvmcHBuD;usif;y&ef
&efukefNrdKUodkU csDwufvm&ef qkH;jzwfMuavonf/ owif;pmrsm;wGif awmifolv,form;
20000-ausmfwdkUonf 'DZifbm 19&ufaeUü &efukefNrdKUodkU a&mufMurnf[k ygvmav
onf/
uRefawmfwdkUonf a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;ESifh awmifolv,form;wyfBuD;rsm; &efukefodkU
a&mufvmrnfhtcsdefudk pdwftm;xufoefpGm BudKqdkaeMuav\/ 4if;wdkUa&mufrnfhaeUwGif
olwkdUtm; axmufcHaoG;pnf;aomtm;jzifh ausmif;om; 3000-xufrenf; &efukefNrdKUwGif
vSnfhvnfqE´jyMu&ef jyifqifMuavonf/
xkdpOfu e,fcsJUorm;wdkUvnf; tvkyform;? v,form;ESifh ausmif;om;wkdU\ tkH<u
vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;udk csKd;ESdrfzdESdyf&ef trsKd;rsKd; pDpOfvsuf&Sdavonf/ a0g? oeyfyif? oxkH?
om,m0wD paomNrdKUe,frsm;wGif ta&;ydkif? NrdKUydkif? ykvdyft&m&Sd ponfwdkUonf e,fvSnfh
um aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;tm; awmifolv,form;wdkUtaMumif; ppfaq;ar;jref;Muonf/
awmifolv,form;wkdUonf rnfonfhtzJGUtpnf;? toif;tyif;rsm;wGif ygoenf;[k
pkHprf;ppfaq;Muonf/
&efukefNrdKUodkU csDwufaeaom a&eHajrtvkyform; oydwfwyfBuD; NydKuJG&yfpJatmifvnf;
e,fcsJUorm;wdkUu enf;trsKd;rsKd; okH;Muonf/ rauG;NrdKU ta&;ydkifonf atmufyg aMunm
csufwpf&yfudk xkwfjyefavonf/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&\ aMumfjim
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 163 -
rdrdwdkUtay:ü epfemaomtcsufwdkUudk azmfjyajymqdk&eftBuHESifh &efukef
NrdKUtxd ajcvsifcsDwuf oGm;a&muf&ef &nf&G,fí a&eHajrt&yfrsm;rS
tvkyfvufrJU vlaygif; 800-cefUwdkUonf rauG;NrdKUodkU 1938ckESpf?
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&efukefNrdKU\ tajctaerSmvnf; ,cktcg vIyf&Sm;vsuf &Sdao;onf
jzpfí &efukefpD&ifpke,f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;u tpnf;ta0;rsm; rjyK
vkyf&ef wm;jrpfonfhtrdefU xkwfqifhvsufyif&Sdao;onf/ tvkyf
vufrJU ajcvsiftzJGU0ifwdkUonfvnf; &efukefokdUa&mufatmifoGm;í jyef
vmEdkif&ef p&dwfaiGaMu;tajctae vkHavmufxif&Sm;pGm r&Sdonfvnf;
wpf&yf? rdrdwdkU\ acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkU Nidrf0yfydjym;pGm
a&SUodkU qufvufí ajcvsifcsDwufoGm;Edkif&ef udpötwGuf rauG;
pD&ifpke,f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;u awmif;qdkxm;onfh tenf;i,frQ
aom tmrcHaiGuav;udkyif rwifEdkif&SdaeMuonfuvnf; wpfaMumif;?
rauG;NrdKU\ awmifbufusa&mufaom aus;&Gmrsm;rSmvnf; qif;&J
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olBuD;uvnf; 4if;ajcvsifwyfzJGU0if taygif;wkdUtm;vnf; qifhqdk
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onf jzpfaMumif;/
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0ifolwdkUrSm a&SUtzdkU rnfodkU jyKvkyfoifhygoenf;[k awG;MunfhMuvQif
rdrdwdkUtdrfrsm;udkomvQif jyefvnf oGm;a&mufoifhaom vrf;wpfckom
vQif &SdaMumif;/ xdkajcvsifwyf tzJGU0ifolwdkUrSmvnf; bmrQtjypfr&SdbJ
vl&dk;vlajzmifh rsm;pGmygvsuf? xdkolwdkUrSm rdrdwdkUtdrfodkU jyefoGm;vdk
Muaomfvnf; roGm;&ef qlylaESmifh,Sufvdkonfh olrsm;u jyefroGm;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 164 -
&efom aoG;aqmifxm;onfjzpfaMumif;/ xdkodkU qlylaESmifh,Sufolrsm;
rSmvnf; ajcvsifwyftzJGUom;wdkU\ tusKd;rsm;udkom ppfppf aqmif&Guf
vdkonfh pdwfqE´oabmrsKd;jzifh jyKvkyfonfr[kwfbJ rdrdwdkU\
udk,fusKd; oufoufudkom t"duxm;í qlylaESmifh,Suf&ef BudK;pm;jcif;
rQomjzpfaMumif;/
e,f&Sift&m&SdwkdUuvnf; ajcvsifwyftzJGU\ epfemcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&
xHodkU avQmufxm;jcif;rjyKap&ef wm;jrpfvdkaomqE´ tvQif;r&Sd
aMumif;? rdrdwdkU\ epfemcsufrsm;udk rauG;NrdKU&Sd c&dkif0efxHodkUjzpfap?
ta&;ydkifxHodkUjzpfap aocsmusepGm avQmufvTmjzifh avQmufxm;vQif
vnf; vdk&if;udpö NyD;ajrmufzG,f&m&SdaMumif;/ odkUwnf;r[kwf rdrdwdkU
txJrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;a&G;cs,fí &efukefNrdKUodkU apvTwfvdkvQifvnf;
apvTwfEdkifonf jzpfaMumif;/
tufzf-tdyfcsf-pD-rlvmh0yf
ta&;ydkif? rauG;NrdKU/
rpöwmrlvm0yf\ aMunmcsufrSm zdESdyfrIpuf,EÅ&m; acG;oGm;pdwf vSnfhvnfaumif;atmif
qDqGwfay;vdkufjcif;om jzpfonf[k uRefawmfwkdU em;vnfvdkufMuayonf/ rSefayonf/
uRefawmfwdkU awG;xifonfhtwdkif; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif atmufygtwdkif; awGU&av
awmhonf/
ArmowÅd
]]___ vlESpfa,mufwpfwGJ pDwef;um NrdKUxJodkU csDwufvm&m
vlwef;BuD;rSm rdkif0ufausmfausmfrQyif &Snfvsm;aMumif;/ a&SUqkH;ESifh
aemufqkH;rS okH;a&mufjc,ftvHBuD;rsm;udkvnf; tm;yg;w& wvGifhvGifh
&SdMuonfrSm wtm;wufzG,f aumif;vSawmhaMumif;/ ___
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 165 -
rauG;NrdKUrykvdyftzGJUrS tifpydwfawmf &mZ0wftkyf? ykvdyfrsm;u txl;
apmifhMuyfvdkufygvmMuonfhjyif ajcvsifwyfBuD;\ aemufrSuyfvsuf
ykvdyfom; 20cefUwdkUonf 8aycefU&Snfaom wkwfBuD;udk,fpDESifh pdk;&drf
BuD;pGm vdkufygvmMuaMumif;/ þrQ tHUrcef;aom vlxkBuD;onf
pnf;ESifhurf;ESifh odyfodyfonf;onf; nDnDnmnm csDwufvmonfudk
wpfcgrS rjrifzl;cJUonfhtwdkif; rauG;NrdKU tdrfwdkif;rS xGufMunfhMuum
rsm;pGm tHUtm;oifhaeMuaMumif;/ ___ aeUv,fwpfem&Dxkd;rS
yef;uefjym;udk,fpDESifh xrif;? ig;ydaMumf ckHnif;cefU a0pk,lMuNyD;vQif
jrpfurf;yg; aeusJusJwGif xdkifípm;Mu&aMumif;/ ___ ukvm;rsm;
onf yJ[if;wpfcGufESifh [if;&nfrsm;rsm;qrf;um tm;&yg;& pm;Mu
aMumif;/ 4if;wdkUvlpk wpf0ufcefU xrif;pm;aepOf jrpfur;fyg;odkU
&Z0wf0efBuD;\ armfawmfum;ESifh tm&fpD 1400 bwfpfum;wGif ykvdyf
tjynfh qdkufa&mufvmaMumif;? 4if;aemuf oydwfBuD;udk tkyfcsKyfum
vdkufygvmaom acgif;aqmif ocifbkd;vSBuD;? ocifA'if? ocifAarmif?
ocifcif? ocifazBuD;wdkUESifhwuG 4if;wdkU\ q&mawmfrsm;jzpfaom
q&mawmf OD;0g,r? OD;aZmwdu? OD;uE´&? oQifeE´wdkUudk 0&rf;ESifh
zrf;qD;vdkufaMumif;/ ___ xrif;pm;aeMuaom oydwform;rsm;
vnf; Mum;vQifMum;csif; xrif;rpm;EdkifMuawmhaMumif;/ ]]wdkUacgif;
aqmifBuD;rsm;udk rw&m; zrf;qD;Muw,f/ wdkUc&D;udk vrf;w0ufrS
aESmifh,Sufw,f/ wdkUacgif;aqmifrsm; rvTwfoa&TU wdkUc&D;qufroGm;/
wdkUxrif;rpm;/ taocHr,f/ wdkUxrif;rpm;vdkU ao&if tpdk;&wm0ef}}
[k qdkum Armukvm;tm;vkH;yif wnDwnmwnf; tpmiwfcH Mu
aMumif;/
,if;odkUaom owif;rsm;udk zwfMu&aom uRefawmfwdkUonf a&eHajr"e&Sifrsm;udk ydkíydkí
rkef;wD;pdwfemvmMuonf/ a&eHajr"e&SiftusKd;udk tpGrf;ukefumuG,fvsuf&Sdaom rauG;
ta&;ydkif rpöwmrlvm0yfudk a'gojzpfMuonf/ a&eHajr"e&SifESifh AsL&dku&ufrsm;tm;
ArmrsufESmzkH;pGyfay;aeaom a'gufwmbarmf\ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&udk atmhESvkH;emvm Mu
onf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 166 -
urm&Gwfu uRefawmfhrdwfaqGBuD; udk<u,fum; ]]xGD}} ceJ wHaxG;axG;xkwfvkdufNyD;aemuf
ypfypfcgcg a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&udk qJvdkufonf/
urm&Gwf&Sd udk<u,fwdkUvdk omreft&yfolt&yfom;rsm;? puf&kHtvkyform;rsm;ESifh ocif
rsm;onf a&eHajr"e&SifESifh tpdk;&tmPmydkifwkdU\ a&eHajrtvkyform;wdkUtm; rw&m;
zdESdyfusifhBuHaejcif;udk uefUuGufaomtm;jzifh wpfpkHwpf&m ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef pdwftm;
xufoefaeMuavonf/
uRefawmfwdkU wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;twGuf wpfckckawmh
vkyfrSjzpfrnf[laom t,ltqjzifh &dk;wkd;&GwjzpfaepOf a&eHacsmif;NrdKUrSm ausmif;om;
oydwf wpfckuvnf; ay:aejyefojzifh rD;avmif&mavyifhouJUodkU jzpfaeawmh\/
xkdtcsdefu xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfrSm uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;uJUodkU tvkyform;
v,form;wkdU\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk udk,fusKd;ESifhxyfwljrifí v,form;? tvkyform;
ta&;wGif ouf0if,kHMunfpGm yg0ifaqmif&GufMuolrsm;teuf ausmif;q&mrsm; yg0ifae
jcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;ausmif;q&mrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzihf ae&Sife,f ausmif;q&m
rsm;ESifh jrefrmausmif;q&mrsm; jzpfavonf/
,if;odkUaom ausmif;q&mtcsKdUESifh udkb[def;? udkAaqG? udkxGef;&Sdefpaom ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rMumcP awGUqkHaqG;aEG;wwfMuavonf/ ausmif;om;wkdU\
ta&;oufoufwGif vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;&kH;a&;twGufaomf vnf;aumif;
xkdq&mrsm;onf tBuHOmPfESifh tjcm;tultnDtrsKd;rsKd;udk ay;avh&SdMuonf/ ausmif;om;
vIyf&Sm;pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm; jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;odkU ysHUESHUvmjcif;wGif xkdq&mwdkU\
ya,m* rsm;pGmygonf[k qdkEdkif\/
rauG;wGif a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;udk tpdk;&u wm;qD;xm;NyD[laom owif; &efukefodkU
a&mufvmNyD; aemufwpfaeUwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKdUESifh ,if;odkUaom q&mtcsKdU
onf a&ausmfvrf;rBuD;ay:&Sd q&mBuD;OD;a&Taz\ tdrfwGif awGUqkH&ef csdef;xm;avonf/
udkb[def;u xdktpnf;ta0;odkU uRefawmfyg oGm;wuf&ef nTefMum;avonf/ olESifh
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 167 -
udkbaqGrSm rwufEdkifMuacs/ olwdkUrSm c&D;xGufp&m&Sdonf[k od&ay\/ wwfEdkifvQif
or*¾'kwd,OuúX udkvSa&T? twGif;a&;rSL; udkat;ausmf? aiGxdef; udkpdk;armif? udkxGef;&Sdef
polwdkU wufMurnfjzpfavonf/ uRefawmfum; csdef;xm;aomae&mokdU BudKwifoGm;&ef
jzpfavonf/
tcsdefum; 6em&DcJG/
aeUwmwkdvmaom aqmif;wGif;jzpfojzifh nbufodkU vkH;vkH;ul;cJUavNyD/ jrLrif;vGif a0h
oavmuf&Sdaom ESif;zGJzJGonf jynfhcgeD;aeaom va&mifwGif jzLazG;pGmqdkif;vsuf&Sday\/
uRefawmfonf u&dvrf; (AdkvfjrwfxGef;vrf;)ESifh armif*dkrm&Dvrf; (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
vrf;) axmifhrSaeí a&ausmfxJodkU0if&ef [efjyifaeNyD;rS npmrpm;cJU&ao;onfudk owd
&NyD; yvufazmif;ay:&Sd vufokyfqdkifwpfqdkifodkU 0ifvdkufav\/ vufokyfqdkifum; pnf
um;vSay\/ t*Fvdyfujym; usm;rwpfwJGonfyif vufokyfpm;aeavonf/ vufqGJ
"mwfrD;uvnf; tjcm;qdkifu "mwfrD;rsm;xuf vif;aeayonf/ vufrvnfEdkifatmif
vufokyfxnfhae&aom ta':BuD;um; "mwfrD;a&mifatmufwGif tom;eufausmufrESifh
t&kyfqdk;rIudk xif&Sm;pGmjyaeovdk 0if;vufaeaom em;uyfa&mifESifh vufaumufa&mif
wdkUjzifh pD;yGm;jzpfrIudkvnf; txift&Sm;jyoaeayonf/
uRefawmfhtwGuf vufokyfwpfyGJrSmNyD; apmifhaepOf ab;uxdkifaeolrsm;udk owdxm;
Munfhvdkufrdayonf/ &efukefykvdyftzGUJ0if ykvdyfom; (0g)&Jom;ESpfOD;udkvnf; awGU&\/
olwdkU bmawGajymaeygvdrfh [k em;pGifhvdkufrdonf/ olwkdUonf a&eHajrrS csDwufvmrnfh
oydwfwyfBuD;taMumif;ESifh rauG;ta&;ydkifu ydwfyifxm;onfh taMumif;udkom ajymqdkae
Muojzifh uRefawmfhrSm rsm;pGm pdwfxdcdkufoGm;ygonf/
uRefawmfum; vufokyfpkHudkpm;&if; a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;rS &dkufcwfvdkufaom awmfvSef
a&; vIdif;*,uf\ t&SdeftmedoifBuD;ykHudk awG;aerdonf/ xkdvIdif;*,ufonf ykvdyfvdk
EdkifiHa&; atmufusaemufusEdkifvSaom vlpkudkyif ykwfcwfvIyf&Sm;EdkifavNyDwum;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 168 -
vufokyfpkHrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; t&om&SdvSayonf/ csKdaEG;aom [if;csKda&usJonf
vufokyfpkHudk aqmifhíaqmifhí oGif;vdkufouJUodkU jzpfay\/ qmuvnf;qm? pm;vdkU
uvnf; aumif;onfESifh wpfyef;uefNyD;wpfyef;uef qufpm;vdkuf&m ydkufqHvnf;r&Sd?
tcsdefvnf; r&SdawmhNyD/
a&ausmfvrf;rBuD;ay:wGif vrf;avQmufíaumif;aomtcsdefjzpfonf/ um;tul;tjzwf r&Sd
oavmuf? vefcsm;pD;olvnf; r&Sdoavmuf jzpfayonf/ va&mifazG;azG;onfvnf; ywf
0ef;usif wpfckvkH;udk yufzsef;ae&m vrf;ray:wGifyif ta&mif[yfaeay\/
a&ausmfaps;ausmfí okH;av;rdepfrQ avQmufvkdufaomtcg q&mODa&TGaz\tdrfudk awGU&av
onf/ OD;a&Taz\tdrfum; ESpfxyftdrfBuD;jzpf\/ OD;a&Tazonf ausmif;q&mwpfOD; jzpfav
onf/ odkU&mwGif ausmif;q&mvcjzihf avmufi[efr&Sd/ q&muawmfonf jrefrmAdaE¨m
aq;qdkifwpfqdkif tdrfatmufxyfrSm zGifhxm;avonf/
uRefawmfonf atmufxyfwHcg;ayguf0wGif &yfvsuf twGif;odkU Munfhvdkufonf/ rSefAD&dk
BuD;rsm;wGif aq;ykvif;rsm;? aq;xkyfrsm; cifusif;xm;onfudk jrif&\/ eH&Hrsm;wGif
jyu©'defrsm;? aoG;aq;aMumfjimum;csyfrsm;tjyif pmvkH;BuD;BuD;rsm;jzihf ]&efudk&efcsif; rwkHU
vsif;ESifh} ]wefaq; vGefab;} ]&dk;&dk;usifh jrifhjrifhBuH} ponfjzifh ykHESdyfxm;aom pmwef;
rsm;udk awGUEdkifonf/ wdkifESpfwdkifwGif t*FvdyfppfAdkvfrsm; tav;jyKaeonfudk cH,laeaom
r[mAE¨Kv\ykHESifh ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ykHudk csdwfqGJxm;avonf/
&kwfw&ufaomf vlr&Sd[kxifrdvdkuf\/ okdUaomf taotcsmMunfhvdkufaomtcg uGyfyspf
wpfckay:wGif uRefawmfhbufausmay;vsuf r[mAE¨KvykH csdwfqGJxm;aom wdkifudkrSDum
ajcqif;xdkifí pmzwfaeaom oli,fruav;wpfa,mufudk jrif&avonf/
oli,fronf pmtkyfwGif rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;aeav&m uRefawmfhajcoHudk Mum;rd[efr&Sday/
uRefawmfu ]]t[rf;}} toHay;NyD; ar;vdkufonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 169 -
]]q&maz&Sdygovm;}}
onfawmhrS oli,fronf rSDaeaomwdkifrS ausmudkcGmum qif;xm;aomajcudk r&kyfao;bJ
uRefawmhfbufodkU udk,fwapmif; vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/ oli,fr\ udk,fvkH;ESifh[efyefrSm
ao;oG,fEke,fvSonf/ aoQmifxkH;qHawmufESifh jzpf&m jrefrmqefvSonf/ oli,frudk
,if;odkU jrifjrifcsif; uEkwfyef;cufuav;ESifh EIdif;Munfhvdkufrdonf/ oli,fronf
uRefawmfhudk twefMumpdkufMunfhaeNyD;aemuf rwfwyf&yfvdkufonf/ t&yfrSm cyf&Snf&Snf
cyfEGJUEGJU/ oli,fr\ tom;0g0gESifh [efZm;yifeDEktusÐuav;rSm yeH&vSay\/ oli,fr
onf vufxJupmtkyfudk vufnId;nSyfum ydwfvdkufonf/ v,fwDy@dwOD;armifBuD;
a&;om;aom wyifa&TxD; 0w¬KBuD;jzpfay\/
]]q&maz&Sdygovm;}}
uRefawmfu xyfar;vdkufawmhrS-
]]b,fuygvJ&Sif}}
oGm;uav; tenf;i,facgonf/ okdUaomf t&kyfqdk;oGm;atmif racg? jzLazG;vSy nDnm
aom oGm;rsm;jzpfjcif;udk jyvdkUaumif;&kHom acg\/
]]wuúodkfvfausmif;uyg? aqG;aEG;yGJcsdef;xm;vdkU}}
]]aMomf aMomf azaz tay:xyfrSm&Sdygw,f&Sif? wufoGm;yg/ q&mudkxGef;a&TwkdUvnf;
a&mufaeygNyD}}
tay:xyfodkU tdrfwGif;avSum;jzihfyif wufoGm;&avonf/ q&maz\ orD;uav;um;
þodkU vrf;nTefay;NyD;aemuf uGyfyspfay:ajcqif;xdkifí wdkifudkausmrSDum pmzwfae&pf
avonf/ oli,fronf touftm;jzihf 15ESpf wpf0dkufavmufwGif &SdayvdrfhOD;rnf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 170 -
tay:a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; q&mudkxGef;a&Tu qD;ac:\/ udkxGef;a&Ttm; uRefawmfonf
e*g;eD pmtkyfwdkufrSm yxrOD;qkH; awGUzl;NyD;aemuf aumif;pGm&if;ESD;aeavNyD/
q&mazudkum; ,ckwpfBudrfom awGUzl;onf/ q&mazrSm tom;jzLjzL ydefydefyg;yg;
EIwfcrf;arG; a&;a&;ESifhjzpfonf/ toufrSm 50bufodkU eD;aeNyD[k xif&onf/
uRefawmfa&mufa&mufcsif; q&mazu aemufaz;aqmifodkUvSr;fí-
]]rnGefUa&? aumfzDwpfcGuf,lcJUyga[h}} [k ajymvdkuf\/
ukdxGef;a&Tu xm;0,foH0J0Jjzihf uRefawmfhtm;-
]]aemufxyf bmMum;ao;ovJ}} [k ar;vdkufonf/
]]owif;pmawGxJrSm ygwmawGtjyif bmrSxyfrMum;&ao;ygbl;/ q&mwdkU ykZGefawmif
jrLeDpy,fausmif;om;awG or*¾zGJUNyD;NyDr[kwfvm; q&m}}
udkxGef;a&Tu NyKH;vkdufNyD;-
]]b,faemufusvdrhfrvJ}}
xdktwGif; ta':BuD;wpfa,muf aumfzD,lí xGufvmavonf/ 00axmifaxmifarmif;
armif; jzpfonf/ tom;rSm cyfndKndKjzpf\/ q&muawmf a':nGefUyif jzpf[ef&Sd\/
uRefawmfhudk aphaphpyfpyf tuJcwfMunfhNyD; udkxGef;a&TbufodkU-
]]'Doli,f ta':rjrifzl;ygyJuvm;}}
udkxGef;a&Tu-
]]udkwifxGef;wJUa':a':? aumvdyfausmif;om;ocifayhg}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 171 -
a':nGefUuNyKH;vkdufonf/ oabmaumif;aom rdcifwdkU\tNyKH;rsKd;/
]][J [J 'gjzifh rif; usifhom;r&ao;bl;aygh}}
uRefawmfum; pyfNzJNzJvkyfaeaomfvnf; a':a':nGefU\ qdkvdkcsufudk t"dyÜm,fudk rayguf
ao;aMumif; a':a':nGefU &dyfrd[efwlonf/ xdkUaMumifh quf&Sif;onf/
]]ocifjzpfpqdkawmh nxrif;iwfzdkUwdkU? ajcvsifavQmufzdkUwdkU usifhom;r&ao;bl; r[kwf
vm;}}
q&mazu 0ifí-
]]npmaum pm;cUJNyDvm;}}
]]ckeuyJ qdkifrSm 0,fpm;cJUw,fq&m}}
a':a':nGefUu NyKH;vkdufjyefonf/ om;orD;udk tvdkvdkufaomrdcif\ tNyKH;rsKd;yif jzpf
onf/ þtNyKH;udk uRefawmfrarhEdkif/ 4if;tjyif a':a':nGefU\ oGm;rsm;rSm atmufwGif
awGUjrifcJUaom olUorD;\oGm;rsm;ESifh qifonfudk owdjyKrdvdkuf\/
]]bmvdkU qdkif0,fpm;ovJuGJU? aemufrSwfxm;? ta':wkdUtdrfrSm tNrJ xrif;[if; usefwwf
w,f? [J [J [J}}
udkxGef;a&TESifh uRefawmfwkdUvnf; a&m&,fae&awmh\/
udkvSa&T a&mufvmavonf/ udkvSa&T\ arSmifaeaomtom;rSm acR;pdkUaeojzifh rD;a&mif
wGif oydwfa&mifxae\/ rsufrSefxlBuD;uvnf; wzsyfzsyfawmufaeonf/ a':a':nGefU
onf aemufaz;cef;0ifoGm;NyD; aumfzDwpfyef;uef ,lvmjyefavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 172 -
q&mcspf a&mufvmjyefonf/ q&mcspfESifh udkvSa&TrSm &kyfcsif;cyfqifqif jzpfonf/
q&mcspfu udkvSa&Tavmufawmh rrnf;ay/ olwkdUESpfa,mufpvkH;wGif MoZm&Sdí
jrnf[def;aom toHrsm;&SdMu\/ okdUaomf udkvSa&T\toHu ydkBuD;avonf/
a':a':nGefUum; vlopfa&mufwdkif; aemufaz;cef;0ifí aumfzD,lvmcJUonf/
]]uJ uJ aumfzDawG at;ukefvdrfhr,f? aomufvkdufMuOD;}}
xdkokdU a':a':nGefUuajympOf udkvSa&Tonf aumfzDyef;uefudk udkifxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ olonf
yef;uefudk csxm;vkdufNyD;-
]]raomufawmhbl; a':a':}} [k cyfwnfwnfajymvdkuf\/
xdktcg tm;vkH;yif rsufESmraumif;jzpfoGm;Mu\/ a':a':nGefum; ysmysmovJ tm;yg;
wemyif jzpfoGm;onf/
]][if bmjzpfvdkUvJ}}
]]tom;rnf;oGm;rSmpdk;vdkU [m; [m; [m;}}
udkvSa&T\ &,foHum; tm;&yg;&&SdvS\/ onfhjyifvlawGvnf; 0dkif;&,fMuonf/
q&m udkxGef;a&Tu-
]]uRefawmfu a&aEG;uwl;vdkU raomufawmhbl;rsm; ajymrvm;vdkU}}
,if;odkU&,f&,farmarm pum;ajymMuNyD;aemuf udkvSa&Tu udkat;ausmf? udkpdk;armif paom
tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; vmEdkifrnfr[kwfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ udkcspfu q&m
OD;a&TjzL? q&mvS polwkdUvnf; vmEdkifMurnf r[kwfaMumif;ajymjyonf/ 4if;aemuf
aqG;aEG;yJG pMu\/ a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;xm;onfhtaMumif;? a0g?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 173 -
om,m0wDwdkUwGif v,form;rsm; tiftm;pkaeonfudk nGefUaygif;tpdk;&u vkdufvHNcdrf;
ajcmufaeonfhtaMumif;? ausmif;om;? ausmif;q&mrSpí NrdKUay:rSvltrsm;onf tvkyfo
rm;ESifhf v,form;wkdU\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk axmufcHaeMuonfh taMumif;rsm;udk
ajymqdkMuonf/
udkvSa&Tu-
]]a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;udk wm;qD;xm;wmuawmh tvkyform;awG? v,form;awG?
ausmif;om;awG &efukefrSmpka0;NyD; wyfaygif;pkBuD; jzpfrvmatmif Od;csKD;vkdufwmyJ/
'gaMumifh 'Dudpöudk vufydkufMunfhaevdkUawmh rjzpfbl;/ a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD; a&SUquf
vmEdkifatmif b,fenf;eJUrqkd vkyfMur,fvdkU qkH;jzwfxm;w,f}}
q&mazu ]]aumif;w,f? &efukefudk ra&mufa&mufatmif ac:&r,f}} [k axmufcHav
onf/
a':a':nGefUu NyKH;vkdufjyefonf/
]]tif; a&Twd*kHrSm rif;av;yg;qkHr,fqdkwJUudef; qdkufNyDxifyg&JU/ tvkyform;&,f? v,fo
rm;&,f? ausmif;om;&,f? wdkUtrsKd;orD;awGvnf; rif;wpfyg;ayghuG,f}}
tm;vkH; NyKH;aeMuonf/ udkxGef;a&Tom rNyKH;bJ oJoJrJrJawG;aeonf/ twefMumvQif olu
udkvSa&TbufodkU-
]]uJ b,fvkd a&SUqufvmEdkifatmif vkyfvdkMuowkH;}}
]]'guawmh aqG;aEG;Muwkef;bJ? 'Du vufa&G;pifawG rauG;vTwf? acgif;aqmifawG
tzrf;cH&vdkU acgif;aqmifrJUjzpfaewJU tvkyform;awGudk tJ'DvdkAdkvfawGu wpfAdkvfus
wpfAdkvfwufpepfeJU acgif;aqmifNyD; wm;qD;wJUtrdefUudkzDqefNyD; twif; qufcsDwuf
vm&kHyJ}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 174 -
4if;aemuf &efukefokdU tvkyform;? v,form; wyfBuD;rsm; a&mufvmvQif auR;arG;{nfhcH
a&;rsm;udk pOf;pm;Muavonf/ b@aiG&SmazGa&; aqG;aEG;Muonf/
uRefawmfu tay:tusÐtdwfxJrSm pmtdwfuav;ESifh xnfhxm;aom a&eHajroydwf&efykHaiG
"mwfykH &ifxdk;uav;wpfckudk xkwf,lNyD;-
]]a[m'D "mwfykH&ifxdk;uav;awG a&mif;NyD; &efykHaiGpkwmvnf; aumif;wmyJ? uRefawmf
wpfaeUu 25ck,loGm;NyD; a&mif;wm ck 2ckyJ usefawmhw,f}}
q&mazu "mwfykHudk,lMunfh&if;-
]]tif; aumif;om;yJ? t"dyÜm,fvnf;pkHw,f/ a&eHajra&m? rD;wkwfa&m? wlwHpOfa&m
usm;usm;vsm;vsm; ArmBuD;a&m/ b,favmufeJUa&mif;ovJ armif}}
uRefawmfrajzcif udkvSa&Tu 0ifajzvdkufonf/
]][J [J olrsm;udkawmh ig;rl;eJUa&mif;w,f/ q&mvdkcsif&ifawmh wpfusyfyJay;wmaygh}}
q&mazu uRefawmfhqD vufjzefUvSrf;&if;-
]]wpfusyfvdkcsif&if ESpfykHpvkH;ay;}}
uRefawmfonf "mwfykHESpfykHpvkH;udk q&maztm; ay;vkdufavonf/
OD;a&Tazu q&muawmftm;-
]]rnGefUa& aiGwpfusyfay;yguGm}}
a':a':nGefUonf tdwfxJprf;&if; avSum;0odkU avQmufoGm;onf/ atmufodkUikHUvsuf-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 175 -
]]opfopfa& a[h rcifopf? aiGwpfusyf ,lcJUyguG,f}}
okdUuvdk vSrf;awmif;NyD;aemuf olUcifyGef;xHvmí &ifxkd;"mwfykHwpfckudk ,lMunfhaejyef
avonf/ udkvSa&T? udkxGef;a&TESifh q&mcspfwdkUum; tjcm;udpörsm;udk ajymqdkaeMu\/
opfopfodkUr[kwf rcifopf/ ao;oG,fEke,fonfh oli,fruav;onf wufvmNyD; olU
tartm; aiGwpfusyfudk ay;avonf/ a':a':nGefUu xdkaiGwpfusyfudk uRefawmfhtm;
ay;tyf\/ q&mazu &ifxkd;"mwfykHudk olUorD;tm; vSrf;ay;NyD;-
]]a&mh orD;&ifbwfrSmxdk;xm;? wkdUu a&eHajroydwfwyf&JU bufawmfom;awGqdkwJU txdrf;
trSwf ayghuG,f}}
rcifopfonf "mwfykHudk aphaphpyfpyfMunfhae\/ ezl;tenf;i,f armufaeonf[k xif&
onf/ okdUaomf r[mezl;qefonf/ rsufvkH;rsufzef aumif;onf/ EIwfcrf;rsm;rSm rqdk;
yJESifh eDaeNyD; raphwaphjzihf NyKH;wkH;wkH;aeMuonf/ tvSBuD;vSonf[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf;
usufoa&&Sdaom rsufESmygay/ csKdomaom rsufESmygay/
rcifopfonf uRefawmfwkdUa&SUrSmyif "mwfykH&ifxkd;udk &ifbwfrSmxdk;vdkufavonf/ þwGif
uRefawmfonf rjrifhOD;ESifhrcifopf uGmjcm;ykHudk ajy;jrifvdkufrdonf/ rjrifhOD;um; [efZm;
yifeD 0wf&efyif jiif;qef\/ yifeDonf xlNyD;rvSry[kqdkonf/ rcifopfum; [efZm;yifeD
Ekuav;udk 0wfxm;onf/ rjrifhOD;onf aiG8yJawmh &efykHaiGxnfhonf? &ifxkd;"mwfykHudk
um; &ifbwfxkd;zdkUaeaeomom vufrcHvdkufay/ &ifxkd;"mwfykHu xkd;csifqifcsifpzG,f
jzpfatmif rvS[k qdkcJUayonf/ rcifopfum; xdk"mwfykH&ifxdk;udk &ifbwfrSm tjrwfwEdk;
wyfqifxm;avNyD/ ]]wkdUu a&eHajroydwfwyf&JU bufawmfom;awGqdkwJU txdrf;trSwf
ayghuG,f}} qdkaom olUtazpum;udk aumif;pGm rSwfom;em,lvdkuf[ef&Sday\/
xdktcdkuf udkvSa&Tonf onf;xefpGm orf;vkdufavonf/
]]tif;? jyefMuOD;rSyJ/ raeUnu rtdyf&bl;/ &JabmfwifxGef;aum vdkufr,fr[kwfvm;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 176 -
]]uRefawmfu NrdKUxJrSm tdyfvdkufrvm;vdkU}}
]]bmjyKvdkUvJ? jyefp&mp&dwfr&SdvdkUvm;/ vmygx? [J [J vlwpfudk,f azmifwdefwpfacsmif;
pDawmh ygao;wmyJ? azmifwdefjyNyD; bwfpfum;a<u;xm;vdkU r&&if taygifqdkif ydkU&kH
&Sdwmaygh}}
uRefawmfvnf; xvdkufonf/ a':a':nGefUu pdk;&drfaomtrlt&mjzihf uRefawmfwdkUESpf
a,muftm; MunfhNyD;-
]]jyefp&dwfygMu&JUvm;? ,loGm;av? opfopfa& aiGwpfusyf oGm;,lygOD;uG,f}}
uRefawmf bmrQrajymbJ pyfNzJNzJvkyfaeonfudk ukdvSa&Tu &,fNyD;-
]]rvkdygbl; a':a':? ygygw,f azmifwdefaygifzdkUrvkdygbl;}}
rcifopfum; atmufqif;ydkufqH,lrnfvkyfNyD;rS olUtarem; vm&yfaejyef\/
uRefawmfESifhudkvSa&TwkdUonf qif;vmMuonf/ udkvSa&Tum; uRefawmfhykckH;udk vufwpf
zufESifh zufudkifvsuf/
atmufodkUa&mufaomtcg udkvSa&Tu uRefawmfhem;xJodkU wdk;wdk;uyfí-
]]twnfaygufar;aewm ydkufqHyg&JUvm;}}
]]ckeifu &efykHaiGwpfusyftjyif ESpfjym;yJygawmhw,f/ &efykHaiGuawmh okH;vdkU rjzpfbl;
xifw,f}}
udkvSa&Tonf &,fvdkufonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 177 -
]]udk,fuvnf; armifrif;BuD;om;tm;udk;eJU ygygw,fajymwm/ &SdorQydkufqH rEÅav;
aMu;eef;&dkufvdkuf&wmeJU ukefa&m/ uJ uJ rjzpfao;bl;? a&SUrsufESmaemufxm;NyD; oGm;
awmif;OD;rS}
ukdvSa&Tonf tdrfay:odkU jyefwufoGm;avonf/
tdrfay:rS w[m;[m;&,foHMum;&\/ twefMumaomf rcifopf atmufqif;vmonf/
aq;AD&dkwGif;&Sd bl;uav;wpfvkH;twGif;rS aiGwpfusyf,lNyD; wufoGm;jyefavonf/
rcifopfonf tqif;wGifvnf;aumif; twufwGifvnf;aumif; uRefawmfhtm; NyKH;aphaph
ESifh MunfhoGm;ayonf/ uRefawmfwdkU\tjzpfudk NyKH;jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ aemuf udkvSa&T
onf 0kef;'dkif;ESifh ajy;qif;vmNyD; ]]udkif;vpfMupdkU? aemufqkH;bwfpfrrD&if oef;acgifxd
apmifhae&OD;r,f}}[k uRefawmfhtm; wGef;qGJ ac:,loGm;avonf/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 178 -
19
wpfAdkvfus wpfAdkvfwuf
a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;vdkufaomae&mwGif tpm;xdk;&ef
Adkvfrsm;ac:vdkufaomtcg A[dkwdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS ociftrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? e,f
wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS ocifrsm;onfvnf;aumif; tjrefpm&if;oGif;Muavonf/
ocifpdk;? ocifxdef0if;? ocifxGef;pdef? ocifazoef;? ocifxGef;cif ponfjzihf
qkH;EdkifzG,fr&Sdaom Adkvfpm&if;udkMunfhum uRefawmfwdkUonf tm;wufírNyD; csD;usL;í
rqkH; jzpfaeMuayonf/
Akdvfrsm;xGufcJU&ef ac:onfrSm ewfawmfvjynfhaeUjzpf\/ ewfawmfvjynfhausmf wpf&uf
aeUwGif a';'&JNrdKU wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;OuúX ocifjroGifESifhwuG Adkvf15a,muf pm&if;
oGif;vdkufavonf/
trsKd;orD;rsm;xJrSvnf; pm&if;oGif;Mu&m Munfhjrifwdkif refusnf;wef; wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;
twGif;a&;rSL; rcifvS yxrqkH;trsKd;orD; jzpfavonf/
b,fbufudkMunfhvdkufMunfhvdkuf pdwftm;wuf<ujcif;? udk,fusKd;pGefUvTwfjcif;? ab;[l
orQ &ifqdkif&ef toifh&Sdjcif;wkdUudkom awGUjrifae&awmh\/ vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\ jzpfpOf
ordkif;wGif þvdkrGefjrwfaomtcsdefrsKd; BuHBudKufcJvSonf/ þvdkrGefjrwfaomtcsdefrsKd;wGif
ae&onfrSm &cJvSaom tcGifhta&;aywnf;/
uRefawmfhudk,fudk,f qifjcifMunfhvdkufonf/ wpfESpfeD;yg; oydwfarSmufNyD; rdkif-400
ajcvsifavQmufí tiftm;jyvmaeaom oydwfwyfBuD;\ tiftm;? tkH<u qE´jy&ef
csDwufzdkU pnf;&kH;vIyf&Sm;aeMuaom awmifolv,form;wkdU\ tiftm;? tvkyform;?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 179 -
v,form;wkdU ta&;twGuf ]vmrnfhab; ajy;awGU&ef} Adkvfpm&if;oGif;Muaom ocifrsm;
\ tiftm;/ ,if;odkUaom tiftm;wdkUonf uRefawmfhudk,fcE¨mwGif;odkU pkNyKH0ifa&mufvm
onf[k rSwfxif&avmufatmif tm;wufvsufaeayonf/ udk,fusKd;twGuf jzpfaom
0efaxmufta&;ydkif &mxl;rSef;xm;rI? rdbrsufESmaxmufxm;í EdkifiHa&;rS aemufqkwf&ef
tm;xkwfrI? &nf;pm;tvkd tcspfa&SUaqmif&mvdkufí trsm;tusKd;aqmif&ef zifhav;rI?
vpf[if;rI[lorQonf ,cifu arS;rdefaecJU&mrS ,ckuG,faysmufíyifoGm;avNyD/ tazql
rnfhab;? q&mjypfwifrnfhab;? &nf;pm;NidKjiifrnfhab; paom ab;uav;rsm;udkomru
axmifwef;us aoewfESifhtypfcH&rnfh ab;BuD;rsm;udkyif &ifqdkif&JvmavNyD/ þuJUodkU
qifjcifrdaomtcg udk,fhudk,fudk,f MunfndKvmonf/ udk,fhb0udk jrwfEdk;vmonf/
udk,fhtcsdefudk *kPf,lvmonf/ uRefawmfum; tcsrf;ajrUtaysmf&TifqkH;aom uRefawmf jzpf
vmayonf/ ]]ta&SUu ae0ef;xGufonfhyrmy? wkdUacwfudkom a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg/
wdkUArm? a[h wdkUArm}} [kvnf; tBudrfBudrftcgcg &ifhusL;rdavonf/
uRefawmfESifhwuGaom ausmif;om;&Jabmfrsm;onf uRefawmfhvdkyif aysmf&TifpGm txufyg
twdkif; &ifhusL;í Akdvfpm&if; oGif;Muayonf/
odkU&mwGif Adkvfpm&if;oGif;wdkif;vnf; wm0efay;onfr[kwf/ oufqdkif&m acgif;aqmifrsm;
onf Akdvfpm&if;0ifrsm;\ t&nftcsif;? touft&G,f? t&ifhtusuf ponfrsm;udk
ppfaq;avhvmNyD;rS wm0efay;oifholudk ay;Muavonf/ uRefawmfwkdUwpfawGum; wm0ef
rcH,l&ao;/ t&efpm&if;0iftjzpfjzifh apmifhaeMu&\/ wm0efcH,laom Adkvfrsm;onf
atmufyguwdy#dnmOfudk ay;Mu&avonf/
(1) igonf a&eHoydwfwyf wpfckwnf;udkjzpfap? v,form;wyfBuD; wpfckwnf;udkjzpfap?
odkUr[kwf ESpfwyfpvkH;udkjzpfap &efukefodkUta&muf wm0efcHí BuD;rSL;ac:aqmifcJUygtHU/
(2) ig\wm0efonf &efukefNrdKUü tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm; v,form;tpnf;
ta0;BuD;rsm; NyD;pD;í vlpkuGJonfhtcgrS NyD;qkH;onf[k ,kHMunfygaMumif;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 180 -
(3) wm0efNyD;qkH;onfh pcef;odkUra&mufrcsif; rnfuJUodkU taESmifht,Sufrsm; awGUBuKHap
umrl rwGefUrqkwfbJ a&SUodkUomwdk;í wufcJUygtHU/
(4) vlpkuGJapaom vkyfief;rsm;udk b,ftcgrQrvkyfyg/ tusKd;vdka,mif &lyaqmifí aoG;cJG
jcif; vlkpkcGJjcif;ponfh y&d,m,fwkdUudk tpGrf;ukef a&Smifwdrf;ygtHUownf;/
rnfodkUaom twm;tqD;taESmifht,Sufrsm; &Sdapumrl a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;ESifh awmifol
v,form;wkdU qE´jycsDwufyGJBuD;ESifh &efukefokdUa&mufvmrnfjzpf&m 4if;wdkUtm; BudKqdka&;?
apmifha&Smufa&;? {nfhcHa&;ponfwdkUudk aqmif&Guf&ef *dkPf;aygif;pkH? toif;aygif;pkH tpnf;
ta0;BuD;wpf&yfudk ewfawmfvjynhfausmf 1&uf? nae 5em&DtcsddefwGif a&Twd*kHbk&m;
ajcawmf&if; OD;b&DZ&yfü usif;yavonf/ v,fwDOD;Z#dvu tpnf;ta0;em,u?
xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;u OuúX? ocifpHxGef;vS? ocifoef;xGef;wdkUu twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
tjzpfjzifh aqmif&GufMuavonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;rS &efukefodkU csDwufvmaom a&eHajr
oydwfwyfBuD;udk csD;usL;onf/ ydwfyifwm;qD;aomtpdk;&udk &Iwfcsonf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;
udk zrf;qD;jcif;udk uefUuGufonf/ &efukefü yk'fr 23 tydk'f 7 udk tjrefqkH;&kyfodrf;ay;&ef
awmif;qdkavonf/
xdktpnf;ta0;ü a&eHajroydwfarSmuform;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; c&D;OD;BudK&ef
twGuf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU zJGUvkduf\/ ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif azbD,HrS OD;bcdkif?
&JwyfrS armifarmifndK? uRefawmfwkdUausmif;xJrS udkAaqGESifh ocifausmfpdefwdkU yg0ifMu
avonf/ &efukefNrdKU &yfuGufwdkif;wGif xrif;xkyfESifh aiGaumufcH&ef xrif;xkyftzJGUESifh
b@a&;tzJGUrsm; zJGUavonf/ usef;rma&;ESifh apmifha&Smufa&;wm0efrsm;udk omome apmifh
a&Smufa&; oHCmhtzJGUBuD;ESifh omoem0dok'¨d r[ma0ykv’tzJGUu ,lavonf/
&efukefrSmomru tjcm;NrdKUaygif;rsm;pGmrSmvnf; vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yum tvkyf
orm; v,form;wkdU\ tiftm;jywyfBuD;rsm; csDwufa&;udk axmufcHtm;ay;í zdESdyf
csKyfcs,frIrsm;udk uefUuGuf&IwfcsMuavonf/ Armjynfwpf0ef;vkH; pnf;&kH;nDnGwfMuonf/
Armwdkif;Armwkdif; aoG;pnf;Muavonf/ ]]Armjynft0Srf;tukef? wkdUtdrfrSwfyg? wdkU&m
rSwfyg}} [k oDdqdka<u;aMumfavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 181 -
tqdkyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk t*Fvdyfeef;&if;0ef? t*FvdyfygvDref twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif?
NAdwdoQtvkyform;tzGJU? *seDAmNrdKU&Sd EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;BuD;\ tvkyform;Xme? tdE´d,
jynfvkH;qdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJUcsKyfESifh urÇmt&yf&yf&Sd owif;pmwkdufBuD;rsm;odkU ay;ydkU
Muao;onf/ ArmhqE´ESifh ArmhnDnGwfrItm;udk urÇuodNyD; Armhw&m;rIudk axmufcHvm
atmif vkyfMuayonf/
ocifxdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;? ocifjr? ocifwif? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifAOD;? ocifvSaz
(umvuwÅm;) polwdkU wufa&mufMuaom wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu
tajctaetm;vkH;udk okH;oyfqifjcifNyD; atmufyg aMunmcsufudk xkwfjyefvdkufavonf/
vmrnfhab; ajy;awGU
tvkyform; qif;&Jom;rsm;tm; EId;aqmfwdkufwGef;csuf
taqGtvkyform; qif;&Jom;taygif;wdkU
,ckacwfum; vlay:cgp acwfr[kwfawmhojzifh urÇmESifht0Srf;? qif;&J
om; tvkyform;rsm; awmolawmifom;wkdUonf rdrdwdkU\ qif;&JrGJaw
jcif; taMumif;t&if;wdkUudk od&SdvmMuNyD; qif;&Jjcif; EGHAGufrS &kef;xGuf
aeMuacsNyD/ &k&Sm;jynf qif;&Jom; tvkyform;wdkUonf 1917ckESpfu
yif "e&SifwkdU\ aESmifBudK;BuD;rS twif;w&Murf; &kef;xGufcJUavNyD/
t*FvefuRef;&Sd qif;&Jom;tvkyform; taygif;wdkUonfvnf; xdkenf;
ESifESif qif;&Jom;BuD;pdk;onfh EdkifiHBuD;b0odkU tjrefqkH; a&muf&SdEdkif&ef
aeUrD;? nrD; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvsuf aeMuukef\/ taMumif;aomfum;
"e&Siftpdk;&wdkU BuD;pdk;aeorQ umvywfvkH; qif;&Jom;vlrsm;pkwkdUü
vSvSpm;rI? vSvS0wfrI? vSvSaexdkifrIrsm; r&&SdEdkif&kHru a&m*gxljcif;?
toufwdkjcif; paom raumif;rI uyfqdk;uyfnpfrsm; yaysmuf&ef
cJ,Of;onfudk od&SdMujcif;aMumifh jzpfavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 182 -
Armqif;&Jom; taygif;wdkUonfvnf xdkuJUodkU awG;awmrdMuukef\/
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puf? &mbmpuf tvkyform;rsm; tvkyf&yfpJí 4if;wdkUtcGifhta&;rsm;udk
awmif;qdkMujcif;ESifh ,ckESpf taqGwdkU a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; zGm;zuf
awmf tvkyf&yfpJrIvufeufudk 11vwdkifwdkif udkifaqmifí "e&SifwkdU
tm; ckcHwdkufckdkufjcif;um; wjznf;jznf; igwdkUjynfwGif ay:aygufvsuf
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tpm; avmavmq,f ]vmrnfhab; ajy;awGU} Muum vGwfvyfa&;
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om;csif;taygif;wdkU
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jrwf&m\/
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ocifxdef0if; wdkUonf yxrqkH;tokwfoGm;aom Akdvftpkjzpfavonf/ olwkdUonf
pkHaxmufrsm;udk rsufjcnfjywfatmifvkyfNyD; oGm;Mu\/ 4if;jyif ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ OuúX udkb[def;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; udkAaqGwdkUonf a&eHacsmif;NrdKU
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- 183 -
ausmif;om;oydwfudpöudk &Sif;vif;&ef[laomtaMumif;jyí txufygAkdvfwpfpktvsif
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a&eHajr oydwfwyfBuD;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;? Adkvfpm&if;0if ocifrsm;u
wpfzuf/
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xdkaeUnydkif;wGif uRefawmfonf yef;qdk;wef;&Sd wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; XmecsKyfodkU a&mufvsuf
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a&mufvmavonf/
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udkb[def; udkAaqGwkdUudk ykvdyfu zrf;oGm;NyD}}
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pmwkdufrsm;odkU xdkowif;udk ydkUoluydkU&onf/ &efukefpD&ifpk wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU ydkUol
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wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKdU pkrdMuonf/ owif;
tus,fudk odvdkMuonf/ b,fvdkjzpfEdkifonfudk cefUrSef;MunfhMuonf/ udkb[def;ESifh
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udkAaqGudk zrf;vdkufjcif;tm;jzihf "e&Siftpdk;&onf tvkyform;rsm; ta&;ESifh ausmif;om;
rsm;ta&;udk wdkuf&dkuf qufpyfay;vdkufjcif;jzpfay\/
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ta&muf csDwufvmEdkifygrnfavm/ wpfAdkvfuswpfAdkvfwuf pepfjzihf acgif;aqmifí
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wGif wufvdkufzrf;vdkuf jzpfae&kHjzifhrNyD;/ a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD; qufvufcsDwufvmEdkifrS
ta&;awmfykH atmifEdkifayrnf/ wpfjynfvkH; awmfvSefa&;tkH<urIBuD; jzpfajrmufEdkifayrnf/
tvkyform;? v,form;? ausmif;om;wkdU\ wyfaygif;pkBuD;tuGufvnfayvdrfhrnf/
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NyD/ wdkUor*¾OuúXESifh twGif;a&;rSL;udk zrf;NyD? uefUuGufMu/ ayg&dom'aq;xdk;&ef or*¾
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ayonf/
xdktwGif; rauG;rSm 11&ufaeUu tjzpftysufrsm;onf owif;pmrsm;wGif vkH;aphywfaph
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owif;pmrsm;wGif awGUjrifzwf&I&onfhtwdkif; þ0w¬KwGif xyfrH azmfjyvdkufyg&ap/
4if;wdkUonf rsufjrifoufao\ azmfjya&;om;csufrsm;tjzpf wnfygapawmh/
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,ck 'DZifbmv 11&uf we*FaEGaeUonf oydwfwyfBuD; rauG;NrdKUodkU
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tm;vkH;wdkUtm; or*¾OuúX udkb[def;u owif;pmrsm;zwfí ajymjyae
pOf rauG;NrdKU 'kwd,ta&;ydkiftjyif ausmif;q&mBuD;ESifh ta&;ydkif&kH;
pma&;wpfa,mufwkdUvmí pum;tenf;i,f ajymvdkaMumif; tcGifh
awmif;aomtcg owif;pmzwfrNyD;ao;í apmifhqdkif;apNyD;rS pum;ajym
cGifhjyKaMumif;? xdktcg 4if; 3OD;wdkUu 'ku©rcHbJ at;at;aq;aq;
jyefoGm;Muyg/ cifAsm;wkdUwm0efudk uRefawmfwdkU,lygw,f? uRefawmf
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0&rf;ESif ha&mufvmjcif;
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Muaom NrdKUolNrdKUom;y&dowfrSm tawmfrsm;jym;aMumif;/ w&m;yJGponf
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tm; zrf;&ef a&mufvmaMumif;/
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ESifh ausmif;om;wpfa,muf zrf;xm;onfhtwGuf toGm;vrf;c&D;wGif
'ku©onfrsm;awGUí 0ifa&mufulnD&aMumif;/ ,ckudpöESifh ywfoufNyD;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 186 -
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,aeUaeUv,f wpfem&Dtcsdef trdefUcsrnf[k ajymcJUNyD; vlBuD;yDyD
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tckzrf;aeNyD/ udpör&Sdygbl;/ usKyfudkzrf;wJUtwGuf reufjzef Armwpf
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r&Sd NidrfaeMuaMumif;/
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- 187 -
wevFmaeU eHeufapmapm 4em&DcefUwGif &mZ0wftzJGUonf aps;&yf
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udkav;armifwkdUudk oufaotjzpfac:vmNyD; oydwform;rsm;udk,fü
vufeuf&Sm0&rf; xkwfMuNyD;vQif &SmazGMuaMumif;/ þrQvlxkBuD;wGif
vufeufrqdkxm;bd? vufonf;vSD;"m;wpfckyif ryg/ odkUaomfvnf;
puúLwpf&GufwGif vltrnfpm&if;wpfckudk awGUí zrf;qD;oGm;aMumif;/
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apmifhaeMuaomfvnf; taemufbuf&Sd vrf;ajrmiftusOf;uav;rS
xGufvm&m ppfykvdyfrsm; vma&mufwm;qD;MuaMumif;/ txGuf0wGif
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qkwf&ef? &efukefroGm;&ef? epfemcsufrsm;udk 'DrSmajym&if aqmif&Gufay;
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vS,frsm;om vTwfNyD; tawmif;cdkif;yg[k trsKd;rsKd;ajymNyD; wm;qD;
aMumif;/
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- 188 -
xdkodkU tajctwifajymaeMupOf ppfAdkvfESifh &mZ0wf0efBuD;wdkUonf
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twif;uefUuGufMuaMumif;/ a&SUqkH;rSacgif;aqmifum tvHudkifvlESifh
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vdyfNyD;vQif ykvdyftapcHwpfa,mufu tvHxdyfwGif zdeyfa[mif; wpfck
udk pGyfNyD; axmifxm;aMumif;/
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aoewfBuD; w0ifh0ifhESifhwm;vsuf ppfykvdyfrsm;uvnf; aoewfvSHpGyf
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wkwfESif hodrf;í &dkufjcif;
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Mu&m ykvdyftcsKdUudk xdrSefaMumif;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 189 -
vlxkBuD;udk jrif;ESif hwdkuf&ef a&mufvmjcif;
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Muonf/ vufyrf;aygufcwfMuonf/ /
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- 190 -
20
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rsm;ay:&Sd opfyifrsm;udk 0gvJUvJha&mifjcnfrsm;jzihf NcKHvTrf;ay;ae&m zufzl;a&mifuav;
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ywf0ef;usifwpfckvkH;udk tkyfrdk;aeaom tjymum; tpuftajymuf wpfckrSr&Sd? yuwd
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uav;/ NyD;awmh [dkvlu b,folygvdrfh? &kyfuacsmacsm *dkufuaumif;aumif;? qHyif
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- 198 -
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- 199 -
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- 200 -
21
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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v,form;eJU tvkyform;rsm;&JU vkdtifqE´jynfh0atmif aqmif&GufMu&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f}}
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- 217 -
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23
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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24
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21-12-38
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21-12-38
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27
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a&;om;Muavonf/
a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;onf Zefe0g&Dv 5&ufaeUwGif tifpdefodkU qdkufa&mufvmMuav
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twdkif; jzpfygap/
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- 283 -
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- 293 -
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uefUuGufqE´jyMuNyD; a&Twd*kHodkUcsDwufum oydwfarSmuftvkyform;xkBuD;udk wdkifMuav
onf/ ]vlrJGwdkUxGuf&yfvrf;} qkdaomtrnfjzifh ocifEk bmomjyefxkwfa0xm;aom &k&Sm;
awmfvSefa&;taMumif; pmtkyfrsm;udk tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; a0iSavonf/
4if;jyif wpftkyf 10yJ a&mif;csae&mrS 4yJodkU avQmhypfvdkufum tkyfa&rsm;pGm jzefUypf
vdkufMuonf/ ocifEktm; zrf;qD;jcif;twGuf taumif;qkH;aom uefUuGUufenf;rSm &k&Sm;
awmfvSefa&;taMumif; tvkyform; qif;&Jom;rsm; tESHUtjym;odatmif vkyf&efjzpfonf[k
e*g;eDtoif;u ,lqavonf/
Zefe0g&Dv 14&ufaeUwGif wufbkef;BuD; ocifodef;azonf axmifwGif ocifEktm;
oGm;awGU&ef olaeaom bm;vrf; trSwf 267rS txGufwGif yef;qdk;wef;rS &mZ0wftkyf
OD;0rf;armifu zrf;oGm;avonf/ &efukefaxmifxJa&mufrS ocifEkESifh ocifodef;azwkdU
awGU&awmhonf[k tpdk;&tay: rvdkwrm uRefawmfwkdUtcsif;csif; ajymrdMuao;onf/
aemufwpfaeUwGifum; udkvSa&Tyif tzrf;cH&avawmh\/ ausmif;om; tmPm&Sif[k
trsm;u orkwfjcif;cH&onfh udkvSa&TrSm uRefawmfwkdUausmif;om;rsm;\ cspfMunf
av;pm;aom acgif;aqmifjzpf&kHru xkdta&;awmfykH wpf&yfvkH;wGif txif&Sm;qkH;aom
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;vnf; jzpfaeavonf/
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acgif;aqmifrsm;? atmufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; udkum; woGwfoGwf zrf;aeavNyD/ þodkU
zrf;qD;jcif;? yk'frtrsKd;rsKd;okH;í csKyfcs,fjcif;? wm;qD;jcif;? zdESdyfjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfaomf
vnf; zdav<uav qkdovdkom jzpfawmhonf/ uRefawmfhtzdkUqdkvQif tzrf;cH&rSm? tpdk;&
tESdyfpufcH&rSm raMumuf&kHru *kPfxl;&Sdaom tvkyf[líyif ,lqrdavonf/ ocifEk?
ocifodef;az? udkvSa&TwkdUESifhtwl tzrf;rcH&jcif;udkyif 0rf;enf;ovdkvdk *kPfi,fovdkvdk
xifrdao;awmh\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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odkUaomf ta&;awmfykH vkyfief;rsm;tvkdESifh nDnGwfpGm usifhBuH&rnfjzpf&m uRefawmfwkdU
onf axmifuswef;us? t&dkuftESuf? typftcwf cH&rnfhtwGuf wm0efudk a&Smif&rnf
r[kwfaomfvnf; rcH&bJ wm0efNyD;a&;twGuf ydkíusifhBuH&\/
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jynfolwdkUu tyfESif;xm;onfh ]tmPm&Sif} [laombJGUudk udkodef;atmifESifhwuGaom
uRefawmfwdkU rBudKufMu/ tmPm&SifawGudk rkef;wwfatmif &ifhrmaom EdkifiHa&;tjrif
&SdaeMuavNyD/ txl;ojzifh tmPm&Sif [pfwvmudk rvdkvm;Mu/ xkdUaMumifh udkodef;atmif
onf vufrSwfxkd;wdkif; aemufu acgif;aqmif[k xnfhavh&Sd\/ odkUaomf jynfoltrsm;u
xkdbJGUudk todtrSwfrjyKMuacs/
]]wpfAdkvfus wpfAdkvfwuf}} vrf;pOft& uRefawmfonfvnf; uRefawmfhqdkif&mtydkif;wGif
wufvmcJUavonf/ Akdvfavmif;pm&if;0iftjzpfrS AkdvfwpfAdkvftjzpfjzifh wm0efaqmif&Guf
&onfrsm;vnf; &Sd\/ 4if;jyif or*¾tvkyftrIaqmiftzJGUu uRefawmfhtm; aeUausmif;om;
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trIaqmifESifh teD;uyfqkH; vkyfom;&JabmfwpfOD; jzpfvmcJUay\/ axmifEIwfcrf;odkU
a&mufNyD[k qdk&ayrnf/
tpdk;&\ tjyKtrlrsm;udk &IwfcsuefUuGufaomtm;jzifh &efukefNrdKU Armbwfpfum;rsm;u
ydkif&Sifa&m? tvkyform;rsm;yg oydwfarSmufMuavonf/ rEÅav;wGif &[ef;awmf 3000
tdrfawmf&mrSm pka0;NyD; qGrf;rpm;bJ qE´jyMuavonf/ ewfwvif;rSm uaeaom
a&Tref;wifarmifZmwfu wpfnydwfí qE´jyonf/ ysOf;rem;rSm jrif;&xm;? qdkufum;?
vefcsm;wkdUu oydwfarSmuf qE´jyMuavonf/
awmifilNrdKUwGif ausmif;om;rsm;u oydwfwm;aeMupOf ausmif;om;OuúX armifarmifBuD;
tm; zrf;av&m vlxku &kH;ESifh*gwfudk 0dkif;NyD; armifarmifBuD;tm; vTwfay;&ef awmif;qdkMu
onf/ 0dkif;olrsm;xJwGif yg0ifaom bkef;BuD;OD;£E´mpm&udkvnf; zrf;jyef&m aps;ol
aps;om;rsm; qdkufum;orm;rsm; oHCmawmfrsm; ausmif;om;rsm; aygif; 5000 ausmfonf
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wpfaeUvkH; *gwfESifh&kH;rsm;udk 0dkif;xm;MuNyD; ta&;qdkaeMuay&m naewGif armifarmifBuD;
ESifh OD;£E´pm&wdkUtm; vTwfypfvdkuf&av\/
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zrf;&m NrdKUolNrdKUom; 4000 ausmfu t&m&Sdrsm;udk 0kdif;í tusyfudkifMuav&m ausmif;om;
rsm;udk vTwfypf&avonf/ xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfrSm jrefrmykvdyfrsm;u vlxktm; twdkuftcH
rvkyfbJ aeMujcif;jzpfonf/
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v,form; 1000 ausmfwdkUonf awmifilodkU csDwufum ta&;ydkif&kH;udk 0dkif;vsuf zdESdyf
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rsm;wGif xif;ESifh tdrfokH;opf ckwfcGifhrsm; awmif;Muav&m ta&;ydkifu vdkufavsm&av
onf/ &ckdkifjynfbufrS awmifolv,form; wpfaxmifausmfuvnf; olwdkU awmif;qdkcsuf
rsm; wifjy&efESifh ArmjynfrS v,form;rsm;ESifh wpfom;wnf;? wpfoabmwnf;tjzpf
qE´jy&ef awmifukwfvrf;rS &efukefodkU csDwufvmMu&ef pDpOfaeaMumif; owif;&av
onf/
twGif;0efrsm;&kH;BuD;wpf0dkufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &dkufESufrIESifh Adkvfatmfausmftm;
owfrIrsm;twGuf tpdk;&tm; w&m;pJG&ef 0wfvkHawmf&rsm; jzpfaom OD;at;armif/
OD;ausmfjrifhESifh OD;bpdk;wkdUu wm0ef,lí pDpOfaeMuavonf/ tzufzufudkMunfhí
tm;&p&mcsnf; awGUae&avonf/
&efukefNrdKUay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm; w&m;yGJ? oydwfarSmuftvkyform;rsm; w&m;yGJ? wkdUArm
w&m;yGJrsm; npOf tESHUtjym; &Sdavonf/
wpfnoü uRefawmfonf wuúpDum;wpfpD;jzifh uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm; &Sif;vif;
w&m;yGJrsm;udk vSnfhNyD;Munfhonf/ a&ausmfw&m;yJGwGif vl 2000 cefU? vrf;rawmfrSm
1000? ausmufajrmif;rSm 1000 ESifh prf;acsmif;rSm 2000 cefU wufa&mufonfudk awGU&
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ayonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif ykZGefawmif jrLeDpy,frS rjrjr? NrdKUrrS
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ausmif;om;uav; atmifjrihfonf vnf;aumif; a[majymaeonfudk awGU&ay\/
atmifjrifhu udkatmifausmfhajc&mudk tb,fhaMumifh eif;&rnfjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jy\/
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&dkufjcif;? jrif;ESifhwdkufjcif;rsm; jyKaom tpdk;&onf rdef;uav;rsm;udkyg EdkifiHa&; rvkyfvkyf
atmif wGefUydkUaeaMumif;rsm; &Sif;jyavonf/ roef;nGefUurl vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGtaMumif;
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qdkum pm&if;vdkufaumufavonf/ odkUaomf þenf;um; ratmifcJUacs/
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ta&;udk axmufcHMu\/ Zefe0g&Dv 14&ufaeU a&Twd*kH vlxktpnf;ta0;yJGwGif NrdKUr
q&m[def;u ]]wynfhawGvkyfwmawGudk tm;ay;NyD; oydwfudk q&mawGu axmufcHoifh
w,f? ,cktcgrSm EGm;uav;EdkU EGm;rBuD;pdkU qdkovdk wynfhrsm;xHrS vrf;rSefvkyfenf;udk
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&efukef NrdKUrausmif;wGif ausmif;om;rdbrsm; tpnf;ta0;wpfck usif;yNyD; ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfudk axmufcHaMumif; tqdkudk NrdKUrq&m[defuyif wifoGif;av
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tjzpfjzifh aqmif&Guf\/ xdktpnf;ta0;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ ta&;awmfykHudk vkH;0
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uRefawmfonf &Sufjcif; a'goxGufjcif; ponfwkdUjzifh rcH,lbJ ]]aMomf tazu
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ausmif;q&mrsm;vnf; udk,fxdvufa&mufygvm&ef q&mazacgif;aqmifí pnf;&kH;av
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tm;ay;aeav&m twGif;0ef&kH;BuD;teD; t&dkufcH&NyD;onfhaemuf ydkrdkwuf<upGm yg0ifvm
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wpfnwGif uRefawmfonf NrdKUrausmif; ausmif;om;oydwfXmecsKyfrSm tvkyfvkyfaepOf
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wufbkef;BuD; udkodef;azuawmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftrsm;eJU twlwlyJ/ ausmif;om;
awG taeeJU tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdufzsufa&; wdkufyGJ? NAdwdoQukef oydwfarSmufa&;wkdufyGJ pwJU
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uRefawmfum; tpu oabmuGJvJGrIqkdojzifh rMum;0HUovdk &SdcJUaomfvnf; udkat;aiG
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]]ausmif;om;awG[m oydwfjyefvSefzdkUawG? ynmjyefoifzdkUawG rpOf;pm;&awmhbJ ajcpkHypf
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 310 -
udkat;aiGum; tom;wkH;udk 0g;acsrNyD;ao;ojzifh NyD;atmif0g;NyD;aemufrS-
]]'guawmh 'Dta&;awmfykH[m b,fxdoGm;Mur,fqdkwmrSm wnfw,fudk,fhvl/ tqkH;owf
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]]ocifatmifqef;&JU oabmuawmh b,fvdkwJUvJAs}}
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]]tif; 'DjyóemawGudk uaeUn OuúXtcef;xJrSm ocifacgif;aqmiftcsKdU&,f? ausmif;om;
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onfh jyóemrsm;udk awG;awm&if; qdwfNidrfpGm pm;aeavonf/ twefMumí NyD;aom
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uRefawmfwdkU xcJUMuonf/ tay:xyfrSm rD;awGxdefvif;aeavNyD/ vlawGvnf; wpfpkNyD;
wpfpk a&mufvm\/ &Spfem&DavmufwGif OuúXcef;ü ocifacgif;aqmiftcsKdUESifh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pnf;a0;Mu\/ azmfjyyg jyóemrsm;udk tawmfMum
aqG;aEG;Mu\/ wdkd;wdk;ajymvdkuf us,fus,fajymvdkuf at;at;avoH a'gyGyGavoH
tBudwfte,f jzpfMuonf/ nOfheufí vlpkomcJG&onf? wdusaomtajzum; ray:vm/
okdUaomf bmyJjzpfjzpf vuf&Sdtajctaet& wdkufyGJudkum; b,fenf;ESifhrQ &yfír&ao;/
vkyfp&m&Sdwmudk qufvufvkyfMu&rnfom jzpfayonf/ ta&;awmfykHonf pufukef
armif;aewkef; jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh acgif;aqmifydkif;u oabmuGJvJGrIuav;rsm;onf
ta&;awmfykHvlxk vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;Mum;wGif ikHUvQKd;aecJUavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 311 -
30
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Mum;&onfrSm NiD;pDpDjzpfvmwwfavonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;ü vlxkESifha0;&m qdwfNidrf&mrSm
udk,fhbmom at;at;uav; aevkdufvdkayonf/ ,if;odkUqE´&Sdonfhtwdkif; wpfaeUaom
naeapmif;wGif qdwfNidrfaeaom wuúodkvfor*¾ pmMunfhcef;xJü wpfa,mufwnf; udk,fh
bmom at;at;aecGifh&av&m twdkif;rod yDwdjzpfaeavonf/ tawmfMumatmif
pmzwfí arGUavsmfaeavonf/
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Mum;vdkuf&ay&m uRefawmfh&ifwGif;rSm *Dwcvkyfudk ESdyfay;vdkufovdk &Sdayawmh\/
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pmtkyfudkvTwfcsNyD; pmMunhfcef;awmifbuf 0&efwmodkU xGufvmcJUrdonf/
ywf0ef;usif opfyifawGudk armhfMunfhvkdufonf/ &Gufa[mif;awG wpf&Gufwav 0Jum0Jum
a<upjyKaeaomfvnf; &Gufopfa0zdkU a0;ao;onf/ t"dywdvrf;ay:u r&ef;yifrsm;qDodkU
vSrf;Munfhvdkufonf/ 0g0if;aeaom r&ef;oD;rSnfhrsm;udk rjrif&ao;/ OMowGefoHum;
apmvSao;onf/ udka&TOMo bmoabmESifh apmapmBuD; wGefaeygovJ/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 312 -
wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;rBuD;udk txufrSatmuf? atmufrStxuf Munfhvdkufonf/
at;azsmhvmaom aea&mifjcnfonf rsOf;xlxlom;ovdk xif;ceJaeaom vrf;aMumif;BuD;
ay:wGif cyfa&;a&; rIef;jc,faeavonf/
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twl &SL&Idufí ZdrfawGUaeqJ xkdtoHu zsufvdkufovdk &Sdayawmh\/
]]AsKdU q&m vmygOD;As}}
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ydkydefaeonf[k xif&onf/ olUykqdk;rSm uRwfusawmhrvkd zdkoDzwfoD 0wfxm;onf/
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wGif &Sdrnfxif&aom ta':BuD;wpfa,muf &yfaeavonf/ tom;jzLjzL t&yftarmif;
BuD;BuD;xGm;xGm; cHUnm;aom&kyfjzpfonf/ 0wfqifxm;ykHrSm yGJxdkifxGufvmovdkyif xif&
\/ MunfhygOD; acgif;ay:u bD;qHywfqHxkH;? xkdacwf xdktcgrSyif bD;qHywfawG &Sm;ukef
NyDjzpfí odyfrjrifrawGUEdkifNyDjzpf&m xdkta':BuD;\ bD;qHywfudk *&kpdkuf rMunfhbJ raeEdkif
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 313 -
acs/ pdkufxm;vdkufonfh pdefwD;? xdk;xm;vkdufonfh pdefqHxdk;? 0wfxm;vdkufonfh
ausmufeD ywÅjrm; vufaumuf? pkHcsxm;onfh y0g/
ta':BuD;onf vufudkiftdwfudk vufESpfzufjzifhayGUudkifum pmMunfhcef;wGif;udk 0ifrvm&J
ovdkvdkjzifh cef;0u &yfaeavonf/
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]]udkat;ausmfvnf; rtm;bl;? onfhjyifvnf; tm;Mur,fr[kwfbl;}}
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ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifuav;awGudk awGUcsifjrifcsifvScsnf&JUvdkU wwwnf; waevkdU
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 314 -
uRefawmfhrSm ta':BuD;tm;vnf; tm;em? vdkufvnf; rvdkufcsifojzihf udkodef;atmiftm;
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&onf/
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wtdtdqif;aeaom ta':BuD;udk aemufuMunfhNyD; vkyfvJUvkyfvD a&Tydk;wDwGefUovdk
qdkaom pum;udk owd&aerday\/
atmufa&mufaomtcg cHUnm;opfvGifaom AsLum;BuD;udk awGU&onf/ Adkvftdrfu
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olu aemufrSwufavonf/ '&dkifbmonf &kdaopGm um;wHcg;udk ydwfay;NyD;rS olUckHwGif
wufí armif;xGufavawmhonf/
tpawmh um;xJwGif xdkifckHrSxGufvmaom za,mif;eHUESifh om;a&eHUrsm;aMumifh touf&SL
usyfovdkvkd jzpfaeonf/ 'Dvkd um;aumif;um;cHUBuD;rsm;udk pD;aerusojzifh vnf;aumif;?
ta':BuD;ESifhvnf; pdrf;aeojzifhvnf;aumif; taeusLHU pdwftdkufaeavonf/ aemufawmh
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ajymavawmhonf/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 315 -
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ywfuvdef;vrf; (ewfarmuf&dyfomvrf;) rSm aeMuavonf/
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qdkaom qdkif;bkwfuav;wpfck csdwfxm;onf/ NcHBuD;xJwGif yifapmufBuD; cyfrsm;rsm;r&Sd/
yef;yifawGom aygonf/ Ak'¨o&PyifawG? ESif;qDyifawGESifh a'vD,myifrsm;udk txl;jyKí
pdkufxm;[ef&Sdayonf/ pdrf;vef;pdkjynfaom jrufcif;rsm;rSm aumfaZmpdrf;rsm; cif;xm;ovdk
&Sdayawmh\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 316 -
wdkufrSm wpfxyfwkdufuav;jzpfonf/ odkUaomf yg;yg;vTmvTmuav;r[kwf? xkxnf
aumif;aumif;ESifh us,f0ef;aom wdkufjzpfonf/
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t&ifqif;um ta':BuD;qif;Edkifatmif wHcg;udk udkifay;xm;vdkuf\/ ta':BuD;u
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rdef;uav;wpfa,mufu vmzGifhavonf/ rdef;uav;rSm rEÅav;ydk;vkHcsnf wpfywf&pf?
[efZm;yifeDtusÐwkdUjzifh oyf&yfpGm0wfqifxm;onf/ qHyifudk wpfywfvQKdxkH;xm;onf/
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ruav; jzpfonf[k ,lq&awmhonf/
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onf/ ]]tif;? oli,fi,fu em;uyf0wf[efwl&JU? tJ'Dem;uyfBuD;[m ckolUorD; tysKdBuD;
wpfa,mufa,muf qDrsm; a&mufaeNyDvm; rqkdEdkifbl;}}
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ezl;rsKd;/ "mwfykHudk aq;a&mifpkHxyfí jc,fxm;onf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 317 -
uRefawmfu "mwfykHrsm;udk pdkufMunfhaepOf ta':BuD;u aemufrSaeNyD;-
]]tefwDwdkU azazbk&m;ykHaygh? atmufuykHuawmh tefwDhnDr wifwifvSav}}
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wGufaerdonf/
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wpfvdyf xkwf,lNyD; Munfhvdkuf&m *dk;vfzvdwfjzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ MunfhNyD;aemuf
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 318 -
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ta':BuD;rSm y0gygrvmawmhacs/
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EkwfEdkif[efrwl/ *syefydk;tusÐ 0gvJUvJUESifh zJBuD;vkHcsnf a&nSda&mifudk 0wfxm;onf/
yef;ESifh vufudkify0gudk acgufNyD; tusÐ&ifzkH;Mum;rSm tvSty xdk;xm;onf/
pdefMu,foD;ESifh pdefem;uyfrsm;rSm awmufyvSay\/
rrav;onf qdkzmwpfckwGif 0ifxdkif&if;-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 319 -
]]xdkifyguG,f xdkifyg}} [kajymvdkuf&m vlrrmtoHygaeonf[k uRefawmf tuJcwfvdkuf
rdonf/
uRefawmfu xdkifr,fvkyfwkef; vuf0Jbuftcef;rS rdef;rBuD;wpfa,muf? vuf,mbuf
cef;rS rdef;rBuD;wpfa,muf ESpfa,mufpvkH; NydKifwlwHcg;zGifhNyD; xGufvmMuonf/ wHcg;
rsm;rSm vkH;vkH;toHrjyKbJ yGifhvmMuonf/ olwkdUzdeyfrsm;onfvnf; zsyfceJ &SJceJrS
toHray;Mu/ olwdkUavQmufvmMuykHrSmvnf; ajcatmufMurf;jyif NydKusoGm;rSm pdk;&drfbd
onfhtvm; tomt,m wpfvSrf;NyD;wpfvSrf; vSrf;ívmMuonf/ ]ajcwpfvSrf; a&T
wpfoef;wefonf} ]eef;qefonf} qkdwmawG[m 'Dvkd[mawG xifyg&JU[k uRefawmf
qifjcifrdavonf/
ta':BuD;u rdwfqufay;jyefonf/
]]rrBuD;eJU rrvwfwdkUvnf; vmMuNyD? a[m'gu armifwifxGef;wJU}}
b,folu rrBuD;? b,folu rrvwf[k uRefawmf rcGJjcm;Edkifcif vuf0JbufrS0ifvmol
rdef;rBuD;u
]]aeaumif;yg&JUvm; armifwifxGef;}}
]]aeaumif;ygw,f cifAsm}}
vuf,mbufrS 0ifvmaom rdef;rBuD;uvnf; vkyfjyefonf/
]]aeaumif;yg&JUvm; armifwifxGef;}}
]]aeaumif;ygw,f cifAsm}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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vuf0JbufrSxGufvmol rdef;rBuD;onf bD;qHywf ykykao;ao;uav; xkH;xm;onf/
qHyifjzLrsm;udk qdk;xm;[ef&Sdonf/ ydk;wGefUvkHcsnf a,m*Da&mifESifh y'kr®mtusÐcyfxlxludk
0wfxm;onf/ vufwpfzufrSm y,if;ykwD;ESifh tjcm;vufwpfzufrSm jrvufaumuf
ESpfuGif;qifhí 0wfxm;onf/ vuf,mbufrSxGufvmaom rdef;rBuD;um; aiGjzLa&mif
qHyifrsm;udk uspfuspf0dkif; qHxkH;xkH;xm;onf/ w&kwfydk;zsiftusÐ? xm;0,fvkHcsnf
a&nSda&mifrsm;udk 0wfxm;onf/ olUvufu pdefvufpGyfBuD;rSm wzsyfzsyfawmufae\/
olwdkU toD;oD;xdkifrdMuaomtcg uRefawmfvnf; xdkifvdkufonf/ xdkaemuf pdwfxJrSm
olwdkUav;a,mufudk BuD;pOfi,fvdkuf pOfMunfhvdkufonf/ qHyifESifh qHxkH;rsm;udkrlwnfí
qHyifaiGa&mifudk uspfuspf0dkif;0dkif; aoQmifxkH;xm;olrSm tBuD;qkH;tysKdBuD; (0g) tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(1)? qHyifudkqdk;í bD;qHywfykykao;ao; xkH;xm;oludk tysKdBuD; eHygwf(2)?
qHyifjzLudk ukefatmifrEkwfEdkifbJ bD;qHywfBuD; tufuGJaeatmif xkH;xm;oltm; tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(3)? qHyifa&mifaumif;ao;í bD;qHywfBuD;wGif pdefbD;pdkuf? pdefqHxdk; xdk;xm;vsuf
uRefawmfhtm;vmac:ol ta':BuD;tm; tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4) ponfjzifh pOfxm;vkduf
ayonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)u pwifNyD; pum;qufjyefonf/
]]nDrti,fqkH; wifwifvSuawmh tdrfrSmr&Sdbl;? tvkyfudpöeJU oGm;ae&w,f/ xrif;pm;
tcsdefrD jyefEdkif&ifjyefcJUyghr,fwJU? rjyefEdkif&ifvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk
wifwifu csD;usL;aMumif; ajymvdkufygwJUuGJU}}
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(3)u 0ifí-
]]wifwifuav rif;wdkU}}
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(2)uvnf;-
]]wifwifuav rif;wdkU}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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ESpfa,mufNydKifwl pvdkufrdojzifh ESpfa,mufpvkH; &yfvdkufMuonf/ wpfa,muf
wpfa,muf MunfhvdkufNyD;aemuf twefMumrS eHygwf(3)u-
]]wifwifuav oefvsifbufrSm oydwfarSmufausmif;om;wpfa,mufudk &mZ0wftkyf
vkyfwJUvlu acG;eJUvdkufwdkufw,f qdkwmMum;NyD; odyfrcHr&yfEdkif jzpfaewm}}
eHygwf(4)u 0ifjyefonf/
]]tJ'g ausmif;om;rdbawGu &mZ0wf0efBuD; w&m;pGJxm;w,fqdk r[kwfvm;}}
uRefawmfum; eHygwf(4)tm; ajzqdk&ef yg;pyf[vdkufpOfwGifyif eHygwf(1)u ar;cGef;topf
xkwfvkdufonf/
]]tmPm&Sif armifvSa&Tudk &kH;rSm trIppfawmh armifwifxGef; oGm;em;axmifao;ovm;}}
]]ra&mufao;ygbl;cifAsm? rtm;wmeJU}}
,ckxd pum;rajym&&Smao;aom eHygwf(2)u-
]]armifvSa&Tu w&m;olBuD;vkyfwJU OD;zdk;pudkyJ oufaotjzpfeJU wifr,fqdkwm odyfcsufus
wmyJaemf}}
uRefawmfu olUvdkyif oabm&aMumif; ajymvdkufrnfjyifaepOf eHygwf(3)u 0ifvdkufjyef
onf/
]]OD;zdk;pqdkwm tefwDwkdU aumif;aumif;odwmaygh? azazbk&m;&Sdwkef;u olu NrdKUtkyfjzpfp
&Sdao;w,f}}
eHygwf(1)u toHcyfrmrmjzifh-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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]][JU olu nGefUaygif;tpkd;&udk tuyfaumif;awmh ta&;ydkifjzpfvmwmaygh}}
eHygwf(3)u-
]]armifvSa&Tu a&SUae}}
eHygwf(4)u-
]]armifvSa&Tu a&SUae}}
olwdkUESpfa,muf NydKifwlajymrdMuojzifh wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf ae&may;&ef BudK;pm;&if;
ESpfa,mufpvkH; &yfoGm;Mu&m uRefawmfu wufokwf0ifí-
]][kwfuJU? udkvSa&Tu a&SUaeriSm;ygbl;? oludk,fwdkif avQmufvJygw,f? odkUayr,fh
aemufwpfcgus&if ocifjreJU ocifbOD;wkdU vdkufMuygvdrhfr,f}}
eHygwf(2)u-
]]b,f ocifbOD;vJ}}
eHygwf(1)u-
]][dk ol&d, OD;vSaz&JU orufuav;xifyg&JU}}
olwkdUodwm uRefawmfrodjzpfaeí ai;pdkufíom em;axmifaerdonf/
eHygwf(4)u pum;pazmfjyefonf/
]]wuúodkvfausmif;q&mBuD;awGu ausmif;om;rdbrsm;qDudk ausmif;om;awG ausmif;jyef
vTwfrvTwf? ausmif;om;awG pmar;yGJ ajzrajz taMumif;jyef&r,fvdkU pmawGydkUawmh
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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ausmif;om; 1600 &SdwJUteuf 1155 a,mufu pmar;yJGajzr,fvdkU pmjyefw,fqdkwm
[kwfovm;}}
]]pmar;yJGrajzcsifvdkU oydwfarSmufwmrSr[kwfbJ/ 'Dawmh 'Dtar;'DtajzeJU ausmif;om;
ta&;awmfykHudk a&csdefwdkif;vdkU rjzpfEdkifygbl;cifAsm/ [kwfcsif[kwfr,f? r[kwfcsifaer,f?
odkUayr,fh}}
uRefawmfu okdUayr,fhESifhcsDNyD; ausmif;om;wkdU\ wuf<upnf;&kH;aeykHudk &Sif;vif;jy&ef
tm;,laepOf eHygwf(3)u-
wpfaeUu A[ef;rSm a'gufwmbarmf armfawmfum;udk ayxkyfeJUxkwm uHaumif;vkdU
vGwfoGm;w,faemf? olu 'Dhjyifum;pD;NyD; olUum;ay:rSm om;orD;awG wifvTwfw,f
qdkawmh om;orD;awG "m;pmcHvkyfwmeJU wlaew,f}}
eHygwf (3)onf xdkodkUvQif a'gufwmbarmf\ um;udk ayxkyfypfrIESifh ywfoufí
pum;yJGwGif vTrf;rdk;&ef BudK;pm;aeqJ eHygwf(2)u 0ifzsufvdkufavonf/
]]wifwifi,fa& ararhudkvnf; oGm;ac:OD;av}}
wifwifi,f[k tac:cH&olrSm tjcm;olr[kwf/ uRefawmfhtm;vmac:ol tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(4)aywnf;/ a':wifwifi,fonf xdktrdefUoHudk Mum;onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf
aigufceJ xvkdufonf/ tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)onf wpfcgrQ þrQoGufvufaom trlt&m
rjycJUzl;ao;/ ajcatmufuMur;fjyif NydKusrnfudk raMumufawmhaom trlt&m?
vkyfvJUvkyfvD r[kwfaomtrlt&mjzifh tcef;wpfckwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;avonf/
tm;vkH;aomtysKdBuD;rsm;onf nDvmcHyv’if oD[moea&SUü ]]bk&ifrif;jrwf xGufawmf
rlrnf? tm;vkH;wdwfap}} [laom aqmife&DrSL;oH Mum;vkduf&bdouJUodkU wdwfoGm;Mu
av\/ olwkdUonf olwkdUrdcif bk&ifrBuD;tvmudk apmifhpm;aeMu\/ ,if;odkU
wdwfqdwfpGm apmifhpm;aepOf uRefawmfonf [dk[dkonfonfawG;zdkU tcGifhta&;&ay\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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a&mufNyD; tysKdBuD;awGESifh pum;pajym&uwnf;u awG;awmcGifhr&/ tysKdBuD;rsm;onf
uRefawmfhtm; ttm;ray;? 0dkif;í war;wnf; ar;aecJUMuavonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(1)ESifh (2)wkdU\ y,if;ykwD;rsm;onf pdwfzkdUvm;? tvS0wfxm;zdkUomvm;/
olwkdU\ pdefem;uyfBuD;rsm;udk b,ft&G,fxd 0wfMuavOD;rnfenf;/ onftysKdBuD;awGom
av;q,fausmfrS uHay:í vif&ukefMuvQif b,fvdkjzpfukefMurnfvJ/
odkUuvdk awGUu&maygufyef;aps; awG;aeqJ tysKdBuD; eHygwf(3)u cyf,dkU,dkU trlt&m?
cyftkyftkyf toHjzifh-
]]a[m ararbk&m; vmaeNyD}} [k aMunmvdkufavonf/
tysKdBuD;tm;vkH;ESifh uRefawmfwkdU\ rsufpdrsm;onf tbGm;BuD;bufodkU NydKifwla&GUoGm;Mu
avonf/
tbGm;BuD;um; touf80rsm; ausmfaeNyDvm;rqdkEdkif/ qGwfqGwfjzLaom a&mifaypl;uav;
atmufwGif tuGufvdkuf qHyifuRwfaeaom ae&mrsm;udk jrif&onf/ rsufESmta&rsm;rSm
yyfMum;tyfovdk wGefUvdyfaeMuNyD; rsufwGif;rSm tawmfa[mufaeojzifh ,if;rsufwGif;rsm;
txJü rsufpdtaumif;yuwdrS &Sdygao;oavm[k oHo,jzpfp&myif/ udk,fcE¨mwGif
tom; &Sdawmh[efrwl? t&dk;ay:ta&wifaeí ta&ay:taMumBuD;rsm;u awmifwef;BuD;
awGvdk pDwef;aeMuonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf oefU&Sif;oyf&yfpGm 0wfqifxm;\/ ydk;zJr[kwf/
vuf&ufcsnfvkHcsnf? zsiftusÐ&ifaph ponfwkdUjzpfonf/ olUvufxJwGif awmifa0S;
wpfacsmif;udk udkifxm;\/ okdUaomf awmifa0S;udkifaomfvnf; cg;vkH;0rudkif;onfudk
awGU&onf/ tm;vkH;aom olUorD;rsm;ESifhrwlyJ t&yfykonf/
tbGm;BuD;aemufrSm &yfaeonfh tysKdBuD; trSwf(4)u xdkif&mrSxum qD;BudKaeaom
uRefawmfhtm; &nfnTef;vsuf-
]]a[m'gyJ armifwifxGef;qkdwm? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifaygh ararbk&m;&JU}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 325 -
uRefawmfhrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif[k tac:cH&ojzifh ausmpdrfhoGm;ovdkvdk? rsufESm
xltrf;oGm;ovdkvkd jzpfrdavonf/
]]uRefawmfu acgif;aqmifrsm; udk,fpm;vm&wJU acgif;aqmifi,fuav; ygcifAsm}}
tr,fBuD;u uRefawmfha&SU ukvm;xdkifwpfckqDodkU vm&if;-
]]acgif;aqmifawGu bmjzpfvdkU rvdkufvmovJ? w&m;a[mxGuf&vdkU tvkyfrsm;ae
rSwfw,f}}
tbGm;BuD;\ toHum; &kyfESifhrvdkuf rmonf/ Munfvifjywfom;jcif;vnf; &Sdonf/
]]xdkif xdkif rif;u ti,fav;&Sdygao;uvm;}}
þvdkajymvdkufrS tbGm;BuD;\rsufpdonf taumif;yuwd &Sdygao;uvm;[k uRefawmfh
pdwfrSm aocsmoGm;awmhonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf ukvm;xdkifwGifxdkifonf/ awmifa0S;udk
udkifxm;aomfvnf; awmifa0S;rygbJvnf; oGm;Edkif vmEdkif xdkifEdkif xxdkkifykH aygufonf/
tbGm;BuD;\ vufwpfzufonf awmifa0S;cg;v,fudk udkifxm;NyD; vufwpfzufu
ukvm;xdkif vufwifay: rSmwifxm;onf/
]][JUwifwifvS rvmao;bl;vm;}} [k tbGm;BuD;u olUorD;awGudk rMunfhbJ olUorD;rsm;
tm; ar;vdkuf&m eHygwf(4)ESifh (3)u NydKifwlajzvdkufMuonf/
]]vmr,fawmh ajymoGm;wmyJ? ckxd rvmao;bl;}}
]]rvmao;bl; bmjzpfvkdU aemufusaeovJ rodbl;}}
olwkdUajzonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf eHygwf(2)u-
]]rSmoGm;om;yJ aemufus&if aemufusr,fvdkU}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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eHygwf(4)u ]]tpnf;ta0;rsm; &SdaeNyDvm; rodbl;}}
odkUjzihf tysKdBuD; 4a,mufpvkH; wpfa,mufwpfcGef; nDrti,fqkH;ESifh ywfoufNyD; xifjrif
csufawG ay;aeMuav&m awmfawmfuav; qlnHvmavonf/ xkdtcg tbGm;BuD;u
awmifa0S;ESifh Murf;jyifudkacgufvdkufNyD; wdwfoGm;apavonf/ touf 40ausmf 50ausmf
60eD;yg; tysKdBuD;rsm;onf olwdkUtara&SUü 4-5-6ESpf t&G,f uav;rsm;vdk jyKrlvdkufMu
onf/ rsufpdoli,fuav;rsm;jzifh wpfa,mufwpfa,mufMunfhNyD; ,dkU,dkUuav; Nidrfae
vdkufMuonf/ xdkcPü ]]aMomf 'gaMumifhvnf; 'DtbGm;BuD;[m orD;5a,mufpvkH; ,ckxd
tysKdBuD;awGjzpfaeatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaywmudk;}} [laom todOmPfonf uRefawmfh
OD;aESmufxJrSm xGef;vif;ívmavonf/
tbGm;BuD;onf b,folUudkrQrMunfhbJ olUa&SUwnfhwnfhudkom aMumifai;MunfhNyD;-
]]ausmif;om;awG wpfckvkyfzkdUaumif;w,f}}
]]bmvkyfzkdU aumif;ygovJ cifAsm}}
]]tckaetcgrSm ausmif;om;awGudk wkdif;jynfu tm&kHpdkufNyD; av;pm;aewm rif;wkdU
ausmif;om;awGuom vkyf&if awmfawmfaumif;r,f/ &Siftm'dpö0Ho[m tifrwef
xufjrufwJU bkef;BuD;/ pmqdkvnf; udk,fhbmom pmayomru bmomjcm;vnf;
wwfw,f? ynmt&nftcsif; xufjrufoavmuf owÅdvnf;&Sdw,f? &ifxJrSm&Sdwmudk
&SdwJUtwkdif; tefxkwfjy&Jw,f? tusifhoDvqdkvnf; okóefxJrSm ausmif;xkdifwmudkyJ
Munfhawmhav/ tJ'Dvkd yk*¾dKvfwpfyg; oljrwfwpfa,mufudk yumoed,uH vkyfwm
w&m;oabmvm; [if}}
uRefawmfu udk,fem;rvnfaomta&;wGif bmrQrajymvdkojzifh qdwfqdwfaevdkufaom
tcg eHygwf(1)u olUtartm; axmufcHvkdufavonf/
]]b,fw&m;rSmvJ arar}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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]]at; rw&m;bl;? 'DudpörSm ausmif;om;awGu0ifNyD; rw&m;aMumif; uefUuGufajymqdkzdkU
aumif;w,f/ Munfhprf;ygOD;? b,fxd a&mifhwufvmMuovJqdk&if Mo0g'p&d,tzJGUrSm
&Siftm'dpöygaew,f/ 'gu b,folurSvnf; xkwfypfvkdU&wmr[kwfzl;? &Siftm'dpöuvnf;
xGufray;bl;/ tm*udk,fawmf? Munfhprf; b,favmuf owdÅ&SdovJqdkwm}}
tm;vkH;aomorD;rsm;u acgif;ndwfum axmufcHMuavonf/ uRefawmfum; acgif;vnf;
rndwf? acgif;vnf;r,rf;/ odkUaomf tbGm;BuD;onf uRefawmfhudk Munfhaeonfr[kwfí
uRefawmf\ Mum;aea&;udk odrnfr[kwfyg/
tbGm;BuD;onf olUbmomol qufajymjyef\/
]]tJ'Dvkd Mo0gp&d,tzJGUrSm qufraexdkufbl;vdkU wcsKdU qlylaeMuw,f/ &Siftm'dpöudk
xkwfypfEdkifbkdU w&m;pJG&r,fvkdU odrf;armifudk ajymaeMuw,f}}
eHygwf(4)u0ifí
]]tpdk;&a&SUaecsKyfBuD; OD;odrf;armifvm;arar}}
]]at;wpfcgwkef;u bkef;BuD;awGu axG;cHeJUaygufwJh bk&m;vlBuD; odrf;armifaygh}}
eHygwf(2)u-
]]aMomf aMomf 21-OD;ygwDEdkifiHa&;u ]ukodkvfwpfyJ i&Jwpfydóm} vdkU ajymqdk xGufoGm;NyD;
tpdk;&a&SUaeBuD; 0ifvkyfoGm;wJU OD;odrf;armifyJaygh}}
odkUjzifh tysKdBuD;(4)OD;u OD;odrf;armifonf awmolBuD;om;jzpfaMumif;? OD;odrf;armif\
ZeD;taMumif;? olwkdUazazbk&m;&SdpOfu tdrfb,fESacguf bmvkyfvmzl;aMumif; ponf
rsm;udk ajymqkdaeMujyef&m qlqlnHnH jzpfvmjyefav\/ tbGm;BuD;onf awmifa0S;ESifh
Murf;jyifudkacgufum Nidrfapjyefavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 328 -
tbGm;BuD;u uRefawmfhtm; nTef;í ajymjyef\/
]]tJ'Dvkd t&Siftm'dpötay:rSm rw&m;wmawG vkyfaewmudk ausmif;om;awGu 0if
uefUuGuf&if raumif;bl;vm; b,folwJU rif;emrnf}}
eHygwf(4)u 0ifaxmufonf/
]]armifwifxGef;}}
uRefawmfhrSm ra&Smifomawmhojzifh ajz&avonf/
]]uRefawmfawmh 'DudpörSm udk,frEdkifwJU jyóemjzpfaevdkU rajymwwfatmif jzpfaeygw,f
bGm;bGm;cifAsm? 'Dawmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGa&SUrSm uRefawmfwifjyyghr,f}}
tbGm;BuD;onf rsm;pGm ESpfNcdKufoGm;[ef&Sdonf/ uRefawmfhbufodkU MunfhNyD;-
]]ajymvdkufyguG,f? rif;wdkUausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk? tbGm;u tifrwef tm;udk;
ygw,fvkdU/ r[kwfrcHpdwf&Sdolwkdif; ausmif;om;awGudk tm;udk;aewmyJ (orD;rsm;buf
vSnfhí) [JU [JU xrif;auR;Muawmhav}}
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)onf oGufvufpGmxNyD; aemufaz;taqmifodkU ul;oGm;um cPav;
aeawmh jyefvmavonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf olUudk,fol ikHUMunfhvdkufojzihf uRefawmfvnf;
vdkufMunfhrdonf/ onfawmhrS tbGm;BuD;\ &ifaphtusÐwGif tdwfaxmifuav; wyfxm;
onfudk owdjyKrd\/ tbGm;BuD;onf xdktdwfaxmifuav;xJodkU EIdwfprf;NyD; *Grf;axmifh
wpfaxmifhudk xkwf,lvdkufonf/ NyD;awmh olUem;ESpfzufxJodkUxnfhí ydwfqdkUvdkufonf/
þonfum; orD;rsm;tm; ajymcsif&majymMuawmh[k cGifhay;vdkufaom tcsuf[kyif
xifp&m&Sdonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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orD;BuD;rsm;onf uRefawmfhtm; ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd;xkwfNyD; olwkdUbmom ajzonfhtcg
ajzonf/ [dktaMumif;ar;&mu onftaMumif; a&mufoGm;NyD; onftaMumif;ajymae&mrS
onftaMumif;xJu [kdvlonfvlawGtaMumif; a&mufoGm;avonf/ b,folUom;orD;udk
odovm;? olwdkU oydwfarSmufMuovm; paom uRefawmfESifhwdkuf&dkufqdkifaom ar;cGef;rS
aeí rkd;nSif;w&m;yGJudk a&mufzl;ovm;? ae&if; OD;aum0d'&JU yOöif;trBuD;taMumif;
odovm; paom uRefawmfESifhrqkdifonfh ar;cGef;rsm;txd a&mufavonf/ olwkdUuar;?
uRefawmfurajz? olwkdUbmomajz/ Mumawmh uRefawmfonf acG;aoaumifykyfudk usD;uef;
awG 0dkif;xdk;aeMuykHudkom ajy;í owd&rdawmhonf/ uRefawmfwnf;[laom rwkHUjyef
Edkifonfh acG;aoaumifykyfudk olwdkUwpfawGu ar;cGef;EIwfoD;rsm;jzifh 0dkif;xkd;aeMuonf
r[kwfygavm/
tapcHruav;u vmNyD; ]]xrif;yGJ tqifoifhjzpfygNyD}} qdkíom oufom&m&awmh\/
{nfhcef;\ aemufbufwGif uyfvsuf&Sdaom tcef;rSm xrif;pm;cef;jzpfawmh\/ opfvGif
aom pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;wGif opfvGifawmufajymifaom ukvm;xkdifrsm;u 0dkif;&Hxm;avonf/
yef;uefjym;rsm;ay:wGif usqif; ta&mif[yfaeaom rD;a&mifum; waoG;warG;vSaeonf/
ZGef;cuf&if;rsm;ay:udk usqif;ta&mif[yfaeaom rD;a&mifum; rsufpdpl;aponf/ qDjyef
[if;ay: usqif;ta&mif[yfaeaom rD;a&mifum; qmavmifjcif;udk tm;ay;aeonf/
Akdvfqefonfh tcif;tusif;ESifh [if;rsm;udkMunfhNyD; tbGm;BuD;ESifh tysKdBuD;wkdUonf
t&G,ftdkMuoavmuf tcif;tusif;tpDtrHrsm;ü ysKdaomtjrif&SdMuonfwum;[k pOf;pm;
rdayonf/
tbGm;BuD;onf pm;yGJxdyfrSmxkdif\/ uRefawmfu tjcm;xdyfrSm xdkif&\/ tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(1)ESifh (3)onf uRefawmfh nmbufrSm xdkifí? eHygwf(2)ESifh (4)onf b,fbufrSm
xkdifavonf/ tbGm;BuD;um; uRefawmfwdkUpm;aom xrif;[if;udk rpm;? olUtwGuf
oD;oefUcsufjyKwfxm;aom vltdkpm [if;xrif;udk pm;onf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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xrif;pm;&if; tbGm;BuD;onf pum;wpfcGef;rQrajym/ olUvltdkpmudkom at;at;oufom
pm;aeavonf/ tysKdBuD;rsm;um; tpm;taomufESifh ywfoufaom pum;rsm;udk ajymae
Mu\/ uRefawmfwdkU oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh a&eHajrtvkyform;awG b,fvkd
pm;MuaomufMuykHudk ar;jref;\/ olwdkUb,fwkef;u b,fq&mawmfudk tdrfrSm qGrf;zdwf
auR;ykH? b,folUudk npmpm;yJG cif;auR;ykHrsm;udk [if;trsKd;trnfESifhwuG ajymjyaeMu\/
xkdokdU xrif;pm;&if; olwdkUajymqdkaom pum;rsm; em;axmif&í tuJcwfrdonfrSm
olwdkUtdrfwGif a'gufwmwifwifvSom tvkyfvkyfí usefvltm;vkH;rSm tvkyfr&Sd? <u,f0
NyD; ypönf;udk xdkifpm;aeMuonf/
tvkyftudkifvkyfzkdU rvkdojzifhvnf;aumif;? yGJvrf;obif tjyifodyfrxGufaom tysKdBuD;
rsm;jzpfojzifh vnf;aumif; xif&Sm;olawG xrif;zdwfauR;jcif;ESifh bkef;BuD;qGrf;auR;jcif;
rSm olwdkU\0goem jzpfaeonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkd&aomf olwdkU\ NiD;aiGUzG,f
aumif;aomb0wGif 'D0goemvkyfrS oufom&m&ayvdrfhrnf/ onfvdkrSvnf; jyify
avmurS vlrsm;ESifh pum;ajym&ayvdrhfrnf/
xrif;pm;NyD;vQifNyD;csif; {nfhcef;ü tm;vkH;NidrfqdrfpGm xdkifaeMu&mu tm;vkH;u 0dkif;NyD;
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)(0g) a':wifwifi,fudk Munfhí rsuf&dyfrsufjcnf jyvdkufMuonf/
a':wifwifi,fonf tcef;xJodkU0ifoGm;NyD; cPaevQif jyefvm\/ olUvufxJrSm
aiGpuúLrsm; ygvmavonf/ xkdaiGpuúLrsm;udk uRefawmfhvufokdUtyf&if;/
]]ararbk&m;u 20d? tefwDwkdU nDtpf5a,mufu wpfa,muf 15dpD? aygif; 95usyf?
ausmif;om;&efykHaiGudk vSLygw,f}}
uRefawmfu aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymvdkufonf/ a':wifwifi,fonf '&dkifbmudk
ac:vdkufonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf olUtcef;xJodkU 0ifoGm;avonf/ uRefawmfhtm;
EIwfawmif qufroGm;/ olUoGm;awGudk wHylwHESifhwkdufaeNyD; tdyf&efudkom pdwful;ae
aomaMumifh EIwfrqufjcif; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifayonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)rSwpfyg; tm;vkH;aomtysKdBuD;rsm;onf wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf
uRefawmfhtm;EIwfqufNyD; olwkdUqdkif&m tcef;xJodkU tvQKdvQKd qdwfNidrfpGm0ifoGm;avonf/
wpftdrfvkH;onf uRefawmfvmpu awGU&ovdkyif Nidrfoufaejyefay\/ aemufrMumrD
tdrfa&SUrSm um;xkd;qdkufavonf/
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)u-
]]uJ oGm;aya&mh? ckvdkvmwm aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}
uRefawmfvnf; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymNyD;aemuf armfawmfum;ay:odkU wufcJUavonf/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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31
eifvm;[JU "e&Sif
wuúodkvfor*¾wdkufoddkU jyefa&mufaomtcg udkodef;atmifwdkUxHrS owif;xl;wpfckudk
Mum;&avonf/ txufvTwfawmftrwf olaX;OD;oGif? NrdKUrausmif;q&mBuD; OD;bvGif?
NAdwdoQbm;rm; OD;nGefU? yGJpm;BuD; OD;bdk;ajAmh paom NrdKUrdNrdKUz vlBuD;rsm;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufudk &atmif nGefUaygif;tpdk;&ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;aeonf
qdkaom owif;jzpfay\/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufudk vlBuD;rsm;\ aphpyfcsufaMumifh
vdkufavsmrnf? rvdkufavsmrnf rodEdkifaomfvnf; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIudk ydkívkyfvmonf[k
qdk&ayrnf/ t&ifu atmufydkif;rsm;udkom zrf;\/ ,ck txufydkif;udk zrf;pjyKavNyD/
Zefe0g&Dv 10&ufaeU EdkifiHa&;uGefz&ifhBuD; NyD;vQifNyD;csif; aemufwpfaeUwGif ocifEktm;
zrf;qD;cJUí 14&ufaeUwGif wufbkef;BuD;udkodef;aztm; zrf;NyD;aemuf 23&ufaeU eHeufwGif
um; wdkUArm xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmif tm;vkH;udk odrf;usLH;zrf;vdkufavonf/ wkdUArm
tpnf;t&kH;BuD;onf vufeufudkifykefuef&ef a&Twd*kHrSm vufeufawGpkaeMuNyD[k owif;
vTifhum Xmersm;udkvnf;aumif;? ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ tdrfudkvnf;aumif;? ykvdyfESifh
ppfwyfrsm; wufa&muf&SmazGavonf/ eHeuf 5em&DwGif &efukefykvdyfrif;BuD; trSL;jyKaom
ppfykvdyfwyfzJGUonf zdeyfrcRwfbJ a&Twd*kH&ifjyifay:odkU wufum armfvNrdKifZ&yfudk
0dkif;vsuf ocifoef;xGef;? xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD; ociftmp&? ocifatmifqef;?
ocifvSaomif; (bwfpfum;acgif;aqmif)? ocifat;Munf? ocifoif? ocifvSapm
(aygif;wnf)? ocifxGef;pdefESifh ocifbomwkdUudk zrf;avonf/ wdkufyf&dkufwm? pm&Guf
pmwrf;ESifh zdkifwGJrsm;udkvnf; odrf;,loGm;avonf/
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdtm;vnf; olUaetdrfrS zrf;qD;oGm;avonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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odkUjzifh ta&;awmfykH\ acgif;aqmifrIwpfckvkH;udk ,drf;yg;oGm;atmif e,fcsJUorm;ESifh
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&wdkUu wpfxpfwufí BuHpnftm;xkwfvkdufjyefNyD/
odkUaomf-
wpfAdkvfus wpfAdkvfwuf/
'kwd,OuúX ocifvSabmfu OuúX xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;ae&m/
ocifav;armifu 'kwd,OuúXae&m/
ocifwifarmifBuD;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ae&m/
ocifjrodef;? ocifausmfodef;? ociftkef;jrifh? ocifcifarmif ponfwdkUuvnf; ae&m
toD;oD;wGif tpm;xdk;vkdufMuavonf/
0dkiftrfbDat ocifwifonf wkdUArmoDcsif;udk oDukH;pyfqdkum wkdUArmrsm;\ Edk;Mum;
vmaom ]wdkUArm} todESifh ]ocif} pdwf"mwfudk xif[yfazmfjycJUavonf/ 1300 jynfhESpf
uRefawmfwkdU ta&;awmfykH\ ypönf;rJU vlxktod? "e&Sife,fcsJU qefUusifa&;tjrifESifh
ckcHwGef;vSefa&; pdwf"mwfudkum; '*kHq&mwif odkUr[kwf '*kHocifwifonf ]eifvm;[JU
"e&Sif} oDcsif;jzifh xif[yfazmfjyvdkufayonf/
trsKd;? wkdUArmuGJU? udk;&mrJUawGtoG,foG,f? aiG*kPf&Sif"eajcz0g;?
wkdUrsm;udkuG,f.....? eif;xm;Muawmhw,f? (jynfydkifrif;Oya'awGeJUnSOf;?
"e&Sifudkawmhyif;? t&if;cHtaMumif;&,f? twGif;OmPfraumif;w,f)2/
ukefa&mif;vmMu? avmbaZmawGjc,fvS,f? tqDawGpm;um tom;awG
rsKdvdkUuG,f? tusefawG t&dk;awGa0w,f? rao&kH [yf&avaygh wu,f/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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(rnSmay Mumavzdw,f)/ ('gaMumifh oydwfawGudk vufudkif&SdMu
w,f)
(ig;Muif;qD ig;Muif;aMumfonfhES,f/ wdkUajrBuD;0,f? wkdUudkpD;um;
&if;ESD;olwkdU&,f)? eifvm;[JU? eifvm;[JU? a,musmf;bom;
ukyfaoG;pkyfwm wkdUrcHw,f? urÇm&ef eifhOmPfodayghuG,f)
(rnSmay Mumavzdavw,f? 'gaMumifh oydwfawGudk vufudkif
&SdMuw,f)
(a,musmf;bom;? eifvm;[JU "e&Sif&,f? tm;pGr;fjrifapr,f/
vlrsm;pkae&mrSm pGmus,fus,f? e,fcsJUolawG csKd;ESdrfavrSuG,f)2/
jrefrmjynf0,f? BuHwmvDq,f/ ]]wdkU&JU}} jrefrmjynf0,f?
xifwdkif;jc,fvS,f? zdESdyfavawmhw,f? vkdtifqE´<u,f/
(rnSmay Mumavzdw,f? 'gaMumifh oydwfawGudk vufudkif&SdMu w,f/)
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUESifh vufyg;ap nGefUaygif;tpdk;&wkdUu zdESdyfMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdU tvkyform; awmifolv,form; ausmif;om;ESifh NrdKUae vkyfpm;udkifpm;
vltrsm;u ckcHwkdufckdufMuonf/ oydwfawGarSmufMuonf/ qE´jyMuonf/
olwkdUu bGwfzdeyfBuD;awG rcRwfbJ a&Twd*kHukef;awmfay:wufí wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;
tvkyftrIaqmif vlBuD;rsm;udk zrf;onf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; acgif;aqmifrsm;zrf;aom
tjypfomru bk&m;ay: bGwfzdeyfpD;wufum bmomudkapmfum;aom tjypfvnf;
usL;vGef jyefavonf/
wpfjynfvkH;&Sd Armtaygif;uvnf; Nrdwfuae jrpfBuD;em;txd/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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]]wdkUArmacgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;NyD; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;udk rw&m;oif;aMunmzdkU vkyfBuH
aeNyD/ azmfxkwfuefUuGufMu}} [k vnf;aumif;?
]]bmomudk apmfum;aeMujyefNyD? ikHUcHraeMuESifh}} [k vnf;aumif; wyfvSefUvIHUaqmfum
uefUuGuf pnf;&kH;Muavonf/
twGif;0efBuD;rsm;&kH; ausmif;om;rsm;0dkif;pOf ykvdyf&dkufwkef;uwpfcsD? ,ckwcsD? jynfvkH;
uRwf uefUuGufqE´NyyGJrsm; ay:vmcJUjyefavonf/
,ckwpfBudrf nGefUaygif;tpdk;&ESifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwkdUu ydkítMurf;zufum ESdyfuGyfvm
onf/ rsuf&nf,dkAkH;? ykvdyfeHygwfwkwf ponfwkdUudkomru aoewfESifh vSHpGyfudkyg
wGifwGifBuD; okH;vmavonf/
odkUaomf vlxkurl tMurf;rzuf? tMurf;zuf&ef olwkdUvdk vufeufcJ,rf;r&Sd/ tEkenf;
&SdorQudkom a&vJESifhokH;NyD; ckcHwGef;vSef&avonf/ vlxktEkenf;um; xkxnf ydkBuD;vm
onf/ ydkípGefUpm;vmonf/ &kH;0dkif;? *gwf0dkif;? axmif0dkif;/
oefvsifwGif ukvm; Arm tvkyform; 600 ausmfu qE´jycsDwuf&m ykvdyfu &kdufNyD;
vlpkcJGonf/ &efukef? ykZGefawmifXmeudk t&yfolt&yfom;wkdU 0dkif;&m ykvdyfrsm;u
rsuf&nf,dkAkH; azgufcJG&kHru wkwfESifhvnf; 0if&dkufum vlpkcGJonf/
tmvHwGif ocifacgif;aqmifESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk zrf;oGm;&m vlxku *gwfudk0dkif;NyD;
vTwf&ef awmif;qdkonf/ ykvdyfu jrif;ESifh0ifwkduf? eHygwfwkwfESifh &dkufcJG? aemuf
aoewfESifhypf&m vl 50 'Pf&m&í? udkbzdk;qkdolrSm BuD;rm;aom aoewf'Pf&mjzifh
aoqkH;oGm;&avonf/ 0dkif;Muaom vlxkxJwGif pwD;qDpufrS rdef;rtvkyform;rsm; yg&m
jrif;cGmESifh teif;cH&ojzifh arhajrmaeMuavonf/ vlpkcJGNyD;aemuf tzrf;cH&aom pwD;
tvkyform; ig;a,muftm; e,fydkifOD;azonf yk'fr 143 t& ppfaq;NyD; axmif 3 v
csvdkuf\/ trIppfNyD; o&ufaxmifodkU ydkUonftxd aygif;ESpfem&Dom Mumav&m 2 ESpf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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Mumatmif ppfavh&Sdaom tjcm;trIrsm;ESifh uGmvSay\/ e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftm; wdkuf&dkuf
xdaom tjypfayudk;/ w&m;rif;wkdU vufoGufayrSmaygh/
jrif;NcHwGif ocifrrsm;u vlxk 5000 \ a&SUrSaeí *gwfudk0dkif;vsuf a&eHacsmif;wGif
tcGefxrf;orm; 2000ausmfu e,fydkif0efaxmuftdrfudk 0dkif;avonf/ armfvNrdKifwGif
ocifoef;ESifh ocifAapmwkdUtm; zrf;oGm;&m acsmif;qkH? rk'kH? a&;ESifh armfvNrdKifrS vlxk
wyfBuD;av;wyf csDwufNyD; axmifudk 0dkif;Muavonf/
ppfom;ESifh ppfykvdyfwkdUum; ppfumv &efolEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHodkU a&mufaebdouJUodkU jyKrl
Mu\/ ppfom;rsm;vdkufygaom rD;owfpufudk cJESifhaygufygonf qdkNyD; ykZGefawmifaps;
teD;&Sd ykZGefawmif pwkd;qkdifwGif;odkU ppfom;rsm;0ifNyD; qdkif&Sifudk vSHpGyfESifhxkd;avonf/
odrfBuD;aps;wGif ykvdyfu vlwpfa,muftm; zrf;&m vlxk0dkif;wm;Muonf/ ppfwyfu
vSHpGyfjzifh vdkufxdk;avonf/ nqdkvQif &efukefNrdKUay:ü ppfwyfrsm; vkH;0rif;rlaeMu\/
&dyfceJjrifvQif vSrf;ypfwwfavonf/
olwdkUbufu þrQtMurf;zufaepOf uRefawmfwkdUbufu vufeufudkifpJGrIrygaom vlxk
wkdufyGJrsm;jzifhom wkHUjyef&avonf/ vufeufudkifpGJaom vlxkwkdufyGJqifEGJ&ef tajcr&Sd[k
,lqxm;Muayonf/ xkdUaMumifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ aMunmcsufrsm;wGifaomf
vnf;aumif;? wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;\ rdefUcGef;rsm;üvnf;aumif;?
tMurf;rzufESifh [laom pum;udk tNrJvdkvkd xnfhoGif;azmfjyaeMuay\/ odkUESifhvnf;
tMurf;zufjcif;udk rSefrSefBuD; usL;vGefaeaom e,fcsJUorm;ESifh nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf
tMurf;zuf&ef BuHpnfygonf [k vnf;aumif;? vIHUaqmfygonf [k vnf;aumif; olcdk;u
vlyg [pfaeavonf/
tMurf;zufNyD; tpdk;&tm; jyefvSefU&ef tMurf;udkif ajcmufvSefUa&;orm;wpfpk &SdaeNyD
[kum; odEdkifay\/ &efukefNrdKUv,faumifwGif a'gufwmbarmf\ armfawmfum;udk ayxkyf
ESifh xkcJUonf/ e,l;tdufq,fvfpD,m; &kyf&Sif&kHa&SUESifh ykvdyf&kH;BuD;wGif AkH;azmufcJGcJUav
onf/ xkdolwkdUum; rnfolrsm;jzpfMuonf[k uRefawmfwkdUrodcJU/ odvQifvnf; olwkdU
vkyfief; rSm;aMumif;? olwkdUvkyfief;aMumifh e,fcsJUESifh nGefUaygif;tm; bmrQt&mrxifapbJ
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 337 -
olckd;vuf "m;&dk;urf;ovkdom jzpfaeaMumif; ajymqkdí tMurf;udkif ajcmufvSefUa&;0g'udk
wkdufzsufMurnf jzpfavonf/
vufeufrudkif? tMurf;rzufaom vlxkwdkufyGJrsm;um; qufvufay:aygufaeay\/
ta&;awmfykHwdkufyGJrsm;wGif ryg0ifao;? <uif;usefaeao;aom vlxktpdwftydkif;rsm;onf
yGJ0ifvmavonf/
&efukefwGif 0rf;qGJq&mrrsm;u tpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk uefUuGufMu
avonf/
&efukefNrdKUvkH;uRwf trsKd;orD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk a':oufpku OuúX? rcifjr
(cifrsKd;cspf)u twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfjzifh ac:qdkusif;yNyD; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIuefUuGufjcif;? Armh
vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkjcif; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfavonf/
tpdk;&u ppfwyfESifh ykvdyfrsm;okH;pJG&ef bwfpfum;rsm; iSm;aomtcg Armydkif bwfpfum;
rsm;u rvkdufbJaeMu&m tpdk;&u bwfpfum;rsm;udk tpdk;&u tvdk&SdvQif riSm;bJrae&
[laom ta&;ay:Oya'wpf&yf xkwfavonf/ xkdtcg bwfpfum;ydkif&Sifrsm; yg0ifvmum
bwfpfum;oydwf arSmufMuav\/ bwfpfum;oydwfwm;&if; ajy;aeaombwfpfum;a&SU
rdrdudk,fudk,f ypfvSJolrsm;yif ay:vmcJUay\/
rkH&Gmc&dkif ulawmf&Gmü &Gmaygif; 36&GmrS awmifolv,form; 1500 ausmfwdkU pnf;a0;NyD;
tcGefawmf avQmhaygha&;? a&TUqdkif;a&;ESifh avQmfypfa&;rsm;udk awmif;qkdMuonf/ rkH&GmodkU
tiftm;jy csDwuf&efvnf; qkH;jzwfMu\/
jrif;NcHc&dkif? ausmufyef;awmif;NrdKUe,f? pwdrf;&GmrSm vl 200 ausmf pnf;a0;NyD; tcGefawmf
avQmhaygha&;? a&TUqdkif;a&;ESifh avQmfypfa&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkMuonf/ 4if;jyif ]]a<u;NrDESifh
"e&SifwkdU\ ab;rSvGwf&ef trawmfaMu;aiG wpfOD;vQif 100 usyf xufrenf; 3 ESpfqdkif;
jzifh acs;&ef}} awmif;qdkMuonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;ü rMumrDu axmifrSvGwfvmaom
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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&mZ0wfrItusOf;orm; udkxGef;OD; qdkolu ]],ck udkatmifausmfaojcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;
tzrf;cHjcif;? ocifrsm; epfemcHjcif;rsm;onf qif;&Jom ;tusKd;twGufom jzpfaMumif;}}
a[majymavonf/
MunfhygOD;/ &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefonfqkdNyD; olUtm; axmifcsxm;cJUonf/ axmifxJrSm
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtaMumif; Mum;cJU&onf/ EdkifiHa&;w&m; emcJU&onf/ axmifu
vGwfí &Gmjyefaomtcg awmifolv,form;wkdU\ wkdufyGJrsm;udk pnf;&kH;avNyD/
ta&;awmfykH vIyf&Sm;rIum; qDvkdtayguf&Smí awmBudKawmifMum; aus;&Gmrsm;odkUyif
a&mufcJUavNyD/
þodkUaom tajctaewGif 'kwd,tBudrf jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;vTwfawmfudk
ac:cJUavonf/
NrdKUrausmif;om;vTwfawmf usif;y&mXmejzpfay\/
&efukefwuúodkvfESifh &efukefNrdKU t*FvdyfjrefrmESifh jrefrmpmoif ausmif;aygif;pkHrS udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;tjyif NrdKUe,faygif; 124 e,frS ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufMuav
onf/
wufa&mufMuaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f tm;vkH;onf oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;? qE´jy
csDwufyGJrsm;? *gwf? axmif0dkif;í tusyfudkif ta&;qkdyGJrsm;rS wufvmcJUMuolwkdU jzpf&m
ta&;awmfykHaoG;jzihf wuf<uaeMuonf/ wkdufyGJt&yf&yf? tawGUtBuKH trsKd;rsK;drS
oifcef;pm,l&ef pdwftm;xufoefaeMuonf/ b,fawmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif pl;pdkufí wdkufyGJ
qif&rnfudk qef;ppfa&G;cs,fMurnf/ a&SUvkyfief;pOfudk jywfjywfom;om; csrSwfvdkufMu
onf/
tpnf;ta0;udk q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;u zGifh\/ q&mBuD;\ rdefU>rufpum;rSm
&dkufESufzdESdyfjcif; trsKd;rsKd;udk cHae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oludk,fwdkifcHpm;&ovdk
emMunf;aom t"dyÜm,f ]]e,fcsJUt*FvdyfESifh &SL;wkdufwdkif; udkufwJU acG;rom; nGefUaygif;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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tpdk;& aumif}} awG tay: a'golykefjzpfaom t"dyÜm,f? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tEdkifrcH
t&IH;ray;bJ qufvufwdkufcdkufap&ef tm;ay;onfht"dyÜm,fudk aqmifavonf/ odkUaomf
uRefawmfonf q&mBuD; xdkrdefUcGef;udk ajymaepOfwpfavQmufvkH; q&mBuD;\ rsufESmonf
wnfNidrfaeonf/ q&mBuD;\ toHonf at;csKdaeonfudk txl;owdjyKvkdufrday\/
udkvSa&Tonf tmrcHjzifh axmifrSvGwfvmaomfvnf; tpnf;ta0;wGif OuúXtjzpfjzifh
raqmif&Guf/ rlvtpDtpOftwkdif; udkodef;atmifu OuúXtjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;?
udkat;ausmfu twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufavonf/
tpnf;ta0; pvQifpcsif; udkat;ausmfu &efukefaxmifwGif;rS xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;?
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? udkEk(ocifEk)? udkode;faz (wufbkef;BuD; ocifodef;az) polwkdU a&;om;
ay;ydkUaompmudk zwfjyavonf/
wef;vsm; eHygwf(7)
&efukefaxmifBuD;
30. 1. 39
&JabmfwkdU-
ausmif;om;? tvkyform;ESifh awmifolv,form;wkdU aoG;pnf;Muavmh
[laom a<u;aMumfoHjzifh igwdkUonf ta&;awmfykHBuD; twGif;odkU 0ifcJU
Mu\/ xdka<u;aMumfoHudk vdkufemNyD; vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh oif&JabmfwkdU
onf t&dkufcH&NyD/ axmifwef; tcscH&NyD/ nSOf;yef;jcif;trsKd;rsKd; cH&NyD/
odkUaomf &JabmfwkdUonf xdka<u;aMumfoHudk [pfa<u;í aemufrwGefUbJ
csDwufvQif igwdkU\ ta&;awmfykH atmifjrifonfudk awGUvdkuf&rnf
jzpfownf;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 340 -
axmifwGif;&Jabmfrsm;
qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf-1 rSm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;ESifh qdkifonf/ zrf;xm;aom EdkifiHa&; tusOf;
orm;rsm;udk vTwfypf&ef? ta&;awmfykHvkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí w&m;pGJxm;onfrsm;udk
&kyfodrf;&efESifh jynfolUvGwfvyfrIrsm;udk csKyfcs,faomOya'rsm;udk &kyfodrf;&efwkdU jzpfav
onf/
qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf-2 rSm ausmif;om;wkdUtm; ausmif;jyefwufaomtcg ta&;awmfykHwGif
yg0ifcJUjcif;twGuf tjypf,ljcif; rjyK&efESifh pmar;yGJrsm;udk ausmif;jyefwufNyD; 3vMumrS
usif;y&ef jzpfavonf/
þqkH;jzwfcsufudk MunfhvQif ausmif;om;rsm;onf xm0pOf oydwfarSmufxm;&ef r&G,f/
oifhavsmfaomtcsdefwGif ausmif;jyefwufNyD; pmayavhvmMurnf qdkonfudk jyayonf/
aemuf tqkdwpf&yfrSm twGif;0efBuD;rsm;&kH; ywf0ef;usifwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ykvdyfu
&dkufESufvlpkcGJjcif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; pkHprf;&ef ausmif;om;or*¾u oabmwlaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;
ygonfh ckHorm"dtzGJU cefUay;&ef awmif;qdkavonf/
aemufqkH; qkH;jzwfcsufrSm 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&;(0g) 1935ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH tkyfcsKyfa&;
Oya't& wnfaxmif pcef;oGm;aeaom t*FvdyfnGefUaygif;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wkdufzsuf&ef
tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfavonf/
(1) nGefUaygif;tpdk;& (0g) a'gufwmbarmf acgif;aqmifaom 0efBuD;tzGJU EkwfxGuf&rnf/
4if;ae&mwGif b,ftrwfurQ wufNyD; tpdk;&tzGJUrzJGU&/
(2) trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;xGef;um;NyD; NAdwdoQpD;yGm;a&; NydKysufapjcif;iSm trsKd;om;qkdifrsm;udk
tma;y;&ef wdkif;&if;jzpf ukefypönf;rsm;udkom okH;pJGMu&rnf/
(3) rokH;rjzpfonfh ukefrsm;rSvGJí t*Fvefjzpf ukefypönf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&rnf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 341 -
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tvkyftrIaqmiftzJGUu oydwfarSmuf&efjzpfaom
NAdwdoQukefypönf;rsm; pm&if;udk jyKvkyf&ef jzpfayonf/
þonfum; 91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wdkufzsuf&ef EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vufeufrsm;
jzpfay\/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfodkU wufa&mufvmMuaom tjcm;ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
tzdkUawmh uRefawmfrajymEdkif/ uRefawmfhtzkdUawmh 91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdaom ArmjynfwGif
t*FvdyfwdkU rif;rlBuD;pdk;aeaom tkyfcsKyfa&; taqmufttkHudk wkdkufzsuf&ef csrSwfvdkuf
aom EdkifiHa&;a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif ,kHMunfrIrjyif;xefvSyg/ a'gufwmbarmf
wkdUu &mxl;rSxGufay;rnf[k rarQmfvihfEdkif/ olwdkUu xGufay;OD;awmh? tjcm;trwfrsm;u
olUae&mwufNyD; &mxl;r,lygbl;[k tmrrcHEdkif/ NAdwdoQukefrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&mrSm
vnf; odyfxda&mufrnfrxifay/ NAdwdoQvkyf txnftvdyf? pD;u&uf? qyfjym ponf
avmufudk oydwfarSmuf&kHjzifh Armjynfudk NAdwdoQ pD;yGm;a&;vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrI raysmufysuf
Edkif/ ysufEdkifyghrvm;? NAdwdoQ\ pD;yGm;a&; vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrIrSm þukefypönf;rsm;rSm
r[kwf/ qefpyg;? uRef;opf? a&eH? ow¬K? rD;oabFm? rD;&xm;? bPfwdkuf ponfwkdUrSm
jzpfonf/
þodkUaom tkyfcsKyfa&; wkdufzsuf&ef EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vufeufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí
ausmif;om;vTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;wGifum; tjiif;ryGm;Mu/ tjcm; tpnf;ta0;rsm;
rSmvnf; tjiif;ryGm;Mu/ tjiif;yGm;ívnf; rjzpfEdkif/ vufeufudkif qifETJEdkifaom vlxk
wdkufyGJtqifhodkU roGm;EdkiforQawmh þvdkvkyfief;awGom vkyfp&m&Sdawmhonf r[kwfyg
avm/
tpnf;ta0;jyifyrSmum; tawmftjiif;yGm;avonf/ uRefawmfwkdU tcsif;csif;omru
ocifEkESifhwuGaom wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;acgif;aqmif ociftcsKdUu wpfzuf? udkodef;az?
ocifvSaz polwdkUuwpfzuf tjyif;txef jiif;ckHMuavonf/ ocifEkESifh ocifacgif;
aqmiftcsKdUum; tdE´d,uGef*&ufESifh *E´D0g'udk erlemxm;MuaMumif;? uvuwÅm;jyefrsm;
jzpfaom udkodef;azESifh ocifvSazwkdkUu tdE´d,jynf uGefjrLepfygwD\ 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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erlem a&SUaqmifvrf;jyxm;aMumif; xdkjiif;ckHyGJrsm;rS uRefawmfwkdU Mum;od&dyfrd&avonf/
wpfcgu wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*¾wkdufrSm tcef;ydwftpnf;ta0; wpfck&Sd&m
ausmif;om;rsm;tjyif ocifEk? ocifvSazESifh udkodef;azwdkU wufa&mufMuavonf/
91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; ysufatmif b,fenf;eJU wdkufrvJqdkaom jyóemay:vm&if; tjiif;yGm;
Mu&m ocifEku NAdwdoQukefypönf; oydwfarSmufa&;? trwfrsm; &mxll;r,la&;rsm;udk
axmufcHajymqkdí udkodef;azu xdkvufeufrsm;onf rxda&mufaMumif; ajymqdkav&m
ocifEku ]]'gjzifh rif;wdkUu bmvkyfrvJ}} [k aigufqwfqwfjzifh udkodef;aztm; ar;vkduf
avonf/ udkodef;azu ]]uRefawmfwkdU ArmjynfrSm ckbmvkyfMurvJ qkdwmuawmh tck
aqG;aEG;aeMuwmyJ? tdE´d,uGefjrLepfygwDuawmh}} [k tpcsDNyD; 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
tdE´,tm; NydKifwlay;vkdufaom tdE´d,tkyfcsKyfa&; (1935) Oya'udk wdkufzsuf&ef csrSwf
xm;aom tdE´d,uGefjrLepfygwD\ 0g'vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajymaeavonf/
olU&Sif;vif;csufrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;wGif trwftrsm;pk&xm;aom tdE´d, trsKd;om;
uGef*&ufonf jynfe,ftpdk;rsm;zGJUNyD; v,form;? tvkyform; wdkUtm; avmavmq,f
oufomacsmifcsda&;? tcGeftwkwfrsm; avQmhaygha&; oD;pm;c avQmhaygha&;rsm; vkyfay;&
rnf/ tvkyform;? v,form;wkdU\ ajrydkifqefUusifa&;? t*Fvdyf"e&Sif qefUusifa&;
wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh tvkyform;? v,form; pnf;&kH;a&;rsm; vG,fulap&ef jynfolU tcGifht
a&;rsm; ay;&rnf ponfrsm;ygav&m ocifEkonf twefMumai;NyD; em;axmifae&mu
udkodef;aztm; rsufcGufaphaphMunfhNyD;-
]]a[h a[h uGef*&ufu jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJUawG zJGU&r,f [kwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,f zGJU&r,f}}
]]'gjzifh &mxl;vufcHcdkdif;wmayghav? jzpf&avuGm avmurSm uGefjrLepfawGu tkyfcsKyfa&;
oydwfarSmuf&mrSm a&SUqkH;u yg&r,fhtpm; jynfe,ftpdk;&awG tzJGUckdkif;aew,f? &mxl;
vufcHbdkU wdkufwGef;aew,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 343 -
udkodef;azu tdE´d,uGefjrLepfawGu &mxl;vufcHcdkif;onfrSm nGefUaygif;tpdk;& &mxl;
vufcHenf;rsKd; r[kwfaMumif;? vlxkwkdufyGJawG BuD;xGm;apatmif vkyf&efomjzpfaMumif;
&Sif;aeao;\/ ocifEku MumMumem;raxmifbJ-
]]awmfuGm awmf? 'Dykqkd;0wf 'Dacs;ygrSmyJ? igtxifBuD;wJU rif;uGefjrLepfawGu &mxl;
vufcHcGifhjyKwm igtHUMow,f}}
ocifEkonf tawmfyif a'gazmif;ae[ef&Sdonf/ ukvm;xdkifudk pm;yJGausmay;NyD; jyef
cif;vsuf tpnf;ta0;tm; ausmay;xdkifum-
]]a[h wdkUuawmh &mxl;oydwfarSmufa&;yJuG? NAdwdoQukef oydwfarSmufa&;? wdkif;&if;jzpf
ukef tm;ay;a&;yJuG? aemufxyf &IyfraeeJU awmfNyD}}
ocifEkonf aemufxyf pum;rajymawmhacs/ olrsm;ajymwm em;axmifraxmifawmh rod/
udkodef;azurl at;at;yif? olajymvdk&m qufajymaeavonf/ xdkaeUnu aqG;aEG;yGJ
omjzpf\/ wpfpkHwpf&m,wdjywf rqkH;jzwfay/ udkodef;az ajymNyD;aomtcg tjcm;vlrsm;
ajymMuonf/ ocifEkum; tpnf;ta0;NyD;onfhtxd bmrQrajymbJ ausmay;íom xkdif
onf/ tpnf;ta0; NyD;aomtcgürlum; ikHUpma&;aeaom udkodef;az\ yckH;udkykwfvsuf-
]]vma[h jyefMupdkU igtdyfcsifNyD}} [k ac:avonf/ udkodef;azuvnf; uysmu,mxí
olUaemufu vdkufoGm;onf/ ocifvSazu olwdkUESpfa,muftm; tayguf0rS BudKNyD;
vdkufoGm;onf/ olwdkUokH;OD;onf twlwlaeMuolawG jzpfavonf/ þtjzpftysufum;
olwdkU axmifrusrDuav;rS jzpf\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 344 -
32
axmifuszdkU tvSnfhay;yg
udkvSa&Tu axmifuvGwfvmNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmfESifh pum;aumif;pGm rajym&
ao;acs/ axmifxJu tajctaersm;ESifh axmifxJrSaeí ocifEk? ocifpHxGef;vS?
udkodef;azESifh udkvSa&TwdkU wdkifyifNyD; a'gufwmbarmftm; axmifodkUac:um aphpyf
aqG;aEG;MuykHrsm;udk udkvSa&TxHrS Mum;vdkonf/ uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm r&Sif;vif;onfrsm;udk
ar;jref;vdkonf/ okdUaomf ausmif;om;vTwfawmf usif;yaeonfhtwGif; olvnf;rtm;
uRefawmfvnf;rtm; jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfNyD;onfh aemufwpfaeUnaewGif NrdKUrrSaeí paumhaps; e*g;eDodkU
vrf;avQmufoGm;Muonf/
udkvSa&Tu uRefawmfhtm; axmifxJrSm olwdkUwpfawG aeMuxdkifMuykH? tpm;taomuf
pDrHcsufjyKwfMuykH? pmzwfMuykH? axmiftmPmydkifawGESifh wdkufyJGqifMuykHrsm;udk ajymjy
avonf/
]]axmifxJ udk,fwdkUaewJUwef;vsm;rSm 'efUovGefyifawG&Sdw,f/ &JabmfawGu 'efUovGef
&Guf[if;csKd aomufcsifw,fqdkawmh udk,fu csufwmudk;/ udk,fwdkU zsmykHom;awGu
iHjym&nf aumif;aumif;? ykpGefajcmuf aumif;aumif; okH;aeusqkdawmh iHjym&nfaumif;eJU
ykpGefajcmufaumif; r&EdkifwJU axmifxJrSm cufwmaygh/ 'Dawmh [if;csKdatmif b,fvdk
vkyfvJ odovm;}}
]]qdkprf;ygOD;Asm}}
udkvSa&Tu tm;&yg;&&,f&if;-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 345 -
]]oMum;xnfhcsufwmaygh armif&if&JU [m; [m;}}
]]pmzwfMuykHuaum}}
]]axmifxJudk rmhufpf0g' pmtkyfawG oGif;vmw,f/ zdk;odef;az oGif;wmyJ/ axmifrSL;awGudk
b,fvdkNzD;w,fawmh rodbl;/ oleJUudk,feJU wpfa,mufwpfvSnfh zwfjy&Sif;jy vkyfwm
vnf; &Sdw,f? aemuf zdk;atmifqef;wdkU ocifoef;xGef;wkdU a&mufvmMuawmh 0dkif;NyD;
aqG;aEG; avhvmMuwmawGvnf; &Sdw,f}}
]]ocifEkaum}}
]]oluawmh ykwD;pdyfvdkU odyfZdrfawGUaewmaygh? [J [J pmvnf;zwfygw,f}}
]]udkvSa&T 'Dwpfcgawmh uRefawmfhudk wpfvSnfhay;ygOD;}}
þodkU awmif;yefvdkufaom uRefawmfhtoHrSm rlrSef[efrwl/ aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aom cHpm;rI
onf toHrSm *,uf&dkufae[ef wlonf/ NyKH;NzJNzJvkyfaeaom udkvSa&Tonf rsufESm
wnfoGm;NyD;-
]]armif&ifhudk bmwpfvSnfhay;&rSmvJ}}
]]uRefawmf axmifwpfcguscsifw,f? ckawmh uRefawmfhrSm axmifuszl;wJU*kPfvnf; r&Sdbl;?
axmifuszl;wJU tawGUtBuKH A[kokwvnf; r&bl;}}
]][m; [m;}} udkvSa&Tu xkH;pHtwkdif; tm;&yg;& &,fypfvdkufonf/ NyD;awmh rsufESmydk;
owfvdkufNyD;-
]]usKyfu armif&ifhudk axmifcsEdkif&atmif qmay:xGef;rS r[kwfbJ? axmifqdkwm csol&SdrS
uswm armif&if}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 346 -
]][kwfygw,f? cifAsm;wkdUu axmifrcsEkdifygbl;? odkUayr,fh axmifusEdkifapr,fh wm0efudk
ay;Edkifw,f/ tckawmh ta&;awmfykHpuwnf;u uRefawmfhudk axmifusEkdifapr,fh wm0ef
wrif ray;bJxm;w,f? 'gaMumifh wpfvSnfh uRefawmfhay;ygOD; udkvSa&T&,f}}
]]tm;vkH;axmifusukef&if cufrSmaygh? rif;wdkUvdk axmifrusbJeJU aemufuvkyfaewJU
vkyfom;&JabmfawG&SdvdkU wdkUta&;awmfykHBuD; aqmf'ga&ykvif;rjzpfwmaygh udk,fhvl&JU}}
]]EdkU 'DaeUyJ axmifwGif; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; tvkyftrIaqmiftzJGUu aMunmcsuf wpfck
xkwfw,fr[kwfvm;/ od*FkwÅ&ukef;wGif wyfpJGvsuf&SdMuaom oydwfwyfom; 7000 ausmf
&efukefaxmiftwGif;odkU tm;vkH; 0ifMuonfhtcgudk igwdkU apmifhpm;arQmfvifhaeMu\/
wpfjynfvkH;&Sd axmifBuD; 8 axmif? axmifuav; 24 axmif? aygif; 32 axmifudk jynfhvQH
tufuJGxGufoGm;atmif igwdkUwpfawG tpkvdkuftNyKHvdkuf xkBuD;xnfBuD;ESifh 0ifMu&
rnfwJU/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfvnf; axmifxJ0ifzkdU wpfvSnfhcGifhawmif;wm bmrSm;ovJ
udkvSa&T}}
]]'Dvdk 'Dvdk? ckaMunmcsufu vltrsm;twGuf &Jaq;xdk;ay;wm/ vlawG[m t&ifuqdk&if
axmifusrSm aMumufaew,fr[kwfvm;? tckawmh wdkif;jynftwGufqdk&if axmifudk
&,fwmayghtaysmhxifw,f qdkwm jyvdkufwmyJ/ axmifBuD;eJU ajcmufvSefUaewJU t*FvdyfeJU
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&udk raMumufbl;uGvdkU ajymvdkufwmyJ/ tjyifrSm tvkyfvkyfr,fhvl r&Sd&if
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]]cifAsm;xGufvmykH ajymprf;ygOD;}}
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aiG 200d wef tmrcHay;&if vGwfEdkifwmyJ/ 'DtcGifhta&;udk ,lwmaygh/ 'grS tjyifrSm
vkyfp&m&SdwmawG vkyf&rSmudk;/ udkodef;azawmif eufjzefoefbuf tmrcHeJU xGufvmyg
vdrfhr,f? olUudk tmrcHzdkU ajcvsifudktkH;cifeJU jrefrmhaeUpOfukdxGef;pdefwdkUudk ajymxm;w,f/
udkBuD;Ek udkvnf; tmrcHeJUxkwfMurSmyJ? 'Dhjyif wdkUArmacgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; tmrcHeJU
xkwfMurSmyJ}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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axmifht&omudk cHpm;&zdkU uRefawmfhrSm tvm;tvmr&SdawmhNyD/
]]axmifxJwkef;u cifAsm;wkdUwpfawG a'gufwmbarmfeJU ac:aphpyfMuw,fqdkwm bmvdkU
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]]awmif;qdkcsuf&zdkU aphpyfwmaygh/ udk,fwkdUaphpyfwmudk *VKefarmifapmwdkU twdkuftcH
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rvdkufavsmapcsifbl;? 'grS barmfjyKwfusr,fvdkU wGufwmudk;/ wdkUu wkdUawmif;qdkcsuf
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]]rvmygbl;? olu axmifydkif&kH;cef;xJrSm aew,f? NyD;awmh udk,fwdkUudk ac:awGUw,f}}
]]olu bmawGajymovJAs}}
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ydkifwJUtaMumif;? zrf;qD;xm;wJU EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk bk&ifcHoabmrwlbJ rvTwfEdkif?
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIOya'awG olr&kyfodrf;Edkifbl;qdkwJUtaMumif;awG oluajymw,f/ t*Fvdyfudk
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'Dawmh xGufvdkuf&if a&SUavQmufNyD; EdkifiHa&; £ajEé&&vkyfoGm;Edkifw,f/ cifAsm;u &mxl;
pGefUvTwfEdkifw,fqdkwJU owÅd&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkU[m wdkif;jynfbufuvlawGygvdkU wpmpm
atmfaewJU twkduftcH*dkPf;u trwfrsm;[mvnf; &mxl;,lEdkifzkdU odyfcJ,Of;oGm;rSmyJ/
'DaemuftJ'Dvkd toHukef[pfaeMuwJUtrwfrsm; &mxl;r,lEdkifatmifvnf; usKyfwdkUqufNyD;
BudK;pm;r,fvkdU udk,fwkdUuajymMuw,f/ 'gayrJU a'gufwmbarmfu olxGuf&if twkduf
tcHtrwfawG wuf,lrSmyJvdkUom ajymaew,f/ NyD;awmh olu t*FvdyfawGudkcszdkU tcsdef
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 348 -
rusao;bl;wJU? ppfjzpfvmawmhr,fwJU/ tJ'Dh ppftwGif;usawmh csufaumif;&rSmygwJU?
acgif;at;at;xm;NyD; tcGifhaumif;udk apmifhMuprf;ygwJU/ 'DvdkeJUyJ udk,fwdkUaphpyfa&;[m
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]]bmrS awmif;qdkcsufawG r&bl;ayghaemf}}
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b,folvufudkifwkwfrS r[kwfbl; qdkwmawmh jyvdkuf&wmaygh}}
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qdkifodkU 0ifMuav\/ udkxGef;tkefonf qkdif0rS&yfvsuf qD;BudKvsuf&Sd\/ olUrsufESmrSm
tNyKH;tjynfhESifh/
udkxGef;tkefudk uRefawmfonf udkxGef;tkefrSef;odaomfvnf; roduRrf;zl;? pum;rajymzl;acs/
udkxGef;tkefu udkvSa&Ttm;-
]]b,fhES,fvJ axmifxJrSm awmfawmfaysmf&JUvm;}}
udkvSa&Tuvnf; tNyKH;tjynfhrsufESmjzifh-
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w,fAs}}
udkxGef;tkefonf rsufESmtwnfxm;vsuf uRefawmfhtm; tuJcwfovdk MunfhvdkufNyD;-
]]'D&Jabmfudk jrifawmhaewmyJ? emrnfu b,fvdkwJUvJAs}}
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 349 -
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a&mufzkdUa0;a&m? cifAsm;wkdUqDawmif w,fNyD; ra&mufEdkifbl;/ pdwfxJrSm r&dk;r&GBuD; jzpfae
w,f/ rcsifhr&J rausreyf jzpfaew,f}}
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]]uaeU eufjzef vGwfvmMuygvdrfhr,f/ 'DvdkayghAsm axmifqkdwm 0ifvdkufxGufvdkufaygh
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- 350 -
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uRefawmfwdkUonf e*g;eDbufodkU vmcJUMuavonf/
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- 351 -
33
tif;vsm;uRef;qG,frS {nfhcHyG J
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taMumif;? Armpma&;q&mESifh owif;pmq&mrsm;onf BudKqdk{nfhcH&ef {nfhcHaumfrwDzJGU&ef
vdkaMumif;? wdk;wufa&;owif;pm t,f'DwmwpfOD;jzpfaom udkodrf;u pwifaqmfMocJU
avonf/
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aeavonf/ azazmf0g&Dv 2&ufaeU nae 4em&DwGif wuúodkvfbkwfuvyfü rpöwm
0Jvfpftm; *kPfjyK{nfhcHyGJwpf&yf usif;yavonf/ uruxjyKolrsm;rSm wuúodkvf pma&;
q&mrsm;tzJGUESifh vli,fowif;pmq&mrsm; tzGJUwkdUjzpfavonf/
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Mu\/ olUtaMumif; bmrQrodbl; xm;OD;awmh/ olU BuD;aomemrnfaMumifhyif olUtm;
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vnf;us\/ aemufESpf&maygif;rsm;pGmtMum vmvwÅHUaomumvü avmu"mwfynm
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OmPfudk vGifhysHapavonf/ vGifhysH&aom pdwful;OmPfwGif t&omawGUvSay\/
rsufuef;awGavmuodkU rsufjrifwpfa,muf a&mufoGm;ykHudk BuHBuHzefzef pdwful;í
,pfrl;cJU&ay\/ pma&;q&mwdkUwGif pdwful;jzifh,pfrl;atmif vkyfEdkifjcif;onfyif wpfenf;
ajym&aomf pdwful;jzifh &l;Edkifatmif zefwD;ay;Edkifjcif;onfyif xl;cRefaom t&nftcsif;
jzpfonf[k xif&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh rpöwm 0Jvfpfudk MunfndK\/ av;pm;\/ awGUjrif
vdk\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 352 -
odkUuvdk awGUvdkjrifvdkaeqJ axmifrSxGufvmNyD;pjzpfaom wufbkef;BuD; udkodef;azu
uRefawmfvnf; xkd{nfhcHyGJudk wufEdkif&ef zefwD;ay;avonf/ uRefawmfonf pma&;q&m
r[kwfapumrl pmtawmfrsm;rsm; a&;ae&onf/ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI owif;rsm;udk
owif;pmrsm;odkU a&;ydkU&\/ wpf&Hwpfcg or*¾aMunmcsufrsm;udk a&;om;&\/
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q&m aygufpuav;? owif;pmq&m aygufpuav;jzpfaeaom ausmif;om; wpfOD;
jzpfojzifh xdkwm0efESifh oifhavsmfaMumif; ajymjyavaomaMumifh udkvSa&Tu uRefawmfhtm;
udkodef;azESifhtwl xnfhvdkufavonf/
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ajymav&m-
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- 353 -
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uGufceJ owd&rdavonf/ ajcmufaoGUaeaom tif;vsm;aqmifBuD;udk MunfhNyD; vGrf;qGwf
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olajymjcif;rsm;onf q&mvGef;tw¬KyÜwdÅwGif ola&;xm;aom ed'gef;atmuf azmfjyyg
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wpfckrSr0if&[k qdkMuonf/ onf0g'udkum; uREkfyfrBudKuf/ tNrJwrf; uefUuGufrnf
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oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;aeMuaom vltaygif;udk NyKH;NyKH;uav;Munfhum a0zef&efomjzpf\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 354 -
pma&;q&mwkdUonf vlUavmutxufwGifaeí vlESifhewfaygif;pyfíjzpfaom vlujym;rsm;
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- 355 -
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uRefawmfwdkUqDodkU wokefokefwdkufcwfvmae\/ tif;vsm;rsufESmjyifwGif vl;vGefUaeaom
vIdif;i,fuav;rsm;onf urf;ajcudk rxdwxd woGifoGif &dkufcwfupm;aeMu\/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 356 -
rvdkwrm ajymvdkufavonf/ pma&;q&mawG? owif;pmq&mawG wjznf;jznf; a&mufvm
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 357 -
rpöwm0Jvfpfonf uRefawmfwdkUpm;yGJqDodkU a&mufrvmao;rD ai;arQmfMunfh&if; uRefawmfu
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]]cifAsm; 'Davmufawmif udkBuD;Ekpum;udk em;axmifvsufeJU [dknwkef;uawmh bmhaMumifh
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 358 -
xdktwGif; rpöwm 0Jvfpf uRefawmfwdkUpm;yJGodkU a&mufvmavonf/
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bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;\ oydwfarSmufjcif; cH&aMumif;rsm;udk ajymaeavonf/
udkodef;azu uRefawmfESifh rpöwm0Jvfpftm; rdwfqufay;aomtcg uRefawmf toifh
jyifqif ,laqmifvmcJUaom ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHESifh ywfoufonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;
rsm;udk ay;vkdufavonf/ 4if;aemuf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;ESifh nGefUaygif;tpdk;&wdkUu
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faeykHudk ajymjyvdkufavonf/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 359 -
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rdwfqufay;aomtcg cifrsKd;cspfu ausmif;om; tvkyform; ta&;awmfykH "mwfykHrsm;udk
rpöwm0Jvfpftm; ay;vkdufav\/
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taMumif;rsm;udk xnfhygav[k wdkufwGef;xm;avonf/
rpöwm0Jvfpfum; t&G,ftm;jzifh tawmftdkrif;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; &kyf&nftm;jzifh tkdpem
wkefcsnfhjcif; vkH;0r&Sdao;? trlt&mrSm zswfvwf\/ tajymtqdkrSm [moOmPf&TifvS\/
olUtm; acgif;aygif;? ykqkd;awmif&Snf? ydef;wef;zdeyfpaom ArmtokH;taqmifrsm;udk
vufaqmifay;&m olonf csufcsif; acgif;aygif;udk pGyfvdkufojzifh tm;vkH;u wNyKH;NyKH;
MunfhaeMu&ao;onf?
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MunfhrdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; rpöwm0Jvfpftm; txifBuD;rI? MunfndKrIrSm aysmufroGm;acs/ ck
vludk,fwdkif awGU&aomtcg ydktxifBuD; ydkMunfndKvm&kHru &if;ESD;cspfcifpdwfvnf;
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 360 -
35
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ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tBuHtdkufaeMuavonf/ xkdudpöESif hywfoufí
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tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu tcsdefwefawmh vrf;nTefygvdrhfr,f[kom ajymwwfavonf/
tpmtiwfcHjcif;udk &yfpJvdkufonfh aemufaeUnaewGif uRefawmfwkdUokH;OD;om; qkHrdNyD;
uRefawmfu xdkar;cGef;udk ar;vdkufonfqdkvQifyif udkat;aiGu oufjyif;wpfcsuf
csvdkufNyD;-
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 361 -
]]onfhjyif&Hk oGm;MuygpdkUAsm? oydwfwyfaygif;csKyf owif;um;ygaew,fqkdawmh uRefawmf
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udkat;aiGa&m? udkxGef;&Sdefyg toHxGufí &,fvdkufMuonf/ udkxGef;&Sdefu-
]]'Dvdkarhxm;vdkUvnf; r&ao;bl; udk,fhvl? awm&Jwd&pmäefawGeJU wmZHum; oGm;Munfh
awmif udk,fwdkUudpöawG arhvdkU&rSmr[kwfbl;? a*ghaqhzfouif; oDcsif;u rarhatmif
vkyfay;ygvdrfhr,f? NAdwdoQukef;wyfa&wyf ppfrufvuf&kH;jywJU owif;um;awGu
rarhatmif vkyfay;vdrfhOD;r,f? uJ-ESpfaqmifNydKifqDudkom oGm;MupdkU}}
uRefawmfwkdUonf bk&ifh&kHoGm;vsuf oydwfwyfaygif;csKyf owif;um;ESifh ESpfaqmifNydKif
Zmwfum;udk MunfhMuavonf/ oydwfaygif;csKyfum;wGif &kyf&SifMunfh y&dowfu vufckyf
Mobm cPcP ay;Muaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf pdwftm;wuf<u vmMuayonf/
aysmf&TifjrL;wl; vmMuayonf/
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tdyf&mcif;ukefMuavNyD/ wcsKdUrSm 0dkif;zJGUí pum;pjrnf ajymaeMuonf/ wcsKdUum;
tdyf&mrSmvSJí bD'Dudk rSdef;aeMu\/ aqmif;u rukefwwfao;í cyfat;at;&Sdaomfvnf;
aeíaumif;&kHyif jzpfayonf? vqkwfjzpfojzifh vrxGufao;aomfvnf; aumif;uifrSm
wdrfajcjrLESif;uif;pifojzifh Mu,frsm; pkHnDxGef;awmufaeMuonf/
udkxGef;&Sdef-
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 362 -
uRefawmf-
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jzpfaeayonf/ jrifcsifvQifvnf; jzpfí rjrifcsifvQifvnf; jzpfonf/ tjrifrcHcsif
vQifvnf; &í tjrifcHcsifvQifvnf; &onf/
uRefawmfwkdUonf opfyif&if; ckH&SnfwpfckwGif xdkifMuonf/ taemufbufodkU rsufESmrl
xm;Mu&m ql;avbk&m;vrf;BuD;ay:&Sd wdkufBuD;rsm;udk jrifaeMu&onf/ jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pmwkdufrSwpfyg; tm;vkH;aom wkdufBuD;rsm;rSm rD;rsm;ydwfxm;ojzifh vnf;aumif;?
wHcg;rsm;ydwfxm;ojzifh vnf;aumif; cyfrnf;rnf; cyfrIdif;rIdif; wnf&SdaeMuay\/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 363 -
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 364 -
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- 365 -
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wkdufzsufzkdU tpDtpOfqkdwmuvnf; rvG,fbl;/ cknGefUaygif;tpdk;&uawmh jyKwfusawmh
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[m trwfawGr[kwfbl;? tm;vkH; tiwfawGcsnf;yJ}}
uRefawmf-
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- 366 -
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trwfawGu um,uH&Sifjzpfaeawmh olwkdUtm;rudk;vdkU b,folUtm;udk;rvJ? 'Dvkdqkdawmh
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udkxGef;&Sdef-
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&mxl;vufrcHa&;? NAdwdoQukef oydwfarSmufa&;? tvkyform; taxGaxGoydwfBuD;awG
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 367 -
udkat;aiG-
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trwfawG &mxl;r,lzdkUawmh vkyfvkdU atmifrSmr[kwfygbl;}}
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uRefawmf-
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rSmvm;}}
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&efukefrSm tNrJaevdkU&wm r[kwfbl;? a&eHajrNyefMu&rSmyJ}}
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nGefUaygif;tpdk;&eJUawmh aphpyfvdkUr&awmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh nGefUaygif;jyKwfusatmifawmh
vkyf&rSmyJ/ NyD;awmh aemufwwfwJUtpdk;&eJU qufNyD; aphpyf&rSmyJ}}
uRefawmf-
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aygh}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 368 -
udkxGef;&Sdef-
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jzpfaeOD;r,f/ rMum;bl;vm;? udkBuD;odef; 'Dpum;ajymrdvdkU acsmufusaew,f/ wkdUArm
tpnf;t&kH;u wcsKdUocifBuD;awGu wufbke;fBuD;odef;az[m &mxl;vufcHa&; vkyfae
w,f/ tpnf;t&kH;u xkwfypf&r,fvdkU awmif;qdkaeMuw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dpum; ckrajymeJUOD;?
aemufrS ajymcsifajym/ ckajym&rSmu wdkUawmif;qdkcsuf r&&if a&SUajcwpfvSrf; wufOD;r,f?
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udkat;aiG-
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udkxGef;&Sdef-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 369 -
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vmonf/
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- 370 -
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- 371 -
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 372 -
36
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 373 -
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- 374 -
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- 375 -
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 376 -
tdE´d,trwfrsm;\udk,fpm; rpöwm*ef*gqif;uvnf; tpdk;&onf Nidrf;csrf;atmif rtkyfpdk;
wwf[k qkdoGm;avonf/ odkUaomf tdE´d,trwfrsm;onf t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqdkwGif
rJray;bJ Mum;aernf[k aMunmavonf/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf tdE´d,rJrsm;udkvnf; tm;xm;ae&aom tpdk;&tzJGUjzpfav&m
rJray;bJ Mum;aejcif;yifvQif wpftm;,kwfoGm;avonf/
Oa&mywkdufom; trwfrsm;udk,fpm; rpöwm&pfcswfurl ,cktpdk;&onf Nidrf0yfydjym;atmif
rtkyfcsKyfEdkifojzifh 4if;ae&mwGif Nidrf0yfydjym;atmif tkyfcsKyfEdkifaom tpdk;&tzGJUopfudk
wifzdkUvdkaMumif; ajymqkdum t,kHtMunfr&Sdtqdkudk axmufcHoGm;avonf/ 4if;jyif
a'gufwmbarmfonf 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; wdkufzsufrnfh pum;ajymaMumif; owif;pmrsm;
wGif awGU&onfhtwGuf opömr&Sd&ma&mufaMumif; ajymoGm;avao;onf/
twdkuftcHtrwfrsm; ajymNyD;aemuf tpdk;&bufu jyefvnfacsy&mü jynfxJa&;0efBuD;csKyf
qmay:xGef;rSm tmabmft&Sif;qkH; jzpfavonf/
]]t"du&kPf;ta&;wGif rdrdwdkUuJUodkU rnfolrQ Edkifeif;pGm zdESdyfEdkifrnf rxifaMumif;?
vk,ufolrsm;ESifh owfjzwfolrsm;udk aoewfjzifhypfowf&efyif trdefUay;cJUaMumif;? rdrdrSm
a,musmf;yDopGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJUaMumif;? ,ck qlylaeolrsm;rSm ukvm;rsm;? NAdwdoQ
vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh "e&Sifrsm;udk rkef;wD;olrsm;om jzpfaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;wGif
ykvdyfwdkU jyKrlykHrSm enf;vrf;usaMumif;}}
a'gufwmbarmfum; olUtajctaeudkol wif;wif;rmrm rumuG,f&Jacs/ ,ckvdk vlxk
qlylaejcif;rSm ArmjynfrSmomru wpfurÇmvkH;rSm qlyljcif;jzpfaMumif;? tdE´d,jynfrSm
onfhxufru qlylaeaMumif;rsm; ajymum &mZ0ifvrf;aMumif;\ oabmudk ol rwm;qD;
Edkifonfhoabm ajymavonf/ 4if;jyif rpöwm&pfcswf\ pGyfpGJcsufudk ajz&Sif;avonf/
olUtm; tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdufzsufrnfhol[k pGyfpJGoGm;&m trSefpifppf nGefUaygif;wnfaeorQ
umvywfvHk; nGefUaygif;udk opömazmufNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdufzsufa&; vkyfrnfr[kwf
aMumif;? nGefUaygif;rSm oabmuGJvJGrI&SdvQif &mxl;rSEkwfxGufNyD; udk,fBudKufovdk
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 377 -
aqmif&Guf&efomjzpfaMumif; ajymavonf/ olUpum;rSm nGefUaygif;tpdk;&tjzpfjzifh
wnfaevQif tkyfcsKyfa&;udkrzsuf? nGefUaygif;tpdk;usNyD;vQif tkyfcsKyfa&;udk zsufrnf[k
qdkvdk&m a&mufayonf/ aemufqkH;wGif a'gufwmbarmfu twdkuftcH trwfrsm;onf
aemif tpdk;&zJGUpnf;aomtcg rdrdxuf uHaumif;Muygap[k qkawmif;oGm;avonf/
rJcGJaomtcg t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqdkbufrS rJ 70ay;NyD; tpdk;&bufrS 37rJom &ojzihf
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;avonf/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;aomtcg wpfwdkif;jynfvkH; aysmf&TifoGm;ayonf/ oufjyif;cs
NyD; cPrQ oufomaeEdkifayonf/
okdUaomf pdwfat;vufat;jzpfNyD; tm;xkwfrI ravQmhEdkifao;acs/ ESpfeHygwf w&m;cHom
usqkH;jcif;jzpfNyD; wpfeHygwfw&m;cH rusqkH;ao;/
xkdUaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUtaeESifh aMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefvdkuf
ayonf/
]]nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusaomfvnf; igwdkUawmif;qdkcsuf r&ao;?
&atmif vkyf&OD;rnf/
igwdkU aoG;pnf;wdkufyJG0ifvdkU usqkH;onf? okdUaomf xyfNyD; aoG;pnf;Mu
&OD;rnf}}
vSa&T (16? 2? 39)
]]igwdkU trIaqmiftzJGU\ pdwfoabmxm;onfum; nGefUaygif;tzGJUudk
,ckvdk jzKwfcsvdkuf&kHESifh wdkif;jynf\ &efoltppfudk Edkifeif;vdkufNyD[k
r,lq? pifppfrSmum; nGefUaygif;tpdk;&tzJGUonf wdkif;jynf&efolppf\
om;aumifrQom jzpfay\/ &efoltppfum; 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;yif
jzpf\/}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 378 -
trIaqmiftzGJUu tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qufvufwdkufzsuf&ef aqmfMo\/ 4if;aemuf &mxl;iwf
trwfrsm;udk owday;\/ vlxku uefUuGufygvsuf &mxl;ZGwf,lvQif ]odrnf} [k
owday;\/
wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;u aMunmcsufwGif-
]]91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;onfom &efol/
&mxl;vufrcHa&;? yxrtqifh/
aemufNyD;awmh &mxl;vufrcHa&;udk vufeufozG,ftokH;jyKí
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wdkufzsufNyD; oumv t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJqE´ay;í
wifajrSmufonfh jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,frsm; ygaom (uGefpwDMuL;,ifh
tqifAvD) wdkif;jynfEdkifiHjyKvTwfawmf zGJUpnf;um udk,fhrif; udk,fhcsif;
EdkifiHawmfBuD;udk wnfaxmifoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/}}
þum; ta&;awmfykHudk acgif;aqmifaeaom tzJGUtpnf;rsm;\ nTefMum;csufaywnf;/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;NyD[k qdkaomowif;onf tif;pdefNrdKUodkU naeydkif;wGif
a&mufoGm;avonf/ xkdtcg tif;pdef tpdk;&ausmif;oydwf? tif*sifeD,mausmif; oydwfESifh
pOfhilpGyfus,fpufoydwfwdkU yl;aygif;um NrdKUwGif;rSm csDwufatmifyGJvSnfhMuavonf/
naeapmif;rSaeí vSnfhMu&m n10em&DavmufwGif tif;pdefaxmifBuD;ab;rS pkNyD; atmf[pf
Muonf/ a<u;aMumfoHrsm; atmfMuonf/ tjyifrS w&m;a[mMuavonf/
twefMumaomtcg txl;wef;rS vlESpfa,mufonf axmifaxmifh wHwdkif;twGif;
axmifeH&Hay: wufvmMuonfudk tjyifrSvlxkonf jrifMu&onf/ odkUaomf jrif&kHjzifh
vlcJGí rodEdkifMuacs/ xdkolESpfOD;u w&m;a[maomtcgrS ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 379 -
or*¾ twGif;a&;rSL; udkAaqGESifh ocifxdef0if;wkdU jzpfaMumif; toHjzihf rSef;qrdMu
avonf/
]]&JabmfwdkU.... nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfuswm[m 0rf;omtm;&p&mygyJ?
okdUayr,fh aemufwufrnfh pm;cGufvkrnfh rsKd;zsuf trwfrsm;udk
ausmif;om;eJU tvkyform; yl;aygif;apmifhMunfhNyD; &mxl;qdkwJU
pm;cGufqDudk 0if[yfcsifwJ UtrwfawG&JUEIwfoD;udk &dkufzdkUwm0ef
&Sdao;w,f/ cktcsdefrSm vkyfief;wm0efrNyD;ao;bl;? rEÅav;tmZmenf
rsm;udk &ufpufpGm owfypfwJUtwGuf nGefUaygif;jyKwf&kHeJU rauseyf
Edkifao;bl;? oydwfrsm; pdwfrat;Edkifao;bl;? nGefUaygif;jyKwfuswm[m
oydwfarSmuform;rsm;twGuf avSum; 3-xpf rSm wpfxpfom
jzpfw,f? a&SUqufvkyf&OD;r,f/ &JabmfwdkU awmifhxm;Mu? &JabmfwkdU
qufcsDwufMu}}
þum; axmifwGif;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;\ toHaywnf;/
a&SUquf xrf;&Gufp&mwm0efawG b,favmufrsm;aeae nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusonfh
twGufawmh uRefawmfwkdUtm;vkH; &ifayghoGm;ovdk jzpfrdMuayao;onf/ ]&yfem;}
raeEdkifMuao;onfhwdkifatmif ]vpf} xGufoGm;um ]oufom} aerdayvdrfhrnf/ rjrifhOD;ESifh
twlwl NrdKUxJxGufí vnfywfrdayvdrhfrnf/ &kyf&SifMunfhayvdrfhrnf/ cspf&dyfcspfaiGU
ruif;aompum;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;wGif rxdwxd upm;aysmfyg;rdvdrfhrnf/ ckawmh rjrifhOD;
um; uRefawmfvufvSrf;rSD&m olU&yfXmerSm zcif\ t&dyftm0goudk cdkvIHvsuf olUpmay
wGifom arGUvsuf&Sdaeonf/ uRefawmfwdkUta&;awmfykHudkrS tm&kH0ifao;ygap/ uRefawmfh
udkrS owd&ygavp/
rjrifhOD; jyefoGm;onfrSm rMumvSao;ay/ odkUaomf uRefawmfhxHodkU pmuav;wpfapmif
awmh a&;xdkufonf/ pma&;vQifvnf; a&mufvmxdkufayNyD/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 380 -
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusNyD; aemufwpfaeU naeapmif;wGif uRefawmfonf urm&Gwf
aetdrfodkU jyefoGm;avonf/ urm&Gwf tazmftaygif;rsm;Mum;wGif ]oufom} ae&ef
jzpfonf/ xdkUjyif rjrifhOD;xHrS pmrsm; a&mufaernfavm/ odkUr[kwf rdbrsm;xHrS pmrsm;
owif;rsm; a&mufaernfavm/ odkUaomf trSeftwdkif;qdkaomf rdbxHrSpmudk rBudKqdkyg/
rawmifhwyg/ tazonf uRefawmhftm; ta&;awmfykHwyfom; vkyfaejcif;twGuf jypfwif
armif;rJjcif; jyKaompmrSwpfyg; tjcm;a&;p&m taMumif;r&Sdyg/
urm&GwftdrfodkU a&mufaomtcg pmwpfapmifrQ a&mufaeonfudk rawGU&/
udk<u,fESifh OD;av;jrifhwdkUtm; tqifoifhyifawGU&onf/
waygif;vaumif;uifum; MunfvifvSonf/ taemufbuf rdk;ukyfpuf0dkif; tay:pyfwGif
um; yg;vTmaom wdrfawmifuav;rsm;onf w&dyf&dyfvGifhaeonf/ xdk wdrfawmifuav;
rsm;qDodkU wa&GUa&GU usqif;aeNyDjzpfaom aerif;onf 0goJUoJU a&mifjcnfrsm;udk
vTwfvsuf aeavonf/ 0goJUoJUa&mifjcnfrsm;wGif &GufopfwkdUonf ydkopfaeí
zufzl;a&miftpdrf;jzifh vufaeMuavonf/ uRefawmfwkdUtdrf 0J,mab;ESpfzufwGif
tkyfudkif;aeMuaom pdefyef;yifrsm;um; eD&JawmufypGm yGifhaeMu\/
xkd&Icif;ESifh xdk&Icif;ywf0ef;usifMum;rS tm;&Sdyg;&Sd yGifhvif;vSaom tNyKH;jzifh qD;BudK
EIwfqufvdkufMuaom OD;av;jrifhESifh udk<u,fwkdUtm; jrifvdkuf&aomtcg armvmoludk
zefjymcGufESifhausmufpufa& qD;wkdufvdkufbdouJUodkU &Sdaomfvnf; ta&;awmfykH wkdufyGJ
rsm;ESifh tqufjywfum ta&;awmfykH a<u;aMumfoHrsm; rMum;&Edkifaom axmifhwpfaxmifh
odkU a&mufvmonfxifrSwfp&myif jzpfawmhonf/ tdrf0if;xJ0if0ifcsif; pdwfudk ]oufom}
xm;vdkufonf/ pdwfudk ]oufom} vdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf EGrf;e,faom udk,fudk
owd&vmavonf/ tdyfaeustdyf&may: ypfvJSvdkufrnf/ acgif;u ,m;vmonf/
qHyifnSyf&rnf/ wpfudk,fvkH; eHapmfvmonf/ a&pdrfí csKd;vdkufrnf/
]]b,fhES,fvJarmifwifxGef;? aemuftpdk;&udk b,folzJGUrSmwJUvJ}} [k OD;jrifhu qD;ar;onf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 381 -
]]ausmif;om;awG ta&;aumuG armifwifxGef;&? awmif;qdkcsufawG &yghrvm;}} [k
udk<u,fu qifhvdkufjyefonf/
uRefawmfu 'DudpöawG cParhxm;vdkufcsifonf/ olwkdU odcsifaZmESifh ar;aeMuaomfvnf;
uRefawmfu 'DudpöawG rajymcsif/ ]]aeprf;ygOD;Asm? uRefawmf tarmajzvdkufprf;yg&apOD;}}
[k aigufqwfqwfyif ajymvdkufcsifawmhonf/ odkUaomf olwkdUtay:rSm onfvkd
rarmufrm&ufay/
]]nusawmhrS ajymMuwmayghAsm}} [k ajymNyD; uRefawmfhtcef;xJodkU 0ifoGm;avonf/
tdyf&may:rSm ypfvSJvdkufonf/ twefMumawmh xNyD; a&csKd;&efjyifonf/ tusÐcRwfNyD;rS
qHyifnSyf&ef owd&vmNyD; tusÐjyef0wfjyefavonf/ 4if;aemuf a&t&ifcsKd;um aumif;yg
w,fav[k awG;rdjyefNyD; tusÐcRwfjyef\/
]]b,fhES,fvJ armifwifxGef;? tusÐcWwfvdkuf 0wfvdkuf jyefcRwfvdkufeJU bmjzpfaeovJ}}
OD;av;jrifhu ar;vdkufonf/ OD;av;um; uRefawmhftm; tjyifrS vSrf;tuJcwf Munfhae
[ef&Sday\/
uRefawmfu anmifememESifhNyKH;NyD;-
]]a&t&ifcsKd;& aumif;rvm;? qHyift&ifoGm;nSyf& aumif;rvm; jzpfaevdkUyg}}
]]vlvef;qef;oGm;atmif a&t&ifcsKd;vdkufayghuGm}}
]]tJ'DvdkyJ uRefawmfoabm&w,f}}
uRefawmfwdkUtdrf\ ajrmufbufu uyfvsuf&SdaomNcHrSm &Srf;trsKd;om; OD;'geydkifaom
NcHjzpf\/ xdkNcHxJwGif a&wGif;wpfwGif;&Sd&m uRefawmfwdkUonf xdka&wGif;odkU oGm;í
a&csKd;Mu&\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 382 -
a&wGif;rSm tkwfpDabmifcwfxm;NyD; a&iif&ef armif;wyfxm;\/ uRefawmfu a&pnfydkif;
wGif;odkU a&tjynfh cyfxnfhvkduf\/ okdUaomf &kwfw&uf a&rcsKd;ao;bJ yef;yifuav;
awGudk avQmufMunfhaeavonf/ MuufaoG;a&mif ESif;qDESifh ESif;qDa&mif ESif;qDwkdUonf
txl;ojzihf pnfum;pGm zl;yGifhaeMu\/ arNrdKUa&mifpkHyef;rsm;onfvnf; qGwfcl;í rEdkif
Edkifatmif yGifhaeMuonf/ Munfjymyef;uav;rsm;um; usaeavNyD/ uRefawmfum;
Munfh&kHjzifh tm;r&ojzifh ESif;qDEG,frsm;udk vufjzifh nTwf,lí yef;udkerf;Munfhrd\/
arNrdKUyef;rsm;udk cl;,lNyD; ajrSmufupm;rd\/ Munfjymyef;csyfvTmuav;rsm;udk avjzihfrIwfí
vTifhaerd\/
uRefawmfonf yef;\t&omudk wpfcgrQ þtcgavmuf rcHpm;zl;bl;cJU[k xifonf/
vlwpfudk,fvkH;vnf; vef;qef;jrL;xl;vmayonf/ pdwfuvnf; at;jrcsrf;omvmonf/
uRefawmfa&csKd;awmhrnf[k zvm;udkifvdkufpOf udk<u,fonf a&wGif;aygifodkU uyfvm
avonf/
]]armifwifxGef;pm;zkdUawmif bmrSr&Sdao;bl;? xrif;vnf; rcsuf&aobl;}}
]]udkbZHu b,foGm;ovJ}}
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ao;bl;}}
]]udpör&Sdygbl;? uRefawmf odyfrqmygbl;}}
]]a&csKd;NyD;&if a':vkH;wifqDoGm;NyD; bl;oD;aMumf pm;Muwmaygh}}
uRefawmfu rsufESmopf&if;-
]]aumif;om;yJ}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 383 -
rsufESmudk qyfjymwdkuf? a&ESifh0oGm;atmif opfNyD;aomtcg udk<u,fu-
]]rif; 0ifeDvnf; vufxyfawmhrvdkUwJUarmif}}
]][kwfvm; b,foleJUwJUvJ}}
]]tjrwfawmfaMu;0efaxmufqkdvm; bmqdkvm;? aumif;aumif;awmif rodygbl;/ 'gayrJU
ckcsufcsif;awmh [kwfr,frxifygbl;? oBuFeftNyD;avmufrS xifyg&JU}}
]][kwfvm;? aumif;om;yJ}}
uRefawmfum; wu,fyif 0ifeDazac: cifoef;0if;ESifh ywfoufí twG,ftwm uif;ae
ayNyD/ uRefawmfESifh 0ifeDrSm b0csif; vkH;0jcm;em;aeMuavNyD/ ta&;awmfykHrwdkifrD
wkef;uom þowif;rsKd;Mum;&ygu ESajrmjcif;rjzpfawmif rcrcsdrcHom jzpfrdayvdrhfrnf/
ckawmh enf;enf;uav;rQ rwkefvIyfaompdwfudk xm;Edkifonf/ opfyifjrifhxdyfzsm;ay:0,f
qGwfzsef;aeMuaom 0ifcgeD;aerif;\ a&mifjcnfeDrsm;udk wpfcsufarmhMunfhvdkufNyD;aemuf
a&wzGrf;zGrf;avmif;í csKd;aeawmhonf/
a&rdk;csKd; t0wfvJNyD;aemuf udk<u,fESifhtwl tif;pdefvrf;rBuD;ay:odkU xGufcJUMuavonf/
]]qHyifnSyfqdkif t&if0ifcsifw,fAsm}}
udk<u,fu uRefawmfhacgif;udk apmifharmhí MunhfNyD;-
]]aumif;om;yJ? qHyifrnSyfwm b,favmufrsm;MumNyDvJ &SnfvSygyaumvm;}}
]]b,favmufMumNyDvJ rrSwfrdygbl;Asm? rtm;wmeJU rnSyfrdbl;}}
]]at; rif;wdkUausmif;om;awG 'DavmufvkyfMuvdkUvnf; acG;rom;nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfus
wmyJuG? tif; aemufwpfaumif rwufEdkifatmif EIwfoD;&dkufcsKd;&OD;r,faemf}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 384 -
uRefawmfum; bmrQrajym/ ]urm&Gwf wkdUArmqHoXme} [k qdkif;bkwfwyfxm;aom
qdkifwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;avonf/ þqdkifrSm ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;NyD;rS ay:xGufvmaom
qHyifnSyfqdkifjzpfavonf/ þqdkifrS rSefpDa&TcsabmifBuD;rsm; wyfxm;aom udk,fvkH;ay:
rSefBuD;ESpfcsyfrSm wkdUArmpD;yGm; jrifhwifa&;udk tm;ay;aomtm;jzifh wyfwGif;ausmif;
q&mawmfu pGefUBuJxm;aom rSefBuD;rsm;jzpfavonf/ qdkif&SifudkbusL;onf rD;pmwGif
rD;pJGcgpjzpfaom vufqJG"mwfrD;udk avxdk;vsuf&Sd\/
udkbusL;onf ,cifu ukvm;ydkif qHoqdkifwpfqdkifrSm ulnDa&mif;cs&aom vcpm;
ta&mif;orm;jzpfcJU\/ ,ck olUqdkifrSm qHyifnSyfckHESpfckH&Sd&m wpfckHwGif udk,fwdkifnSyf?
tjcm;wpfckHrSm vliSm;xm;avonf/ nydkif;wGif vliSm;r&Sdawmhacs/ "mwfrD; avxdk;aeaom
udkbusL;onf uRefawmfwdkUtm; armhrMunfhtm;/ rD;rSmvnf; awmfawmfESifh avrvdkufEdkif
ao;/ uRefawmfonf qHyifnSyfcHkwpfckHrSm 0ifxdkifNyD; Nidrfaevdkuf\/ udk<u,fu cPrQ
udkbusL;tay:rS rkd;MunfhaeNyD-
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ocifbusL;onf acR;jzifh0if;aeaom rsufESmudk armhMunfhNyD;-
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udkbusL;onf z,fay;NyD; xvdkufonf/ olonft&yf&SnfNyD; ydefyg;yg; jzpfonf/ qHyifudk
udkatmifausmfvdk AdkvfaunSyfxm;&m olU&kyfolU&nfESifh rsm;pGm tqifrajyjzpfaeayonf/
udkbusL;onf twefMum acR;okwfaeNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhbuf vSnfhvdkufonf/
]]aMomf ocifwifxGef;ygvm;? tdrfjyefrtdyfwmMumNyDqkd? b,fwkef;u jyefvmovJ}}
]]ckeifuyJ}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 385 -
udk<u,fum; "mwfrD;udk tyfESifhqGNyD; avudk zGifhvdkufydwfvdkufvkyfae&m rSefBuD;rsm;rSm
vQyfppfypfaeovdk jzpfaeMuonf/ udkbusL;u uRefawmfhtem; uyfvmNyD;-
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]]OD;ykuawmh tpdk;&tzJGU zJGUyghr,f? eef;&if;0efBuD; vkyfyghr,fvdkU uwday;vdkufNyDqdk
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]]uJ- uRefawmfhqHyif nSyfay;prf;ygOD;}}
udkbusL;onf tHqGJudkzGifhí qHyifnSyf ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk xkwfaeonf/
udk<u,fu "mwfrD;udk csdwfrSmqGJxm;vdkufonf/ NyD;awmh udk<u,fu udkbusL;bufodkU-
]]trwfawGudk tm;udk;&wm cufygw,fAsm/ nGefUaygif;vnf; jzKwfcsyghr,f? aemuf
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odkUyif ajy;0ifvmMuavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 386 -
]]tJ'D 26 a,mufxJu 5 a,mufu t,kHtMunfr&SdtqdkrSm nGefUaygif;tpdk;&bufu
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oifwkef;"m;BuD;udk udkifí olUEIwfcrf;arG;ESifh yg;odkif;arG;rsm;udk &dyfvsufaeavonf/
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]]uRefawmfwkdUuawmh awmif;qdkcsufawG&&if oydwfvSefrSmyJ? awmif;qdkcsuf&zdkUqkd&if
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vdkUyJ}}
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]]aemufwufr,fhtpdk;&uawmh awmif;qdkcsufawGudk ay;EdkifrSmwJUvm;/ a&eHajrtvkyform;
awG&JU awmif;qdkcsufawG? tm&ftD;wDtvkyform;? rD;jcpfpuf tvkyform;? opfpuf
tvkyform; oydwfaygif;pkH awmif;qdkcsufawGudk ay;EdkifrSmwJUvm;/ awmifolv,form;
awG&JU awmif;qdkcsufawGaum}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 387 -
udk<u,f\ tar;pum;rsm;um; olUvufxJrS oifwkef;"m;toGm;vdk xufjrufvSay\/
,if;tar;pum;wkdUonf uRefawmfhtonf;ESvkH;udk xd&SoGm;\/ uRefawmfh OD;aESmufxJ
rSmum; tajzray:vSm/ uHtm;avsmfpGm pufuwfaMu;\ zdwGef;rIaMumifh Zufpif;acgif;ikHUí
cHae&av&m wpfpkHwpf&mjyefajym&ef rvdkovdk jzpfaeayonf/ udkbusL;u udk<u,ftm;
jznfhpGufavonf/
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vnf; aq;&kHrSm xyfaojyefowJU? NyD;awmh aoewf'Pf&moufomwJUvl 4a,mufudkawmh
aq;&kHuaeNyD; axmifxJac:oGm;w,f? w&m;pGJcsufwifxm;w,f}}
odkUjzifh udk<u,fESifh udkbusL;onf Mum;orQowif;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef zvS,fajymqdkae
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oydwfwGif bkef;BuD;rsm; yg0ifí oydwfwm;&m ykvdyfu ESdrfeif;ykHrsm;? rEÅav;
aoewfypfrItwGuf uefUuGufaomtm;jzifh ppfudkif;bufrS vl 1000 Adkvfauy,fí
acgif;wkH;wkH;MuykH? uwGefuRJNcHrS ocif ocifr 500 oxkHodkU csDwufvmNyD; &kH;ESifh
axmifrsm;udk 0dkif;um zrf;xm;aom ocifcspfvIdiftm; vTwfay;&ef awmif;qdkykH? rEÅav;
tmZmenf romcs&mwGif vlpnfum;ykH? pkHaeatmif olwkdUtcsif;csif; ajymaeMu&m
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avawmhonf/
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onf/ trkd;tumr&Sd/ taMumfzdk\ b,fbufwGif ESD;aMumzsmrsm; cif;xm;NyD; 4if;wdkU
tay:wGif pm;yJG0dkif;rsm;&Sd\/ ajrmif;wpfzufurf;&Sd wpfxyftdrfuav;um; a':vkH;wif\
tdrfyifjzpf\/ tdrfESifh bl;oD;aMumfqdkifudk Murf;jym;BuD;wpfckjzifh wHwm;ul;xm;avonf/
uRefawmfu ESD;aMumzsmay:wGif wifysOfacGí xdkifvdkuf\/ udk<u,furl aqmifhaMumifh
xdkifvdkufavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 388 -
a':vkH;wifum; touf 40ausmf? orD; tysKdjzef;uav; 2a,muf\rdcif rkqkd;rjzpf\/
a':vkH;wif\ xl;jcm;csufrSm iSufaysmzl;ESifhwlatmif acgif;ao; atmuf&SL;NyD; tv,f
azmif;onfh udk,fcE¨m&Sdjcif;wnf;/ MunfhygOD;? þudk,fcE¨mBuD;ESifh taMumfzkdteD; zifxdkifckH
uav;ay:wGif zifcsxdkifvsuf ajcESpfzufudk um;qif;xm;NyD; a&SUuZvkHwGif rkefUESpf
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aeonf/ vufu vIyf&Sm;oavmuf udk,fcE¨mu rvIyf&Sm;aomfvnf; ao;i,faom
acgif;uav;u avavsmhaeaom Muufaygif;ap;&kyf\ OD;acgif;vdk [dkonf,drf;xdk;vsuf
&Sdonf/ yg;pyfwGifum; aq;ayghvdyfBuD;udk cJxm;onf/
a':vkH;wifonf udk<u,ftm; vifvkyfvdkonfrSm vlodewfMum;jzpf\/ udk,f<u,fu
wkHUjyefírBudKuf/ odkUaomf udk<u,fonf a':vkH;wiftm; tcifrysuf? ulnDapmifrp&m
&SdvQif ulnDapmifr\/ olUtm; a':vkH;wifu vdkufpm;vdkvm;onfudkvnf; rawmfrw&m;
tjrwfrxkyfay/ xdkUaMumifh olwkdUqufqHMuykHrSm vGefpGmyif &if;ESD;Mu\/
orD;tBuD; jrMunfrSm touf 16ESpfrQ &SdNyD; tkyfvkH;odrf;p jzpfonf/ vkH;BuD;aygufvS
tom;jzLjzL rsufESm0dkif;0dkif;? ESmacgif;jym;jym;ESifh Munfhaysmf&Iaysmfaom rdef;uav;wpf
a,muf jzpf\/ ti,fjr&DrSm 13ESpfausmfausmf 14ESpfeD;yg;? qHawmufzm;pjzpf\/ olum;
tarESifhvnf;rwl? tpfrESifhvnf;rwl? ydefydefyg;yg;? ESmacgif;cRefcRef? rsufvkH;jyL;jyL;
jzpf\/ jrMunfu taMumfaMumfvsuf&SdNyD; jr&Donf bl;oD;aMumfpm;vmolrsm;tm; pm;yJGxdk;
vsuf &Sd\/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 389 -
udk<u,fajymvdkufonfudk a':vkH;wif Mum;vkdufonf/ ZvkHudkifxm;aomvufjzifh yg;pyf
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]]'Dvdkvnf; r[kwfygbl;Asm? 'DaeUawmh pm;zdkU wrifvmvdkUyg? a[m'Du armifwifxGef;
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jzpfonf/ odkUaomf olu OD;av;ac:wdkif; uRefawmfu cHjyif;onf/ uoduatmuf
jzpfonf/ uRefawmfhrSm olvdkt&G,fu OD;av;ac:&eft&G,fr[kwf[k ,lqxm;onf/
]]rjrifwmMumNyDqkd? igu NrdKUrausmif;XmecsKyfudk oGm;ae&wm;udk;uG}}
]]bmaMumfxnfhcJU&rvJ OD;av;}}
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]]&SdwmxnfhvmcJU[m/ rvkH;wif 'Dem;rSm aumifnSif;aygif;jzpfjzpf? rkefUaygif;jzpfjzpf r&Edkif
bl;vm;}}
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]]pmwkdufem;u r,fcifhqDrSm aumufnSif;aygif;usnfawmufawG jrifcJUw,f? &SifhorD;udk
t0,fvTwfvdkufygvm;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 390 -
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 391 -
udk<u,fu-
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- 392 -
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pm;vdkuf? vufzuf&nfusKdufcsvdkuf vkyfaeayawmhonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 393 -
a':vkH;wifu jrMunftm;-
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jrMunfonf taMumfzdkrSxí a':vkH;wifu taMumfzdkwGif xdkif&pfonf/
taMumfzkdESifh wpfvHuGmavmufwGif pifuav;wpfck&Sdonf/ pifuav;ay:ü zefbl;BuD;rsm;
&Sd\/ þum; olwkdUom;trd zGifhxm;aom vufzuf? csif;okyf qdkifuav;yifwnf;/
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aom tjzpfudk udk<u,f &dyfrdoGm;[ef&Sd\/ jrMunfonf olUtvkyfol vkyfaeaomtcg
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 394 -
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tmZmenfaoG;awG?
t&dk;aMuaMu?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 395 -
wkdUajy wkdUajr?
acwfaqG;udk ajymif;jyef?
wufacwfudk pDrH?
wkd;wufatmif pdwfoef?
nDapaemf?
ppf&Jarmf?
csDwufMupdkU aysmfaysmf/
b,fnmb,fnm/
Armajy igwkdUajy?
Armajr igwkdUajr?
cifcifrifrif trsKd;apmifhMu?
b,fnm b,fnm?
(onfcsdefcg) Armajy
ZmwdaoG; ta&mifwifap?
Armqdk *dkPf;uPpdwf aysmufzkdU awmfNyDav/ /
uRefawmfwkdUonf csDwufoGm;aom vuf&kH;wyfom;rsm;udk ai;Munhfusef&pfpOf udk<u,fu
uRefawmfhvufarmif;udk udkifvdkufNyD;-
]]Mum;vm;? vlwdkif;udk csDwufMupdkUvdkU ac:aewkef; rif;wdkUu aemufqkwfr,frsm;
rBuHeJUaemf}} [k owday;avonf/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 396 -
37
xdk;csifaomqif aemufwpfvSrf;qkwf
tJ'DtawmtwGif; okH;av;&uf uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf &ifwzdkzdkESifh aeMu
aom&ufrsm; jzpfonf/ wpfckckudk rqkH;jzwfbJr&/ bmyJjzpfjzpf ZGwfESpfí a&SUudkom
csDwufrnfavm/ xdk;csifaomqif aemufwpfvSrf;qkwfqkdaom pum;uJUodkU tcsdefaumif;?
tcGifhaumif;udk apmifh&if; aemufodkU wpfvSrf;qkwfrnfavm/
pdwf"mwftm;jzifhqdkvQif ta&;awmfykHBuD; a&SUqufcsDwufa&;wGifom csdefcGifnSm omae
onf/
odkUaomf tajctaetjzpftysufrsm;u aemufrqkwfvQif rjzpf/
pdwf"mwfESifh tajctae twdkuftcHjzpfaeMuavonf/ tpmtiwfcH wkdufyGJuwnf;u
qufí BuHUBuHUcHEdkifaom ausmif;om;ta&twGuf enf;vmonfrSm odomonf/
uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm; xifovdk trwfrsm;tm; &mxl;vufrcHatmif rwm;qD;
EdkifMu/
t*FvdyftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkU\ tmPmpuf,EÅ&m;um; pufukefarmif;aewkef;jzpf\/
wpfurÇmvkH;tajctaeESifh uyfMunfhvQif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtmPmonf NydKysuf&ef tvm;
tvm r&Sdao;/ ab;usyfeHusyf rjzpfao;/ rD;ukef,rf;ukef tMurf;zufí uRefawmfwkdU\
ta&;awmfykHudk wkdufckdufrnfom jzpf\/ &mxl;vufcHrnfUolr&Sdu bk&ifcHwpfOD;wnf;
tkyfpdk;vdrhfrnf/ Oya'jyKvTwfawmfudk zsufodrf;vdrfhrnf/ odkUaomf uRefawmfwkdUtm;
tavQmhay;vdrfhrnf r[kwf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 397 -
uRefawmfwdkUrSmum; vufeufqkdí "m;rwdkwpfacsmif;rQr&Sd/ pnf;&kH;a&;uvnf; pcgp
&Sdao;onf/ EdkifiHjcm;tultnD qkdonfrSmvnf; arQmfvifhEdkifaomt&mr[kwf/ EdkifiHjcm;
rsm;ESifh tquftoG,fyif r&SdMu/
uRefawmfwkdU acgif;aqmifrsm;onf þtajctaersm;udk vlxktm; todray;Mu/ vlxk\
pdwf"mwfudkom enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jrifhwifay;xm;Muavonf/ xkdUaMumifh vlxku ]]nDap
aemf ppf&Jarmf? csDwufMupdkU aysmfaysmf? b,fnm b,fnm? Armjynf igwkdUajy}} [k
oHNydKifqdkí vuf&kH;qefUwef;aeMupOf ]]&mxl;vufcHa&; tvkdr&Sd}}? ]]nGefUaygif;tpdk;&
jyKwfNyD;&if aemufxyftpdk;& rwufapESifh}}? ]]91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&; wkdufzsufypf}} paom
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk atmfaeMupOf *kPfrysufaom aemufqkwfa&;udk a&S;&Iíom
xGufayguf &SmaeMu&avonf/
xkdtwGif; bk&ifcHu qmay:xGef;udkyif eef;&if;0efcefUí tpdk;&zGJUapawmhrnf[k
owif;rsm; ysHUvGifhvmavonf/
xdkowif;udk uRefawmfwkdU\ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf acR;wvkH;vkH;jzifh pOf;pm;
Muonf/ udkvSa&T? udkodef;atmif? udkat;ausmf? udkpdk;armif? udkxGef;&Sdef? udkausmfjrifh?
ukdbpH? udkoef;wif? udkaomif;cif/
olwkdUESifhtwl tjyifrS EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom ocifEk? ocifatmifqef;?
wufbke;fBuD; udkodef;az? udkausmfNidrf;? udkcspf polwkdUvnf; acgif;csif;&dkufMuonf/
qmay:xGef; eef;&if;0efrjzpfatmif[laom enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpfjzifh atmufygpmudk OD;oGif
xHodkU a&;vdkufMuavonf/
OD;oGif
txufvTwfawmftrwf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 398 -
OD;rif;cifAsm;
(1) uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifhwuG
wdkif;jynfwGif rausreyfjzpfaeaom tcsufrsm;udk auseyfpGm &&Sdatmif
OD;udk,fwdkif eef;&if;0ef&mxl;udk vufcHrS jzpfEdkifrnf[k ,kHMunfygvQif
eef;&if;0ef&mxl;udk vufcHí txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
aqmif&Guf ay;yg/
(2) tu,fí txufygtcsufrsm;udk oifhavsmfaomtcsdefwGif
uRefawmfwdkU auseyfavmufatmifr&cJUaomf eef;&if;0ef&mxl;rS
xGufcJUyg/
(3) tu,fí txufyg tcsufrsm;udk &&SdNyD;aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;
qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ toif;trIaqmiftzJGUtaeESifh OD;onf
&mxl;qufvuf vufcHaejcif;tm;jzifh wkdif;jynftusKd;rrsm;[k oabm
&&Sdí txGufckdif;aomtcg &mxl;rSxGufcJUyg/
(ykH)vSa&T
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU/
uRefawmfwkdUonf OD;oGif\ orm"dESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tay:wGif xm;tyfaom apwemudk
vkH;0 ,kHMunfMuonf/ OD;oGifonf rnfonfh EdkifiHa&;*dkPf;*PwGifrQ rygaomaMumifh
vnf; udk,fusKd;riJU &mxl;rwG,faom tpdk;&tzGJUudk zGJUjzpfEdkifonf[k xifMuonf/
,if;uJUodkUaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwkdU\ pD&ifcsufudk uRefawmfwdkUonf toifhavsmf
qkH;ESifh tvkyftjzpfEdkifqkH; tpDtpOf[k ,kHMunfcJUayonf/ xdktawmtwGif; OD;ykonf
tpdk;&tzJGUopfzJGU&ef bk&ifcHtm; uwday;vdkufNyDjzpfaMumif; owif;rsm;ygavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 399 -
NrdKUrdNrdKUzvl BuD;tcsKdUonf jrefrmukefonfBuD;rsm;toif;wdkufü pn;fa0;MuNyD; atmufyg
aMunmcsufudk xkwfvkdufavonf/
(1) ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufonf oifavsmfonf[k uREfkyfwdkU
oabm&&Sdonfhtwdkif; rnfonfhtzJGUacgif;aqmifrqkd tpkd;&opf
rzGJUpnf;rD ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufudk ay;tyfrnf[k bk&ifcH
xHrSm a&S;OD;pGm 0efcHcsuf&&Sdap&ef aqmif&GufoifhaMumif;/
(2) bk&ifcHxHrS xdk0efcHcsuf r&&SdvQif tpdk;&tzGJUopfzGJUpnf;&ef vkyfief;
wm0efudk rnfonfhygwDurQ vufrcH&ef wdkufwGef;aMumif;/
(ykH) OD;oGif
/ OD;vSbl;
/ OD;nGefU
/ OD;bdk;aAsmh
/ OD;jrifh
/ OD;bkd;atmif
/ OD;xGef;OD;
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; aMunmcsufESifh ra&S;raESmif;yif pDtifeftD;ac: trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpD
uvnf; tvm;wlyif aMunmavonf/
OD;ykonf tpdk;&zGJU&ef BudK;pm;\/ OD;baztm; tpdk;&tzJGUwGif 0efBuD;wpfOD;tjzpfjzifh
vufcH&ef OD;yku zdwfonf/ olU ig;yGGifhqdkif *sDpDbDatuvnf; vufcH&ef wdkufwGef;onf/
OdD;bazu vufrcH/ bmhaMumifh vufrcHonfudkvnf; r&Sif;/ OD;ykonf OD;apmtm;
vufcH&ef qJG\/ OD;apmum; vlodewfMum; vufrcHyg/ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&udk zsufNyD;aemuf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 400 -
aemuftpdk;&wufvQif raxmufcHbJ 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; zsuf&efudkom vkyfrnf[k
aMunmNyD;jzpf\/ ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾udkvnf; uwdvufrSwf a&;xdk;ay;NyD;jzpf\/
okdUaomf ,cktcg avoHajymif;vmonf/ OD;oGifpaom NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;\ toHudk vkdufvm
onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsmatmifvkyfygrnf[k OD;yku 0efcHvQif
&mxl;vufcHrnf[k qkdavonf/
aemufqkH; OD;ykonf ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk at;atmif NyD;jywfatmif aqmif&Gufygrnf[k
qdkavonf/
OD;oGifpaom NrdKUrdNrdKUz ukefonfBuD;wkdUuvnf; ausmif;om;ta&;ay;&rnf/ ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh ausat;&rnf/
pDtifeftD; trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDwdkUuvnf; ausmif;om;ta&; ay;&rnf/
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ausat;&rnf/
*VKefOD;apmuvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;awmif;qdkcsuf ay;&rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ausat;
&rnf/
OD;ykuvnf; ausmif;om;wkdUta&; NyD;jywfausat;atmif aqmif&Gufygrnf/
uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;awGuvnf; v,form;tvkyform;ESifh tusKd;xyfwl aqmif&Guf
&rnf[k a<u;aMumfNyD; ta&;awmfykHBuD;udk pcJUMuaomfvnf; ckawmh ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;
NyD;jcif;wGifom tm&kHpdkufaeMuavNyD/ tvkyform; v,form;wkdU awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk
rarhaomfvnf; awmifrif; ajrmufrif;ru,fEdkif jzpfNyD/ udk,fhta&;udk,f NyD;jywfatmif
vkyfMu&kHom &Sdawmhonf/
xdkUaMumifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh eef;&if;0efOD;ykwkdUonf OD;oGiftdrfü
azazmf0g&Dv 24&ufaeUwGif wpfBudrf 25&ufaeUwGif wpfBudrf awGUqkH aphpyfa&;
vkyfMuavonf/ 24&ufaeU tpnf;ta0;wGif eef;&if;0ef OD;ykESifh OD;oGif? OD;bkd;aAsmh?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 401 -
OD;nGefUpaom NrdKUrdNrdKUz vlBuD;rsm;ESifh udkvSa&T? udkodef;atmif? udkoef;wifpaom
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; wufMuavonf/ 4if;jyif ocifEkESifh a'gufwmxifatmif
wkdUvnf; wufMu\/ 25&ufaeUrSmum; txufygvlBuD;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;tjyif *VKefOD;apmESifh ocifatmifqef;wkdUvnf; wufa&mufMuonf/ xdkodkU
ausmif;om;ta&; ausat;NyD;jywf&ef aqG;aEG;aeMupOf ae&mtESHUtjym;rSmum; eef;&if;0ef
&mxl;udk qufcHoGm;aom OD;yktm; &IwfcsoHrsm; ay:vmayonf/ Od;ykrSm &rnf;oif;
tv,fydkif; rJqE´e,frS trwfjzpfav&m &rnf;oif;tv,fydkif; rJqE´&Sifrsm;u csufcsif;
tpnf;ta0;vkyfNyD; OD;yktm; &Iwfcsavonf/ tpnf;ta0; OuúXvkyfolrSm OD;yk\wl
awmfol ysOf;rem;ocifjr jzpfay\/ olwkdUonf &efukefta&mufcsDwufum uefUuGufMu
rnf[k qkH;jzwfavonf/ tpdk;&opfudk awmxkwfjcif;vnf; jyKavonf/ &efukef wdkUArm
tpnf;t&kH;uvnf; OD;yk tpdk;&opfzJGUjcif;udk uefUuGuf&ef tpnf;a0;ac:\/
aocgeD;rS &du©m,l
tbdZÆmxlum iyk iyk/
nGefUaygif;vufopf &mxl;,l
wkdif;jynfql&if olwkdUaMumifhyJ/
ArmjynfBuD; epfzdkUzef
uvdrfOmPfESifh iapm iapm/
iapmrdkU wufvdkUvm
olUrsufESm t&Sufr&Sd/
nmwm0g' vSdrfhvdkUzef
rsKd;cspfOmPf[m barmfvdkyJ/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 402 -
bwfpfum;rsm;jzifh vSnfhí oHcsyfxdk;olu xdk;Muavonf/
OD;yktpdk;&ESifh aphpyfaeaom 2&uftwGif; uRefawmfhrSm aerxdxdkifrom jzpfaeayonf/
vnfyif;w&Snf&SnfESifh xGufvmrnfhtajzudk apmifhae&if; XmecsKyfrSm tNidrfraeEkdif/
25&ufaeU nae udkvSa&TwkdUvlpk OD;ykESifhaqG;aEG;&ef OD;oGif\tdrfodkU xGufcGmoGm;Mu&m
uRefawmfonf a&ausmf rcifopfwdkUtdrfodkU xGufvmcJUrdavonf/ oufouf *emrNidrfvdkU
vrf;&Smum xGufvmrdoavm? odkUr[kwf rcifopfuav;tm; awGUcsifpdwfaygufvmí
xGufvmcJUrdoavm? odkUr[kwf olwdkUwpfawG txl;ojzifh q&mazESifh q&muawmf
a':nGefUwkdUESifh eD;pyfaom jrefrmausmif;q&mESifh ausmif;om;wkdU\ tajctaeudk pkHprf;
avhvmvdkí xGufvmcJUrdoavm/ udk,fwdkifcJGjcm;rodyg/
rcifopfwkdU\ tdrfatmufxyf&Sd aq;qdkifwGif uRefawmfrjrifzl;ao;aom rdef;rBuD;
wpfa,mufonf rcifopfxdkifavh&Sdaom uGyfyspfwGifxdkifvsuf aq;ayghvdyf rSdef;aeav
onf/ xdkrdef;rBuD;tjyif b,folrQr&Sd/ xdkrdef;rBuD;rSm q&maz\ t&yftarmif;avmufyif
&Sdí q&maz\ rsufESmESifh cRwfpGyfwlavonf/ acgif;rSm qHyifjzLtenf;i,fESifh ezl;jyif
wGif ta&;okH;aMumif;xifatmif ta&wGefUaeNyDjzpfí q&maz\ tpfrBuD;jzpf&rnf[k
uRefawmf wyftyfwGufvdkufayonf/
]]q&meJUa':a':wdkU &SdMuygovm;cifAsm}}
rdef;rBuD;onf &kwfw&uf rajzao;bJ uRefawmfhtm; pkHprf;onfhoabmjzifh aphaphMunfh
aeao;onf/
]]r&Sdbl;? rif;ub,fuvJ}}
]]uRefawmfu ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾uyg cifAsm? rcifopfaum &Sdygovm;}}
rdef;rBuD;onf uRefawmfhtm; {nfh0wfysLiSmvnf;rjy? ae&mxdkifcif;vnf; ray;? pkHprf;onfh
tMunfhjzihfom aphaphqwfMunfhNyD;aemuf-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 403 -
]]b,fausmif;u or*¾vJ}}
]]wuúodkvf ausmif;om;or*¾ygcifAsm}}
bmaMumifhrSef;rod? ,dkU,dkUuav; NyKH;aerdonf/ twefMumrS-
]][kwfuJU? uRefawmf'Dtdrf cPcP a&mufzl;ygw,f/ rcifopfeJUvnf; aumif;aumif;
odygw,f}}
]]opfopfwpfa,mufawmh tay:rSm&Sdw,f? awGUcsif&if wufoGm;ayawmh}}
bmaMumifhrSef;rod? uRefawmfonf tay:xyfwufzkdU cyfawGawG jzpfaeonf/
]]wufoGm;av wufoGm;}}
avSum; yxrqkH;txpfudk wufvdkufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf wokefokefvGifhvmaom
apmif;oHoJUoJUuav;udk Mum;vkduf&avonf/ Nidrfhanmif;om,maom apmif;aumufoH/
wpfxpf? ESpfxpf? okH;xpf wufíwufíoGm;vQif apmif;oHoJUoJUuav;onf ydkí ydkí
yDopGm &dkufcwfvmonf/ em;axmifcsKdat;aom oDcsif;qdkoH cyfwdk;wkd;uvnf; apmif;oH
vIdif;udk pD;í vdkufygaeonfr[kwfavm/
uRefawmfonf tay:xyfa&muf&ef avSum;okH;xpfom vdkaomae&mwGif &yfaeNyD;
em;axmif aevdkufonf/
Nidrfhanmif;aom apmif;oHESifh csKdat;aom BudK;oDcsif;oHudk taESmifht,Suf jzpfroGm;apvdk/
rcifopfonf rdcifu om;i,ftm; ydkufxm;ovdk apmif;udk &ifcGifrSm ydkufxm;NyD;
oG,faysmif;onfh vufacsmif;uav;rsm;udk BudK;rsm;ay:wGif upm;aeavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 404 -
tdrfa&SUbufodkU rsufESmrlxm;NyD; tmumjyifjymvJUvJUxJokdU ai;pdkufumMunfh&if; csKdat;
onfh toHvIdif;rsm;udk vTifhaeavonf/
]]apmif;awmfod*Fg at;at;nSif;nSif;/ jrnfoHomvS rSef&mwGif;? xHaygif;aw wsmoGif;?
omjcif; omjcif;? vGefom,mpG wD;bJGUvufoHrSm? yef;yGm;yef;yGm;? a0qmqm?
a&Tvuf&dk;i,f wkd;udEé&m? vufoH vufoH vufoH &Sdefjyif;? omwnfhom bdjcif;i,fESifh?
okH;,H oef;acgifwGif;ayrdkU? wHrTmwH&Snf nSif;ygvdkU apmif;rif;yOöodefavwnfhrS apmif;rif;
yOöodef}}
rcifopfonf oDcsif;qkH;aomfvnf; twD;r&yf? tjcm;BudK;oHrsm;udk qufaeavonf/
rsufESmudk apmif;ay:wGif ikHUxm;NyD; wpfudk,fvkH;rSm tm&kH[lorQudk apmif;BudK;ESifh
vufacsmif;uav;rsm;qDodkU vTwfxm;[ef &Sdayonf/
uRefawmfwdkUwpfawG a,muf,ufcwfaecsdefwGif rcifopfum; Nidrf;at;oufom &SdvS
ay\/ trsm;wumu a<u;aMumfoHawG atmfaeMucdkuf rcifopfu Nidrfhanmif;aom
apmif;oHESifh csKdat;nifomaom BudK;oDcsif;oHwkdUwGif epfjrKyfvsuf&Sd\/ uRefawmfonf
&kwfw&ufawmh rcifopftm; tHUMord\/ okdUaomfawG;Munfhawmh tHUMop&mr[kwfyg/
uRefawmfonfvnf; urm&GwfoGm;í yef;rsm;tMum;wGif vdyfjymuav;rsm;ESifhtwl 0JysHae
cJUonf/ waygif;v\ naecif;tvSwGif epfjrKyfaecJUonf/ vxufjcrf;ay:pD;í
aumif;uifjymvJUvJUwGif vGifhaecJUao;onf/ rtHUMo&kHruao;? rcifopfESifh uRefawmf
onf OmOfwlonf? 0goemwlonf[kyif atmufarhrdao;\/
]]wufoGm;av? wufoGm;? [JU-opfopf {nhfonfvmaew,f}}
[laom rdef;rBuD;\ us,favmifaomtoHonf avSum;ajc&if;rS tay:odkU wufvm
av&m uRefawmfhrSm 'dwfceJyif jzpfoGm;awmh\/ onfawmhrS rcifopfvnf; uRefawmfh
bufodkU Munhfvdkufavonf/ tHUMooGm;aom rsufESmrSm cPtwGif; csKdoGm;onf/
odkUaomf NyKH;íom EIwfqufNyD; vufuawmh BudK;NyD;atmif qufwD;aeay\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 405 -
uRefawmfonf ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;wGif 0ifxdkifvkdufonf/ wD;NyD;onfhwdkifatmif olUrsufESm
av;udk wpdrfhpdrfh Munfhaevdkufonf/ rsufESmay:wGif xif;ceJ 0if;yvmaom tNyKH;onf
awmfawmfESifh aysmufroGm;/ apmif;BudK;rsm;ay:wGif vufuav;rsm; aomhvdkufaomtcg
qHawmufuav;onf vkyfvJUvkyfvD jzpfaeayonf/
]]q&meJUa':a':wdkU b,foGm;MuovJ rcifopf}}
]]azazu bwfpfum;oydwfvSefr,fh tpnf;ta0;wufzkdUwJU? OD;av;OD;bcsKdeJU OD;av;Ek
wkdUu ac:oGm;w,f/ araruawmh vGwfvyfa&;trsKd;orD;tzGJU&,f aq;vdyfckHtrsKd;orD;
awGeJUtwl bwfpfum;awGeJU xGufoGm;Muw,f/ OD;apm &mxl;,lr,fvdkU uefUuGufqE´jyzkdU
wJU}}
]]'Dwpfcg rcifopfawmh vkdufroGm;bJudk;}}
]]aumif;aumif; aeraumif;wmeJU vdkufroGm;bl; q&m&JU}}
]]ckeuqkdwJU BudK;[m odyfaumif;wmyJaemf? rcifopf apmif;wD;wmuvnf; odyf
aumif;wmyJ}}
]]tif;? [efrygayvdkUomaygh opfopf&,f? [efomyg&if}}
rcifopfonf apmif;udk ckHay:wifxm;vdkufNyD; cyfvSrf;vSrf;u ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;rSm
xdkifvkdufonf/
]]q&mu *Dw0goem rygbl;aemf}}
]]b,folu ajymovJ}}
]]tdk-t&ifwpfcgwke;fu q&myJajymw,f r[kwfvm;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 406 -
]]tif; [kwfom;yJ? opfopfu w,frSwfrdwmudk;}}
uRefawmfonf rcifopfuav;u uRefawmfajymcJUzl;onfh pum;udk rSwfom;xm;ojzifh
auseyfNyD; tNyKH;BuD;NyKH;aeonf/ bmaMumifhrSef;rod? rcifopfuvnf; NyKH;íaeonf/
]]ckeuBudK;[m apmif;awmfbJGUBudK;wJUq&m&JU/ apmif;BudK;&JUtoH? apmif;wD;ol&JU vufoH
om,mykHudk csD;usL;zGJUqdk&kHwifru apmif;BuD;rSm yef;yGm;awGeJU b,favmufa0qmw,f?
wdk;&kyf udEé&m&kyfawGu b,fae&mrSm ygw,fqdkwmawGudkvnf; azmfjyxm;w,f/
A[kokwvnf; jzpfapwJU BudK;aygh q&m&,f}}
]]'gxuf opfopfudkwpfck owday;&OD;r,f}}
rcifopf\rsufESmrSm pdk;&drfjcif;jzifh ndKoGm;onf[k xif&onf/
]]wjcm;r[kwfygbl;? apmif;wD;wJUtcgrSmav tdrfa&SUbuf rsufESmrlNyD; rwD;apcsifbl;/
tvif;a&mifawGu wkduf&dkufrsufpdudkxkd;awmh rsufpdudk xdckdufrSmpdk;&w,fodvm;}}
xdktwGif; tdrfa&SUwnfhwnfh vrf;ay:rS us,favmifpGm oHNydKif[pfvkdufaom a<u;aMumfoH
rsm;onf uRefawmfhpum;rsm;udk ydwfypfvdkufygavonf/
*VKef *VKef OD;apm OD;apm
vdrfwm vdrfwm olyJ olyJ/
tkyfcsKyfa&; tkyfcsKyfa&;
wdkufzsufMu wkdufzsufMu/
OD;apmvdrfwm olUtBuH
igwdkUrcH bmxifvdkUvJ/
&mxl;i,fwJU armif*VKef
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 407 -
tBuHukefvkdU *VKefqm;csuf/
oHNydKifatmfMuNyD;aemuf trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufu ]]*VKef&SufzG,f}} [k [pfvkdufonf/ tjcm;
wpfa,mufu ]]v'&SufzG,f}} [k atmfaomtcg tjcm;wpfa,mufu ]]ESHjynfpkwf
&SufzG,f}} [k [pfjyefavonf/
rcifopfonf jywif;aygufqDodkU oGm;Munfh&if;-
]]a[m-ararwkdU jyefvmMuNyD}}
uRefawmfum; xdkifNrJomxdkifaeonf/ tcsKdUtrsKd;orD;rsm; bwfpfum;ay:rS qif;MuoHudk
Mum;&onf/ atmufxyfwGif uRefawmfawGUcJU&aom rdef;rBuD;ESifh bwfpfum;ay:rS
rdef;rBuD;wpfa,muf tjyeftvSef atmfus,f[pfus,f pum;ajymMuoHudkvnf; Mum;vdkuf
&ayonf/
rdef;rBuD;-
]]b,fhES,fvJa[h? *VKeftdrf a&mufcJUMu&JUvm;}}
]]a&mufvnf;a&mufcJUyg? a<u;aMumfoHawGvnf; atmfcJUygw,f&Sif}}
]]'gjzifh jyD;a&mayghat}}
]]rNyD;bl;trda&U? *VKeftdrfu aumifawGaumifrawGu vSefjyvdkufMuw,f/ wkdUu
*VKefom t&Sufr&Sdbl;xifw,f? ckawmh oif;wkdU wpfrsKd;vkH;wpfaqGvkH; t&Sufudkr&Sdwmudk;
trd&JU}}
xkdUaemuf bwfpfum;xGufoGm;avonf/ rMumrDyif a':nGefUonf tay:okdU wufvmav
onf/ uRefawmfu rwfwwf&yfNyD; qD;BudKaeonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 408 -
]]aMomf armifwifxGe;f? a&mufaewmMumNyDvm;}}
]]odyfrMumao;ygbl; a':a':}}
]]xdkifyguG,f xdkifyg? opfopfa& ararhudk a&wpfcGufay;prf;uG,f}}
a':nGefUonf ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;wGif 0ifxdkifvdkufonf/ awmfawmfyif armvmcJU[ef
&Sdonf/ tvkdvdk ay:aecsifaom twefi,facgonfh oGm;rsm;onf NyKH;a&miforf;aeaom
EIwfcrf;rsm;Mum;rS azG;ceJay:aeMuonf/ rcifopfu a&cyfay;onfudk aomufNyD;aemuf-
]]b,fhES,f rif;wdkU wuúodkvfausmif;om;awGu iapmeJU aphpyfaeMuNyD qkdyguvm;}}
]]OD;apmeJU&,fvdkU r[kwfygbl; a':a':? OD;ykeJU aphpyfaqG;aEG;aewmyg}}
]]twlwleJU tElElayghuG,f? a':a':wkdUoabmuawmha[h oydwfvSefwmudk rBudKufbl;uG?
91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; rysufrcsif; oydwfrvSefapcsifbl;}}
rcifopfonf olUtar\ab;rSm rwfwwf&yfvsuf uRefawmfbmajymrnfudk odvdkaZmESifh
apmifhMunfhaeavonf/ uRefawmfum; &kwfjcnf; bmrQjyefrajymEdkif/ tawmf uefUuGuf
acsy&ef cufaom pum;rsm;aywnf;/
]]a':a':wkdUuawmha[h NrdwfNrdKUu ausmif;om;rdbawG&JU qkH;jzwfcsufudk BudKufouJGU/
vGwfvyfa&;r&rcsif; oydwfarSmufaer,fwJU}}
uRefawmfu; bmrQrajymEdkifawmhacs/ a':':onf olUorD;tm; armhMunfhNyD;-
]]orD;a& tarqmNyDuG,f? uJ-aemufaz;oGm;NyD; xrif;jyifzkdUajym? orD; azaztwGuf
csefxm;vdkufaemf? armifwifxGef; xrif;pm;oGm;ygvm;}}
]]rpm;ygbl; a':a':}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 409 -
]]bmvdkUrpm;wmvJuJGU? 'gxuf armifvSa&TwdkU OD;ykeJUaphpyfaeMuwm bmawGrsm; &owJU
vJ}}
]]tNyD;owf rqkH;jzwf&ao;bl;wJU a':a':&JU? 'Dawmh uRefawmfvnf; bmrS rnfrnf&&
rodao;bl;/ udkvSa&TwdkUvnf; 'DaeUnaeyJ OD;oGiftdrfudk oGm;Muav&JU? olwkdU tJ'D
oGm;Muwke;f uRefawmf 'DudkvmwmyJ}}
a':a':onf bmrQrajymbJ ai;aeonf/
uRefawmfvnf; Nidrfíaevdkufonf/
tawmfMumaomtcg rcifopfu xrif;pm;vmac:ojzifh a':a':onf xdkif&mrSx&if;-
]]vmavuG,f armifwifxGef; xrif;pm;oGm;ygvm;}}
]]rpm;awmhygbl; a':a':? q&mawmh awmfawmfeJU jyefrvmao;bl; xifw,faemf}}
]]rajymwwfbl;? bwfpfum;orm;awG&JU tpnf;ta0;udk q&mOD;bcsKdeJU vkdufoGm;wmyJ/
bwfpfum;oydwfawGuawmh vSefMurSmxifyg&JU? q&mOD;bcsKdwdkU 0ifaphpyfvdkU awmif;qdk
csufawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;yJ&w,f/ aumfzDaomufygOD;vm;}}
uRefawmfvnf; xdkif&mrSxvdkufNyD;-
]]raomufawmhbl;a':a':? uRefawmfoGm;awmhr,f}}
]]oGm;awmhrvm; at;at;}}
a':a':htm;Munfh&onfrSm tawmfyif yifyef;EGrf;e,faeykH&onf/ qmuvnf; tawmfqm
aeonf/ uRefawmfhtm; rvTJomí {nfhcHajymqkdae&aomfvnf; uRefawmfoGm;awmhrnf
qdkaomtcg tawmfoufom&m &oGm;onf[k xifonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 410 -
NrdKUrausmif;odkU uRefawmfjyefa&mufaomtcg udkvSa&TwkdUvlpkum; jyefra&mufMuao;/
,aeU aphpyfa&;tpnf;ta0;odkU udkvSa&T? udkat;ausmfESifh udkpdk;armifwkdUom vkdufygoGm;
NyD; useftrIaqmifrsm; ae&pfcJUMuonf/ olwkdUum; udkvSa&TwkdUtvmudk warQmfarQmfESifh
apmifhaeMuonf/ tcsKdUu pmzwfaeMuonf/ tcsKdUu tdyfaeMuonf/
uRefawmfum; ajcukefvufyef;usaeonf/ pum;0dkif;odkU r0ifcsif/ pmvnf; rzwfcsif/
aysmfoGm;atmifom tdyfypfvdkufvdkayonf/ odkUaomf þvkd *emrNidrfEdkifatmif apmifh&
arQmf&aom tcsdefrsKd;ü vSJvdkufvQifvJSvdkufcsif; tdyfaysmfEdkifonf r[kwfay/ ppfajrjyifwGif
oJoJrJrJ wkdufaeMuqJ tdyfvdkí acgif;csvdkufvQif tdyfaysmfoGm;wwfonfqdkaom
ppfolBuD; eydkvD,Hudk ajy;owd&rdavonf/
uRefawmfonf acgif;tkH;wpfvkH;ESifh owif;pmwpfapmifudk qJG,lNyD; tcef;wpfcef;wGif;odkU
0ifavonf/ yufvufvSefvSJí aq;ayghvdyfESifh Zdrf,laeaom udkxGef;&Sdefudk awGU&
avonf/
]]jyefrvmMuao;bl; r[kwfvm;}}
uRefawmfu olUab;rSm acgif;tkH;cs&if;-
]]rvmMuao;bl;? olwkdUjyefa&mufavmufNyDqkdNyD; uRefawmfjyefvmwm}}
]]udk,fhvlu b,fujyefvmwmwkkH;}}
]]a&ausmfu q&mazwkdUtdrfu}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf aq;ayghvdyfudk vTifhypfvkdufNyD;aemuf-
]]olwkdUqDu bmxifjrifcsufawGrsm; ay;MuovJ}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 411 -
]]q&muawmfuav 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;ysufrS oydwfvSef&r,fwJU/ Nrdwfu NrdKUrdNrdKUzawG
qkH;jzwfcsuf? [dk vGwfvyfa&;r&rcsif; oydwfarSmuf&r,f qkdwmav/ tJ'gudk
q&muawmfu oabmusaew,f}}
uRefawmfonf tdyf&mrS vSJvdkufonf/
udkxGef;&Sdefu olUbmomol ajym[efESifh uRefawmfMum;avmufatmif-
]]tif; cufawmhwmyJ}}
uRefawmfonf owif;pmzwfí aevdkufavonf/
]]ykodrfnGefUqm;*dka'gifwGif xnfhxm;aom vufeufrsm;udk w&kwfNynfodkU wifydkUvdkufNyD}}
]]jyifopftpdk;&onf pydefjynfolykef z&efukdddtpdk;&udk todtrSwfjyK&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufjcif;}}
]]ynmawmfoif&ef *syefjynfoGm;csifovm;}}
þ aemufqkH;acgif;pOfrSm owif;r[kwf? aMumfjimjzpfonf/ xdkaMumfjimudk xnfholrSm
rnfolygvJ/ International Students Institute, Tokyo ESifh quf&rnf [k
qkdxm;onf/ *syefjynfuaeNyD; þaMumfjimudk rydkUwef&m/ ArmjynfrSm *syefudk,fpm;vS,f
&Sdwef&m\/
uRefawmfonf owif;pmzwf&if; pOf;pm;cef;0ifaeckduf udkxGef;&Sdefu-
]]udk,fhvl&JU oli,fruav;aum awGUcJUao;ovm;}}
]]b,folUudk ajymwmvJAs}}
]]q&mazhorD; rcifopfav}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 412 -
]]'DvdkrajymygeJUAsm? uRefawmf pdwfawmifrul;rdao;ygbl;}}
]][kwfuJUvm; udk,fhvl? wu,fpdwfrul;wmvm;? 'Dvkdqdk&if udk,fwdkUawmif NydKifyGJ0ifEdkif
ao;wmaygh}}
]]wu,f pdwfrul;ao;ygbl;? aumifrav;u i,fi,fuav; &Sdao;w,fAs}}
]]awmufwD;awmufwJU b,fi,f&rSmvJ? 15ESpfawmh ausmfa&maygh? udk,fhvl [efaqmif
raeeJU? ab;vltjzpfeJU tuJcwfMunhfawmh udk,fhvl[m aumifrav;udk bmuvdkwdkwkd
jzpfaeNyD [J [J}}
uRefawmfuvnf; bmrQrajymawmhbJ [J [J ESifh toHxGufí NyKH;aevdkufygonf/
olajymcgrS rcifopfuav;tm; jrifa,mifaeonf/ tvSBuD;vSonf r[kwfaomfvnf;
usufoa&&Sdonf/ csKdonf/ cspfp&maumif;onf/
owif;pmudk qufzwfonf/
]]vm;&Id;ESifhcsKHuif; av,mOfysH tNrJoGm;awmhrnf}}
rcifopfuav;[m i,fayr,fh vdr®mw,f/ rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdw,f/
]]*syef BuKH;0g;oHudk zwfyg}}
rcifopfuav;[m uAsm*DwrSm t&G,feJUrvdkufatmif awmfw,f/
]]*syefwdkif;owif;pmudk zwfyg? ta&SUtm&StaMumif; em;vnfyg}}
owif;pmudk &ifbwfay: csxm;vdkufonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 413 -
rcifopf? w&kwf? *syef? rcifopf? z&efudk? csdefbmvdef? rcifopf? rsufpdxJrSm axG;vkH;
&pfywf ay:aeonf/
tdyfaysmfoGm;vdkufonfrSm reuf5em&DcGJavmuf udkxGef;&SdefvmEId;rS Edk;awmhonf/
]]udkvSa&TwdkU jyefvmMuNyDvm;}}
udkxGef;&Sdef\rsufESmrSm tqDawG0if;aeonf/ rsufwGif;vnf; tenf;i,f a[mufaeykH
&onf/
]]MumvSNyD jyefa&mufwm}}
]]bmawG&cJUMuovJ? tajctaeb,fvdkaeovJ}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf olUxufxJu pm&GufawGudk uRefawmfhtm;ay;&if;-
]]tJ'gawGyJ/ udk,fwkdU raeUnu 2em&DrSmrS tpnf;ta0;vkyf&w,f/ udkvSa&T?
udkodef;atmif? udkat;ausmf? udkpdk;armif? udkausmfjrifh? udkaomif;cif? udkbpH?
NrdKUrudkoef;wifeJU udk,fwkdU wufMuw,f/ wdkUzdwfMum;csuft& tjyifuwufwJU vlawG
uawmh ocifEk? ocifatmifqef;? ocifodef;az? udkausmfNidrf;eJU udkcspfwdkUjzpfw,f/
udkvSa&TwkdUvlpku eef;&if;0efOD;ykeJU aphpyfaqG;aEG;csuf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk wifjyMu
w,f/ wpfnvkH; aqG;aEG;NyD; vufcHMuzkdU qkH;jzwfw,f/ ckyJ tpnf;ta0;NyD;w,f}}
]]oydwfvSefzkdU qkH;jzwfNyD;NyDvm;}}
]]tif;? qkH;jzwfNyD;NyD/ tJ'gawGudk udk,fhvl vufESdyfpufvkyfay;OD;rSyJ/ csufcsif; owif;pm
wdkufawGudk ydkU&r,f? [kwfvm;}}
pm&Gufrsm;udk,lí [dkvSefonfvSef tay:,HvQHíMunfh&if; uRefawmfu-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 414 -
]][kwfNyDav vkyfwmaygh}}
]]udk,fawmh tdyfvdkufOD;r,f}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf uRefawmfhacgif;tkH;udkyg olUtdyf&mokdU ,loGm;NyD; acgif;tkH; 2vkH;Mum;rSm
acgif;udkxm;í wapmif;acGum tdyfaeavonf/
oydwfvSefvdkufNyD/
uRefawmfonf þowif;udk tNidrfraeEdkifatmif apmifhaecJUaomfvnf; Mum;&awmh
rtHUMo? arQmfvifhaeNyDjzpfonf/ 0rf;vnf;rom 0rf;vnf;renf;/
awmif;qkdcsufawGaum tNidrfraeEdkifatmif apmifhaecJUaomfvn;f Mum;&awmh rtHUMo?
arQmfvifhaeNyDjzpfonf/ 0rf;vnf;rom? 0rf;vnf;renf;/
awmif;qdkcsufawGaum b,fhavmuf&vdkU b,fhavmufr&ovJ/ OD;yktpdk;&eJU uRefawmfwdkU
acgif;aqmifawG bmawGrsm; oabmwlnDcJUMuovJ/
uRefawmfonf tcef;xJrS pBuFodkUxGufcJUNyD; pBuFwHwdkif;ay:wGif vufydkufí tjyifodkU
ai;Munfhaeonf/ jrif;NydKifuGif;a[mif;BuD;xJwGif jrLawGqdkif;aeonf/ aerif;um; rxGuf
ao;/ ta&SUaumif;uifrSm ESif;qDa&mifpdkUaeonf/ a&Twd*kHapwDawmfBuD;um; jrLrsm;
Mum;wGif *Grf;EkvTmMum;u a&TawmifBuD;vdk wnfaeavonf/ iSufrsm;onf O'[dk
ysHoef;&if; eHeufoDcsif;rsm; usL;&ifhaeMu\/ OMowGefoHonf &ifwGif;rSm pdrfhoGm;atmif
om,mat;jronf/
ausmif;ydwfcsdefygwum;/
odkUaomf ausmif;awGudk oydwfvSefvkdufayNyD/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 415 -
twefMum eHeufcif;tvSudk eHeufcif;avnif;ESifhwuG &SL&IdufNyD;aemuf oufjyif;csí
&ifav;rIudk ayghapNyD; wdkufyf&dkuf&rnfh pm&Gufrsm;udk zwfvdkufonf/
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rif;wdkUonf ausmif;om;rsm;udpöESifhywfoufí
atmufyg tcsufrsm;udk oabmwlnDMuNyD jzpfaMumif;/
jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;u 4if;wdkU
vufatmuf&Sd ausmif;om;tm;vkH;udk atmufygtcsuftvufrsm;udk
vdkufemap&rnf/
(u) w&m;Oya'ESifh qefUusifaom trIrsm;udk jyKvkyfjcif;rSjzpfap?
tm;ay;jcif;rSjzpfap? a&SmifMuOfMu&rnf/
(c) ,ck vuf&Sd wuúodkvfausmif;ESifh pmoifausmif; oydwfarSmufjcif;
rsm;udk &yfpJ&rnf/
tpdk;&u atmufygtwdkif; aqmif&GufrnfjzpfaMumif;/
1/ tpdk;&udk tMunfndKysufatmif a[majymjcif;? tMurf;jyKvkyfjcif;?
tMurf;jyKvkyfatmif vIHUaqmfay;jcif; yg0ifaom trIrsm;rSwpfyg;
,ckvuf&Sd qlyloydwfarSmufrIESifh ywfoufí zrf;qD;jcif;? odkUr[kwf
ppfaMumpD&ifí tjypf'Pfay;jcif;cH&aom wynfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
vTwfrnf/
tpdk;&tm; tMunfndKysufatmif a[majymjcif;? tMurf;jyKvkyfjcif;
tMurf;jyKvkyfap&ef vIHUaqmfay;jcif;rsm; ryg0ifonfh trIrsm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í w&m;&kH;awmfwGif tppfaq;cHae&olwdkUtwGufrSm tpdk;&rif;
wdkUu pD&ifpke,f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;tm; qdkif&mtrIvdkuf a&SUaeESifh
wdkifyifí trIudk &kyfodrf;cGifhjyK&ef oifhroifhudk pOf;pm;&eftwGuf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 416 -
ajymMum;vdrfhrnf/ þtcsufü w&m;Oya't& w&m;&kH;awmfu
qkH;jzwfonfhtwdkif; wnfrnf/
2/ ,aeUrwdkifrD vuf&Sd pmoifausmif;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif; oydwf
arSmufjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí usL;vGefMuaom trIrsm;twGuf
usL;vGefonfhtrIonf tMurf;jzpfap? &mZ0wfrIjzpfap? rusL;vGefvQif
wynfhausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;pnf;urf;t& ta&;,lvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/
4/ ausmif;pm;ar;yGJESifh ywfoufí ,ckvuf&Sd oydwfudk vSefNyD;aemuf
tenf;qkH; okH;vcGmí aemufxyf pmar;yJGrsm; usif;yvdrfhrnf/ 4if;
pmar;yGJtwGuf 0ifcrsm;rSm pmar;yGJ0ifonfhausmif;om; ajzqkdrnfh
bmom&yftwGuf tcsKd;us ay;&vdrfhrnf/ wuúodkvfausmif; pmar;yGJ
twGufvnf; xkdenf;twl ta&;,l&ef tpdk;&u qdkif&modkU axmufcH
tBuHay;vdrfhrnf/
5/ 1938-ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 20&ufaeUwGif twGif;0efrsm;&kH;teD;ü
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38
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jycJUayonf/ odkUaomf xdkpOfu olUemrnfudk rodcJUacs/ ar;vnf; rar;rdacs/
ql;avbk&m;vrf; &kyf&Sif&kHrsm;a&SUodkU a&mufaomtcg rjrifhOD;udk ajy;í owd&avonf/
rjrifhOD;om &efukefrSm&SdvQif olESifhom &kyf&SifMunfhaeayvdrfhrnf/ tckvdk rjrrSDESifh
uefawmfBuD;odkU avnif;cHxGufrnfr[kwf[k xifonf/ rjrifhOD;udk vGrf;qGwfovdkvdk?
wrf;wovkvdk jzpfvmay\/
]]armifav;&JU pum;rajym bmrajymeJU b,folUtaMumif;rsm; awG;aeovJ}}
uRefawmfu &Sufudk;&Sufuef; NyKH;vdkufNyD;awmh ]]b,folUtaMumif;rS rawG;ygbl;? ,ck
jyaewJU &kyf&SifawGtaMumif; awG;aevdkUyg/ Mad About Music qdkwJU&kyf&Sifum;[m
odyfaumif;owJU/ *sL'D*gvifqdkwJU Zmwfvkdufaumifrav;udk uRefawmfu odyfBudKufwm
rr MunfhNyD;NyDvm;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 434 -
]]rru t*Fvdyfpm odyfrwwfawmh t*Fvdyf&kyf&Sif odyfrMunfhygbl;uG,f/ armifwifxGef;
awmh MunfhNyD;NyDvm;}}
]]rtm;wmeJU rMunfh&ao;bl;? odyfMunfhcsifwmyJ}}
]]rrjyr,fav? MunfhrSmvm;? ckvdk t*Fvdyfpm aumif;aumif;wwfwJUvleJU Munfh&awmh
rrrSmvnf; em;vnfyg;vnfeJU t&omcHEdkifwmaygh}}
]][kwfuJU}} [k ajymNyD; uRefawmfu Nidrfaevdkufonf?
um;onf wd&pämef&kHaxmifh ]cspfolUvrf;Mum;} (Lover's Lane) xdyfodkU a&mufvmaom
tcg rjrrSDu-
]]zdk;atmifa&? bkwfuvyfbufudkarmif;uG,f/ tJ'DbufuaeNyD; rrwdkUESpfa,muf orÁmefeJU
tv,fuRef;udk ul;Mur,f? rif;u tv,fuRef;xdyf0rSm oGm;NyD;apmifhaeayawmh}}
um;onf abmfw,feDu,f*g'ifbufodkU csKd;vkdufNyD;aemuf wpfcPü rjrrSDu-
]]zkd;atmifa&? &yfay;prf;uG,f/ rrwdkU a[m[dkvrf;Mum;xJuyJ avQmufNyD;oGm;awmhr,f/
rif;u tv,fuRef;xdyfudkom oGm;apmifhayawmh/ awmfawmfanmif;aeawmh vrf;ydkavQmuf
rS aumif;r,f}}
um;&yfvdkufonf/ uRefawmfwkdUonf qif;NyD; ]cspfolUvr;fMum;} wGif;odkU 0ifavonf/
r*dkvrf; ql;avbk&m;vrf; ponfwkdUESifh uGmjcm;vSaom vrf;Mum;uav;yifwnf;/
&GufopfwkdUjzihf pnfum;vSaom 0g;yif? opfyif? yef;yifwkdUaMumifh naecif; tvif;a&mif
rSm pdrf;vJUvJUta&mif[yfaeayonf/ xdk pdrf;vJUvJUaemufcHta&mifwGif pdefyef;yGifh\
eD&Jaomta&mif? ikeDvm\ eDvma&mifESifh ika&T0g\ a&T0ga&mifwkdUu pkwfwHupm;
xm;Muayonf/ avjynfrSmvnf; vwfqwfonfomru oif;aeonf[k xif&ay\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 435 -
uRefawmfwkdUonf ab;wdkufavQmufoGm;Muonf/ tcgwdkif; rjrrSDtm; uRefawmfhxuf
t&yftarmif; tenf;i,fjrifhOD;rnf[k xifcJU\/ ,ckvdk ,SOfavQmufvkdufawmhrS
uRefawmfhxufyif tenf;i,fedrfhaeonfudk tHUMopGm awGU&ayonf/ 'ghaMumifhvnf;
i,fi,fwkef;u udk&ifBuD;udkboef;u ]a,musmf;[m rdef;rxuf ydkbkef;BuD;w,f?
'ghaMumifh tcsif;csif;,SOfvkduf&if a,musmf;u ydkjrifhjcif; jzpfw,f} vdkU ajymcJUwmyJ/
aEGOD;&moD\ pdrf;vJUvJUa&mifjcnfrsm;Mum;wGif jynfhNzdK;awmifhwif;aom udk,fykHoP²mefESifh
vef;qef;pGm vSyaeaom rjrrSDrSm EkysKdaeonf[kyif uRefawmfxifrdonf/ ,if;odkUaom
taMumif;awGaMumifh uRefawmfESifh rjrrSDwkdU\Mum;0,f q,fESpfrQ uGmjcm;aeaom
toufwmonf wpfpp aysmufuG,foGm;awmhonf/
]]armifwifxGef; 'Dvrf;uav;&JUemrnfudk b,fvdkac:ovJuJGU}}
Lover’s Lane wJUrrr&JU? [J[J cspfolvrf;Mum;ygvdkU bmomjyefMuygpdkU rr&,f}}
rjrrSDuvnf; udk,frvkH[efjzifh oJUoJU&,fvkdufNyD;-
]]cspfolvrf;Mum;wJUaemf? [J [J emrnfay;oluvnf; awmfw,f? bmomjyefwJUoluvnf;
awmfw,f}}
uRefawmfa&m rjrrSDyg wNrKHUNrKHUNyKH;&if; acgif;idkufpdkufcsum jznf;jznf;uav; avQmufae
Muavonf/ awmfawmfESifh pum;p rawGUEdkifMu/ opfyifjrifhzsm;qDrS OMowGefoH ay:vm
onf/ NyD;awmh a&arT;yufzsef;xm;aom vufudkifyk0gudk jzefUvsuf ,yfcwfaeonf/
oif;jraom teHUuav;onf uRefawmfhtm; ,pfapavonf/
uRefawmfu idkufpdkufcsxm;aom rsufESmudk armhNyD; rjrrSDtm; Munfhvkdufonf/ rjrrSDonf
nSKd;i,faom rsufESmjzifh a&SUodkU ai;Munfhaeonf/
]]rrukodkvfuH[m odyfqdk;wmyJ? cspfola,musmf;&Sdayr,fh oGm;twl vmtwl aysmfaysmf
&Tif&Tif rae&bl;uJGU? olUudkvnf; oem;ygw,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 436 -
]]olUa&m*g b,fawmhaysmufrSmwJUvJ rr? q&m0efawGu b,fvdkajymovJ}}
]]b,fawmhrS aysmufr,fvdkU b,folrSrajymEdkifwJU tajcrSm &Sdygw,fuGm cufwmyJ}}
uRefawmfonf rjrrSDtm; wu,fyifoem;rdonf/ ]ap} wpfvkH;ydkifvQif aumif;avpG[k
awmifhwrdonf/ rr\a,mufsm; oGufcgyg'tajcrS csufcsif;aysmufap[k ref;rIwfvdkuf
rnf jzpf\/ ckawmh bmrQra&&maom pum;jzihfyif ESpfodrfhap&awmh\/
]]wpfaeUawmh aysmufrSmaygh rr&m? uHqdkwm tNrJwrf; edrfhae&dk;xkH;pH r&Sdygbl;}}
xkdtcsdefwGif arsmufrsm;u tlvkdufonf/ aemufqufNyD; usm;awG? jcaoFhawGu a[mufMu
onf/ aemufNyD; bmoHrScJGr&aom wd&pämef&kHqloHBuD;udk Mum;&avonf/
uRefawmfwdkUvnf; bkwfuvyfteD; a&mufMuavNyD/ orÁefwpfpif;udk iSm;Mu\/
rjrrSDu orÁefcwfoludk ausmay;vsuf orÁefOD;udk rsufESmrlum xdkifonf/ uRefawmfu
orÁefOD;udk ausmay;vsuf rjrrSDudk rsufESmrlum xdkifonf/
qnf;qma&mifjcnfonf tawmfyifvif;wkef; jzpfonf/ Munfvifaom aumif;uifjyif
uvnf; awmufyaeayonf/ avnSif;uav;u wokefokef wdkufcwfvsuf&Sd\/
rjrrSDonf &TifNyKH;vmjyefNyD; vufudk a&xJrSmcsí upm;aeonf/
]]armifwifxGef;MunfhwJU &kyf&SifawGxJrSm taumif;qkH;u b,fum;vJ}}
]]b,fum;[m taumif;qkH;vdkU ajymzkdUcufw,frr&JU/ rMumao;cifu Munfhvdkuf&wJU
um;wpfck[m odyfaumif;wmyJ? ]ar&D,m0,fvlUpfum} wJU/ ZmwfvkdufawGu *&dwm
*gbdkeJU csm;vfbGdKif,m? *&dwm*gbdkavmuf aumif;wJUrif;orD; uRefawmfawmh wpfcgrS
rawGUzl;ao;bl;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 437 -
rjrrSDonf avnif;uav;u qGojzifh yGaeaom r[mezl;qHprsm;udk oyf&if;-
]]Zmwfvrf;udk ajymjyygOD;uG}}
uRefawmfonf pum;r&SdvdkUom þZmwfum;taMumif;udk ajymvdkuf&aomfvnf; Zmwfvrf;
udkum; rajymcsif/ Zmwfum;udk BudKufrdíom BudKufrdaMumif; ajymvdkufaomfvnf;
Zmwfvrf;\oabmudk rjrrSDtm; rodapcsif/
]]ajymprf;ygOD;uG? rrwdkUu t*FvdyfZmwfum;awG rMunfhEdkifawmh rif;wdkUvdku azmufonf
csrSuG,fh}}
]]Zmwfvrf;&JU twdkcsKyfuawmh ydkvefjynfudk eydkvD,HppfcsDoGm;awmh t&G,ftdkrif;wJU
ydkvefNrdKUpm;BuD;wpfOD;&JU t&G,fEkysKdwJU NrdKUpm;uawmfeJU awGUMuw,f/ eydkvD,Hu
wrf;wrf;pJG vdkufydk;NyD; odrf;ydkufw,f/ y&'g&uHusL;vGefwJU Zmwfvrf;rdkU oifcef;pmu
raumif;bl;rr&JU}}
rjrrSDu ai;em;axmifae&mrS 0wfauswef;ukef ajymvdkuf[efjzifh-
]]at;aygh raumif;bl;}}
]]'gayrJU csm;vfbGdKif,mu eydkvD,Hudk tufvkyfwm odyfaumif;wmyJ? *&dwm*gbkd
NrdKUpm;uawmfvdk tufwif;uvnf; odyfaumif;w,f? 'gaMumifh tJ'Dum;udk BudKufwm}}
rjrrSDonf bmrQrajymbJ eD;uyfvmNyDjzpfaom tv,fuRef;qDodkUom ai;íMunfhaeonf/
olUrsufvkH;rsm;onf a&SUuxdkifaeaom uRefawmfhudkyif jrif[efr&Sdawmhacs/ uRefawmf
ajymvdkufrdwm rSm;oGm;avNyDvm;/ uRefawmfonf þZmwfvrf;udk roefU&Sif;aom
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ajymonf[k rru xifoGm;avNyDvm;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 438 -
rr\ESvkH;tdrfwGif pufqkyfjcif;? &GHrke;fjcif; ponfwkdU csif;eif;0ifa&mufoGm;avNyDvm;/
odkUr[kwf rr\ESvkH;tdrfwGif Mumcdkaom Zmwfvrf;cif;NyD; arSmifBuD;usaeNyDavm/
uRefawmftzdkUum; xdkZmwfvrf;okdU &nf&G,fcsufr&SdbJ a&mufoGm;onfrSm trSefjzpf\/
xdkcPxdktcdkufxd rjrrSDtay:wGif uRefawmfxm;cJUaomarwÅmrSm &dk;om;pifMu,f&dk; {uef
rSefygonf/ tu,fwd rjrrSD\ &lyg&kH *E¨m&kH ponfwdkUwGif uRefawmf ,pfrl;cJUygrl
obm0"r® rvGefqefEdkifíom jzpfygonf/ rjrrSD\ &kyftqif;u vSayoudk;? vlrSefvQif
tvSudk cspfjrwfEdk;onf r[kwfygvm;/ rjrrSD\ udk,fcE¨mu wyfrufzG,faumif;oudk;?
vlrSefvQif wyfrufp&mudk wG,fwmonf r[kwfygvm;/ rjrrSD tjc,ftrIef;wdkUu arT;BudKif
ayoudk;? vlrSefvQif *E¨m&kHwGif ,pfwwfonf r[kwfygvm;/ odkU&mwGif uRefawmfh
wkHUjyefrIrsm;onf þwGifom &yfcJUonf/
wpfqifhwufí pdwfrupm;? umrydkifvif&Sdonf[laom todESifh toufuGmjcm;rIwkdUu
wHwdkif;BuD;awGvdk umqD;xm;cJUonf/ ckawmh r&nf&G,fbJESifh ar&D,m0,fvlpfum;
Zmwfvrf;udk ajymrd&mrS MumcdkaomZmwfwGif pdwfupm;MunfhaerdavNyD/ r&dk;rom;
awmawG;awmifawG; awG;rdavNyD/ uRefawmfhwpfudk,fvkH;onf acsmufcsm;vm\/
uRefawmfhpdwfonf npfnL;vm\/
urf;ay:odkU uRefawmfu t&ifwufNyD; BudKae&m apmif;oGm;aomorÁefrS rjrrSDonf
uRefawmfhykckH;udk udkifNyD; wufvdkufavonf/ urf;ay:a&mufaomfvnf; uRefawmfhyckH;rS
vufudk awmfawmfESifhrvTwf/ vIyf&Sm;apaom &lyg&kHESifh *E¨m&kHwkdU tay:wGif r&dk;r&G
jzpfaeaom azXAÁm&kHu o&zlaqmif;ay;vdkufjyefavonf/ uRefawmfum; pdwfvIyf&Sm;
oavmuf vlu Nidrf&yfaeonf/ bmvkyf&? bmudkif&rSef; rod/ ,kwfpGtqkH; tkyfavSum;
tqifhuav;awGwGif wufoGm;&rnfudkyif rod jzpfygav\/
cPrsm;pGmMumatmif 2a,mufom; Nidrf&yfaeNyD;rS rjrrSDu vIyfEId;vdkufonf/
]]uJ- armifav; bmvkyfaeovJ wufav}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 439 -
tay:a&mufaomtcg rjrrDSonf xdkifckHuav;wpfckay:wGif xdkifNyD; ab;u0ifxdkif&ef
uRefawmfhtm; udk,ftrlt&mjzifh ae&may;aeavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf
udk,fhudk,fudk,f tawmfxdef;EdkifNyDjzpfí-
]]jyefMuOD;pdkUvm; rr&,f? awmfawmfMum arSmifvmawmhr,f}}
]]xdkifygOD;uGm? awmfawmfeJUrarSmifao;ygbl;? rawGUbl;vm; vlrsm;awGvnf; rjyefMuao;
ygbl;}}
xdktcg rjrrSDu cyfplplrsufESmxm;vdkufNyD; atmifhoufoufavoHjzihf-
]]atmifr,fav; armif&if&,f? b,foleJUcsdef;xm;vdkU 'DavmufavmaqmfaewmvJ?
tm;w,fysif;w,fqdkvdkU armifhudk rru ac:vmwm/ uJ-'Davmufawmif jyefcsif&if
jyefr,f}}
rru xjyefawmhrnfh[efjzihf atmufwGif cRwfcsxm;aom zdeyfudk vQKdvdkufonf/
uRefawmfum; 0rf;enf;tm;emjzpfoGm;um olUab;u 0ifxdkifNyD; NyKH;wkH;wkH; vkyfaevdkuf
avonf/
avnif;uav;u woGifoGif wdkufvmjyefonf/ rronf a&arT;qGwfzsef;xm;aom
vufudkifyk0gjzihf ,yfcwfaejyefonf/ [dkrSm wpfwJG? 'DrSm wpfwGJ? [dkrSm okH;a,muf? 'DrSm
okH;av;a,muf wpfajzmufajzmuf awGU&ao;aomfvnf; vl&Sif;pjyKavNyD/ qnf;qm
a&mifjcnfum; wpfwpfp rSdefcJUavNyD/
rjrrSDonf aygifwpfvkH;ay: wpfvkH;xyfNyD; cg;udkaumhvsuf xddkifckHausmrSDay:wGif wtm;
ypfNyD;rSDaeonf/ vufESpfzufudk aemufypfum ywÅmqufxm;NyD; armhaeaom acgif;
atmufrSm uyfxm;onf/ tdpufvkH;acsmaom aygifwH? uspfvspfjynfhNzdK;aom wif?
oG,f0dkif;onfh cg;ESifh armufrkdUaom &ifom;wkdUudk aumufaMumif;xif&Sm;pGm jyaeaom
aexdkif[efyifwnf;/ xdkoP²mefodkU uRefawmfhrsufpdtpkHonf tarSmif&dyfrsm; wpfvTmNyD;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 440 -
wpfvTm usa&mufvmavav &pf0Jrdavav jzpfvmrnfudk pdk;&drfojzifh uRefawmfonf
pum;r&Sd pum;&Sm&avonf/
]]rr jrefrm&kyf&SifawGudk Munfhw,fajymw,f? b,fum;udk tBudKufqkH;vJ}}
]]jrm;ewfarmifudk tBudKufqkH;}}
]][if? [kwfvm;}}
]]rif;aum rBudKufbl;vm;}}
]]BudKufygw,f? tawmfaumif;wJUum;yJ? uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾uawmif
a&TwHqdyfay;ao;wmyJ}}
odkUjzihf rrxm;ESifh armifuav;tygwkdU\ cspfcef;wGif pdwfupm;aejyefavNyD/ rrxm;
ae&mrS rjrrSD? tyghae&mrS uRefawmfwifxGef; a&mufoGm;avNyD/ vIyfavjrKyfav
qdkouJUodkU þvdk roefU&Sif;aomtawG;udk a&SmifcgrS xdktawG;pufuGif;odkU qdkufqdkuf
NrdKufNrdKuf a&muf&ayonf/ onfpdwfrsKd;rSm py&defvdk zdav<uavygwum;/ rjzpfbl;/
MumMumaevkdU rjzpfbl;/ uRefawmfonf xdkif&mu qwfceJxvdkufonf/
]]rra&? oGm;MupdkU arSmifvmNyD}}
rjrrSDonf uRefawmfhtm; armhí csKdomaysmhaysmif;pGm Munfhvdkufonf/ NyD;vQif vufrsm;udk
qefUwef;um tanmif;ajz&if;-
]]at;? jyefMur,f}}
rrpdwfxJrSm rcsifhr&Jyif jzpfaeovm;/ odkUr[kwf ausauseyfeyf jzpfovm;/ uRefawmfu
tuJrcwfwwfay/ rronf xdkifckHrS oGufvufpGmxNyD; uRefawmfha&SUuyif avQmufESifh\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 441 -
uRefawmfu aemufuvdkufae&m udkuf 50 avmuf a&mufMuvQif rronf uRefawmfhtm;
ab;csif;,SOfrdonfhwdkifatmif apmifhNyD; avQmuf\/
]]armifwifxGef;rSm &nf;pm;&Sdovm;}}
]]&nfpm;&,fvkdUawmh r&Sdygbl; rr&,f}}
]]tkd-rifhpum;u qef;vSacsvm;uG? &nf;pm;&,fvkdU r&Sd&if bmtaeeJU &SdwmvJ}}
]]'Dvdkrr&JU? 0ifeDazqdkwJU cifodef;0if;qdkwJU rdef;uav;wpfa,mufeJU &if;ESD;cJUw,f/ olwkdU
uvnf; uRefawmfhudk vdkvm;ygw,f? uRefawmfuvnf; BudKufrdygw,f? okdUayr,fh
twdtvif; zGifhrajym&ao;bl;/ aemufawmh wpfa,mufeJUwpfa,muf 0goemcsif;
&nf&G,fcsufcsif;rwlwmeJU cyfcGmcGmaevdkufw,f/ ckawmh 0ifeD[m a,musm;f,lawmhr,f
vdkUawmif Mum;w,f}}
]]'gjzifh rif; usef&pfayghuG}}
]]usef&pfvdkUvnf; rqdkEdkifygbl;? uRefawmfurS irf;irf;pGJrvdkufwmyJ/ aemufNyD;awmh
wpfa,muf &Sdao;w,f? 'guawmh uRefawmfeJU ausmif;aezuf rjrifhOD;yJ/ olu
jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;u? uRefawmfuvnf; olUudkcspfw,f? oluvnf; uRefawmfhudk
cspfw,fvkdU wyftyfajymEdkifw,f/ odkUayr,fh wpfa,mufwpfa,muf zGifhrajym&ao;bl;?
oli,fcsif;vnf;ru &nf;pm;vnf;rus qdkwmvdkaygh rr&,f}}
]][if rif;[mu ra&r&mBuD;uGm? 'DvdkyJ zGifhrajymbJae&if vJGoGm;OD;r,faemf/ bmjzpfvdkU
zGifhrajymovJ? wu,fcspf&if zGifhajymvdkufaygh}}
]]'Dvdk rr&JU? podcgpu uRefawmfu rdwfaqGtaeeJU olUqD pmwpfapmifa&;w,f?
enf;enf;ta&;rSm;oGm;wJU pum;uav;aMumifh olUudk &doJUoJU ydk;wkd;wkd; vkyf&yghrvm;
qdkNyD; uRefawmfhudk &efawGUw,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfuvnf; rcHcsifwmeJU ]wufwufpif
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 442 -
&dk;ygvsufu,fESifh? uvufwufwuf xifol&,f? wpfrsKd;o'¨grysufapESifh? tydk;0goem
bufudkwJU uGif;orkdUy,f? jiif;vdkUuG,fEdkifyg&JU ajzmifhpGmoabm? rif;wdkUt&G,fudkjzifh
ausmif;wum rapm} qkdwJU ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;&JU av;csKd;BuD;wpfyk'fxJu aumufEkwfNyD;
jyef&Sif;w,f/ tckvnf;rydk;bl;? aemufvnf;rydk;bl;? EIwfvGefvufvGef jzpfoGm;wm
ayghav/ oleUJuRefawmf tJ'Dwkef;uwnf;u &if;EDS;oGm;MuwmyJ? wpfpeJUwpfp wpfa,muf
eJUwpfa,muf cspfvmMuw,f/ odkUayr,fh tJ[dktpwkef;u pum;vGefxm;vdkU zGifhajym&rSm
cufaeNyD}}
uRefawmfonf ajym&if;ajym&if; aMuuGJ0rf;enf;oHygvmonf/ rjrrSDuawmh &,fvkduf
onf/
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- 443 -
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- 451 -
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- 452 -
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- 454 -
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- 455 -
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- 456 -
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- 457 -
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- 458 -
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- 459 -
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- 460 -
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- 461 -
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- 462 -
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wpfayguf pum;rsm;aeMu&m tif;pdefrS udkarmifarmifu OuúXtm; rqdkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;
udk vufrcHbJ ausmif;om;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;udkom cGifhjyKzdkU
wkdifMum;&m MobmoHBuD; qlnHpGm xGufay:vmavonf/ udkoef;wifwkdU aoG;cJGa&;orm;
pkudk &Iwfcsaom MobmoHaywnf;/
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xkdtcg MobmoHBuD; qlnHpGmay:vmavonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u udkb[def;
udkomru wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;udkyif Mobmay;jcif; jzpfayonf/
OuúXudkb[def;u ,ckESpftwGif;ü ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;uGefz&ifhwpfck usif;y
OD;rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmavonf/
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udkaomif;vSu axmufcHonf/
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]]ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 464 -
þonfum; ausmif;om;vTwfawmf\ aemufqkH;owday;vdkufaom aqmifyk'faywnf;/
odkUaomf udkoef;wifwkdUvlpkum; aoG;cJGa&;pum;ESifh tvkyfrsm;udk r&yfpJMuay/
olwkdUtm; tjcm;owif;pmrsm;uvnf; tm;ay;aeMuao;onf/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfwGif olwkdUvlpkonf vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifhr&[k qdkMuavonf/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfwGif or*¾trIaqmif\ oydwfvSeftqkd atmifjrifatmif
udkb[def;u vdr®myg;eyfpGm BudK;udkifoGm;onf[k axhMuavonf/ tcsKdUowif;pmu
udkb[def;onf onftwGufESifh onfrQ yg;eyfvdr®mjcif;rSm olUt&nftcsif; oufouf
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
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]]tdkifaq; px&dwf *sufuufqdkwm bmvJuG}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]tusÐwpfrsKd;ayghuGm? tJ'gudk 0wfay;xm;&if wpfudk,fvkH; vIyfr&awmhbl;wJU/
pwmvifu pum;vkH;ajymifw,fuG? 'gaMumifh rif;[pfwvm &k&Sm;buf roGm;&Jygbl;/
tm;&Sd&if t*Fvdyfbufom oGm;rSmyg}}
uRefawmf-
]]ck emZDawGu &lar;eD;,m;udk awmif;qdkcsuf xkwfvkdufjyefNyD/ &lar;eD;,m;[m
pufrIvufrIxlaxmifa&;awG rvkyf&bl;wJU/ vkyfvufp[mawGudkvnf; &yfvkduf&r,fwJU/
&lareD;,m;[m pdkufysKd;a&;bufrSmom tm&kHpdkufNyD; xGuforQ aumufyJoD;ESHeJU
ukefMurf;awGudk *smreDudk a&mif;&r,fwJU/ b,favmuf qkd;0g;&rf;um;wJU emZDawGvnf;
qkdwm 'gyJ pOf;pm;Munfhayawmh}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]tif; 'gvnf; t*Fvdyfudk xdwmyJ? &lar;eD;,m;qkdwm t*Fvdyf"e&Sif&JU t&if;tESD;
trsm;qkH; jrKyfESHxm;&m a'oyJ}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 474 -
udkat;aiG-
]]'Dawmh 'gawGudk t*Fvdyfu Munfhaeovm;}}
uRefawmf-
]]udk,fhtwwfeJU udk,fhjyefpl;wmayghav/ &k&Sm;bufoGm;NyD; wdkufvdrfhr,f ,kHMunfcsufeJU
vufoyfarG;cJU? tpmauR;cJU? tavQmhay;cJUorQ olUjyefxdaewmaygh/ ckawmh t*Fvdyf
eef;&if;0ef csdefbmvdefu ajymw,f/ [pfwvm[m olUudk jrLepfcsf rSmwkef;u qla'wefudk
odr;fjcif;[m aemufqkH;ygyJ/ aemif wpfckckjzpf&if t*Fvdyfudk today;yghr,fvkdU uwd
ay;cJUw,fwJU/ tJ'Dwkef;u ay;cJUwJUuwdawGtm;vkH; zsufw,fwJU/ ck csufudkpvdkAuf
uD;,m;udk odrf;wm[m rawmfrw&m; vkyfwmwJU? &yfwef;u r&yf&if t*Fvdyfu
jyifopfeJU wkdifyifNyD; ta&;,lawmhr,fwJU}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]'Dawmh [pfwvmu t*Fvdyf*smref a&wyfbufqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsufudk zsufodrf;r,f?
avwyfudkvnf; csJUr,fqdkwJU avoHvTifhNyD; Ncdrf;ajcmufvkdufw,f/ *smrefa&wyf[m
t*Fvdyfa&wyf&JU 35&mckdifEIe;fom xm;&r,fqdkwJU oabmwlnDcsufudk zsufypfawmh
rSmaygh}}
uRefawmf-
]]tif;? ppfBuD;uawmh jzpfvmawmhrSmygyJ rMumygbl;? urÇmol urÇmom; awGawmh
'ku©ygyJAsm}}
udkxGe;f&Sdef-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 475 -
]]ppfjzpf&if udk,fwkdU csufaumif;aygh? e,fcsJUppfyGJudk wkdUvGwfvyfa&;ppfyGJjzpfatmif
vkyf&r,f}}
udkat;aiG-
]]uJ ppf&dyfppfaiGUawGu ylvSNyD? a&pdrfMuOD;pdkU&JU}}
udkat;aiGonf xkdif&mrSxvdkufonf/ uRefawmfonf EdkUykvif;ukd axmifNyD; ESpfusKduf
okH;usKduf aomufvkdufonf/
udkxGef;&Sdefum; xdkif&mrSrvIyfao;bJ-
]]cktcsdefrSm £ajEét&qkH;uawmh pwmvifyJ/ olajymwJUpum;awG b,favmuf tqDyg
ovJ? 17-Budrfajrmuf uGefjrLepfuGef*&ufrSm ajymwmav/ ]igwkdU[m Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk
tvkd&Sdw,f? e,fpyfwljzpfwJU tdrfeD;csif; wkdif;jynfBuD;awGeJU wpfOD;eJUwpfOD; twkHUtvSnfh
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; zGHUNzdK;apvdkw,f? usL;ausmfwkdufckdufjcif; cHae&aom vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh
udk,fhwkdif;jynfudk,f vGwfvyfatmif BudK;pm;aewJU vlrsKd;wkdUudk ulnDaxmufyHUvdkw,f/
igwkdUe,fpyfudk usL;ausmfapmfum;ol? ppfjzpfatmif vIHUaqmfolawGudk EdSrfeif;zdkU
toifh&Sdw,f} wJU}}
udkat;aiG-
]]udkif; q&mwkdU? urÇmBuD;udk arhMuOD;pdkU&JU? at;jrMunfvifwJU tif;vsm;a&uefxJu
ig;awGeJU ajy;wrf;vkdufwrf; upm;MuOD;pdkU&JU}}
ukdxGef;&Sdefu xdkif&mrSx&if;-
]]tif;? wkdUrSmawmh ig;eJUyJ ajy;wrf;vkdufwrf; upm;aew,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 476 -
udkat;aiG-
]]ydkaysmfp&maumif;rSmuawmh rDeDqufwkdUvdk tif;vsm;aqmifu a&ul;r,fawGeJU ajy;wrf;
vkdufwrf; upm;&&if ydkaumif;rSmaygh}}
uRefawmf-
]]'Dpum;awG ajymaeawmh uRefawmfu &mreJUoDwm a&upm;Muwm owdoGm;&w,f/
&mrrif;om;u oDwmrif;orD;udk olUjynfaqmif,loGm;pOfu vrf;rSm MumrsKd;ig;rnfeJU
wifhw,fwJU uefwpfckudk awGUw,fwJU/ tarmtyef;ajy udk,fvuf vef;qwfjcif;
jzpfatmif uefxJrSm a&qif;csKd;Muw,fwJU/ 'DvkdcsKd;Mu&if; oDwma'0Du ]pdefac:awmhr,f?
armifawmfbk&m; ESrawmfudk vkduf&Smygawmh} qkdNyD; a&rSm ikyfvQKd;NyD; MumyGifhawGMum;
ykef;aeowJU/ &mrrif;om;vnf; t&Sm&cufoGm;w,f? 'Dawmh &mrrif;om;u ]tdkESrawmf
oDwma'0D? MumyGifhawGMum;u MumyGifhudk armifbk&m; b,fvkdvkyfNyD; &SmEdkifyghrvJ} vdkU
wrf;wa<u;aMumfvkdufowJU/ MumvdkvS MumvdkarT; Mumvdkvef;qwfwJU oDwmu ]0g;}
ceJvkyfNyD; ]tkd armifawmf&mr? tjcm;tjcm;aom MumawGu ysm;ydwkef;wkdUom
0wf&nfpkyfrSD0J&m jzpfygw,f? ESrawmfoDwmuawmh armifawmf&mr 0wf&nfrSD0J&m
jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh &SmrawGUEdkifp&m taMumif;r&Sdyg bk&m;} vdkUqkdNyD; tzrf;cHawmh
owJUAs}}
udkat;aiGonf ]pdef} [k atmfNyD; jzef;ceJ a&xJqif;ajy;avonf/
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]udk&ifhbmomudk&if pdefayawmh? b,folrS vkdufzrf;rSm r[kwfbl;/ a&uefxJ rdausmif;
&Sd&ifawmh zrf;vkdufrSmyJ}}
uRefawmfwkdUonf ckefaygufjrL;xl; a&ul;Mujyefonf/ tm;&atmif a&upm;NyD;rS
wufMuonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 477 -
opfyif&dyfrSmxdkifNyD; usefaeao;aom rkefUrsm;udk pm;aomufMuavonf/ b,ft&omESifhrQ
rwlatmif pdwfMunf&TifoGm;Mu\/ udk,fcE¨m vef;qwfayghyg;oGm;Mu\/ tm;opfawG
wufvmovdkvnf; xif&ayonf/
udkat;aiGonf aemufqkH;tBudrf EdkUykvif;udkarmhcsNyD;-
]]tif; w,faumif; w,faumif;? a&ul;vdkUvnf;aumif; pm;vdkUvnf;aumif; aomufvkdU
vnf;aumif;}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf pdkaeao;aom qHyifrS a&rsm;udk rsufESmokwfy0gjzifh okwfae&mrS-
]]ayghvdyfawmhrygbl;? *dk;vfzvdwfwpfbl; 0,fcJUw,f}}
uRefawmfu vG,ftdwfxJrS pD;u&ufwpfbl;ukd xkwf,lNyD; zGifh,lay;onf/
udkxGef;&dSef-
]]tif; udk,fwdkUawmh 'DaeU w,fNyD; blZ0gqefaeMuwmyJ}}
pD;u&ufudk okH;a,mufpvkH; aomufaeMuaomfvnf; uRefawmfum; tazmfaumif;þom
zGmaejcif; jzpfayonf/
udkxGef;&Sdefu pD;u&ufudk rSdef;&if;-
]]udk,fawmh 'D'kwd,ywfrSmvnf; yxrodef;qkBuD;udk vGwfoGm;jyefNyD/ odef;xDayguf&if
b,favmufaumif;rvJ}}
xkdtcg udkat;aiGonf wcpfcpf&,fíaeonf/ uRefawmfESifhudkxGef;&Sdefu olUtm;MunfhNyD;
,m;usdusd uoduatmuf jzpfaeMuonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 478 -
uRefawmf-
]]bmrsm; 'Davmuf &,fae&wmvJAs}}
udkat;aiGonf ar;awmhrS [m;wkdufí &,fcsvkdufonf/
]][m; [m;? udk,fu odef;qkeJUywfoufNyD; pdwful;eJU&l;cJUrdwm wpfck&SdvdkUyg/ udk,fu
odef;qkudk arQmf&kHrubl;? [m;[m; xDaygufawmh ewfwvif; raiGjrqdkwm aygufoGm;
w,fqdkawmh pdwful;,OfMunfhvdkufw,f/ udk,fwkdU[m ydkufqH&SdrS EdkifiHa&;udk pdwfcsvufcs
vkyfEdkifr,fr[kwfvm;/ EdkUr[kwf&if 0rf;a&;? om;auR;rI r,m;auR;rIawG vkH;yef;ae
&wmeJU EdkifiHa&;vkyf&mrSm uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf rjzpfEdkifbl;/ 'Dawmh odef;qk&Sif raiGjr
qdkwmudk oGm;NyD;ydk;&aumif;rSmyJ? bmnmeJU pdwful;eJU&l;ypfvkdufw,f/ 70ausmf tr,fBuD;
jzpfaew,f [m; [m; [m;}}
uRefawmfwkdUvnf; &,frdMuonf/
uRefawmf-
]]tr,fBuD;qdk&if ydkaumif;wmaygh? udk,fhcsnf; aiGawGokH;&wmaygh? tysKd [kwfr[kwf
oGm;pkHprf;ygOD;vm; [J [J}}
]][m rpkHprf;awmhbl; udk,fhvl&m onfhjyifenf;eJUyJ ydkufqH&Smygawmhr,f}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]taumif;qkH;uawmh tdrfaxmifrjyKbJeJU EdkifiHa&;vkyfwm taumif;qkH;yJ? oHa,mZOf
vkH;vkH;uif;w,f? qlbwfpfcsef'&mbkdUpfwkdUvdkaygh? tckxdvlysKdBuD;}}
uRefawmf-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 479 -
]]rdef;rr,lbJaezkdUqkdwm obm0eJUqefUusifaeawmh ajymoavmuf wu,fvkyf&wm
rvG,fbl; xifw,f}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]][J [J armif&ifuawmh rSef;xm;NyD;&Sdaewmudk;? 'Dpum;rsKd;ajymrSmaygh/ b,fhES,fvJ
armif&ifhjrifhBuD; jyefrvmao;bl;vm;}}
]]olUqDu bmoHrSrMum;bl;? pmar;yGJeD;NyDrkdU rMumcif vmr,fxifw,f}}
udkat;aiG-
]]&JabmfwifxGef;udk Munfh&wm jrifhBuD;wpfa,mufwnf; [kwf[efrwlygbl;? rSefrSef
ajymprf; b,fESpfa,muf&SdovJ}}
]]trSefu &nf;pm;&,fvkdU ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif ac:&avmufatmif wpfa,mufrS r&Sdao;wm
trSefygyJ}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]uJ uJ ckaetcgrSm &nf;pm;pum;awG odyfajymraeMuOD;pdkUeJU? awmfawmfMum oef;wifwdkU
vlpku aemufydk;acgif;aqmifawG rBudKufvdkU oydwfvSefwmygvdkU ajymaeOD;r,f}}
uRefawmf-
]]udkoef;wifwdkUvlpku usKyfwkdU oydwfarSmufcJUwmawG? ta&;awmfykH wkdufyGJawG vkyfcJUwm
awG[m bmrStusKd;r&Sdbl;wJU/ xkdifae taumif;om;? xoGm;rS tusKd;rSef;odqdkwmvkd
rvkyfbJaecJU&if aumif;r,fwJU b,fvdkvlawGrSef;vJ rodbl;}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 480 -
]]oufouf em;rvnfvkdU ajymwm/ pdwf"mwfr&ifhrmol? em;a0;ao;wJUvlawG xGufxdkif
ukefatmif ajymwJUpum;yJ/ trSefu tckavmuf ArmjynfrSm Edk;Mum;vmwm? EdkifiHa&;
pdwf"mwf 0ifvmwm 'D ta&;awmfykHwdkufyJGawGaMumifhyJ r[kwfvm;/ vGwfvyfa&; r&ao;
ayr,fh vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"mwfawG? EdkifiHa&;A[kokwawG wpfjynfvkH;&vmMuw,f r[kwf
vm;? 'g[m tjrwfaygh/ NyD;awmh oydwfvSefvkduf&kHeJU wkdUu vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGvnf;
&kyfodrf;vkdufwmr[kwfbl;? 'Djyifenf;awGeJU pcef;oGm;MurSmyJ/ NyD;awmh 'D ta&;awmfykH
aMumifh vlxkawG b,favmufpnf;&kH;MuovJ/ wdkUausmif;om;or*¾ tiftm; ydkBuD;vm
w,f? ydkus,fjyefUvmw,f/ ck wkdUor*¾[m &GmBuD;awGudkawmif a&mufaew,f/
awmifolv,form; tpnf;t&kH;BuD;awG ay:vmw,f? tvkyform;tpnf;t&kH;awG
ay:vmw,f/ ck ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;uvnf; armfvNrdKifrSm nDvmcH
ac:OD;r,f/ ckta&;awmfykHBuD;aMumifh EdkifiHa&;rSm tvkyform;awG? ausmif;om;awGom
wu,fhxda&mufwJU tiftm;pkawG jzpfw,fqdkwm jyvkdufw,fr[kwfvm;}}
]]ckaecgrSm oydwfarSmufwm vSefwmu t"dur[kwfbl;/ nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfuswm?
armifyktpdk;&wufwm 'gawGu t"dur[kwfzl;/ trSefu 'gawG[m bk&ifcH rsufESmzkH;
ajymif;wmavmufyJ &Sdw,f/ t"dutvkyfu wkdUwpfawG pdwfrysufzkdU? wkdUwpfawG
qufvufnDnGwfzkdU? ,ck ta&;awmfykHwGif;rS EdkifiHa&;&JU txda&mufqkH; tiftm;pktjzpfeJU
ay:xGufvmwJU tvkyform;? v,form;eJU ausmif;om;xkawG&JU tiftm;udk rysufatmif
vkyfzkdU? tpnf;t&kH; ydkrkdcdkifrmatmif pepfusatmif vkyfzkdUjzpfw,f}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk rD;nSdí rSdef;jyefonf/
udkat;aiG-
]]tif; oef;wifwkdUvlpkuawmh wdkU&JUatmifjrifrIawGudk arhwm? rvkyfcJU&if aumif;rSmyJvdkU
qkdaewmawG[m owÅKcsMunfhvdkufawmh a&SUqufvkyfief; rvkyfatmif? pdwf"mwfysuf
atmif aoG;uGJatmif vkyfwmoufouf jzpfaewmyJ}}
okH;a,mufom; udk,fhtawG;ESifhudk,fawG;&if; NidrfaeMuavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 481 -
av&l;wokefokef aqmfjrL;vmonf/ vIdif;vkH;uav;rsm;onf wzsyfzsyf &dkufcwfaeMu\/
jymEka&mif a&rsufESmjyifrSm aejcnfonf NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf a&mifjyefvufíaeonf/
udkxGef;&Sdefu xdkif&mrSx&if;-
]]uJjyefMuOD;pdkU&JU? udk,fu udkb[def;eJUtwl a&Twd*kHtvkyform;oydwfpcef;udk oGm;&
OD;r,f}}
uRefawmfonf EGm;EdkUykvif;vGwfrsm;udk vG,ftdwfxJrSmxnfhonf/
udkat;aiG pydkU&Syfudk acgif;ay:rS pGyfcs&if;-
]]rdkif 400 csDwuftiftm;jycJUwJU a&eHoydwfwyfom;awG&JU ZGJudk csD;usL; rSwfwrf;wif
avmufw,f/ NyD;awmh ckxd BuHUBuHUcHusef&pfwJU oydwfwyfom;awG[m oHrPdeJU
vkyfxm;wJU tonf;ESvkH; &Sdw,fvdkUqkd&rSmyJ/ wpfaeUu tmVm0uocifbkd;vSBuD;eJU
oydwform; 80 "edawm bDtkdpDeJU tkdifbDyD tayguf0rSm oydwfwm;&if; tzrf;cH&w,f/
aemufwpfaeUusawmh tzrf;rcH&bJ usef&pfwJU a&eHoydwform;awG[m ukrÜPD&kH;BuD;rsm;
udk oydwfwm;&if; ykvdyfeHygwfwkwfeJU t&dkufcH&w,f/ 'gayrJU usefwJUvlu qufvkyf
aewmyJ}}
uRefawmfwkdUonf pum;wajymajymESifh or*¾taqmufttkHodkU t"dywdvrf;twdkif;
jyefcJUMuavonf/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 482 -
41
rvSefao;aom tvkyform;oydwftm;
ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;udk vSefvkdufNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdUvkyfief;rSm ravsmhacs/
oydwfvSefjcif;rSm vrf;rSefjzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;&jcif;ESifh ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;? pnf;&kH;
a&;udk wnfaqmuf&jcif;rSm aeUn qdkif;xm;í&aom tvkyfrsm;r[kwfay/
xdkUjyif tpdk;&ESifh oabmwlnDcsuftwdkif; zrf;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefvTwfypf
&ef vkyf&jcif;ESifh oabmwlnDcsufudk todtrSwfrjyKbJ oydwfvSefausmif;om;rsm;tm;
ESdrfvdkESdrf? tjypfay;vdkay;? oa&mfvkdoa&mf vkyfaom ynma&;tmPmydkifwkdUESifh twdkuf
tcH vkyf&jcif;wkdUrSm vufrvnfatmif tvkyf&Iyfayonf/
tvkyform;oydwftcsKdUrSm vSefukefNyDjzpfaomfvnf; oydwftrsm;tjym; usefaeao;onf/
tm&fwD;wD? *sDtD;pD? caemifwdk rD;jcpfpuf? ykodrfnGefUrD;jcpfpuf? BudK;puf? aumfpuf?
oabFmusif;ulvD? &mbmpuf? pwD;wkHuif;? pwD;pma&;? arSmfbDtpdk;& pdkufysKd;a&;?
{&m0wD oabFmusif; ('v)? tpdk;& oabFmusif;(a'gykH) oydwfrsm;rSm wkdufyGJqifEGJ&wkef;
jzpfonf/
tvkyform;oydwfrsm;ESifh tvkyform;vTwfawmfOuúX ocifodef;armifwdkUonf uRefawmf
wkdU ausmif;om;vTwfawmf usif;yaepOfyif bk&ifcHtdrfudk 0dkif;í tiftm;jyMuao;onf/
aemufaeUrsm;wGifum; puf&kHrsm;? tvkyfwkdufrsm;ESifh tm&ftD;wD xa&mfvDESifh bwfpfum;
rsm;udk oydwfwm;Muonf/ oydwfwm;olrsm;udk tpdk;&u tpkvdkuftNyKHvdkuf zrf;qD;
onf/ eHygwfwkwfESifh &dkufESufonf/ rsuf&nf,dkAkH;jzifh vlpkcGJonf/ uRefawmfwkdUu
oydwfvSefvdkufjcif;udk tjrwfxkwfum tvkyform; oydwfwm;rsm;udk rJí ESdyfpufonf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 483 -
[kyif xifp&mjzpfayawmh\/ &efukefNrdKUwGif rwfv 14&ufaeU wpfaeUwnf;üyif
tvkyform; 300 zrf;qD;cJUavonf/
zrf;qD;ol rsm;vSojzifh &efukefaxmifBuD; rqHUjzpfav&m tcsKdUudk wHwm;uav;
t&l;axmifodkU ydkUxm;cJUavonf/
awmifolv,form;wkdU\ oD;pm;cESifh tcGefawmfavQmhaygha&; qE´jyyGJrsm;rSm wpfjynfvkH;
rSm tESHUtjym; ay:aeonf/ armfvNrdKifuRef;odkU aus;&Gmrsm;pGmrS v,form; 1000
csDwufvmonf/ "EkjzLNrdKUay:okdU v,form; 2000? ppfudkif;NrdKUay:odkU 5000? rkH&GmNrdKU
ay:odkU 3000? a&TbkdNrdKUay:odkU 5000? Aef;armfNrdKUay:odkU 2000? oefvsifNrdKUay:odkU 2000?
c&rf;NrdKUay:odkU 3000? okH;cGNrdKUodkU 1000 ponfjzifh aus;&Gmrsm;rS NrdKUrsm;odkU csDwuf
vmum tpdk;&rif;rsm;odatmif qE´jyMuavonf/
tpdk;&tzGJUopfwGif 0efBuD;&mxl; vufcHoGm;Muaom trwfrsm;\ ydkrkdjyif;xefaom
uefUuGuf&IwfcsyGJrsm; usif;yavonf/ txl;ojzifh OD;apmtm; a&G;aumuf wifajrSmuf
vkdufaom [oFmwajrmufydkif;e,fwGif jyif;xefavonf/ ocifoef;xGef;? ocifpHxGef;vS
ESifh oDcsif;a&;q&m '*kHq&mwifwkdUonf [oFmwajrmufydkif;e,fwGif ydkufpdyfwdkuf
vSnfhvnf0g'jzefUMu&m *VKeftiftm; NydKavonf/
0efBuD;OD;xGef;tm; a&G;aumufvkdufaom "EkjzLwGif vl 2000 pnf;a0;í OD;xGef;tm;
olykef[k aMunmavonf/ tpnf;ta0;usif;yaeqJ "EkjzL wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; OuúX
ocifAodef;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; ocifjroef;wkdUtm; yk'fr 107 t& or®mefay;av&m
]igwdkUonf r[momuDrif;rS qif;oufaom rif;rsKd;rif;EG,f rif;aoG;&Sdolrsm;jzpfí &dk;&dk;
wef;wef; ac:jcif;jzifh rvdkufEdkif/ a0g? a>c&H ponfwkdUESifh vmac:rS vkdufrnf} [k
ocifjroef;u ajymvTwfvkdufNyD; &kH;udk oydwfarSmufaeMuavonf/ aemuf tmPm
zDqefrIjzifh ocifAodef;ESifh ocifjroef;wdkUtm; zrf;qD;aomtcg vlESpfaxmif *gwfudk
0dkif;í vTwfypf&ef qlylMuavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 484 -
odkUuvdk wpfjynfvkH; vIyf&Sm;aecsdefwGif uRefawmfonfvnf; vIyf&Sm;aeayonf/
uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;\ pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif aZmufcsí vkyfae&if;u
awmifolv,form; tvkyform;ESifh NrdKUolNrdKUom;wkdU\ vIyf&Sm;pnf;&kH;rI rsm;wGifvnf;
pdwfr0ifpm;bJ raeEdkifyg/
wpfaeUwGif uRefawmfonf NrdKUay:&Sd oydwfwm;&m ae&mrsm;udk vkdufMunfhonf/
ukefonfvrf; bDtkdpDpaom t*FvdyfukrÜPDBuD;rsm;a&SUwGif oydwfwm;aeMuonfudk
MunfhNyD;aemuf tm&ftD;wD "mwf&xm;ESifh xa&mfvDrsm;udk oydwfwm;onfh ae&modkU
a&mufoGm;avonf/ yef;qkd;wef;ESifh armif*dkrm&Dvrf;axmifhwGif "mwf&xm;udk oydwfwm;
Muvsuf za&Zmvrf;ESifh yef;qdk;wef;vrf;axmifhwGif xa&mfvDudk oydwfwm;Muavonf/
eHeuf 11em&D ausmfausmfjzpfonf/ aeonf uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwfBuD; ylaeNyD/
oydwfwm;rsm;udk MunfhaeMuaom y&dowfBuD;rSm vrf;ab;wGif jynfhnSyfae\/
oydwfwm;Muolrsm;wGif a&Twd*kHoydwfpcef;rS oydwfarSmuf tvkyform;? tm&ftD;wD
oydwfarSmuf tvkyform;rsm;omru uefawmfav; roef;&Sifaq;vdyf&kH? rcifapm
a&Tvuf0g;aq;vdyf&kHESifh rpdefnGefUaq;vdyf&kHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh tjcm; trsKd;orD;rsm;
ygavonf/ 4if;jyif odrfjzLwkdufe,f &J&Jawmuf &[ef;ysKdrsm;vnf; txufyg
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; acgif;aqmifí oydwfwm;Muavonf/
oydwfwm;olrsm;tm; a&wdkufjcif;? aq;vdyfwnfjcif;? aeylrS tumtuG,f&Smay;jcif;
paom a0,sm0pö aqmif&Gufay;aeMuolrsm;rSm 'D;'kwfa':vSar OD;pD;aom jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&; trsKd;orD;tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm; jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&; trsKd;orD;rsm;wGif
a':nGefUESifh orD;rcifopfudkvnf; awGUjrif&onf/ olwkdUu uRefawmfhtm; rjrifMu/
olwkdUbmom tvkyfrsm;ae&m uRefawmfonf cyfvSrfvSrf;rS tuJcwfí Munfhaeavonf/
a':nGefUonf 'eftdk;BuD;wpfvkH;wGif vdkif;r*sL;pfazsmf&nf azsmfaeonf/ rcifopfu
olUtarteD;rSm rwfwwf&yfí Munfhaeonf/ tjcm;trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm a&cJcJGolcGJí
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 485 -
zefcGufaq;olu aq;aeMu\/ tdyfvsufwpfzkH? &yfvsufwpfenf; oydwfwm;aeMu
avonf/ xD;rdk;ay;olay;í t0wfumay;oll ay;aeMu\/
a':nGefUonf a&cJwkH;BuD;rsm;udk azsmf&nftdk;xJxnfhNyD; cGufwpfckjzifh arT&m uRefawmf
teD;uyfvmonfudk rjrifay/ rcifopfuvnf; rjrifao;/
]]a':a':? oydwfwm;awG azsmf&nfat;at;udk aomufvkduf&&if udk,fa&mpdwfa&m
tm;wufoGm;MurSmyJ}}
uRefawmfu okdUuvdk toHjyKvdkufawmhrS om;trdESpfa,mufpvkH; uRefawmfhtm;
vSrf;MunfhMuonf/ rcifopfu uRefawmfhtm; NyKH;jyaepOf a':nGefUu-
]]a[h armifwifxGef;ygvm;? rif;wdkUausmif;om;awG oydwfvSefayr,fh tvkyform;awGu
oydwfrvSefao;bl;uG}}
uRefawmfonf a':a':htm; toifhavsmfqkH;aom pum;vkH;jzihf acsy&ef pOf;pm;aeckduf
rcifopfu uRefawmfhtm; NyKH;íom Munfhaeonf/ tNyKH;Mum;rS yifyef;EGrf;vsaejcif;udk
owdjyKrdonf/
]]xdk;csifwJUqif wpfvSrf;qkwfwJU a':a':}}
a':a':onf a&SUoGm;zkH;ay:onfhwdkifatmif NyKH;vkdufNyD; vufurl azsmf&nftdk;awG arT&if;-
]]aumif;ygavh armif&,f? tJ'DqifawG wpfvSrf;qkwfNyD; xkd;wJUtcgus&if a':a':wkdUu
BuHvmauR;r,f [J [J}}
]]a':a':wkdUOuúXawmh ygvmw,f? twGif;a&;rSL; cifrsKd;cspfawmh rawGUyguvm;}}
a':a': avoHwdk;wkd;jzifh
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 486 -
]]at;? 'Dpma&;q&mrudk ykvdyfu tvdk&Sdaew,fMum;vdkU a&Smifaew,f}}
xkdUaemuf a':nGefUonf olUtrsKd;orD;rsm;tm; oydwfwm;rsm;udk azsmf&nfwkduf&ef pDpOf
ay;aeavonf/ rcifopfonf vufwpfzufvQif azsmf&nfwpfzefcGufpD udkifvsuf
acgufwkHUacgufjyef tvkyfrsm;aeavonf/
uRefawmfonf 0JESifh,mrS &yfaeMuaom tm&ftD;wD xa&mfvDum;rsm;udk MunhfNyD;
t*Fvdyft&if;&Sif puf,EÅ&m;BuD;wpfckvkH; &yfaeonf[k xifrSwfvdkufonf/ oydwfwm;
aeaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ayGUzufarTU,rf;NyD; uRefawmhfacgif;ay:odkU
ajrmufwifvdkawmhonf/ olwkdUtm; azsmf&nfvkdufwkdufaeaom rcifopfESifh uRefawmf
wkdU\ tonf;ESvkH;wkdUonf wpfckwnf;aom [',&kyf0w¬KtdrfwGif udef;0yfaeMuNyD[k
xifvkdufonf/
twefMumaomtcg rcifopfonf zefcGuf 2vkH;udk olUtarvufodkUay;&if; rsufpdarS;
xm;um-
]]arar opfopf acgif;enf;enf;rl;w,f}}
a':a':onf ysmavmifcwfoGm;onf/ rcifopfteD;rSm oGm;&yfNyD;-
]]orD; xdkifvkdufxdkifvkduf? ararajymom;yJ r[kwfvm;? rvdkufcJUygeJUvkdU}}
rcifopfonf olUrdcif\ az;rjcif;jzifh olUrdcifESifhtwl xdkifcsvkdufNyD; vufESpfjzihf
olUacgif;ol udkifxm;onf/ ysmysmovJjzpfoGm;aom uRefawmfonfvnf; olwkdU om;trd
teD;rSm &yfae&mrS a':a':u uRefawmfhtm; armhMunfh&if;-
]]a':a':u opfopfudk rvdkufcJUzdkU ajymw,fuGJU? ajymr&bl;}}/ tjcm;wpfOD;u aoG;aq;
vmay;onf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 487 -
rMumcifwGif rcifopfonf trl;aysmufoGm;NyD; acgif;udkifxm;aom vufESpfzufudk
vTwfvdkufum-
]]udpör&Sdygbl; arar&m? aysmufoGm;ygNyD}}
aoG;aq;vmay;aom trsKd;orD;u-
]]opfopf tdrfjyefae&if aumif;r,fuG,f? aeuvnf; odyfylw,f}}
a':a':u uRefawmfhtm; tm;udk;wpfcktjzpfjzifh armhMunfhNyD;-
]]a':a':awmh opfopfudk jyefydkUcsifwmyJ? armifwifxGef; pDpOfEdkifrvm;}}
]]uRefawmfvkdufydkUr,f a':a':? wuúpDwpfckavmuf oGm;ac:OD;r,f}}
a':a':htajzudkrQ rapmifhawmhbJ uRefawmfonf vefcsm;udk tajy;ESifí ayig;q,fodkU
vmcJUonf/ tqifoifhyif uRefawmfwkdU\rdwfaqGBuD; udkpHyESifh awGU&ayonf/ udkpHy\
armf&pf(p)um;pdrf;uav;udk pD;NyD; a':a':wdkUqD jyefa&mufaomtcg rcifopfonf
xlxlaxmifaxmif jzpfaeavNyD/
]]tdrfjyefzkdUawmif rvkdawmhygbl; arar&,f}}
]]tdk orD;uvnf;uG,f jyefrSjzpfr,f/ uJ-armifwifxGef;a& tdrfjyefydkUvdkufyguG,f?
olUtazawmh &Sdr,frxifbl;? tdrfrSm olUa':BuD;awmh &Sdygw,f}}
]]uJ-vmrcifopf}}
rcifopfonf uRefawmfhaemufrS cyf,dkU,dkUvdkufvmavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 488 -
rcifopftm; um;aemufckHrSm txdkifckdif;NyD; uRefawmfonf a&SUckHwGif udkpHyab;u xdkifí
vdkufayonf/
uRefawmfu aemufvSnfhí-
]]ckb,fhES,f aeao;ovJ opfopf}}
]]bmrSrjzpfawmhygbl; q&m&JU}}
]]aeuvnf;yl yifudkuvnf; tm;enf;awmh rl;wmaygh opfopf&,f? tyifyef;vnf;
odyfrcHeJU? tm;&Sdatmifvnf; tm;wdk;aq;uav; bmav; rSefrSefpm;rSaygh}}
]]topf pwkr"l rSefrSefpm;aew,f}}
]]udk,fvufvIyf&Sm; usef;rma&;vnf; rvkyfbl;vm;}}
]]rvkyfbl;q&m}}
]]tdk vkyfrSaygh? bmrSrupm;wwf&if vrf;avQmuf&r,f? opfopfudk Munfh&wm aexd
rcHwJU rdef;uav;vdkyJ}}
]]ukodkvfuHaygh q&m&,f}}
]]tdk opfopfuvnf; t&m&mrSm uHudkypfrcs&bl;/ uH? pdwf? Owk? tm[m& vdkU qdkw,f
r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfuJU? taMumif;av;yg; nDnGwfatmif BudK;pm;yghr,f}}
opfopfu ryGifhwyGifhNyKH;aeonf/ a&ausmfvrf;xJodkU um;csKd;0ifcJUNyD/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 489 -
]]opfopfwkdUtdrfu ta':BuD;u b,folvJ? opfopftaz&JU tpfreJUwlw,f}}
]][kwfw,f q&m&JU/ q&mu &kyfudkzrf;NyD; rSef;w,fxifyg&JU/ opfopfta':BuD;&JU
emrnfu ra&TopfwJU/ opfopfarG;awmh oluyJ rcifopfvdkU emrnfay;cJUwmwJU}}
]]aMomf[kwfvm;? udkpHy a[m[dktdrfa&SUudk &yfAsKdU}}
rcifopfwkdUtdrfa&SUwGif ra&Topfu qD;BudKaeonf/
]]tvdkrcifopf jyefvmNyDvm;? nnf;taraum b,foa0xdk;usef&pfcJUovJ}}
opfopfonf olUta':BuD; b,fbufvufudk udkifqJGxm;vdkufNyD;-
]]oydwfwm;&mrSm ae&pfw,f a&Ta&T&JU? opfopfav ckeifrl;aevkdU? 'geJU araru
tdrfjyefawmhqdkNyD; a[m'Du udkwifxGef;udk tydkUvTwfvkdufwm}}
uRefawmfu a':a&Topftm; ta&m0if azmfa&GpGm MunfhNyKH;aeonf/ a':a&Topfum;
uRefawmfhudk pdrf;pdrf;BuD; Munfhaeav&m uRefawmfhpdwfwGif olUwlrudk uRefawmfhtm;
tyfvTwfvdkufaom a,mufrudk tjypfwifaejcif;ayavm? odkUr[kwf onft&G,f oli,fr
uav;ESifh onft&G,f oli,fuav;wkdU ta&m0ifonfudk tm;ray;vdk oabmrusvdk
ojzihfavm[lí odkUavmodkUavm jzpfaeavonf/ uRefawmhftm; pdkufMunfhaeonfudk
rcHEdkifatmif jzpfaeNyD; rsufESmvTJum jyefoGm;awmhrnfh[ef jyifvdkufonf/
]]'Doli,f tdrfudka&mufzl;w,f xifw,f}}
uRefawmf-
]][kwfygw,f? tacgufacguf a&mufzl;ygw,f/ ta':eJUvnf; awGUzl;ygw,f}}
]]at; at; rSwfrdNyD}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 490 -
]]uRefawmfjyefawmhr,f}}
]]tdk aeOD;avuG,f? cP0ifygOD;vm;? [JU-opfopf ac:av}}
]]q&m tdrfay:wufygOD;}}
uRefawmfum; rqGwfcifu nGwfcsifygonf/
uRefawmfonf udkpHyxHoGm;í aiGokH;usyfxkwfay;NyD; jyefcsifvQifjyef&ef ajymonf/
wpfaeUvkH;iSm;vQif 8usyfESifh "mwfqDzdk;om ay;&av&m 3usyfonf &ufa&maomay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ udkpHyu-
]][m 'DeJU'D bma0;wmvdkufvdkU? r,lygbl;/ 'DuaeNyD; ausmif;jyefrvm; vkdufydkUr,fav/
b,fawmhavmuf jyefcJU&rvJ}} [k qdkavonf/
]][maeygap? uRefawmf 'Dtwdkif;jyefyghr,f}}
udkpHy xGufoGm;aomtcg rcifopfaemufodkUvdkufí tdrfay:odkU wufcJUavonf/
a':a&Topfu aemufqkH;rS vkdufvmonf/
]]wufMu? wuf wuf? ig eHuxdkifawG vkyfxm;w,f? auR;&OD;r,f}}
avSum;rSwufNyD; xdyfwdkuf{nfhcef;odkU a&mufvQif rcifopfu-
]]xdkifygOD;q&m}} [k ukvm;xdkifwpfckudk &dkaopGmnTefjyNyD; aemufaz;cef;qDodkU 0ifoGm;
onf/ uRefawmfonf vrf;buf ausmay;vsufxdkkifum AE¨Kv*sme,fudk qGJzwfvkdufonf/
acgif;BuD;ydkif; pmrsufESmudk vSefvkdufonfqdkvQifyif uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf txl;vkyfNyD;
azmfjyvkdufaom awmif;yefpmodkU rsufpda&mufoGm;ayonf/
awmif;yefjcif;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 491 -
AE¨Kv*sme,f 23-2-38 aeUxkwfwGif 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdtm; w&kwfrsm;u
aiGwpfodef;ay;onf[k acgif;pOfwyfí a&;om; yg&Sdaom owif;rSm
tvQif;rrSefaom owif;jzpfí OD;bcsKdtm; *kPfoa&udk rsm;pGm
xdcdkufaeonfhtwGuf uREkfwdkUu rsm;pGm 0rf;enf;ygaMumif;/
xdkowif;udk &kyfodrf;vdkufygaMumif;/
(ykH) bkd;rif;
AE¨Kv
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdonf *syefppf0g'DwkdUu w&kwfNynftm; usL;ausmfwdkufckdufonfudk
uefUuGuf&IwfcscJU\/ ckcHwkdufckdufaeaom w&kwfjynfbufrS 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif tm;ay;
a&;om;&kHru t&yf&yfwGif w&m;a[mpifwufívnf; a[majymao;onf/ *syef
usL;ausmfrIudk uefUuGufaomtm;jzifh *syefukefrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&efvnf; vIHUaqmfcJU
onf/ AE¨Kv*sme,fum; a'gufwmbarmf\ qif;&Jom;ygwDwGif acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol
OD;pdef\ *sme,fjzpfavonf/ OD;bcsKdonf a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&tm; qefUusifolvnf;
jzpfavonf/ xdkpOfu *syeftm; tm;udk;vdkvm;aeaom olwkdUonf *syefusL;ausmfrI
qefUusifa&;vkyfolrsm;udk rvkdrkef;xm;aeMuonf/ *syefusL;ausmfrIudk wdkuf&dkuf raxmuf
cH&JbJ *syefusL;ausmfrI qefUusifolwkdUtm; yk*¾dKvfa&;pGyfpGJcsufrsm;jzifh tremy a&;om;
ajymqdkMuavonf/ OD;bcsKdtm; w&m;tm;xkwfol (w&kwftm;xm;ol) [k oa&mfMu
onf/ AE¨Kvurl w&kwfrsm;u aiGwpfodef;ay;onf[kyif pGyfpGJavonf/
yDrdk;eif;\ 0w¬Kwpfyk'fudk zwfaepOf rcifopfjyefxGufvm\/ rcifopfum; rsufESmopf
vmcJUonf/ rsufESmopfNyD; aygif'guav;rQ rwkdUcJUojzifh rsufESmrSm ajymifwif;aeonf/
ukyfay:ESifh qHawmufNrdwfrsm;wGif a&pdkvsufyif &Sdao;onf/ ESma&mif tenf;i,f
aumufonf xifrdojzifh rsufESmudk aphaphMunfhvdkufaomtcg ESma&mifaumufjcif;\
t&dyfta,mifudkyif rawGUawmhacs/ vef;qwfaom rsufESmonf csKdNyKH;jcif;jzifh xGef;y
aeonfudkom awGUae&awmhonf/ uRefawmf aphaphMunfhonfudk rcifopfonf Mum&Snf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 492 -
cHEdkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh rsufvTmcsí vufrxdyfjzifh vufoef;vufonf;cGHudk yGwfwkdufae
avonf/
odkUjzihf pum;rajymbJ NidrfaeMu&m twefMumoGm;ayonf/ þodkU rdef;uav;ESifh
a,musmf;av; ESpfa,mufwnf;awGUpOf aphaphMunhfrdMu&mrS rsufvTmcsNyD; pum;rajymbJ
Nidrfaejcif;onf pdwfudk rsm;pGmvIyf&Sm;aponf/ yg;pyfu vIyf&Sm;ay;rS pdwfu Nidrf
oGm;Edkifonf/
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfu rcifopftm; AE¨Kv*sme,fudk nTef;NyD;-
]]awGUvm; rcifopf? AE¨Kvu 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdudk 0efcsawmif;yefaeNyD}}
]]awGUw,fq&m? owif;pmawGxJrSmvnf; xnfhay;&w,f/ rawmif;yef&bJ aervm;q&m
OD;av;OD;bcsKdwkdUu toa&zsufrIeJU w&m;pGJvdkufwmudk;/ r[kwfwmawG tom;vGwf
a&;xm;awmh AE¨Kv w&m;&IH;zkdUaocsmw,f? avsmfaMu;ay;&zkdU aocsmw,f? 'gaMumifh
awmif;yefwm q&m}}
]]tif; vlawG[m vkyfBuHpGyfpJGwJUae&mrSmjzifh odyfavhMuwmyJ/ udk,feJU oabmt,ltq
rwl&if tJ'D t,ltqrwlMuwmudk "r®'dVmefusus jyefvnfacsyjcif; rjyKwwfMubl;/
yk*¾dKvfpGJ uavmfwkwfzdkUyJ wwfMuw,f? acgifawG;NyD; pGyfpGJcsuftrsKd;rsKd; vkyfMuw,f}}
]][kwfw,fq&m? opfopfjzihf tJ'D yk*¾dKvfpGJeJU uavmfwkwfwmawG tm;BuD;rkef;wmyJ/ ckqdk
MunfhygOD;? ae&mwumrSm uavmfoH pGyfpGJoHawGeJUcsnf; qlaewmyJ}}
]]tif;? udkvSa&Tudk wpfcgwkef;u tmPm&Sif tmPm&SifvdkU ac:oltcsKdU[m tckawmh
cGmem&SifvdkU ac:aeMuw,f/ awhawhqdkifqdkif udkvSa&TwdkU&JU oabmt,ltqudk a0zef
Edkifovm;qdkawmh ra0zefEdkifbl;? udkvSa&T[m 0efBuD;csKyforuf jzpfcsifvdkU qkdNyD;
BuHBuHzefzef pGyfpGJw,f/ wu,fuawmh udk,fwkdU twGif;odyg? udkvSa&TrSm olU&nf;pm;eJU
ol &Sdw,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 493 -
]]aMomf &nf;pm;&SdowJUvm;q&m}}
xdkokdUajymaeMupOf aemufaz;aqmifqDrS rcifopf\ta': a':a&Topf xGufvmonf/
uRefawmfonf a':a&Topf b,fwkef;u tdrfay:a&mufaeonfudk rodvdkufojzifh tHUMo
oGm;&onfhtxJ rcifopfESifhajym&mwGif &nf;pm;qdkaom pum;vkH;ygoGm;um em;pGefem;zsm;
Mum;NyD; txifvGJoGm;rSmavvm;[kvnf; xdwfvefUrdayonf/ rcifopfrSmrl b,f
taMumif;aMumifhrQ xdwfvefUykHray:ay/
a':a&TopfaemufrS tckdif;tap rdef;rwpfa,mufonf eHuxdkifzefcGuf 2vkH;wifxm;aom
Aef;uav;udk vufESpfzufjzifhudkifum cyfukef;ukef; vkdufcJUonf/ xdkrdef;ronf
uRefawmfha&SU wpfzefcGuf/ rcifopfa&SU wpfzefcGuf csay;aepOf a':a&Topfu-
]]uJ aomufvkdufMu/ opfopf ukefatmifaomufaemf? aeylrdvdkU yifyef;NyD; rl;cJUw,f
r[kwfvm;/ eHuxdkif[m &ifat;r,f? tm;&Sdr,f Mum;vm;/ ukefatmifaomuf? [JU r,fcif
opfopf ukefatmifraomuf&if ighvmajymvSnfh}}
ponfjzifh ajym&if;qdk&if; avSum;xpfrsm;wGif qif;aeavonf/ uRefawmfonf
a':a&Topftm; rsufpdwqkH; vkdufMunfhaerdonf/
]]rcifopfta':[m b,fwkef;u tdrfay:a&mufaewmwkH;? ckeifu udk,fwdkUudkom
tay:wufMucdkif;NyD; olu atmufrSm ae&pfcJUw,f r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,fq&m? aemufrS aemufaz;avSum;u wufvmwm}}
]]aMomf tdrfaemufaz;rSm avSum;&Sdao;wmudk;}}
]]'gxuf opfopf&JUta':[m ckxd opfopfudk &dkufwkef;vm;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 494 -
uRefawmfhtar;uRefawmf oabmusNyD; cpfceJyif&,fvdkufrdonf/ rcifopfu tm;yg;w&
NyKH;vdkufNyD;-
]]&dkufawmh r&dkufygbl;? cPcPawmh qlw,f? NyD;awmh ckxd opfopfudk uav;xifaewm
q&m&JU/ uJ uJ aomufvkdufygOD;}}
uRefawmfonf zefcGufaumufudkifNyD; aomufawmhrnfvkyfNyD;rS zefcGufudkyif rudkifao;
aom rcifopftm;-
]]opfopfvnf; aomufav}}
]]aomufygq&m&JU? q&mpaomufyg}}
uRefawmfonf wpfZGef;aomufNyD;-
]]uJav opfopfvnf;aomuf? EdkUr[kwf&if udk,fyJ a':a&TopfqD oGm;wdkifvdkufr,f
odvm; [J [J}}
onfawmhrS opfopfvnf; &,fNyD; zefcGufudk aumufudkifavawmhonf/ uRefawmfu
wpfcGufvkH; aomufNyD;aomtcg opfopfrSm wpf0ufrQ ukefao;onf/ opfopfu
zefcGufudk csxm;NyD;-
]]q&m pmar;yGJ ajzOD;rvm;}} [k rarQmfvifhaomar;cGef;udk xkwfvkdufonf/ uRefawmfhrSm
þar;cGef;udk arQmfvifhrxm;onfomru ajz&eftqifoifhvnf; r&Sdao;acs/ pmar;yGJ
ajzrnfrajzrnfudk vnf;aumif;? ausmif;qufwufrnf rwufrnfudkvnf;aumif;
,wdus qkH;jzwfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;acs/
]]rajymwwfao;bl; opfopf&,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 495 -
trSefrSm ajz&efpm&if;ay;NyD;jzpf\/ wu,f 0ifajz&ef rajz&efom rqkH;jzwf&ao;jcif;
jzpfonf/
]]uRefynmawG? uReftNrD;bJGUawG? 'D*&DawG &vdkUvnf; tydkygyJq&m&,f/ pmar;yGJ
ajzraeygeJUawmh}}
]]'Dvdkvnf; ykHaoxm;vdkUrjzpfbl;/ cktcgrSm uRefynmqkdNyD; roifbJxm;&if bmrSwwfrSm
r[kwfawmhbl;? uRefynmudkwwfNyD; uRefynmrSef;odzkdUomvdkw,f? tJ'Dvdk odawmhrSvnf;
uRefynmudk ocifynmjzpfatmif vkyfEdkifr,f}}
odkUuvdkajymNyD; rcifopftm; tuJcwfí Munfhvdkufonf/ uav;oli,f ykHem;axmifovdk
em;axmifaeonf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfu qufNyD; uRefynm ocifynmrsm;taMumif;?
ausmif; wpfcgwnf; xGufxkduf rxGufxdkuftaMumif;? 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; rysufrcsif;
oydwfarSmufrnfqkdaomvrf;pOf rSm;aMumif;rsm;udk ajymaeayonf/ opfopfu pdwfyg
0ifpm;pGm em;axmifoavmuf uRefawmfu pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm ajymaeonfr[kwfay/
twefMum ajymNyD;aomf pum;pOf ajymif;Nypfcsifvmavonf/
]]uJ uJ opfopf eHuxdkif ukefatmifaomufav}}
]]aomufrSmyg q&m&JU}}
]]aomufrSmqdk&if aomufrSaygh opfopf&JU? tukefraomuf&if oGm;wkdifr,f aemf [J [J}}
opfopfu eHuxdkifaomufaepOf atmufxyfwGif a':nGefUwkdU jyefa&mufvmMuoH
Mum;&onf/
]]zrf;oGm;jyefNyD ra&Topfa&}} [k rdef;rBuD;wpfa,mufu vSrf;ajymvdkufonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 496 -
]]at;[,f nnf;ygroGm;ao;wm awmfao;wmaygh}} [k a':a&Topfu jyefajymae\/
a':nGefUum; tay:odkUom wufvmaeonf/ opfopfu avSum;0odkUoGm;um tartm;
BudKonf/ uRefawmfu ukvm;xdkifrS rwfwwfxum BudKonf/
]]orD; b,fhES,faeao;ovJ}}
]]vkH;vkH;aysmufoGm;NyD arar}}
a':nGefUonf uRefawmfhbufvSnfhum oGm;BuD;awG azG;ceJay:atmif NyKH;NyD;-
]]orD;wdkU armifwifxGef;udk bmauR;MuovJa[h}}
]]a&Ta&Tu eHuxdkifvkyfxm;w,f arar? tJ'g wkdufNyD;NyD}}
]]tif; tif; aumif;w,f}}
uRefawmf-
]]b,fESpfa,muf zrf;oGm;ovJ a':a':}}
a':a':wkdU oydwfwm;pcef;rSmawmh 30 avmuf zrf;oGm;w,f? wpfNrdKUvkH; qkd&ifawmh
ESpf&mxufrenf;bl; Mum;wmyJ/ &efukefaxmifBuD;vnf; rqHUawmhbl;? a,musmf;tusOf;
orm;awG t&l;axmifydkU? rdef;rtusOf;orm;awGudk om,m0wDaxmif ydkUaew,f}}
]]zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIawGu r&yfwJUtjyif wkd;vmw,fawmifxifw,f? tpdk;&tzJGU ajymif;ayr,fh
'guawmh rajymif;bl; a':a':}}
]]tpdk;&tzJGU ajymif;w,fqdkwmu bk&ifcHu rsufvSnfhjywmudk;uG,fh? uJ uJ opfopfeJU
pum;ajym&pfOD;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 497 -
a':a':onf tdrfcef;xJodkU 0ifoGm;onf/ uRefawmfESifh opfopfonf pum;quf&ef
pum;p &Smr&Muacs/ twefMumaomf a':a':onf tdrfcef;xJrSxGufNyD; aemufaz;cef;odkU
0ifoGm;avonf/
a':a':u aemufaz;rSvSrf;NyD;-
]]opfopfa& cPa[h}}
rcifopfonf xdkif&mrSx&if; awmif;yefonf/
]]cPae&pfOD; q&m}}
]]udk,fvnf; oGm;awmhr,f}} [k ajymNyD; uRefawmfu rwfwwf&yfvdkufonf/
]]tdk...}} [k tmar#dwfoHjyKNyD; rcifopfu uRefawmfhtm; tHhMopGmai;Munfhaeonf/
]]a':a':hudkom EIwfqufvdkufygawmh}}
uRefawmfonf avSum;rSqif;pOf rcifopfonf avSum;xdyfrS pD;MunfhNyD; usef&pfonf/
aemufaz;rS-
]]rcifopfa& cPvmOD;uG,f}}
uRefawmfonf avSum;atmufqkH;xpfa&mufNyD; zdeyfpD;&if; tay:armhMunfhvdkufaomtcg
rcifopftm; rjrif&awmhNyD/ uRefawmfh&ifxJu [mwmwmESifh uRefawmfhtrlt&mrSm
aMumifawmifawmifjzpfoGm;NyD; cPrQawGum &yfaerdonf/
]]jyefawmhrvm;? b,foluG,fh rif;emrnf}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 498 -
xdktoHMum;rS a':a&Topftm; xdwfvefUwMum; owd&awmhonf/
]][kwfuJh a':a':a&T? uRefawmfhemrnfuawmh armifwifxGef;ygcifAsm;}}
]]rif;u b,frSmaeovJ}}
]]uRefawmf urm&GwfrSmaeNyD; ausmif;wufygw,fcifAsm}}
]]pmar;yGJ rajzbl;vm;}}
]]rajymwwfao;bl; cifAsm;}}
]]bmvdkUrajymwwf&rSmvJ? ajzrSaygh}}
uRefawmfonf a':a&Topf\ tmPmoHaMumifh tcH&rcuf&kHru NyKH;yifNyKH;rdao;onf/
]]a':a':hwlr opfopfuawmh pmar;yGJ rajzygeJUajymw,f}}
a':a&Topfu uRefawmfhtm; opfopfudk,fpm;xm;NyD; rsufapmif;xdk;vdkufonf/
]][if; 'if;u bmem;vnfvdkUvJ? 'Daumifrav;u olUtar oHa,mifvkdufNyD; ajymaewm/
udka&Tazuvnf; bmrStoGeftoifr&Sdbl;? r,m;a&m orD;a&m 'Dtwdkif;vTwfxm;wm/
oydwfarSmufwJUtcgarSmuf? vSefwJUtcgvSef? ausmif;wufwJUtcgwuf? pmar;yGJajzwJU
tcgajz? ckawmh olwkdUu 'Dvdkr[kwfaygifawmf? tNrJwrf; oydwfarSmufae&r,fwJU}}
a':a&Topfonf armifESifh a,mufrwkdUtm; rnfrQavmufMumMumu rnfrQavmuf BuD;rm;
aomxkxnfjzifh tcJraus jzpfaeonfrod? uRefawmfuom oGm;&ef[efrjyvQif pum;rQif
rjywf/ u&m;a&vGwf wwGwfwGwf jrnfwGefaeOD;rnf xif&onf/
]]cGifhjyKygOD; a':a':a&T}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 499 -
]]tif; oGm;awmh}} toH rmausmoavmufawmh a':a&Topf\rsufESm rrmrausmyg/
uRefawmfonf vrf;ay:odkU qif;xGufaeqJ aemufrSaeí a':a&Topfu ac:vdkufjyefonf/
]]oli,f cPaeOD;}}
a':a&Topfonf ajymajymqdkqdk a&mif;&efaq;rsm;xnfhxm;onfh AD&dkqDodkU oGm;NyD;zGifhonf/
aq;tcsKdUudk ,lvmNyD;-
]]a&mh 'Daq;xkyfawG,loGm;? pmaumif;aumif;usuf? okdUayr,fh tanmif;rdNyD; 0rf;rcsKyf
atmif a[m'D 0rf;EIwfaq;udkpm;? npmusufNyD;&if a[m'D aoG;aq;udk uGrf;oD;vkH;
avmufpm;? 'grS ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf tdyfaysmfr,f/ tdyfw,fqdkwm cPom jzpfayr,fh
ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf tdyfaysmf&if aumif;wmyJ Mum;vm;/ pmaumif;aumif;usuf? pmar;yGJudk
atmifatmifajz Mum;vm;}}
,if;odkU MoZmay;onfudk uRefawmfu NyKH;em;axmifNyD; ]]aMomf onft&G,f tysKdBuD;[m
t&G,f&Sdwkef;u a,musmf;&cJU&if olUom;orD;udk onfvdkyJ MoZmay;aerSmyJ}} [k pOfpm;
aerdonf/ ay;aom aq;rsm;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifpGmjzifh vufcHNyD; ]]aMomf onfrdef;rBuD;
[m pum;taygufqkd;ayr,fh apwemawmh rqkd;bl;}} [k qifjcif&if; xGufvmcJUawmh
ownf;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 500 -
42
ta&;awmfyk HrS oifcef;pmrsm;
uRefawmfwdkUtzkdUawmh &Sif;aeNyD/ vuf&Sd Oya'jyKvTwfawmftrwfawGudk tm;udk;í 91Xme
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk rzsufEdkif/ odkUaomf tcsKdUrSmawmh r&Sif;Muao;/ OD;yktpdk;&tzJGU jyKwfus
atmif t,kHtMunfr&Sdtqdk oGif;oluoGif;onf/ olwkdUudk,folwkdU ]trsKd;om;tpdk;&} [k
uifyGef;wyfxm;aom OD;yktpdk;&tm;enf;atmif OD;baz &mxl;r,lzkdU ajymolu ajymMu
onf/ OD;baztm; jynfxJa&;0efBuD; vkyfvSnfhyg[k bk&ifcHoabmwlnDcsufjzifh OD;yku
qG,fonf/ trsKd;orD;tpnf;t&kH;u OD;baztdrfokdU aeUa&mnyg 0dkif;xm;NyD; oydwfwm;
xm;onf/ OD;baztm; a&OD;wdkufopfq&mawmfbk&m;u &mxl;vufcH&ef arwÅm&yfcHonf
qkdNyD; OD;bazu &mxl;vufcHonf/ usrf;usdefoGm;&ef trsKd;orD;wkdUu vrf;z,fray;aom
tcg ykvdyftultnDac:í z,f&Sm;NyD; bk&ifcHtdrfoGm;um usrf;usdefavonf/
*VKefOD;apmvnf; ususee taqmifta,miftjynfhjzifh 0efBuD;jzpfoGm;avNyD/ ]]uREkfwdkU
trsKd;om;tpdk;&[m qif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm;udk txl; umuG,faeygw,f}} [k
vTwfawmfwGif ajymNyD; tcGefawmfrsm;udk twif;t"r® awmif;cHaeavNyD/ oydwfwGif
yg&rnfavm[k tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyfxkwfypfaeonfudk Munfhaeavonf/ Oa&my
wdkufom;wkdU\ nOfh0wftay:&kH&SnfBuD;udk 0wfvsuf wGJjzLBuD;pD;NyD; t&yfwumwGif
*VKefwyfom; 3-odef;pkrnf? *VKefavwyfawG xm;rnf? NyD;awmh Armjynfudk jyefay;zdkU
awmif;qdkrnf ponfjzihf [def;a[mufaeavNyD/ onfvkd [def;a[muf&if; olU
*VKefwyfom;rsm;onf 0g;&if;wkwfrsm; aumufudkifaeMuonf/ OD;apmtm; oHykH;wD;í
awmxkwfaeaom ocifrsm;tm; &dkufESuf&ef jyifqifaeavonf/
&mxl;vufrJUjzpfoGm;aom a'gufwmbarmfwkdU vlpkonf tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdkufzsufa&; pum;
ajymonf/ OD;yktpdk;&tzJGUtm; t,kHtMunfr&Sdtqdk oGif;aeMuonf/ olwkdU\
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 501 -
owif;pmrsm; *sme,frsm;rS udkvSa&TESifhwuGaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; oydwf
vSefonfhtwGuf jypfwif&IwfcsMuonf/ pGyfpJGMuonf/
xdkokdUvQif trwftoD;oD;wdkU\ EdkifiHa&;ajcvSrf;udk jrifae&cdkuf udk,fa&;udk,fwm
raumif;owif; rsm;uvnf; zkH;r&atmif ay:aeavonf/ trwfawG vmbfpm;ygonf[k
Oay'jyKvTwfawmfwGifyif trwftcsif;csif; azmfxkwfMuonf/ olrsm; om;r,m; ckd;,l
aygif;oif;rIjzihf vnf;aumif;? r,m;i,fp&dwf ray;rIjzihfvnf;aumif; w&m;pJGcH&aom
trwfrsm;uvnf; [dkav;wausmfausmf jzpfcJUonf/
xkdUaMumifh vuf&Sdtrwfrsm;ESifh vlBuD;ydkif;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;udk uRefawmfwkdUonf
t,kHtMunf r&SdMu/ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGwGif olwdkUtm; xnfhrwGuf&kHru olwkdUudk
qefUusifí vkyf&rnf[kyif em;vnfxm;Mu\/
ta&;awmfykH vufawGUoifcef;pmay;aeonfrSm t*FvdyftmPmydkifwkdUonf tpdk;&tzJGU
wpfckNyD;wpfck ajymif;ay;rnf/ Oya'jyKvTwfawmf wpfckjzKwfNyD; wpfcka&G;aumufaprnf/
okdUaomf olwkdU\ wu,fhpdk;rdk;rIudkum; rajymif;/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk t*FvdyfwkdU\
vufxJrSm rvGwfwrf;qkyfudkifxm;onf/ ,if;odkUaom t*FvdyfwkdU\ pdk;rdk;rIudk aemufqkH;
wpfaeUwGif vufeufESifh ykefuefawmfvSefí NzdKzsuf&ayvdrfhrnf/
xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdUonf vufeufudkifEdkifrnfh tzJGUtpnf;rsm;udk zGJUMuonf/ ]&J}
tzJGUudk uRefawmfwdkU txifrBuD;/ ]&J} tzJGUrSm &mxl;EdkifiHa&;orm; trfatOD;armifBuD;\
tzJGUjzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;u Armhvuf&kH;wyf zJGUonf/ uRefawmfwdkU
ausmif;om;rsm;u oHrPdwyfrsm; zJGUonf/ ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
tvkyftrIaqmifrS oHrPdwyfzJGUpnf;&ef wm0efvTJtyfjcif;cH&aom udkxGef;&Sdefu ]]vufeuf
onf yxr? vufeufonf 'kwd,? vufeufonf wwd,}} [k ajymavh&Sdayonf/
þrQ ta&;BuD;aom vufeufudk b,fu&Murnfenf;/ uRefawmfwkdUbmom vkyfEdkifzkdU
vnf; rjrif/ wdwfwdwfykef; cdk;0Suf0,f,lEdkifonfxm;OD;? 0,f,l&ef aiGtvkHtavmuf &zdkU
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 502 -
rjrif/ xkdUaMumifh tqkH;owf wpfcsdefcsdefwGif EdkifiHjcm;wpfckckrS vufeuftultnD &atmif
,l&rnf[k EdkifiHjcm;udk tm;udk;aeMuayonf/
wpfzufwGifvnf; pnf;&kH;a&; rsm;pGmvdkonf[k oabmaygufaeMuonf/ ,ck
ta&;awmfykHudk onfhxufjywfom;pGm onfhxufydkí raqmif&GufEdkifonfrSm pnf;&kH;a&;
csKdUwJhaeí jzpfonf/ vlrsm;íyJGrpnf jzpfaeonf/ pnf;&kH;a&; tm;enf;ojzifh pnf;urf;r&Sd
wkdufyGJqifjcif;rsm;udk awGUcJU&onf/ ta&;awmfykHwGif;wGif ta&;awmfykH pdwftm;
xufoefrIonf rsm;pGm BuD;rm;cJU\/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh pdwftm;xufoefrIonf rD;ESifh
wlonf/ onfwdkif;xm;vQif avmifcsif&mavmifEdkifonf/ pnf;&kH;a&;onf xkdrD;udk
xdef;odrf;Edkifonf/ avmifapcsifaomt&mudk avmifapEdkifonf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdU
txJwGif ]]pnf&kH;a&;onf yxr? pnf;&kH;a&;onf 'kwd,? pnf;&kH;a&;onf wwd,}} [k
ajymqdkolwkdUvnf; &SdMuay\/ ausmif;om;or*¾udk pepfuspGmESifh ydkíus,fjyefUpGm
pnf;&kH;Mu\/ ArmwpfjynfvkH;wGif tvkyform;or*¾rsm;udk pnf;&kH;Mu\/ awmifol
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armfvNrdKifNrdKUü ac:xm;avonf/ xkdnDvmcHBuD;twGuf jyifqifrIrsm;udk tapmBuD;
BudKwifjyKvkyfMuonf/ rEÅav;rS vuf&kH;wyfrsm;u armfvNrdKifta&muf pufbD;rsm;jzihf
csDwufvmrnf/ vrf;wpfavQmufvkH;&Sd vuf&kH;wyfrsm;u yl;aygif;vdkufygMurnf/
&efukefpD&ifpk? yJcl;pD&ifpk? [oFmwpD&ifpk? rEÅav;pD&ifpk paom pD&ifpknDvmcHrsm; usif;y
MuNyD; EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m wkdUArmnDvmcHBuD;odkU udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;aumufaeMuonf/
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf ocifESpfjcrf;uGJpu qkH;rr&í? aphpyfa&;ratmifjrifí xGufawmh
rnf[k qkdcJUaomfvnf; ,cktcg ocifEk? ocifatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef; paom
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl wpfjynfvkH;vSnhfvsuf wkdUArmw&m;a[mí armfvNrdKif nDvmcH
BuD;twGuf pnf;&kH;aeMuayonf/
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tpnf;t&kH;odkU 0ifcJUMu\/ ,ck ta&;awmfykHtwGif;wGif udkb[def;onf ausmif;rSxGufNyD;
wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU 0ifavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 503 -
uRefawmfonf wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU0ifí EdkifiHa&;vkyf&ef uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf rqkH;jzwf
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qkdonf/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI wpfckck&Sdxm;rS EdkifiHa&;vkyfí aumif;rnf[k olu
qdkonf/ uRefawmfonf olUerlemudk tm;usonf/ okdUaomf uRefawmfwkdU bDatrSm
q&m0efvdk vGwfvyfaom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIokdU rydkUEdkif/ bDatatmifNyD;
udkausmfNidrf; wdkUvdk? uRefawmfhzcifBuD;u acgif;xJ&dkufoGif;xm;cJhovdk tdkifpDtufpf
ajzvQifajz odkUr[kwf tpkd;&tvkyfwpfckck0ifNyD; uReftBuD;pm; vkyfvdku vkyfEdkifayonf/
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uRefawmfha&SUa&;rSm a0cGJír&atmifyif jzpfaeayonf/ pmar;yGJ0ifajzzkdU? rajzzkdUyif
,wdjywf rqkH;jzwf&ao;/
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paom ausmif;rxGufbJ ausmif;om;ta&; NyD;jywfatmif vkyfae&aom trIaqmif vlBuD;
rsm;rSmvnf; oydwfvSef&m ay:xGufvmaom jyóemrsm;udk vdkufaqmif&GufaeMu&ojzifh
or*¾taqmufttkHrSm em;raeMu&/ oydwfvSefNyD; ausmif;jyefwufaom acgif;aqmifrsm;
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wpfrsKd;? axmifrS rvTwfao;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vTwfay;zkdU tpdk;&ESifh oGm;í
ta&;qdkaeonfu wpfrsKd;? &J&Jawmuf udkoef;wifwkdU vlpk\ pGyfpJGcsufrsm;udk oGm;a&muf
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&yfwnfEdkifatmif vdkufvHpnf;&kH;ae&onfu wpfrsKd; trsKd;rsKd; tvkyfrsm;um vIyf&Sm;
oGm;vm aeMu&avonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm pmar;yGJajz&ef ausmif;pmtkyfrsm;Mum;
odkU wdk;0ifaeMu&avNyD/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 504 -
xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfhvdk bmvkyf&rnf ra&&mao;aomoltcsKdUom or*¾taqmufttkHrSm
a,mifcsmcsmESifh usefae&pfcJUayonf/
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wGif pmzwfvsuf&Sdayonf/ Budrfukvm;xdkifBuD;ESpfvkH;udk rsufESmcsif;qdkifí csxm;NyD;
wpfvkH;rSmxdkifí wpfvkH;ay: ajcwifxm;onf/ tay:wnfhwnfhu rD;wpfvkH; zGifhxm;
onfrSwpfyg; wpfcef;vkH;&Sd tjcm;rD;rsm;udk ydwfxm;onf/
uRefawmfonf ausmif;pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfcsifpdwfr&Sd/ aumufíyif rMunfhrd/ ,ck
uRefawmf pdwf0ifpm;aeaom pmtkyfrsm;rSm bdvyfrSxkwfa0aom vuf0Jpmtkyfuvyf
(Left Book Club) pmtkyfrsm;ESifh e*g;eDpmtkyfrsm; jzpfonf/ xkdnu zwfaeaom
pmtkyfrSm *Refpx&yfcsDa&;aom qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;ESifh vufawGU Theory and Practice of Socialism jzpfonf/ pmtkyfwpfae&mrSm t&if;&SifpepfvufatmufwGif
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oabmaygufMunfEl;NyD; {uu©&m usaeaomcPü vlESpfa,muf pmzwfcef;qDodkU
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uRefawmfhrsufpd usufrdaeonf[k xifonf/ udk,fxnfBuD;rm;NyD; ajcvufu rrQrw
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 505 -
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ac:íom uRefawmfwkdUteD;odkU csOf;uyfvmcJU&aomfvnf; uRefawmfESifh awGU&rSm 0efav;
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t"du&kPf; vIHUaqmfay;cJUaom ocifwifBuD;yif jzpfayonf/ þ ocifwifBuD;rSm *syef
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ocifwifBuD;um; udk<u,fESifh uRefawmfwkdUu ykvdyfpaomolrsm;ESifh &Iyf&Iyf,Suf,Suf
qufoG,fae[ef&Sdonf[k ,lqNyD; cyfcGmcGma&Smifxm;aom ocifwifBuD;yif jzpfonf/
olonf wkduf&dkufxkd;usaeaom rD;a&mifxJodkU 0ifrvmbJ rD;a&miftjyifbufrSm &yfum
uRefawmfhtm; rNyKH;csifNyKH;csif NyKH;um Munfhaeonf/
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vdkufNyD; NyKH;vdkufonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 506 -
]]uRefawmfwkdUtcsif;csif; odNyD;ygAs? yGJpm;BuD; OD;BuD;wif ckb,fa&mufaeovJ}}
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vlwpfa,mufvkdufNyD; acsmif;Munfhaer,fqkdygawmh/ rD;udkydwfvkduf&if ]][m 'Dvlvnf;
wufoGm;a&m tajcvnf; ysufoGm;a&m} vdkU wGufvdkufrSmyJ/ NyD;awmhvnf; rD;ydwfNyD;
pum;ajymaeMuw,f qdkygawmh? wpfa,mufa,mufwufvm&if b,fvkdqifajcay;rvJ}}
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 507 -
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MunfhNyD; NidrfaeMuNyD;aemuf udkat;aiGu tkwfeH&Hrsm;rSmyif em;&Gufrsm; &Sdaeoavm
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 508 -
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ocifwifBuD;\ pum;rsm;onf olUtaMumif; rodolwpfOD;tm; avxJrSm vrf;avQmufae
ovdk txifa&mufapEdkifayonf/ uRefawmfum; ocifwifBuD;tm; r,kHMunfrdatmif
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 509 -
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 510 -
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- 511 -
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ocifwifBuD;onf olUvl ighbufom; vkyfNyD; uRefawmfwkdUxHrS pum;rsm;udk EIduf,lvdkí
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wm0ef,lí&Smay;rnf ajymNyD;aemuf uRefawmhxHrS xGufcGmoGm;cgeD; aiG 5usyf acs;iSm;
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]]udkat;aiG}}
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- 512 -
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- 513 -
43
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taqmifrSmyJ &Sdaew,f/
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ESpfvausmfokH;vrQ MumoGm;ayNyD/ &SnfMumvSaom umvr[kwfyg/ okdUygvsuf þ
umvtwGif; taMumif;wpfpkHwpf&mESifh wdkufqdkifojzifh rjrihfOD;tm; uGufceJ uGif;ceJ
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- 514 -
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r&Sdíayavm/ okdUr[kwf uRefawmf\ylaEG;aom cHpm;rIwkdUonf eD;eD;uyfuyfawGUae&aom
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vdkufygonf/
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MunfvifjymvJUapavonf/
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ausmif;aqmifrsufESmpm jrufcif;rSm acgufwkHUacgufjyef vrf;avQmufaeaom ausmif;ol
rsm;? wif;epf(pf) &dkufaeaom ausmif;olrsm;? a&csKd;NyD; xbD&if&Sm;jzifh pBuFrSm avQmuf
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ausmif;olwkdUudk awGU&ef wHcg;0rSmapmifhaeaom ausmif;om;wkdUyif jzpfavonf/
uRefawmfwdkU &yfapmifhaepOf tcsKdUaom ausmif;olwkdUonf teD;rS jzwfoef;oGm;cdkuf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 515 -
uRefawmfwdkUtm; MunfhMunfhoGm;Mu&m avSmifajymifoa&mfjcif;\ t&dyftaiGU olwkdU\
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uvdqGaom xdktMunfhrsm;jzifh ar;aeMuonf/
rjrifhOD;um; qif;rvmao;/
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jyefvmjcif;jzpfonf/
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xif;ceJay:vmaom xdkyg;csKdifhrsm;onf uRefawmfhtm; ta[mif;rStopf jzpfapygonf/
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jyefydkUvdkufygonf/
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pm;yJGrsm;um; vGwfaeonf/ em;NiD;p&maumif;aom olrsm;wum ajymMum;onfh pum;rsm;
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 516 -
uRefawmfwkdU vrf;avQmufxGufcJUMuonf/
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a&mufoGm;Muavonf/
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om;yJ}}
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ajcvsifavQmufum tvSLcHMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H toHawGuJGukefatmif a<u;aMumfoH
atmf[pfMuonf/ rjrifhOD;u uRefawmfhtm; oem;oGm;av? uRefkawmfu oem;p&m aumif;
avmufatmif ajymavjzpf\/
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aoG;rIefUrsm;? oJrsm;jzifh jyefUjyL;ae\/ taemufbufwGif urm&Gwfonf opfyifrsm;
Mum;wGif jrKyfae\/ aerif;onf opfyifxdyfzsm;udk xdvkeD;yg; usqif;ae\/ uRefawmf
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 517 -
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uRefawmfum; pmar;yJGtaMumif;udk raqG;aEG;bJ a&SmifuGif;vdkonf/ xkdUaMumifh olu
nnf;nLvdkufaomfvnf; bmrQrwkHUjyefbJ Nidrfaevdkufonf/
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cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSm ausmif;olokH;OD; jrufay:xdkifum wvGefUvGefUvIyf&Sm;aeaom vIdif;vkH;
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jzpfukefrSmaygh/ bk&m;wnfNyD; xD;rwifovdk jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ 'D*&D&NyD; tpdk;&tvkyf
vkyf&r,fvkd jrifhurqdkvdkygbl;? 'D*&Dawmh &atmif,l&r,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 518 -
olu 'D*&D,l&r,fqkdawmh uRefawmfu [D;&dk;vkyfjyvdkufcsifonf/ 'D*&DbDatbJGUudk
pGefUvTwf&Jaom {&mr vlpGrf;aumif;BuD; tjzpfjzifh rjrifhOD;u jrifapcsifayonf/
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rxm;awmhbl;/ jrifhuvnf; 'D*&Dudk wefzdk;xm;wkef;yJvm;}}
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 519 -
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bDat atmifcJU&avownf;/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 520 -
44
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 521 -
atmifcJUygNyD/ atmifpm&if;udk Munhf&if; b0vkHNcKHrItwGuf tvkyftudkifrsm;udkyif arQmfrSef;
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odkUaomf uRefawmfum; &dk;&dk;ausmif;om;wpfa,muf r[kwfcJUyg/ ocifwpfydkif;
ausmif;om; jzpfcJUygonf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfhtzkdU b0vkHNcKHrI tvkyftudkifudk arQmfrSef;
pOfpm;&jcif;rSm rvG,fulyg/ uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf udk,fhb0vkHNcKHrI wpfckwnf;udkom
Munfhvsuf tvkyftudkif a&G;cs,frnfavm/ udk,fhb0vkHNcHKrIudk vkH;0*&krjyKbJ ajcovkH;
tdrfwdkif jzpfovkdae? jzpfovdkpm;í ocifEdkifiHa&;orm;tjzpfodkU 0ifrnfavm/ okdUr[kwf
udk,fhb0vkHNcKHa&;wpfydkif; ocifwpfydkif; vkyfEdkifonfh tvkyfwpfckckudk &Smrnfavm/
awGa0onf[k olrsm;tm; pGyfpJG&ef? odkUr[kwf ihgES,f awGa0&efaum[k udk,fhudk,fudk,f
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wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;qDodkU rsufarSmufjyKaeayonf/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; uRefawmfhzcifBuD;xHrS pmar;yJGNyD;vQif tdrfjyefcJUzdkU pma&;ac:aomfvnf;
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wGif &pf0JaecJUonf/ pmar;yJGatmifaomtcg ydkíaumif;aom qifajcudk &jyefavonf/
bDatatmifNyD; rdbrsm;tm; vkyfauR;&ef tvkyf&SmaeNyD ponfjzifh taMumif;jyum
tdrfrjyefbJ aejyefavonf/ rdbrsm;xHjyefvQif tazu Budrf;vm;armif;vm; wkwfwpf
jywf "m;wpfjyufjzifh EdkifiHa&;udk pGefUvTwf&ef? tazwoufvkH;rSef;xm;aom &mxl;pmar;yJG
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- 522 -
0if&ef ajymayvdrfhrnf/ tarurl rsuf&nfpuav;jzifh ]]EdkifiHa&;rvkyfygeJU om;&,f}} [k
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olUxHa&;vdkufaom pm&Gufuav;udk uawmhvkyf&if; twefMum awGaeNyD;aemuf-
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ppfulawmif;vdkufavonf/
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- 523 -
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uJGwJU vlawGtjzpfeJU rwlrwef oabmxm;NyD; ESdrfcsifMuw,f? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
awGudk bmr[kwfwJU taMumif;uav;awGjyNyD; xkwfypfMuw,f/ 'Dawmh ausmif;om;
oydwfBuD; ay:cJU&w,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;trsm;eJU vrf;cJGNyD; ausmif;qufwufzkdU
qdkwm rjzpfEdkifbl;/ pmzwfcef;xJ aomhcwfNyD; ydwfxm;OD;? pmtkyfudk udkifMunfhrdrSm
r[kwfbl;/ ckta&;awmfykHusawmh ab;xGufaezdkU ydkcufw,f/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 524 -
udk zrf;w,f? qD;w,f? aemufNyD; ausmif;om;xkudk &dkufw,f? ESufw,f? jrif;eJU
wkdufw,f? 'DvdkjzpfaewJUtcsdefrSm b,fvdkvkyfNyD; NidrfaeEdkifrSmvJ/ Akdvfatmifausmf
tavmif;udk tvHvkyfNyD; csDwufaewJU ausmif;om;awG&JU ta&;awmfykHac:oHudk b,fvkd
vkyfNyD; rxl;bJ aeEdkifyghrvJ}}
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ajymvkdufMuavonf/
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rNyD;ao;ygbl;/ Munfhav? avmavmq,fudkyJ uRefawmfwkdU&efukefrSm at;ovdkvdk &Sdae
ayr,fh e,fawG Munfhvdkufprf;ygOD;/ tvkyform;ta&; at;ovdkvdk&Sdaeayr,fh wjcm;
vlwef;pm;ta&;udk Munhfvdkufprf;ygOD;/ awmifolv,form;awG[m Nrdwf? weoFm&Du
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axmif&Sd&m NrdKUawGudk aus;&Gmu awmifolv,form;awG &mvdkufaxmifvdkuf csDwufNyD;
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 525 -
[m pmar;yJGajzaewkef;u arhxm;vdkU&oavmuf &ygw,f/ pmar;yJGatmifpm&if;MunhfNyD;
tvkyftudkif awG;awm&if; arhxm;vkdU &oavmuf&w,f/ odkUayr,fh cPyJ OD;av;jrifh&JU/
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tNrJwrf;ay:aer,fh ta&;awmfykHawmh r[kwfbl;/ NyD;wJUtcgNyD;? NidrfwJUtcg NidrfoGm;rSmyJ/
odkUayr,fh ArmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfykHBuD;u NyD;zdkUa0;ao;w,f/ toGiftrsKd;rsKd;eJU
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OD;av;jrifhu rmqwfqwftoHjzifh-
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rSm udk,fhqE´csnf;MunfhNyD; oHa,mZOfjzwfvdkU jzpfwmr[kwfbl;? rdbbufuvnf;
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 526 -
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OD;av;jrifhu oa&mfNyKH;NyKH;vkdufNyD;-
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OD;av;jrifhonf ajymajymqdkqkd xoGm;NyD; bk&m;pifa&SUrSm bk&m;0wfjyKvsufaeavonf/
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t"dyÜm,frJUpGm Munhfvdkufonf/ xdkUaemuf uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufpvkH; bk&m;0wfjyK
aeaom OD;av;jrifhtm; vSrf;MunhfMu\/
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uRefawmfwkdUonf bk&m;0wfjyKaeaom OD;av;jrifhtm; &dkaoav;pm;aomtm;jzifh
jznf;jznf;&G&Guav;xum Murf;oHyifrjrnfatmif avQmufíxGufcJUMuavonf/
qGrf;csuftdrfum; &ufvnfqGrf;auR;rnfh jrif;vSnf;orm; OD;zkd;cif\ tdrfjzpfayonf/
OD;zdk;cif\ orD;jzpfol rwifa&T\a,musmf; udkNyKH;rSm urm&GwfbllwmwGif tvHjy vkyfae
ayonf/ olwkdU\ ESpfcgvnfom;uav;? Od;zkd;cif\ ajr;uav;onf uG,fvGefcJU&m
reufjzef &ufvnfqGrf;auR;rnf jzpfayonf/ uRefawmfonf OD;zdk;cifwkdUtdrfom;wpfpkESifh
cifrif&if;ESD;ol jzpfay\/ OD;zdk;cif\om; udkwifazESifhqkdvQif oHCmh'ge qGrf;avmif;
oif;rS qGrf;qefpdrf;xGufpOfu [dkbufonfbuf xrf;ydk;xrf;&olrsm; jzpfay\/ odkUaomf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 527 -
rtm;cJUojzifh uav;tavmif;om ajrodkUa&mufí uRefawmfum; romtdrfodkU wpfacguf
rQ ra&mufcJUacs/ ck &ufvnfqGrf;csufawmhrS a&muf&ayawmhrnf/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 528 -
OD;zdk;cif\tdrfrSm txyftcif;[lí r&Sd/ ajrBuD;rmudkyif tcif;xm;NyD; wdkif&Snfpdkufum
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qGrf;csufaeMuavonf/ txyfckd;atmufü uGyfyspfwpfck&Sd\/
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]]ypönf;rJU tpdk;&qkdwm bmvJuGJU}}
uRefawmfu wpfpkHwpf&m rajz&ao;cif udk<u,fu-
]]cifAsm; ocifEka&;wJU vlrJGwdkUxGuf&yfvrf;qkdwJU pmtkyfudk rzwf&bl;vm;}}
OD;zkd;&Sifu rwfwwfae&mrSyif vufzuf&nfMurf;yefudk qGJ,l&if;-
]]olurS pmrzwfwwfbJ[m udk&if<u,fuvnf;}}
tkd-OD;tkef;azu bke;fBuD;ausmif;uyÜd, vkyfaew,fr[kwfvm;? pmrwwfbl;vdkU b,f
xifrdrSmvJAs}}
OD;zkd;&Sif-
]]pmqdkwm oifrSwwfawmhrSmaygh? ausmif;aewdkif; wwf&rSmvm;}}
OD;tkef;azum; &Id;wdk;&SefUwefUjzpfaeygonf/ uRefawmfwkdUtm;vkH;tm; awmif;yefwdk;vQKd;
aom rsufESmjzifhMunfhaeonf/ NyD;awmh-
]]i,fi,fu pmrwwfawmh BuD;rSpmoifzdkU cufw,fAs? ajr;avmufuav;awGeJUtwl
uBuD;uacG;oif&rSm &Sufw,fAs? 'gaMumifh roifjzpfwmyJ}}
ygarmu©OD;azarmifwif\ rsufESm&Sdaom OD;tkef;azonf pmwpfvkH;rS rwwfaom bkef;BuD;
uyÜd, jzpfaeonfudk awGU&jcif;rSm uRefawmfhtzkdU rsm;pGm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfaeygonf/
OD;zkd;&Sifu usefaomvufzuf&nfudk armhcsvdkufNyD; yef;uefudk uGyfyspfay:odkU ypfwifvkduf
onf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 538 -
NyD;awmh-
]]uJ bk&m;'um ausmif;'umwkdU? qGrf;qefaq;MuzdkU aumif;NyD}}
udk<u,fu t&ifxvkdufonf/ udkbusL;u aq;vdyfwkdudk tdrftjyifa&mufatmif vTifhypf
vdkufonf/
udkwifazonf a&xrf;&ef xoGm;avonf/ uRefawmfum; ODzkd;&Siftm; qGrf;qefo,f&mrSm
0dkif;ulavonf/ udk<u,fESifh udkbusL;wkdUu qefaq;Muav\/
jrMunfwkdU rdef;rodkufum; MuufoGeftcGHoifí NyD;MuNyDjzpfojzifh i&kwfoD; axmif;olu
axmif;? c&rf;oD; "m;ESifhvSD;olu vSD;? ykpGefajcmufjymolu jym vkyfaeMuavonf/
xdkodkU toD;oD; tvkyfrsm;aeMucsdefwGif jrMunfu OD;zdk;&Siftm;-
]]OD;BuD; OD;zdk;&Sif? OD;BuD;&JU r,fZvD[if;csKd[m bmaMumifh onfavmuf emrnfBuD;aewmvJ
0Sufxm;wJU enf;uav;rsm;&Sd&if uRefrwdkU odyg&ap&Sif}}
]]&Sdawmh&Sdwmaygh[? okdUayr,fh vlwdkif;ay;vdkU jzpfwmr[kwfbl;/ ighr,fZvD[if; emrnf
ausmfwm tawmfMumNyD[? [dk0HomEkawG ay:cgpu OD;OwÅr odyfemrnfrBuD;cif wkdU
urm&GwfwyfwGif;ausmif;rSm oDwif;okH;w,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u igu wyfwGif;ausmif;rSm
udk&ifBuD;0wfaew,f? 'Dwkef;u igcsufwJU r,fZvD[if;udk OD;OwÅr bkOf;ay;&wmudk;[/
'Dawmh OD;OwÅr[m oabmusvGef;vdkU olrsm;twGufawmif rcsefbl;? olcsnf; bkOf;ay;
oGm;w,f/ OD;OwÅru ighr,fZvD[if;csKdudkvnf; cPcP csD;usL;w,f}}
]]0Sufxm;wJUenf;uav;udk ay;cJUyg OD;BuD;&,f}}
tjcm;rdef;uav;uvnf; enf;awmif;aeavonf/ OD;zkd;&Sifum; bmrSrajzao;bJ NyKH;í
omae\/ udk<u,fu rdef;uav;rsm;tm; jznfhpGufí-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 539 -
]]aq;enf;0Sufxm;wJU orm;awmfawGvdk rvkyfeJUAsKdU? cifAsm;vnf; ocsFKdif;eD;aeNyD/
enf;uav;bmuav;rsm; tarG ay;cJUrSjzpfr,f}}
Od;zkd;&Sifu jyifxm;aom [if;csKdtkd;udk rD;zdkay:wifNyD;aemuf pG,foGm;ESpfacsmif; ay:onfh
wkdifatmif tm;&Sdyg;&SdNyKH;NyD;aemuf-
]]0Sufxm;wJUenf;uav;uawmh wjcm;r[kwfbl;? [if;csuf&if; udk,fuxGufwJU acR;udk
[if;csKdtkd;xJ tenf;qkH; wpfaygufESpfaygufjzpfjzpf xnfhay;&w,f/ acR;rsm;av [if;
av;avyJ [J [J}}
rdef;uav;rsm;onf wcpfcpf&,faeMu\/ OD;zdk;&Sifonf þodkU &,fp&majymNyD;
pum;vTJvdkufjcif;rSm vQKdU0Sufaomenf;udk ray;csifíavm? odkUr[kwf acR;wvkH;vkH;ESifh
tm;xkwfí csufjyKwfvQif [if;aumif;onf[k qdkifcsifavoavm rajymwwfay/
uRefawmfwkdUvnf; qefaq;í NyD;MuavNyD/
OD;zdk;&SifESifh OD;tkef;azwkdUonf rD;zdkwpfckcGJzkdNyD;aemuf a&aEG;usKdaeMuavonf/
aemuf qGrf;tdk;wnfMu\/
qGrf;tkd;wnfxm;pOf uRefawmfwdkUonf uGyfyspfrSmxdkifNyD; vufzuf&nfMurf; aomufjyefMu
avonf/ OD;zkd;cifu udkbusL;bufodkU-
]]wkdUurm&Gwfu ocifcifarmifwpfa,muf b,fa&mufaeovJuG? rawGUwm Mumygaum}}
]]aygufacgif;rSm ausmif;q&mvkyfaeqdk xifyg&JUAsm}}
]]ocifawGuGJwkef;u b,folUbufygoGm;ovJ}}
udkbusL;u rajzrDyif uRefawmfu Mum;0ifvkduf\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 540 -
]]ocifApdefwkdUbufudk ygoGm;w,fMum;w,fAs}}
ukdbusL;-
]]tJ'Dvkdvnf; aoaocsmcsm [kwfrxifygbl;Asm}}
udk<u,f-
]]wdkUocifwifBuD;awmh urm&Gwfudk tvnfawmif rvmbl;xifw,f}}
OD;zdk;cif-
]]wpfaeUuawmh jrifvdkufw,fa[h? igu aps;BuD;em;rSm jrif;vSnf;&yfxm;wkef; olu
armfawmfum;BuD;eJU jzwfoGm;w,f/ olUab;u w&kwfvdkvkd bmvdkvdk vlwpfa,mufeJU/
olUMunfh&wmvnf; ajymifajymifvufvufyJ/ BuD;yGm;aew,f xifyg&JU? ighudkNyKH;NyD;
EIwfqufoGm;w,fuG}}
OD;tkef;az-
]]umrm0p&ukodkvf tusKd;ay;csdefwefNyDqkd&if b,folwm;vdkUrS r&bl;? BuD;yGm;vmwmyJ}}
udk<u,fESifh uRefawmfwdkUu wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf MunfhNyD; ocifwifBuD;taMumif;
todudk,fpDESifh NyKH;vdkufMuonf/
udkbusL;onf aq;ayghvdyfwpfvdyfudk zifydkif;rS vufzuf&nfMurf;wGifESpfí wqwfqwf
cgjyefNyD;-
]]armfvNrdKifrSm usif;yoGm;wJU wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;nDvmcHBuD;[m w,fBuD;us,f qdkyg
uvm;? ocifwifxGef; vdkufroGm;bl;vm;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 541 -
]]uRefawmfawmh vdkufroGm;bl;cifAsmh? pmar;yGJudpöawGeJU rtm;bl;/ pnfum;w,f
qdkwmawmh oGm;wwfwJU ocifacgif;aqmifawGqDu Mum;ygw,f/ armfvNrdKif 'dkif;0ef
uGif;BuD;qdkwm {&mruGif;BuD;yJ/ tJ'DxJrSm r@yftus,fBuD;xdk;NyD; usif;yowJU/
udk,fpm;vS,fawGvnf; Armjynft&yf&yfu tpkHvmMuw,f/ armfvNrdKifNrdKUay:rSm
ocifBuD;wdkU? ocifoef;wkdU? ocifxGef;pdefwkdU tiftm;u tifrwefMuD;awmh vlawG
BudwfBudwfwkd;aewmaygh/ Armhvuf&kH;wyfom;awG vkyfvdkufykHuvnf; wpfjynfvkH;udk
vIHUaqmfay;vkdufovdk jzpfaew,fAs/ rEÅav;NrdKUu vuf&kH;wyfom;awG armfvNrdKiftxd
pufbD;awGeJU csDwufvmMuw,f? vrf;wpfavQmufvkH;rSm&SdwJU vuf&kH;wyfom;awGu
qD;BudKNyD; vdkufMuw,f? &efukefu vuf&kH;wyfom;awGu armfvNrdKifxd ajcusifcsDwufNyD;
wpfvrf;vkH; aqmfMooGm;Muw,f}}
OD;tkef;az-
]]v,fwDy@dw OD;armifBuD;vnf; armfvNrdKifnDvmcHudk wufovm;}}
]]udk,fwdkifawmh rwufygbl;/ q&mBuD;u aumif;aumif;rrmbl;As/ 'Dawmh rkH&GmuaeNyD;
nDvmcHudk o0PfvTmydkUw,f? urmÇBuD;rSm bkH0g'[m ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJovdk atmifjrif
xGef;um;vmr,fhtaMumif;? wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;u bkH0g' vufcHwmudk q&mBuD;u
axmufcHaMumif; a&;NyD; wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;udk wwfEdkifwJUbufu tm;ay;r,fhtaMumif;
uwdjyKw,f qdkyJAs}}
OD;tkef;az-
]]tif; olawmfcsif;csif; owif;avGUavGU? aygif;zufawGUqdkwmudk q&mBuD; ocif
udk,fawmfrIdif;eJU v,fwDy@dw OD;armifBuD;wkdU zwfrdMuwmayghAsm}}
udk<u,f-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 542 -
]]tif; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;awmh tm;wufaewmyJ? ta&SUu ae0ef;xGufonfhyrmy?
wkdUacwfudkom a&muf&rnfrSm rvJGygqkdwJU oDcsif;[m w,fr*Fvm&SdwJU edrdwfyJ}}
,if;odkUvQif wkdUArmnDvmcHBuD;udk pm;NrHKUjyefaeMucdkuf qGrf;tdk;yGufaeNyD jzpfí toD;oD;
vkyfp&m&Sdwm xvkyfMu&jyefavonf/
rdef;uav;rsm;um; tvkyfNyD;ojzifh vkyfp&myif r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaeNyD/ OD;zdk;cif\ZeD;
a':vSaryg 0dkif;zGJUí pum;ajymaeMuavonf/
OD;zdk;cifu rdef;uav;rsm;bufodkU-
]][UJaumifrav;awG cP tdrfjyefMuygOD;vm;? t&kPfwufawmh wkdUvmNyD; EdI;rSmaygh}}
rdef;uav;rsm;rSm wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf jyefrvm;? rjyefbl;vm; tazmfndSaeMu&m
OD;zdk;cifu-
]][JU jrMunf tdrfjyeftdyfygOD;vm;}}
jrMunfu udk,fudkqefUí vufESpfzuftanmif;qefU&if;-
]]jyefawmhjyefcsifom;yJ}}
OD;zdk;cif-
]]vSara& eifhom;eJUtwl 'Daumifruav;udk vdkufydkUvdkufyg[m}}
xdktcg uRefawmfonf udkwifaza&m? rjrMunfyg tajcysufaeonfudk owdjyKrdayonf/
udkwifazuvnf; vdkufrydkUcsifovdk rjrMunfuvnf; olvkdufydkUvQif roGm;csifovdkvdk?
a':vSaruvnf; olUom;ESifh jrMunfudk tuJcwfMunhfaeavonf/ bmrQ &dyfrd[ef
rwlaom OD;zdk;cifurl-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 543 -
]][JU- vkdufydkUvdkufMuyg qkdaewm}}
udkwifaz a&xrf;xrf;ydk; aumufudkif&if;-
]]uRefawmfa&xrf;&OD;r,f tb&}}
udk<u,fu NyKH;vkdufNyD;-
]]uJ uJ jrMunfudk usKyfeJU armifwifxGef; vdkufydkUvkdufr,f? [JU jrMunf eifhtaruvnf;
vdkufvmr,fqdkNyD; bmvdkU vdkufrvmovJ}}
]]tdyfysufrcHEdkifvdkUxifyg&JU OD;av;&,f}}
Od;zdk;&Sif-
]]uJ armif&if<u,f rif;orD; rif; vdkufydkUaya&mhav? odkUayr,fh jyefawmhjyefvmcJUOD;aemf}}
udk<u,f-
]]jyefawmfhvmrSayghAs? anmifylaZmf&OD;rSmyJ}}
odkUjzifh uRefawmfESifh udk<u,fu jrMunftm; vdkufydkUMuonf/ tjcm;olrsm;u tjcm;
rdef;uav;ESpfa,mufudk vdkufydkUMuavonf/ tcsdefum; oef;acgifausmf 2em&DcefUjzpf\/
racsmaomfvnf; Munfhírqdk;aom ESmacgif;yG? rsufESmjym;ESifh jrMunfum; ,cifwpfcg
awGU&wkef;uxuf ydkí vkH;uspftdxpfaeonf[k xifayonf/
jrMunftm; olUtdrfodkUydkUxm;cJUNyD; jyefvmMu&if; udk<u,fu-
]]jrMunfeJU wifaz BudKufaew,fuG}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 544 -
]]tckeifu &dyfrdvdkufom;yJ? bmjzpfvdkU rnm;Muao;ovJ}}
]]aumifuav;u tvkyfr&Sdao;bl;uG/ aumifuav;tvkyf&&if igawmh ay;pm;vdkufrSmyJ?
EdkUr[kwf&if aumifrav;[m wpfa,mufa,muf&JU r,m;i,fjzpfoGm;rSm pdk;&w,f/
igvnf; aumifrav;twGuf tvkyf&Smaew,f/ rif;vnf; &Smvkdufprf;yguGm}}
]]&Smr,fav [J [J uRefawmfhtwGufvnf; tvkyf&Sm&OD;r,f}}
aemuf bmrQ rajymMuawmhbJ xrif;csKd;ESifh 0ufom;tESpfvl;um anmifylaZmf&ef
qGrf;auR;tdrfodkU wef;í at;aq;pGm avQmufvmcJUMuonf/ uRefawmfum; pum;rajym
aomfvnf; pdwfxJrSmawmh uRefawmfESifh udkwifaztzdkU tvkyf&Sm&rnfhta&;udk tEkvHkH
y#dvkH aqG;aEG;aeayonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 545 -
45
ta&;awmfyk H Ad kvfrSL;oifwef;
wpfaeUoü nOfhtcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf udkvSa&TESifhtwl udkvSa&T\tpfudk ocifvSaz
aexdkif&m bm;vrf; wkdufcef;wpfckodkU vdkufygoGm;avonf/
udkvSa&Tum; ausmif;xGufí EdkifiHa&;ajcpkHypf0ifaomvrf;udk rvdkufbJ ausmif;wufNyD;
aq;ynmbJGU trfbDbDtufpf NyD;pD;atmifoifrnf[k qkH;jzwfNyD;jzpfavonf/ rkqdk;r
jzpfusef&pfNyD; om;rsm;tm; wif;MuyfpGm csKyfudkifavh&Sdaom olUrdcif\ tvdkESifh qefUusif
um bmjzpfjzpf ZGwfESpfí olUcspfol rcif&Dtm; vufxyf,l&ef jyifqifvsuf&Sdayonf/
ocifvSazxHodkU oGm;jcif;rSm xdkudpöESifh ywfoufavonf/
xkdpOfu ocifvSazonf wufbkef;BuD;odef;azESifh twlaeavonf/ ocifatmifqef;ESifh
ocifpdk;wkdUum; twnfwus aep&mr&Sd/ wu,fh ajcovkH;tdrfwdkifrsm;jzpfonf/ wpfcg
wpf&H wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;XmecsKyfrSm tdyfMuNyD; wpfcgwpf&H udkodef;azwkdU tcef;rSm
tdyfMuonf/ ocifoef;xGef;ESifh udkb[def;wkdUum; pma&;q&mZ0e tdrfcef;rSm aexdkifMu
avonf/ xdkESpftdrfpvkH;rSm vlysKdtdrfrsm;jzpfí vGwfvGwfvyfvyf 0ifxGuf oGm;vmEdkif
ayonf/
udkodef;azwdkU aexdkif&m bm;vrf;wdkufcef;onf 'kwd,xyfrSm &Sdavonf/ yxrxyfwGif
rnfolaeonf[k uRefawmf rodaomfvnf; avSum;\ 0JbufwGif a*:&if*sDrsm; aeonf
udkvnf;aumif;? ,mbufwGif Asyfxdk;acgif;&Guf Armaps;onfrsm; aeonfudkvnf;aumif;
awGU&\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 546 -
avSum;t0wGif vrf;rD;a&mif0ifojzifh tenf;i,f vif;aeaomfvnf; tay:üum;
arSmifrnf;aeavonf/ a&SUuwufoGm;aom udkvSa&T\ zswfvwfaocsmaom ajcvSrf;wdkU
onf wjzn;fjznf; arSmifxkydkxlvmaom avSum;ay:wGif prf;w0g;0g; jzpfvmNyD;-
]]udk,fhvl t&ifu 'Dudka&mufzl;ovm;}}
]]ra&mufzl;bl; udkvSa&T}}
]][m; [m; tvif;a&mifawGqDudk a&mufcgeD;&if arSmifNrJyJ}}
uRefawmfum; olUpum;\ t"dyÜm,fawGudk a0cJG&efBudK;pm;&if; prf;w0g;0g;jzifh
wufvkduf\/
'kwd,xyfodkU a&mufaomtcg udkvSa&Tu wHcg;udkacgufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhtm; vSnfh
Munfhvdkufonf/ arSmifxJwGif olUrsufrSefudkawmh jrif&onf/
]]'Dtcef;xJrSmaewJU vlawG[m tvif;a&mifawGcsnf;yJ odvm;? 'gaMumifh tvif;a&mifawG
qDudk ra&mufcif wkdUwpfawG tarSmifxJwdk;&wm [m; [m;}}
uRefawmfvnf; vdkufí oJUoJU&,frd\/ udkvSa&Tu wHcg;udk acgufjyefonf/ twGif;rS
wHcg;zGifhoH Mum;&NyD;aemuf wHcg;yGifhvmaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUa&SUrSm ocifvSaz &yfae
onfudk awGU&awmhonf/
]][if-udkpkvm;? vm vm 0ifMu? 'D&Jabmfuav;emrnfu b,folwJU? arhaevdkU}}
udkpk[k tac:cH&ol udkvSa&Tu-
]]armifwifxGef;wJU}}
uRefawmfwdkU 0ifNyD;aomtcg wHcg;udk csufrcsbJ aphxm;vdkufonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 547 -
wkdufcef;rSm ay 40 awmh ausmfvdrfhrnfxifonf/ okH;ydkif;uefUxm;&m a&csKd;cef;? tdrfom
ESifh rD;zdkrSm aemufaz;cef;wGif&Sdonf/ tdrfa&SUcef;wGif ocifpdk;ESifh udkodef;azwdkU xdkifaeMu
avonf/ tv,fcef;wGifum; ocifatmifqef; wpfa,mufwnf; &Sdavonf/ avSum;rS
0if0ifcsif; a&mufaomtcef;rSm xdk tv,fcef;jzpf\/
tv,fcef; acgif;&if;buf tv,f<uufavQmufay:wGif za,mif;wdkifESpfwdkifxGef;NyD; ocif
atmifqef;onf rwfwwf&yfvsuf pmzwfaeonf/ uRefawmfwdkU 0ifvmonfudk vSnfhírQ
rMunfhay/
a&SUydkif;wGifum; pm;yJGwifrSeftdrfwpfckudk xGef;NyD; Murf;jyifay:rSmcsxm;onf/ rSeftdrfab;
wGif ocifpdk;ESifh udkodef;azwkdUonf wifysOfacGxdkifvsuf pum;ajymaeMuavonf/
ocifvSazum; olwkdUxHrS xvmcJUjcif;jzpfNyD; uRefawmfwdkUtm; olwkdUxHodkU ac:oGm;
avonf/
ocifpdk;u xdkif&mrS uRefawmfwdkUtm; armhMunfhvdkufonf/ za,mif;wdkifrD;rS ab;wkdufvm
aom tvif;a&mifwGif ol\ armufaeaom ezl;ESifh aumufaeaom ESma&mifwdkUonf
xif&Sm;vSay\/ udkodef;azurl a&SUwnfhwnfhokdUom ai;Munfhae\/ ocifpdk;u
wifysOfacG xdkifNrJxdkifí udkodef;azu aqmifhaMumifhxdkifvkdufavonf/
udkvSa&Tu uRefawmfhtm; ocifpdk;wkdUab;wGif oGm;xdkifapavonf/ olESifh ocifvSazu
tdrfa&SU0&efwmodkU xGufNyD; wD;wdk;pum;ajymaeMuavonf/ udkvSa&T\ tdrfaxmifjyKa&;
twGuf aqG;aEG;Mujcif;jzpfonf[k em;vnfvdkufayonf/
ocifpdk;wkdUonf wpfpkHwpf&m av;av;eufeuf aqG;aEG;Mu&m uRefawmfwkdU0ifvmojzifh
taESmifht,Suf jzpfoGm;[efwlonf/ uRefawmfonf olwkdUtem; 0ifxdkifaomfvnf; &Id;wdk;
&SefUwefU jzpfaeonf/ tm;emovdkvnf; jzpfaeonf/ olwdkUuvnf; olwkdUbmom tawG;
udk,fpDESifh ai;aeMuNyD; uRefawmfhtm; pum;wpfvkH;wpfyg'rQ rajymMu/ uRefawmfonf
olwkdUxHrS xoGm;csifaeonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 548 -
xkdtcdkuf tv,fcef;wGif rwfwwf&yfvsuf pmzwfaeaom ocifatmifqef;onf
toHxGufí pmzwfvdkuf\/ pmtkyfrSm t*Fvdyfpmtkyfjzpfonf/ toHxGufaeykH av,l
avodrf;ykHrSm a'gufwmbarmf[efjzpfonf/ ocifpdk;ESifh udkodef;azwkdUonf wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD; MunfhNyD; NyKH;vkdufMuonf/ ocifatmifqef;tm; avSmifMujcif;jzpfonf[k
uRefawmf &dyfrdyg\/
ocifpdk;u NyKH;&kHru [JvkdufNyD;-
]]zkd;atmifqef; usifhjyefNyD? udkodef;az&m xMunfhprf;ygOD;? barmfvdk yg;pyf &GJU&JUvm;vdkU}}
udkodef;azonf ocifatmifqef;qDodkU vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/ uRefawmfvnf; vSrf;Munfh
vkduf\/ okdUaomf ocifatmifqef;tm; aemufausmrSom jrifMu&onf/
udkodef;azu oJUoJU&,fvkduf&if;-
]]r&TJUbJ aerSmr[kwfygbl;? axmifxJwkef;u barmfpwdkifeJU aq;jyif;vdyfawmif cJprf;
aeao;w,f [J [J}}
olwkdU\ rsufESmrsm;onf NyKH;ae&mrS wif;rmoGm;Mujyefonf/ ocifatmifqef;u
barmfav usifhaeonfudk olwkdUESpfa,mufpvkH; Mum;vdk[efr&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;\/
em;Mum;jyif;uwfjcif;rS oufomapvdkaom[efjzihf ocifpdk;u-
]]b,fhES,fvJ ausmif;om;udpöawG? b,folwJU &JabmfemrnfarhaevdkU}}
udkodef;azu uRefawmfrajzcif 0ifajzonf/
]]&JabmfwifxGef;av? uRefawmfyJ cifAsm;eJU rdwfqufay;wm}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 549 -
]]rSwfrdygNyD? rSwfrdygNyD? ausmif;om;or*¾eJU tpdk;&csKyfwJU pmcsLyf puúLpkwfavmufrS
tzdk;rwefawmhbl;vdkU Mum;&w,f/ tif; oydwfarSmuf ausmif;olausmif;om;awG
aoG;pnf;pOfwkef;u ArmwpfjynfvkH; oGufoGufcgatmif wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;apEdkifcJUw,f?
aoG;uGJvmwJUtcg bmr[kwfwJU "e&Siftvdkawmf&d omaygif;nmpm; EdkifiHa&; tacsmif
orm;rsm;u 0ifa&muf apmfum;vmw,f/ oydwfarSmuf tvkyform;awG aoG;pnf;rd
wkef;u pkHprf;a&;tzJGU? zsefajza&;tzGJU ponfawG zJGUpnf;NyD; "e&SifawGu vdkufavsmcJU
w,f/ tvkyform;rsm;&JU pnf;vkH;rIcGeftm; ysufjym;vmwJUtcg tJ'D zsefajza&;ckHtzGJU?
pkHprf;a&;tzGJU tpD&ifcHpmrSmygwJU jyXmef;csufawGudk "e&Sifudk,fwdkif tvdkawmf&dawG
tultnDeJU aeUaMumifawmif ajAmifcsKd;zJUzsufqD; Muw,f/ v,f,m awmifol qif;&Jom;
awGrSmvnf; 'DvkdyJ cHMu&w,f/ v,f,mqif;&Jom;awG nDnGwfwkef;u vkyfxm;wJU
v,foD;pm;Oya'udk olwkdUuJGjym;NyD; pnf;&kH;a&;r&SdwJUtcsdefrSm v,fydkif&SifBuD;tcsKdUu
zsufqD;Muw,f? tEdkifusifhenf; pmcsKyfawGESifh v,foD;pm;orm;rsm;udk apmfum;Muw,f?
'Dawmh ausmif;om;awG ck cHpm;ae&wm[m rqef;bl;/ ausmif;om;wkdU? ynmwwf
vlwef;pm;wkdUqdkwm "e&SifaygufpawGaygh? aumuf&dk;rD;vdk [kef;[kef;xawmufNyD; NyD;wm
yJ/ yxroydwfBuD;wkef;uvnf; Munfhygvm;? aumuf&dk;rD;vdkyJ w[kef;[kef; xawmufcJU
w,f? NyD;awmhvnf; NyD;oGm;wmyJ/ tcsKdU ausmif;om;awG tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;rSm acgif;vQKd
NyD; jyef0ifw,f? tcsKdUoydwfacgif;aqmifawGuawmh tpdk;&t&m&SdtjzpfeJU 0ifNyD; trIxrf;
oGm;Muw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk EdkifiHcsJUpepfatmufrSm uRefyDyDaeapwJh ynma&;pepfrSm
awmh NzKHawmifrNzKHbl;}}
uRefawmfonf ocifpdk;\ ausmif;om;ESifhywfowfaom pum;rsm;udk em;r0ifEdkifatmif
&Sdaeygonf/ okdUaomf cGef;wkHUcGef;jyef ajym&efum; tm;r&Sdyg/ udkodef;azu uRefawmfh
udk,fpm; ajymvdkufovdk &Sdayawmhonf/
]]yxrausmif;om;oydwfeJU ywfoufNyD; ocifpkd; ydkif;jcm;a0zefykHudk uRefawmf oabm
rwlbl;/ cifAsm;ajymykHu yxrausmif;om;oydwfBuD;[m tcsnf;ESD; tusKd;rJUovdk jzpfae
w,f/ rSefygw,f? e,fcsJUynma&;pepfBuD;udk vkH;0 zsufqD;rypfEdkifcJUygbl;/ okdUayr,fh
e,fcsJUynma&;pepfBuD;[m BuD;rm;wJU 'Pf&m'Pfcsuf &oGm;w,fvdkU qdk&r,f/ vkH;vkH;
aysmufatmif ukr&wJU'Pf&mvdkU qdk&r,f/ NyD;awmh e,fcsJUynma&;pepf&JU "m;oGm;udk
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 550 -
wkH;apwJU trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmapcJUw,f? aemufqkH;wpfcsufuawmh ck
uRefawmfwdkU acwfausmif;om;rsm; 'Davmuf pdwfwuf<uvmwm[m tJ[dkacwfu
pdwf"mwftarGudk cH&vdkUjzpfw,f}}
ocifpdk;onf cg;udkqefUvdkufNyD;-
]]cifAsm; bmyJajymajym ausmif;om;qdkwm ynmwwfvlwef;pm;yJ? "e&SifaygufpOmOf
&Sdw,f? awGa0w,f? ,drf;,dkifw,f? opömazmufw,f}}
ocifpdk;wGif uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tyfESif;p&m bJGUxl;rnfrQ aemufxyf
&Sdao;onf[k rod&awmhyg/ ocifvSazESifh udkvSa&TwdkU 0ifvmNyD; uRefawmfwdkU0dkif;rSm
xdkifjyefojzifh pum;&yfoGm;ygonf/ udkvSa&Tonf zifcsírQ rxdkifbJ-
]]uRefawmfawmh oGm;p&m&Sdao;w,f? cifAsm;wkdU aqG;aEG;yJGudk em;axmifcsifayr,fh raetm;
awmhbl;? &JabmfwifxGef;awmh aecsifaecJU? udk,ftjyefusawmh 0ifac:r,f}} [k qkdNyD;
xoGm;avonf/ ocifvSazonf olUnDtm; wHcg;ydwf vTwfvdkufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdU
qD vmí xdkifjyefavonf/ olxdkifykHum; 'l;wpfzufcs wpfzufaxmif rkqdk;xdkifjzpf\/
tv,fcef;rS ocifatmifqef;\ barmfpwdkif pmzwfoHudk Mum;ae&onf/ vrf;rS
]*sbm;ae;0gvm;} atmf[pfoHu wufvmonf/
ocifvSazonf rsufrSefudkcRwfí rD;a&SUrSm axmifMunfhonf/ olUrsufrSefum; yg0g
rsm;[ef&Sd\/ rsufrSefrygaom olUrsufvkH;rsm;onf rD;a&mifwGif &IHUwGefUwGefUjzpfaeMuonf/
rsufrSefudkokwf&if;-
]]aqG;aEG;yGJ b,ftcef;a&mufaeMuNyDwkH; udkodef;az}}
]]a[m'D &JabmfwifxGef;vmwmeJU ausmif;om;ta&;a&mufoGm;w,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 551 -
ocifvSazonf rsufrSefwyfNyD;aemuf wifysOfacGxdkifvdkufonf/ ocifpdk;bufodkU-
]]uJ qufvkyfprf;ygOD;? cifAsm;&JU ArmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;udk qifjcifokH;oyfykH? om,m0wDolykef
ta&;a&mufaeNyDaemf}}
ocifpdk;onf acgif;udkikHUí twefMumawG;NyD;aemufrS acgif;udkarmhvdkufonf/ acgif;armh
vdkufjcif;ESifhtwl touf&SLvkdufonf/ xdkUaemuf oufjyif;BuD;csNyD;vQif-
]]*VKefolykefta&;awmf ay:vm&wJUt"dyÜm,fu bmvJvdkU pOf;pm;&r,f/ EdkifiHcsJUtpdk;&
wnfaxmifxm;wJUpepf? EdkifiHcsJU "e&SifOya'udk zsufqD;okwfoifNyD; wkdif;oljynfom;
qif;&Jom;awG rdrdwkdU BudKufESpfouf&m Oya'topfwpfrsKd;udk topfwpfzkH xlaxmifNyD;
tJ'D Oya'topft& ArmjynfBuD;udk tkyfpD;&ef BuHpnfjcif;jzpfw,f/ "e&Siftpdk;&u
a&;qJGxm;wJU Oya'trsKd;rsKd; pnf;rsOf;trsKd;rsKd;awG[m "e&SifawGu qif;&Jom;awGudk
acsmif;ajrmif;owfjzwf&ef ykef;uG,fapmifhqdkif;&m csKHBudKcsKHMum;eJU tvm;oP²mefwlw,fvdkU
rmhufpfu ajymjycJUzl;w,f/ olyefxwm[m tJ'D Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk jzwfawmufzdkU
xjcif;jzpfw,f/ pD;yGm;a&;pcef;rSm xifovdkjc,fvS,fEdkifzdkU EdkifiHa&;pcef;udk yxr 0ifpD;&
w,f? Armjynfudk NAdwdoQEdkifiHcGJorm;awG ppfyJGokH;yJGwkdufNyD; EdkifiHa&;tmPmtydkifpD;NyD;
ArmhpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk tydkifpD;w,f/ tJ'Denf;twdkif;yJ qif;&Jom;awGuvnf; pD;yGm;a&;
pcef;rSm xifovdkjc,fvS,fjyKjyifcsif&if EdkifiHa&;pcef;udk yxr0ifpD;&r,f/ ydkaeNrJ
usm;aeNrJ aeorQ umvywfvkH; qif;&Jom;wdkU&JU oufomacsmifcsda&; a&G;aphrQr&Edkifbl;/
t&m&mrSm BudK;qJGaewJU tkyfcsKyfa&;tzJGUudk 0ifa&mufBudK;udkifEdkifzkdU vuf&Sdtajctaeudk
vkH;0 ajymif;vJypf&r,f/ jynfolqif;&Jom;awG&JU tusKd;eJU wdkuf&dkufqefUusifaewJh
"e&Sifpepf wnfwHUaeorQ umvywfvkH;awmh b,fawmhrS aumif;pm;EdkifMuawmhrSm
r[kwfbl;vdkU awG;rdMuNyD; iwfíaornfvm;? 'grSr[kwf vufeufudkudkifí vuf&Sd
tajctaeudk awmfvSefykefuefjcif;jzifh aornfvm;? tar; 2ckrSm 'kwd,tar;udk *VKef
ta&;awmfykHorm;awG ajzvdkufw,f}}
ocifpdk;\ toHum; cyfrSefrSefyifjzpfonf/ uRefawmfonf olUpum;rsm;wGif pm[ef
ay[efukd *&kjyKrd\/ ocifvSazonf aoawmhrnfh za,mif;wdkifrD;udk topfwpfwkdifjzifh
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 552 -
toufqufay;aeonf/ bm;vrf;odkU tvsm;vdkuf pD;0ifwkdufcwfvmaom avonf
uRefawmfwdkUtcef;wGif;odkU jzmqif;0ifa&mufvm\/ xkdavwGif rdk;eHUuav;ygvmonf/
ocifpdk;onf vIyf&Sm;aeaom rD;awmufudk ai;Munfh&if; *VKefta&;awmfykHBuD; r&IrvS
qkH;&IH;cJUykHudk qufvufajymjyaeavonf/ aemufNyD; &mZ0if oifcef;pmrsm; aumufcsufcs
jyavonf/
]]oifcef;pmwpfuawmh avmu"mwfynmeJUxGifNyD; tqef;wMu,f pDrHvkyfudkifxm;wJU
vufeuftjynfhtpkH&SdwJU EdkifiHcsJUorm;udk 0g;&if;wkkwfjzifh b,fenf;ESifhrQ rEdkifeif;Edkif?
vufeufcsif;rwlbJ &ifqdkifMu&if tcsnf;tESD;yJ jzpfr,f}}
udkodef;azu 0ifjzwfvdkufonf/
]]'DrSmAs ocifpdk;? tifyD&D&,fvpfudk EdkifiHcsJUorm;vdkU ac:raeygeJUawmh? ck trsm;ac:ovdk
e,fcsJUorm;vkdUom ac:ygAsm}}
ocifpdk;um; qifajcvnf; rwuf? tif;tJvnf; rvkduf/ olUpum;pOfudkom qufaumuf
jyefonf/ atmifNrifatmif aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;r&Sdwmudk axmufawmh wpfrsKd;om;vkH;
ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKufBuD; EdkifiHcsJUt"r®pepfatmufrS vGwfvyfvdkpdwf raygufao;bl;qkdwm
odEdkifw,f/ [dkajymufusm; onfajymufusm; xcJUwmjzpfwJUtwGuf [dkwpfcgwkef;u
xcJUMuwJU rif;avmif; rif;oefU? pHzJ? &Srf;ieD wkdUwpfenf; cyfBuD;BuD;yJ jzpfw,f/
tcsufokH;uawmh acwfopfrqefbJ acwftvdkuf ppfcsDppfqkwf ppfy&d,m,f a00kpfudk
rokH;&if ta&;awmfykHqkH;&IH;&rSm trSefjzpfw,f/ w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfawG rdrdwdkUxuf
vufeufvnf; ydkaumif;? vltm;vnf; ydkaumif;wJU "e&SifawGeJU wkdufwdkif; rdrdwkdUcsnf;
tEdkif&wm[m wjcm;aMumifh r[kwfbl;? w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfawG ppfwkduf&mrSm use
aooyfvGef;vdkUjzpfw,f/ aemufqkH;tcsufuawmh ausmif;om;tvkyform;? v,form;wdkU
wvkH;wpnf;wnf; yl;aygif;NyD; usifhom;&zl;olwkdU&JU a&SUaqmifrIrygcJUjcif; jzpfw,f/
'gawG[m *VKolykefawGu aoG;eJUvJNyD; tarGay;cJUwJU oifcef;pmawGjzpfw,f}}
ocifpdk;u em;vkdufonf/ udkodef;azu jznfhpGufaxmufcHaomtm;jzifh-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 553 -
]][kwfw,f? aoG;eUJvJNyD;ay;cJUwJU tarGygyJ? ckta&;awmfykH ratmifjrifbJ rtDrvnf
jzpf&wJU taMumif;xJrSmvnf; cifAsm;ajymwJU aemufqkH;tcsuf[m ta&;tBuD;qkH;ygyJ/
ausmif;om;tvkyform; v,form;awG wvkH;wpnf;wnf;yl;aygif;NyD; usifhom;&zl;olwkdU
a&SUaqmifrI? uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrI rygcJUwJUtcsuf[m ta&;BuD;wJU cRwf,Gif;csuf
yJ? ck cRwf,Gif;csuf jyKjyifaeMuwm..}}
udkodef;azonf olUpum;udk qwfceJ&yfvdkufNyD; uRefawmfhtm; iJUMunfhvdkufonf/
ocifpdk;? ocifvSazwdkU\ rsufvkH;rsm;uvnf; uRefawmfhqDodkU a'gufceJ a&mufvmMu
onf/ uRefawmf&Sdaeí þudpöudk þwGif&yfxm;&ef olwkdUvdkvm;onfudk uRefawmf
&dyfrdyg\/ uRefawmfhrSm tae&txkdif& usyfoGm;onf/ odkUaomf ocifpdk;u *VkKefolykef
aqG;aEG;cef; aumufqufvdkufojzifh awmfayao;\/
]]tcsdeftcg rqdkufa&mufrD vlenf;pktiftm;eJU olykefxwJU owÅdudkawmh csD;usL;xdkuf
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jzpfvkd&mjzpfapawmhvdkU pGefUpm;vdkufwJh owÅdudk tHUMovdkUrqkH;Edkifbl;/ okdUayr,fh twk,l
xdkufwJU t&mawmh r[kwfbl;/ pepfusus acgif;aqmifEdkifjcif; r&SdwJUtwGuf wcsKdU
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uvJUpm;acsMu? ukvm;vlrsKd;rsm; vdkufNyD; owfjzwfMu? tdrf&m usDMursm; rD;wif&IdUMu?
'gawGaxmufawmh olykefxcJUwJU olawGrSm EdkifiHa&;rsufpdyGifhrI? EdkifiHa&;Edk;Mum;rI vkH;0
r&Sdoavmuf jzpfw,fqdkwm odEdkifw,f/ aoG;&l;aoG;wef;eJU pD;yGm;a&;ief; tzrf;cH&ol
rsm;om jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;w,f}}
uRefawmfonf ocifpdk;\ pum;rsm;rSm &ifhoD;vSonf[k xifonf/ em;0ifcg;vSayonf/
okdUaomf NidrfoufpGm cg;cg;ESifhyif em;axmifaeavonf/
]]olykefwyfom;rsm;u wpfzuf? ykvdyfrsm;ppfom;rsm;u wpfzuf &ifqdkifwkdufcdkufrIaMumifh
vlawGaoMu? Opömypönf; ysufpD;wmawGxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm tjypfuif;pifol Mum;vl
awGrSm ab;awGU&w,f/ wcsKdUolykefwyfrsm;[m ppfwyfykvdyfwkdUudk a&Smif&Sm;NyD;&if &GmpOf
avQmuf "m;jywkdufMuw,f? &Gmaygif;rsm;pGmudk rD;wkdufcJUw,f? olykefta&;rSm yg0ifolawG
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 554 -
trsm;tjym; aoausysufpD;cJh&w,f? orD;ysKdrsm;tcsKdU olykefeJUppfom;wkdU&JU usL;vGef
apmfum;jcif; cH&w,f? ykvdyfrsm;udk rulnDwJU &Gmrsm;udk ykvdyfESifhppfom;rsm;u rD;wif&IdU
w,f? olykefudk rulnDwJU&Gmrsm;udk olykefu rD;wif&IdUMuw,f? wkdif;oljynfom;awGrSm
&SifBuD;vufrS usm;? usm;vufrS &SifBuD;? tjyeftvSef oufqif;cHpm;Muw,f? olykef
rxrDu vIHUaqmfxm;wJU vkyfief;eJU ysKd;xm;wJU 0g'awGuawmh aemufvdkufolykefrsm;eJU
EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrSm rsm;pGmrwlvSwJU olykefacgif;aqmifrsm;&JU vufwef; Budwfxm;wm
awGom jzpfw,f}}
ocifpdk;onf uRefawmfhrsufpda&SUrSm jrifhrm;aom taqmufttkHBuD;udk NzdKcs zsufcs qGJcs
aeonfESifh wlayonf/ *VKefolykeftay: uRefawmf\ txiftjrif taqmufttkHBuD;/
rdk;wajzmufajzmuf usvmonf/
uRefawmfonf ocifpdk;\ cg;aompum;udk rMum;vdkawmhívm;? odkUr[kwf pum;0dkif;udk
rdk;rzsufapvdkaom apwemaMumifhvm;rod? jzKwfceJ xNyD; wHcg;awG avQmufydwf
aeavonf/ ocifatmifqef;onf pmtkyfudk <uufavQmufac: eH&Hwef;ay:rSm axmifí
wifxm;cJUNyD; aemufaz;cef;odkU 0ifoGm;avonf/ olUvufxJrSm za,mif;wdkifwpfwdkifudk
udkifxm;onf/ rkd;onf;xefpGm &Gmusvm\/ qlnHaom rkd;oHonf ocifpdk;\ pum;rsm;udk
vTrf;tkyf&ef BudK;pm;ae\/ ocifpdk;u tEdkifrcH/
uRefawmfonf twefMumatmif a,mifcsmcsmESifh rwfwwf&yfaeao;onf/
ocifpdk;um; usrf;ausoljzpf&kHru usrf;udk;wwfolvnf;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/
]]&nf&G,fcsuf0g'r&Sdaom vkyfief;onf tNrKHESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? vufawGUvkyfief;
rygaom &nf&G,fcsuf0g'onf oufrJUt&m0w¬KESifhaomfvnf;aumif; tvm;oP²mef
wlonfvdkU vuf&Sd urÇmhtvkyform; AdkvfrSL;BuD;jzpfwJU *sKd;Zufpwmvifu ajymcJUao;
w,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 555 -
udkodef;az-]]vufawGUESifh oabmw&m; nDnGwf&rSmaygh}}
ocifvSaz- ]]vufawGUrygaom obmw&m;onf tNrKH? oabmw&m;rygaom vufawGU
onf tuef;vdkUyJ qkdxm;w,f r[kwfvm;}}
ocifpdk;- ]][kwfw,f? qkdxm;w,f/ usKyfwkdUu 'DESpfck aygif;ay;&r,f/ vuf&kH;&nf
ESvkH;&nfjynfhpkHwJU ta&;awmfykHAdkvfrSL;awG ay:vmatmif vkyfay;&r,f/ vufawGUrSmvnf;
uRrf;usif? oabmw&m;rSmvnf; xufjrufwJU ta&;awmfykHAdkvfrSL;awG tvkd&Sdaew,f/
ta&;awmfykHacgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfwJU vDeifu acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;0g' ray:aygufbJ
acwfajymif;awmfvSefrI acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;vkyfief; ray:aygufEdkif? acwfajymif;
awmfvSefrIvkyfief; ray:aygufu acwfajymif;awmfvSefrI atmifjrifjcif; rjzpfEdkifvkdU ajymcJU
zl;w,f}}
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]]ta&;awmfykH AdkvfrSL;awGrSm r&SdrNyD;wJU t&nftcsif;awGu wpftcsuf udk,fusifhw&m;
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[lorQwdkUudk vkH;0y,fazsmuf&ef &nf&G,f&if;&SdwJU tpnf;t&kH;tvkyfpcef;rSm azmfaumif?
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awmfvSefa&;wm0efudk a&SmifuGif;jcif; vkH;0r&SdbJ &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH aqmif&GufwJU udk,fusifh
w&m;udk qdkvkdw,f/ tcsufESpfu wu,fhta&;usvQif taocH&JwJU owÅd&Sd&r,f/
aemufqkH;tcsuf qkd&S,fvpf0g' &kyfydkif;tbd"r®m? &kyfydkif;&mZ0if ponfwkdUudk tcktcH
txpftaighr&SdbJ 'dk;vdkarTEdkifwJU ynmt&nftcsif; &Sd&r,f}}
xdktwGif; tdrfomxJrS a&armif;udk qJGvdkufaomtoH wa*smif;a*smif; w*sKef;*sKef;
ay:vmavonf/ ocifatmifqef;onf a&vG,fvG,frqif;ojzifh pdwfwdkae[ef&Sd\/
uRefawmfom ocifatmifqef;qDokdU tm&kHa&mufaeonf? ocifpdk; ocifvSazESifh
udkodef;azwdkUum; aqG;aEG;yJrSmom tm&kHpl;pdkufaeMu[ef&Sdonf/ orm"d aumif;vGef;Muí
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 556 -
avm/ ocifatmifqef; wa*smif;a*smif; w*sKef;*sKef; vkyfoHudk Mum;zl;zefrsm;ojzifh
xkHaeMuayNyDavm rodyg/
]]ta&;awmfykH &JabmfAdkvfrSL;awGqdkwm AdkvfrSL;jzpf&r,fh yg&rDxl;&Sd&r,f/ yg&rDqdkwm
tusifhudk ajym&wm? qkd&S,fvpfacwfBuD; {ueftrSef qdkufa&mufawmhrnfudk odNyD;
tysif;ryGm;bJ vGwfvyfa&;vrf;rSm Budrfzefrsm;pGm tm;xkwf&r,f/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm avhusifhom;&NyD;rS ta&;awmfykHAdkvfrSL; jzpfEdkifw,f/ acwfajymif;
awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;twwfonf aeUcsif;ncsif; wwfajrmufatmifjriftyfaom vkyfief;
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&aom t&mjzpfonfvdkU um;vfrm;ufpfu ajymcJUzl;w,f}}
ocifatmifqef; xGufvmonf/ acgif;&if;eH&HwGif t0wfwifxm;aom BudK;wef;uav;
&Sdonf/ olonf xkdBuKd;wef;qDodkU oGm;onf/ olUvufrS a&awG &TJaejcif;tm;jzifh
aemufaz;oGm;&m a&udkifcJUonfrSm xif&Sm;ae\/
BudK;wef;ay:wGif vkHcsnfESifh rsufESmokwfy0grsm;udk vSef;xm;&m ocifatmifqef;onf
rsufESmokwfy0gudk qJG,lí vufokwfaeavonf/ udkodef;azonf olUbufudk vSrf;
rsufapmif;xdk;vkdufNyD;-
]]a[hvl rvkyfygeJUAsm? aemufaz;ukef;vmwJU vufudk rsufESmokwfy0geJU okwf&ovm;/
cifAsm;[m pnf;urf;uav; bmav;vnf; xm;ygOD;rSayghAs/ vkHcsnfqdkvnf; usKyfu
w&dkwao aeUcif;oGm;wkef;vmwkef; 0wfzkdUxm;wJU vkHcsnfudk cifAsm;u ntdyf&m0if
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ocifatmifqef;um; [J[JESifh pyfNzJNzJvkyf&kHrSwpfyg; bmrQ pum;rwkHUjyefay/
xdkudpöaMumifh aqG;aEG;yJGrSm qdkif;oGm;av&m udkodef;azuyif qufvdkufavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 557 -
]]cktcgrSm ta&;tBuD;qkH;uawmh oabmw&m;avhvmzkdU jzpfw,fAs/ oabmw&m;
avhvmNyD; vufawGUvkyfief;rSm avhusifhzkdU jzpfw,fAs/ ocifpdk;ajymwmvdk yg&rDjynfhwJU
ta&;awmfykH AdkvfrSL;au'gawG trsm;tjym; ay:vmatmif vkyfMu&vdrfhr,f? tJ'Dwm0efudk
&nfpl;NyD; ,aeUvufiif; wdkUwm0efqdkwJU pmwrf;uav;wpfck uRefawmfa&;aew,f?
e*g;eDuxkwfr,f? trsm;zwfzkdUtwGuf wpfyJwpfrl;avmufESifh a&mif;zkdUyJ}}
ocifpdk;-
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aemuf tpdk;&u ydwfypfvdkufaomaMumifhwnf;/
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udk,fpm;vS,fudk MunfhygOD;? 'Davmufta&;BuD;wJUudpörSm 0efBuD;wpfOD;OD; vTwfwm r[kwf
bl;? qm0DvD,efp&if;qdkwJU qdkAD,ufqefUusifa&;orm; 'kwd,twGif;0efwpfOD;udk vTwf
wmyJAs? NyD;awmh jyifopfeJU NAwdoQwkdU&JU awmif;qdkcsufawG[m wpfzufowfusvGef;tm;
BuD;w,f/ Oyrm &k&Sm;u *smreDwkdufzkdU ta&;BuKHvm&if ydkvef? zifvefpwJU EdkifiHawGudk
jzwfoGm;&r,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'g jzwfcGifhray;bl;wJU/ 'Dawmh *smreDu &k&Sm;xJ vmwdkuf
atmif vufydkuf apmifhae&rvdk jzpfaew,f}}
ocifatmifqef;um; bmrQrajym/ xkdifvnf;rxdkif/ cg;axmufí rwfwwf&yfum
ocifpdk;wdkU ajymorQudk em;axmifaeavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 558 -
ocifvSaz- ]]rMumcifu wkd;wufa&;owif;pmxJrSm owif;xl;ygvmw,f/ emZD?
*smreDeJU qkdAD,uf&k&Sm; tcsif;csif; rusL;ausmfa&; pmcsKyfcsKyfzkdU aphpyfaeMuw,fvkdU
qdkw,f? NAdwdoQowif;pmwpfapmifu owif;OD; owif;xl;tjzpfjzifh a&;wmjzpfowJUAs}}
udkodef;az- ]][kwfcsifvnf; [kwfrSmyJ/ wpfOD;wpfOD; rusL;ausmfa&; pmcsKyfqdkwm
qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;u b,foleJUrqdk csKyfEdkifwmyJ/ rif;ighrpeJU? igvnf; rif;rpbl;qdkwJU
udpöavmuf [myJ? tjyeftvSef ulnDa&;oabmawG bmawGvnf; ygwmr[kwfbl;?
aemufNyD;awmh emZD*smreDeJU csdefbmvdefNAdwdoQawG bmxl;ovJ? e,fcsJUorm;awGcsnf;yJ}}
ocifatmifqef;u 0ifaxmufvkdufonf/
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ocifpdk;u av;eufpGm awG;awmí ajym[efjzifh-
]]xl;oavmufawmh xl;ao;w,f}}
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twif;w&Murf;armif;oGm;aom "mwf&xm;oHudk Mum;&onf/ "mwf&xm;awG odrf;ukefNyD/
udkvSa&Tum; ,ckxdjyefrvmao;/ odkUaomf uRefawmfum; 0rf;yifomao;\/ olwkdU
ajymorQ em;axmif&onfrSm BuKHBudKufcJaom tcGifhta&;yif r[kwfygavm/
ocifvSaz ]]jyifopf0efBuD;csKyfu Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdygw,fvdkU ajymw,f?
jyifopfumuG,fa&; tajctae[mvnf; pdwfcsp&mygyJwJU}}
udkodef;az- ]]olwkdUwpfawGuawmh yg;pyfu ajymcsifwmawG ajymaewm? emZDawGudk
yg;pyfuawmh &Iyfcsaew,f r[kwfvm;? tjynfjynfqdkif&m pmcsKyfawG azmufzsufwm
rw&m;ygbl;? vufeufawG tjyif;txef wyfqifaewm vrf;rusygbl;? csufudk
pvdkAufuD;,m; odrf;wm usL;ausmfapmfum;aewmyg ponfjzifh ajymawmhajymwmyJ?
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 559 -
&k&Sm;eJU yl;aygif;umuG,fa&; tvkyfusawmh jzpfatmif rvkyfbl;/ 'gudk Munfhvdkufawmh
olwkdU[m pum;omajymNyD; vufrygbl;qdkwm jrif&w,f/ csdefbmvdefvnf; umuG,fa&;
vufeuftiftm;awG ESpfqwdk;NyDvdkU aMunmw,f? ppfav,mOfysH atmf'gawG tyfaeNyDvkdU
aMunmw,f? &k&Sm;eJUtwlwuG yl;aygif;umuG,fzkdUawmh uzsuf,zsuf vkyfaew,f/
wu,fhaomhcsufu emZDzufqpfpwJU usL;ausmfa&;orm;awGudk t*Fvdyf? jyifopf? &k&Sm;?
tar&duefpwJU EdkifiHrsm;u yl;aygif;umuG,fa&;vkyfjcif; jzpfw,f? 'grvkyfrcsif; emZD
usL;ausmfrI r&yfpJEdkifbl;? usL;ausmfrI r&yfpJ&if ppfjzpfzdkU aocsmwmyJ}}
ocifatmifqef;onf cg;axmufxm;&mrS vuf&kH;qefUwef;vsuf-
]]ppf ppf ppfBuD;uawmh vmaeNyD? usKyfwkdUu jyifqifrIr&SdbJeJU ppfBuD;udk &ifqdkif&
awmhr,f}}
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avonf/ uRefawmfonf olwkdUrsufcGufawGudk MunfhNyD; olwkdUpdwfxJrSm bmawG&Sdae
rnfudk tuJcwfaeavonf/ rkd;u vkH;0pJoGm;NyD/ &efukefNrdKU\ qlnHoHwkdUonf rkd;ESifh
a&mygoGm;ovdk &Sdayawmh\/ qlnHonfhae&mwGif qdwfNidrfvmaomtcg wpfavmuodkU
a&mufoGm;ovdk cHpm;&onf/ tm&kHawG ydkxufjrufvmMuonf/ aomw tMunf"mwfu
ydkí oefU&Sif;xufjrufvmonf/ ocifpdk;\ oufjyif;csoH? ocifvSaz\ tHBudwfoH?
udkodef;az\ vufqpfcsKd;oH? ocifatmifqef;\ acgufwkHHUacgufjyef avQmufoHwkdUonf
uRefawmfhtm; NidrfonfxufNidrfoufpGmae&ef MoZmay;aebdouJUodkU &Sd\/ Nidrfonfxuf
Nidrfatmif BudK;pm;aecgrS uRefawmfhESvkH;om;wkdUonf w'kwf'kwfckefaeMuonfudk uRefawmf
Mum;ae&\/
ocifvSaz- ]]uRefawmfwkdU wwfEdkifoavmuf jyifqifNyD; ppfudk&ifqdkif&r,f}}
ocifpdk;- ]]t&nftcsif;eJU jynfhpkHwJU ta&;awmfykHAdkvfrSL;awG ay:atmif tm;wdkufcGefwdkuf
vkyfMu&r,f}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 560 -
udkodef;az- ]]e,fcsJUppfyGJBuD;udk jynfwGif;ppfyJGjzpfatmif ajymif;ypf}}
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tm;vkH;NidrfoGm;NyD; udk,fhtawG;ESifhudk,f aeMuavonf/ uRefawmf&SdaevkdU a&SUquf
aqG;aEG;&rSm usyfaeNyDvm;[k uRefawmf tm;emrdonf/ xdkif&mrSxNyD; udkvSa&TjyefvmEdk;ESifh
arQmfMunfh&if;-
]]udkvSa&Tuvnf; jyefrvmao;bl;? uRefawmfhbmomuRefawmf jyefawmhr,f}}
ocifvSa&T-
]]armifpk rjyefvmvnf; &Jabmf'DrSmyJ tdyfaygh? rjyefeJUawmh}}
uRefawmfhrSm Za0Z0g jzpfoGm;onf/ tjcm;olrsm;oabmu b,fvdkvJod&ef rsufESmi,f
jzifh Munfhvdkufonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf vufrsm;udkcgum tanmif;qefUNyD;aemuf orf;vdkufonf/ tv,f
tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;NyD; oifjzL;wpfcsyfudk cif;aeavonf/ NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdUbufodkU
vSrf;NyD;-
]]udkodef;az acgif;tkH;wpfvkH; vkyfygtkH;}}
udkodef;azonf tv,fcef;xJodkU 0ifoGm;avonf/
ocifpdk;um; bmrQpum;rajymbJ wifysOfacGxdkif&mrSvnf; rvIyf&Sm;bJ acgif;idkufpkdufcsum
awG;ae\/ ocifvSazu ocifpdk;tm; ausmay;xdkifvkdufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhtm;-
]]xkdifav &JabmfwifxGef;? vSa&Tjyefvmygvdrfhr,f? oGefrqifvrf; (Adkvfwaxmif
bk&m;vrf;) yJ oGm;wmyg}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 561 -
uRefawmfu ocifvSaztem;rSm xdkifvdkuf&m ocifpdk;u acgif;axmifvdkufNyD; uRefawmfh
bufodkU-
]]&JabmfwifxGef; acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;rSm AdkvfrSL;aumif;jzpfzkdU avhusifhygvm;}}
uRefawmfu olUtm; aMumifMunhfaeonf/ tajzudk &kwfw&uf ray;Edkif jzpfaeonf/
]]avhusifhr,fqkd&if tcsdefjynfhvkyf&vdrhfr,f? ajcovkH;tdrfwdkifaeNyD; aeUa&m na&m
qkdwmvdkyJ vkyf&r,f? EdkifiHa&;oifwef;vnf; wuf&r,f}}
uRefawmfh&ifrSm w'kef;'kef;ckefaeonf/ xGufvmaomtoHrSm ajcmufuyfuyfESifh-
]]uRefawmf avhusifhcsifwJUpdwf&Sdygw,f/ odkUayr,fh 0rf;a&;twGufvnf; wpfzufu
tvkyfvkyfcsifao;w,f? 0rf;a&;tvkyfvnf; vkyf? EdkifiHa&;vnf; vkyfEdkifwJU tpDtpOfrsKd;
&Smaeygw,f}}
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aqmifhaMumifhxdkifvkdufNyD; uRefawmfhrsufcGufudk aphaphpl;pdkuf Munfhvsuf oa&mfNyKH;jzifh-
]]tif; ynmwwfvlwef;pm;[m ausm&dk;r&Sdwwfbl;vdkUqdkwm trSefyJudk;}}
uRefawmfonf &Sufvnf;&Suf\/ 0rf;vnf;enf;\/ tjypfBuD; usL;vGefrdNyD[kvnf;
tm;i,fae\/ onfhxufom toufi,fNyD; onfhxuf tawGUtBuKHenf;ygu csKH;csí
idkrdavrnfvm; rqkdEdkifyg/
ocifpkd;onf xkdokdUajymNyD; aemufaz;odkU xoGm;avonf/ udkodef;azonf tdyf&mvdyfudk
r,lvmNyD; tdrfa&SUwHcg;teD;wGif cif;&efjyifavonf/ aemufrS rkd;zGm;pdkaeonfudk awGU&NyD;
twGif;bufwkd;um cif;vdkufavonf/ olUtdyf&mvdyfrSm &Gufxnfom;a&wkdUjzifh ususee
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 562 -
csKyfvkyfxm;aom tdyf&mvdyfjzpf\/ ouúvwfapmifwpfxnfESifh acgif;tkH;wpfvkH;udk
awGU&onf/ acgif;tkH;ay:rSm a&csKd;&müokH;aom teDpif;ESifh ukvm;eHi,fydkif;wpfxnfudk
wifxm;avonf/ xkdeHi,fydkif;jzifh tdyf&mudk ykwfcwf&if; udkodef;azu uRefawmfhtm;-
]]&JabmfwifxGef;? 'DrSmtdyfr,f r[kwfvm;? udk,fhqDu apmifwpfxnf&r,f? udkvSazqDu
acgif;tkH;wpfvkH; ,l}}
]]udkvSa&T jyefvm&if uRefawmfjyefrSmyg}}
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em&Djyefwpfcsufxdk;rS um;&awmhr,f/ zkd;vSa&Tjyefvm&if 'DrSm tdyfcsiftdyf? rtdyfcsif
oGefrqifvrf;udk jyeftdyfzkdU ajym&r,f? a&mh apmif}}
ouúvwfapmifudk vSrf;ay;vdkufonf/ uRefawmfonf ouúvwfapmifudk ayGUxm;vdkuf\/
udkodef;azonf aemufaz;odkU vSrf;NyD; ocifpdk;tm;-
]]ocifpdk;BuD;awmh tv,fcef;xJrSm zkd;atmifqef;tem;rSmyJ tdyfayawmh? uRefawmf zsmcif;
xm;cJUw,f? apmifwpfxnfvnf; xm;cJUw,f? acgif;tkH;uawmh pmtkyfayghAsm}}
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]]bmtvkyfvkyfr,f &nf&G,fxm;ovJ}}
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]]at;av? &Smaygh? udk,fwkdUvnf; MunfhvdkufygOD;r,f}}
xdktcsdefwGif avSum;rSwufvmaom ajcoHjyif;jyif;udk Mum;&onf/ ocifvSazu-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 563 -
]]a[m armifpkvmNyD}}
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vdkufoGm;avonf/ wHcg;zGifhvdkufaomtcg udkvSa&Tu uRefawmfhtm; MunfhNyD; &,fvkduf
onf/
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apmifwpfxnf&w,fqkd&if renf;ygbl;? odkUayr,fh xm;cJUyg oGm;MuygpdkU}}
udkodef;azu tdyf&may: ausmcif;ae&muyif-
]]vSa&Ta& rjyefygeJUawmh NrdKUxJrSm tdyfygvm;uGm? rif;rtdyfcsif&if oGefrqifvrf; oGm;tdyf?
&JabmfwifxGef;awmh 'DrSmtdyfyapayghuGm}}
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 564 -
]]a[h zdk;odef;az jyefawmhr,faemf? uJ tm;vkH; *GwfEdkuf? jcifudkufcHMu&ygapaomf [m;
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uRefawmfwkdU avSum;ay:a&mufí ocifvSaz\ toHudkMum;&onf/
]]AsKdU ocifpkd; a[m'Dacgif;tkH; tkH;tdyfAsKdU? pmtkyfxufawmh aumif;ygw,f}}/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 565 -
46
owif;pmwkdufrS tvkyf
bkef;awmf tvGefw&mBuD;awmfrlaom a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwf\ t&dyftm0gowGif ckdvIHae
&aom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcuftcJqkH;tvkyfonf tb,ft&menf;[k ar;vQif tvkyf&Sm&
onfh tvkyfjzpfonf[k ajz&ayvdrfhrnf/ tvkyf&Sm&onfh tvkyf/
bDatatmifNyD;onfhwdkifatmif ynmawGoifxm;&ojzifh tvkyf&Sm&mü rvG,fulbl;vm;[k
ar;p&m&Sdonf/ uRefawmhf vufawGUuawmh bDatatmifxm;ojzifh tvkyf&Sm&ydkcufonf/
ynmrwwf? us&mBuKH&m vkyfrnfqkdvQif tvkyf& vG,fOD;rnf/ ulvDxrf;rnfvm;?
vrf;ay:[pfatmfí aps;a&mif;rnfvm; awmif,mpdkufysKd;rnfvm;? uyÜd,vkyfrnfvm;?
aps;qG,fol vkyfrnfvm;/
bDatatmifNyD;rS wpfv 70d ESifh pma&;BuD; 0ifvkyfolwdkUudk uRefawmfawGU&\/ ,cifu
xdkvlrsm;tm; EkHwJhvlawGudk;[k atmufarhrd\/ raumif;aom oem;jcif; jzpfrd\/ ,ck
udk,fwkdif tvkyf&SmMunfhawmhrS udk,fcsif;pmrdonf/ &mxl;pmar;yJG ratmifbJ bDat
atmif&kHjzifh bmoGm;vkyfrnfenf;/ pmrwwfolvdk ulvDxrf;&zkdUvnf; rjzpf? vrf;ay:
avQmuf[pfatmfum aps;a&mif;vdkUvnf; rjzpf? wpfv 70d pm; pma&;BuD;om vkyfp&m&Sd
onf/ q,fwef;orm;awGESifh ,SOfNydKifwkd;&vQif cyfacsmifacsmifyif EdkifEdkifonf/ bDat
atmifxm;onfqkdawmh wpfaeU &kH;0efaxmuf jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ NrdKUtkyf&mxl;jzifh csD;jrSifh
rpjcif; cH&Edkifonf/ okdU&mwGif uRefawfmhtzkdUawmh onfvrf;u vkH;0ydwfaeonf/
uRefawmfhwkdUEdkifiHtm; Nidrf0yfydjym;atmif uReftjzpfrS &kef;rvGwfatmif jyKvkyfaeaom
puf,EÅ&m;BuD;wGif BuD;onfi,fonfr[l? b,fae&mujzpfjzpf 0ifa&muftrIxrf;jcif;
rjyKEdkifyg/ pma&;vkyf&if; ocifvkyfvQifvnf; txkwfcH&rnfom/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 566 -
bDatatmif&kHjzifh vG,fvG,fESifhvkyfEdkifaom tvkyfrSm ausmif;q&mjzpf\/ tpdk;&
ausmif;rsm;rSmxuf ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;ESifh tjcm; taxmuftyHUcH ausmif;rsm;rSm ydk
vG,fulonf/ ocifoef;xGef;onf rGwfpvifausmif;wpfausmif;wGif q&mvkyf&if;
EdkifiHa&; vkyfaeEdkifao;onf/ uRefawmfaum olUvdk rvkyfEdkifaybl;vm;/ olUrSm
uRefawmfhvdk bDatyif ratmifyg/ uRefawmfonf ausmif;q&mtvkyf vdkuf&Sm\/
&kwfw&uf &efukefNrdKUay:rSm r&? NrdKUrausmif;rSmyif q&mawG jynfhaeonf/ c&rf;
ae&Sife,fausmif;rSm &Edkifonf/ okdUaomf uRefawmfu &efukefNrdKUrS rxGufcGmvdk/ ocif
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh uif;a0;rnfht&yfonf uRefawmfESifh e*g;vSnfhrwnfh/
okdUESifh tvkyftaygufrwnfhEkdkif jzpfaepOf aea&;xkdifa&;u cufvmonf/ uRefawmfu
zcifBuD;xHodkU uRefawmfbDatatmifNyD; vGwfvyfaomtvkyfwpfckck &SmaeygNyD/ rMumrD
&ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdUaMumifh aiGydkUray;ygESifhawmh[k pmwpfapmif a&;cJUNyD;NyD/ ,if;odkU tvkyf
raocsmao;bJESifh aiGrydkU&ef pma&;jcif;rSm taztar rBudKufwm BudKufwm tyxm;NyD;
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf udk,fvkyfcsif&mvkyf&ef jzpfayonf/ olrsm; aiGtultnD rajymESifh?
udk,fhrdbaiG ,lokH;jcif;onfyifvQif udkkf,fhvGwfvyfa&;udk xdckdufaprnf r[kwfygavm/
tazhxHrS aiGvnf;rvm? pmvnf;ra&muf? aiGra&mufojzifh OD;av;jrifhtm; xrif;vc
ray;Edkif/ OD;av;jrifhuawmh rawmif;yg/ rMunfrjzL vu©Pmudkvnf; rjyyg/ okdUaomf
olUrSmvnf; wpfv 80d avmufom&aom 'kwd,zdkrifrdkU acsmifvnfvSonfr[kwf/
uRefawmfu olUtm; tm;emaeonf/ tm;ememESifh xrif;pm;aevkdU&ao;onf/ tm;emem
ESifh tdrfrSmaevdkU &ao;onf/ onfhxufusyfonfrSm tao;okH;r&Sdjcif; jzpf\/ t0wfawG
udk 'dkbDay;zkdU cufvm\/ udk,fwdkif avQmfjyefawmh qyfjym0,fp&m vkdvmonf/ wpfcg
wpfcg qmwkef; ]awmufawmuf} ESifh wkH;acgufívmaom acgufqJGw&kwftm; vSrf;í
ac:vkdonf/ tdwfxJrSm ydkufqHr&Sdojzifh awmufawmufESifh wkH;acgufoH wjznf;jznf;
a0;oGm;onfhwdkif qmavmifjcif;udk onf;cHaevdkuf&onf/ c&D;p&dwfr&Sdojzifh toGm;
tvm usKHUjyefonf/ ocifwkdUrnfonf tmaygiftm&if; oef&rnfomru ajcoef&rnf[k
qkdaomfvnf; ae&mwum ajcusifavQmufaeívnf; rNyD;/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 567 -
uRefawmfonf ,cifuqkdvQif rdbrsm;xHrSvJGí olrsm;xHrS udk,fhtwGuf okH;pJG&ef vuf0g;
jzefUcHum rawmif;zl;yg/ ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHxJ a&mufvmaomtcg ausmif;om;
ta&;awmfykHtwGuf tvSLcH&Jvmaomfvnf; udk,fhtwGuf okH;pJG&ef rawmif;&Joavmuf
jzpfaecJUonf/ okdUaomf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHwGif vkyfazmfudkifzuf &Jabmf&Jbuf
jzpfvmolrsm;xHrS awmif;,lokH;pJG&efum; wjznf;jznf;&Jvmonf/ olUr&Sd udk,fuay;?
udk,fhr&Sd oluay;? bmrQ tm;emp&m &Sufp&m r&SdMuawmhay/ odkUaomf uRefawmfonf
ausmif;om;&Jabmf tcsif;csif;rSmom awmif;&J &rf;&J iSm;&J acs;&Jayonf/ ,ckvdk ausmif;rS
xGufNyD; ocifEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;&if; jyifyavmuodkU 0ifa&mufaomtcg
tusyfawGUjyefygonf/ c&d;p&dwf wpfrl;wpfrwfr&SdvdkU zGifhrajym&J? awmif;zkdUvnf;
vufr&J/ wpfcgwpf&H bwfpfum;cr&Sdojzifh ajcusifavQmuf&avonf/ wpfcgwpf&H
tdwfxJrSm yJaphwpfaphyg\/ vufzuf&nfvnf; qm\/ aomufrnfqkdvQif vufzuf&nf
wpfcGuf0,fí aomufEdkif\/ okdUaomf ab;utazmfawGudk rwkdufEdkifojzifh udk,fvnf;
vufzuf&nf raomufvdkuf&bJ tmacgif tajcmuf cHxm;&avonf/
uRefawmf\ þtcuftcJrsm;udk udkb[def;? udkvSa&T? udkxGef;&Sdef paom ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh udkat;aiG paom ausmif;om;oli,fcsif;rsm;u odMu\/ udk,fcsif;pm
Mu\/ olwdkUrSm&SdvQif uRefawmfhtm; rQMu\/ rawmif;&bJ ay;wwfMu\/ twl
c&D;oGm;vQif tvdkufodpGm olwdkUuyif ydkufqHxkwfay;Mu\/ pm;aumif;aomufzG,f tcGifh
tvrf; ay:vQif uRefawmfhudkyg ac:oGm;wwfMu\/ olwkdU &kyf&SifMunfhEdkifvQif uRefawmfh
udkyg ac:wwfMuay\/ wpfa,mufwnf; wpfusyfwnf;u Munfhrnfhtpm; uRefawmfhyg
ac:NyD; &SpfyJwef;u MunfhMu\/
wpfaeUoü udkat;aiGESifh uRefawmfwkdUonf [kdavQmufonfavQmuf avQmufNyD;aemuf
armuvnf;arm? anmif;uvnf; anmif;aomaMumifh *vkyf&kHwGif naeyGJMunfh&ef
ig;rl;wef; vufrSwfaygufü wdk;aeMuavonf/ ig;rl;wef;rSm vlBudwfBudwf wdk;aeaomf
vnf; txufwef;rsm;rSmum; wajzmufajzmuf vmaeavonf/ uRefawmfonf vufrSwf
r&vdkufr&Sd&ef vufrSwfaygufqDodkU pl;pdkufpGm OD;wnfí wkd;aepOf vlwpfa,mufu
uRefawmfhvufudk qJGNyD; ac:vkdufonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 568 -
]]q&muav; rrwkdUu ac:aew,f}}
uRefawmfonf olUtm; vSnfhMunfhvdkufaomtcg rsufESmudk jrifzl;ovdkvdk &Sdaomfvnf;
b,folb,fyg[k cGJjcm;owdr&ay/
]]vufrSwf&atmif,lNyD;rS vmcJUr,fvdkU cifAsm;wkdUrrudk ajymvkdufygAsm}}
uRefawmfwkdU tcsDtcsajymaepOf ab;uvlrsm;u uRefawmfwdkUtm; 0dkif;Munfhaeavonf/
]]r[kwfbl; q&mav;? rrwkdUu olwkdUeJU vmMunfhvSnfhygwJU? uRefawmfhudkvnf;
q&mwdkUzdkU yxrwef;vufrSwf0,fzkdU ckdif;vdkufNyD}}
uRefawmfu tHUMoaeonf/ udkat;aiGu uRefawmfhtm; rsufpypfvdkufonf/
]]vmygq&m? rrav;wdkU apmifhaew,f}}
]]aeygOD;As pdwfvnf;r&SdygeJU? cifAsm;rrawGu b,folawGvJ}}
xdkolonf tHUMopGmjzifh-
]]tkd-q&mav; uRefawmfhudk arhoGm;NyDvm;? uRefawmf tNidrf;pm;0efaxmufBuD; OD;aztdrfu
'&dkifbmav? a':aX;Munfu tac:ckdif;vkdufwm? 0ifeDa&m arpDa&m ygvmw,f}}
uRefawmfu tlaMumifaMumifvkyfaepOf udkat;aiGu uRefawmhfzifudk vufoD;ESifh usdwfxdk;
vdkufNyD;-
]]uJ rlvusDvkyfraeeJU? olwkdUeJUtwlwl oGm;MunfhMur,f}}
uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufonf vltkyfxJrS &kef;xGufcJUNyD; '&dkifbmaemufodkU vdkufMu
avonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 569 -
a':aX;Munf/ cgwdkif;vkdyif 00 pdkpdk csKdcsKdjzpfaom rif;uawmfBuD; a':aX;Munfyguvm;/
orD; 0ifeDaz ac: cifodef;0if;um; cgwdkif;ESifhrwl[k xifrdonf/
yxrtBudrfawGUpOfu 0ifeD\ vef;qef;aomtvSudk olwkdUaexdkif&m tdrftkdBuD;ESifh
qefUusif,SOfNydKifí owdxm;rdcJUonf/ ,ckawmh 0ifeD\tvSonf nSKd;a&mfEGrf;vsaeonf
[k xifonf/ 0ifeDudk jrifvQifjrifcsif; a,musmf;&oGm;NyDqkdaom owif;udk owd&
vdkuf\/
nDr arpDum; rmea&mif[yfaeonfh rsufESmESifh aMumhaMumharmharmh &Sdayonf/
olwdkUtem; a&mufoGm;vQifoGm;csif; a':aX;Munfu qD;í-
]]rawGU&wm MumygNyDaum armifwifxGef;? aysmufcsufom; aumif;vScsnfhvm;uG,f?
b,fhavmufyJ tvkyfrsm;ayr,fh cPwpfjzKwfavmufawmh tdrfvmvnfzkdU aumif;ygw,f}}
orD;awGuvnf; uRefawmfhtm; ryGifhwyGifhNyKH;jzifh &efawGUaeMuonf/
]]rtm;vGef;vkdUyg a':a':&,f? rvmcsifbJaeyghrvm;? 'gxuf uRefawmfMum;wJU owif;
rSefvm;rodbl;}}
tara&m orD;rsm;yg em;pGifhaeMuonf/
]]bmowif;rsm;ygvdrfh? armifwifxGef;&,f}}
uRefawmfonf uRefawmfhrsufESmESifh trlt&mrsm;udk uRefawmfhowif; rrSefvnf; &,fp&m
jzpfavatmif? rSefvnf; uRefawmfu *&krpdkufbl;qkdaom t"dyÜm,fay:atmif ayghqq
jzpfEdkifoavmuf jzpfapNyD;-
]]0ifeD vufxyfoGm;NyDqdkwJU owif;av}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 570 -
0ifeDu &SufoGm;[ef&Sdonf/ arpDu uvdqGaom tNyKH;udk jyonf/ a':aX;Munfu
cyfwnfwnf £ajEéqnfNyD;-
]]at; ckr[kwfao;ygbl;? tefwDwkdUbufu pOf;pm;wkef;yJ? orD;&Sifqkdwm t&m&mrSm
pOf;pm;&w,f r[kwfvm;/ a,musmf;av;bufuawmh cyfjrefjref NyD;apcsifMuw,fuJGU?
'gayrJU a':a':hoabmu a,musfm;av;bufu b,favmuf vkdvm;vdkvm; orD;&Sif
bufu 0w¬&m;ausatmif aqmif&Gufay;&rSmawG &Sdw,f}}
uRefawmfonf xkdpum;Mum;vdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ]]aps;qpfvdkU rwnfhMuao;bl;}} [k
wGufrd\/
xdktcdkuf '&dkifbmonf vufrSwfrsm; 0,f,lvmcJUavNyD/
]]uJ armifwifxGef; &kHxJ0ifMupdkU? rif;rdwfaqGu b,folwJUvJ}}
onfawmhrS rdwfqufay;&ef owd&NyD;-
]]'g uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf udkat;aiGygwJU a':a':/ udkat;aiG
'gu uRefawmf cPcPajymzl;wJU a':aX;Munfqkdwmav? tNidrf;pm;0efaxmufBuD;
OD;az&JU rpöufaygh}}
a':aX;Munfu a&SUuoGm;&if;-
]]uJ uJ vmMu tay:usrS pum;ajymwmaygh}}
avSum;ay:odkU wufMu&if; a':aX;Munfu uRefawmfhtm; vSnfhMunfhNyD;-
]]armifwifxGef; bDatatmifoGm;NyDaemf}}
]]atmifoGm;w,fcifAs? uHaumif;vdkU t0ifcsdwfoGm;wmaygh}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 571 -
]]'Dvdk rajymygeJUuG,f? armifwifxGef;u odyfawmfygw,f? OmPftifrwef aumif;w,f}}
&kHxJodkU 0ifMuaomtcg a':aX;Munfonf udkat;aiGtm; t&ifqkH; oGif;vdkufonf/
NyD;awmh om;uav;? aemufarpD? onfhaemuf 0ifeD? aemufNyD;awmh a':aX;Munf
udk,fwkdif0ifonf/ aemufqkH;rS uRefawmfu vdkuf&onf/ onftpDtpOftwdkif;yif
xdkifMu&onf/
]]armifwifxGef; bDatatmifNyD; bmrSrvkyfbl;vm;}}
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OD;xkyfaqmif; ocif? Armjynfwpf0ef; tukef wkdUtdrfrSwfxifwJU ociftjynfht0jzpfaeNyD
[J [J}}
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ajymwmyg}}
]]tJ'gawmh rvkyfao;bl; tefwD? vkyfr,fvnf; ratmufarhbl;? ajcovkH; tdrfwkdifaeNyD;
EdkifiHa&;udkyJ &SdorQ tcsdef,lNyD; vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf vkyfr,f pdwful;aew,f}}
]]'Dvdkb,fjzpfrSmvJuG,f? toufarG;zkdU tvkyfudk vkyf&rSmaygh}}
]]vkyfzdkUrvkdygbl; tefwD}}
uRefawmfonf a':aX;Munftm; odkUuvdk tm;usrcH ajymaeaomfvnf; pdwfxJurl
a':aX;Munf rSefaMumif; axmufcHaeonf/ vufawGUtm;jzifhvnf; tvkyf&Smaeonf
r[kwfygavm/ okdU&mwGif tvkyf&Smaeonf[laom b0onf odrfi,fonf/ tvkyfr&ao;
[laomtjzpfonf atmufusonf/ &Sufp&maumif;onf/ txl;ojzifh a':aX;MunfwkdUvdk
vlrsm;a&SUwGif zkH;uG,fxm;&rnf[k xifonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 572 -
]]rif; pdwful;rvJGoifhbl;uG,f? tdkifpDtufpmar;yGJ rajzawmif bDpDtufpmar;yJG 0ifajzzdkU
aumif;w,f? armifwifxGef;&JU OmPfrsKd;eJUqdk&if atmifzkdUcufrSm r[kwfygbl;}}
uRefawmfum; ajz&Sif;raecsifawmhyg/ awmfygao;\/ uHtm;avsmfpGm &kyf&Sifjy&ef arSmifcs
vkdufavNyD/
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*kPfponfrsm;udk pOf;pm;aerdavonf/ a':aX;MunfwdkU rdom;wpfpk taMumif;udkvnf;
awG;rdonf/ tNidrf;pm; 0efaxmufBuD; OD;azum; tdrfrSm pm;aumif;aomufzG,fawGpm;NyD;
oGm;Mum;xdk;&if; jrif;pmtkyfudk aumufudkifaeaya&mhrnf/ 0ifeD vufrxyfjzpfao;onfh
taMumif;&if;rSm bmjzpfoenf;/ owkdUom;u vkdvdkcsifcsif jzpfaevsuf olwdkUu
bmaMumifh tifwifwifvkyfaeMuoenf;/ olwkdUu vufzJGUcef;0ifypönf; rxnfhEdkifíavm/
0ifeD\tvSrSm nSKd;EGrf;aeonf/ olwdkUtdrftkdBuD;ESifh ypönf;a[mif;rsm;vkd jzpfvmonf[k
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vkyfol pdwfnpfNyD; vef;qwfaomtvSrSm nSKd;EGrf;oGm;avoavm/ odkUr[kwf owkdUom;
vkyfolu yl;wGJNyD;rS cGJcGmoGm;aomaMumifh vef;qwfaom yef;tvS nSKd;EGrf;usoGm;
avoavm/
rmemvGdKif;\ ukvm;r[ef trlt&mESifh &lyg&kHwkdUum; qGJiifrI jyif;xefvmygonf/
taemufEdkifiHolwkdUonf qm&Dudk 0wfvkdufvQif EJGUaESmif;ajyjypfvmNyD; ydkí tvSt,Of
xGufvmonf[k xifygonf/ wkdif&kH;yg0g\ [eftrlt&mESifh &kyfuvnf; cHUnm;oyf&yf
vSonf/
onfaemufawmh &kyf&SifxJrSm epfjrKyfoGm;ygawmhonf/ tm;vyfcsdefay;aomtcgrSmyif
ajymMuaompum;rSm &kyf&Sifum;ESifh ywfoufaompum;rsm; jzpfayawmhonf/
&kyf&SifNyD;í qif;cJUMuaomtcg a':aX;Munfu olwdkUum;ESifh vkdufcJUzdkU ac:avonf/
uRefawmfwdkUu aus;Zl;wifpGmESifh jiif;qefMuavonf/ olwdkU um;ay:odkUa&mufatmif
vkdufydkUMupOf a':aX;Munfu-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 573 -
]]tdrfvmvnfOD;aemf? b,favmufyJ tvkyfrsm;rsm; b,ftvkyfrsKd;yJ vkyfaeae tefwDwkdUqD
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vnf; vmaemf}}
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pD;onfh um;yifjzpfonf/ ,ckvnf; pufEId;ír&ao;/ '&dkifbmcrsmrSm atmufqif;í
aumufESifh vSnhfMunhfvdkuf tay:wufNyD; q,fhvfpwmESifh prf;vdkuf jzpfaeavonf/
a':aX;Munfu xkdtcuftcJrS rsufESmrysufbJ pum;jzifh ausmfxGufaeonf/
]]um;topfvJzdkU[mvnf; pdwfwkdif;usudk r&ao;bl;? rif;tefu,fvf tvdkqdk&if vJNyD;wm
MumNyD/ tefwDuawmh um;eJUywfouf&if aMu; (*sD;) rsm;w,fav? armifwifxGef;vnf;
odom; r[kwfvm;}}
xkdtwGif;um; pufEdI;oGm;onf/ rIefaeMuaom 0ifeDESifh arpDwkdU\ rsufESmrsm;um;
vif;vmMuonf/
]]oGm;NyDaemf armifwifxGef;}}
]]bkdif bdkif udkwifxGef;}}
um;xGufoGm;aomtcg udkat;aiGu uRefawmfhtm; NyKH;MunfhvkdufNyD;-
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]][kwfw,f vlwpfzufom;udk wdrf;nGwfvmatmif qJGiifEdkifwJU &kyfaumif;BuD;ygyJ?
tifrwef azmfa&Tw,f}}
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 574 -
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&cJUNyDvm;[kvnf; pkHprf;onf/ uRefawmfu uRefawmfh&nf&G,fcsufESifh oifhavsmfrnfhtvkyf
rawGUcJU[k ajymvdkufaomtcg-
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awmh tdrfrSmyif &aeavNyD/
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odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 575 -
47
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jzpfonf/
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owif;rsm;udk bmomjyef&avonf/
&dkufwm aMu;eef;owif;rsm;rSm naeydkif;avmufrSm pvmNyD; nwGif rsm;rsm;vmavonf/
uRefawmfhrSm naeydkif;wGif tvkyfqif;NyD; oef;acgifausmfonftxd tvkyfvkyf&\/
uRefawmfonf aumvdyfausmif;rSm aewkef;uyif EdkifiHjcm;owif;rsm;udk txl; pdwf0ifpm;
pGm zwfcJUzl;oljzpf\/ ,ck owif;pmwdkufü tvkyf0w¬&m;taeESifh EdkifiHjcm;rSvmaom
aMu;eef;owif;rsm;udk zwf&aomtcg tcsKd&Sm oumawGUovdkom aeawmh\/ bmom
rjyefcif aMu;eef;owif;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;pGm zwfvkduf\/ ausnufatmif rSwfom;xm;
vdkuf\/ NyD;awmhrS aumufbmomjyefvkdufonf/ t*Fvdyfpmudkvnf;Edkif? jrefrmpmudkvnf;
Edkifaom bDatwpfa,mufvnf; jzpfjyef&um; uRefawmfh bmomjyefaMu;eef;owif;rsm;rSm
xl;xl;cRefcRef aumif;aeavonf/
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olwkdUoabmusjcif;aMumifh roufomvSay/ tcgwdkif;qdkvQif nt,f'Dwmonf aMu;eef;
owif;tcsKdUudk cGJ,lí bmomjyef&ao;onf/ ckawmh uRefawmfhudkcsnf; vTJay;avawmh\/
xkdUjyif t,f'DwmcsKyfonf t*Fvdyfowif;pmrsm;? *sme,fr*¾Zif;rsm;rS aqmif;yg;tcsKdUudk
bmomjyefjcif;? rSD;jcif;rsm;jyKí uRefawmfwdkUowif;pmrSm xnfhavh&Sday&m uRefawmf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 576 -
a&mufawmh uRefawmfhtm; cJGay;jyefavonf/ roufomaom tvkyfjzpfaomfvnf;
arm&rSef; nnf;&rSef;rod zdvkyfygonf/
urÇmBuD;u vIyfaeonf/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;awGu xl;aeonf/ wpfaeUxufwpfaeU ydkíom
vIyf\/ wpfaeUxufwpfaeU ydkíomxl;\/ wpfem&Dxufwpfem&D ydkíydkívIyf\/
wpfem&Dxufwpfem&D ydkíydkíxl;\/ [pfwvmu BuKH;0g;onf/ rlqdkvdkeDu xpfcsKef;
onf/ csdefbmvdefu tmcHpum;ajymonf/ a&SUwpfvSrf;rwdk;ESifh? wkd;vQif odr,f[k
qkdonf/ [pfwvmu ZGwfodrf;vdkufonf/ rlqdkvdkeDu wyfvSefUNyD; tacsmifEdIufonf/
csdefbmvdefu 'gaemufqkH;yJ [kqdkum aemufajcwpfvSrf; qkwfay; tavQmhay;vdkufonf/
*syefu refcsL;&D;,m;e,fpyfrSm qdkAD,ufwyfeDawmfESifh wpfyJGwpfvrf; tuJprf;vkdufonf/
t*FvdyfESifh tar&duefwkdUu &ifayghoGm;NyD; oufjyif;csvdkufMuonf/ *syefESifh em;vnfrI
,l&ef rsufESmcsKdaoG;vdkufMuonf/ csefau&SdwfwkdUu qdkAD,ufqefUusifa&; r[mppfyJGBuD;
udk usdwfíarQmf&if; ,m,Dr[mrdwf uGefjrLepftm; udk,fhwyfudk,fjyefeif;rIrsm; wkd;í
vkyfvmMuonf/
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r&/ w&kwfjynfrS e,fajrrsm;udkom wkd;csJUodrf;ydkufvdkufMuonf/
qkdAD,ufu t*Fvdyf? jyifopfwkdUESifh pkaygif;vkHNcKHa&;r[mrdwfzGJU&ef awmif;qdkonf/
csdefbmvdefum; qdkAD,ufESifh em;vnfrI rvdkcsif/ [pfwvmESifhom em;vnfrIvdkcsifonf/
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[pfwvmum; &avvdkav tkdwapä/ urÇmppfBuD;um; aygufuJGvkeD;avNyD/
b,fawmh urÇmppfjzpfrSmvJ/ þum; wkdUArmtaygif;wkdU ar;cGef;jzpfaeawmh\/ þ
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&aom owif;rsm;onf þtar;rsm;udk ydkrdkrsm;jym;apavonf/ owif;pm acgif;BuD;ESifh
aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm þar;cGef;udk qGay;aeMuayonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 577 -
vlwkdif;\ todwGif ppfBuD;onf taES;ESifhtjref aeUvm;nvm; vmawmhrnf[k pJGuyf
aeavNyD/
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rvGJraoG jzpf&rnfht&mwnf;/
rvGwfvyfaom ArmhvufwGif ppfudkwkduf&efaomf vnf;aumif;? wm;qD;&efaomf
vnf;aumif; tmPmr&Sd? tcGifhta&;r&Sd wm0efr&Sd/
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wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;udk a&S;&Iaom olwdkUtzdkUvnf; ppfonf xGufaygufvdk xifae&
onf/ t*Fvdyftcuf? Armhtcsuf/ þum; a'gufwmbarmf\ wdwfwqdwf a<u;aMumfoH?
0efBuD; *VKefOD;apm\ usdwfBuHjcif; jzpfayonf/ e,fcsJUppfudk jynfwGif;ppfokdU ajymif;ypf/
þum; ocifrsm;\ a<u;aMumfoH? jyifqifrI/
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uRefawmfhrSm owif;pmwdkufwGif oef;acgifausmfxd tvkyfvkyf&onf/ aemufqkH;azmif
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tm;jzifh t,f'Dwmcef;&Sd pm;yJGrsm;ay:rSm owif;pmzdkifudk acgif;tkH;í wkH;vkH;yufvuf
qkdovdk tdyf&awmhonf/ wpfcgwpf&H yef;qkd;wef; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU oGm;tdyf&onf/
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ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHvkd xl;jcm;aom tajctaersKd;t& aoG;<uaejcif;vnf; r&Sd&um;
uoDvifw tdyfae&onfh udpötwGuf pdwfxdckdufvmayonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 578 -
xdkUaMumifh NrdKUxJrSm ajymif;a&TUae&ef pOf;pm;&avawmhonf/ urm&Gwf tdrf&Sif
OD;av;jrifhESifh yxrqkH; wkdifyif&\/ OD;av;jrifhu uRefawmfhtcuf csufcsif;jrifonf/
udk<u,fu rcJGcsif/ uRefawmfuvnf; udk<u,fESifh rcGJcsif/ udk<u,fum; uRefawmfh
wkdifyifazmf wkdifyifzuf jzpfaeavNyD/ ausmif;rSawGUqkH&aom oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGaumif;ESifh
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ajymifcJUMu&onfrsm;udk owd& woae&ayOD;rnf/ qHyifnSyfqdkif ocifbusL;?
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onfyif uRefawmfhtawGUtBuKHudk <u,f0aponf r[kwfygavm/
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jzpfvsuf tjcm; wpfOD;wnf;orm;ESpfa,mufudk &Smae&m wpfa,muf&NyD jzpfonf qkd\/
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aiG 5usyfom ay;vdrhfrnf jzpfayonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 579 -
wdkufcef;rSm tay:xyfwGif&SdNyD; taemufbufodkU rsufESmvSnfhxm;&m naebufwGif
aetawmfylavonf/ tvsm; 25ay? teH 12ayrQ &Sdvdrfhrnf[k cefUrSef;rdayonf/
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ao;&m 9ayrQom usefayonf/ tcef;wGif;rSm tpdrf;ykyfa&mif qkd;xm;ojzifh tdE´d,
awmifydkif; ukvm;ydkifaom tdrfjzpf&rnf[k uRefawmf,lqvdkuf\/ b,fenf;ESifh 0ifonf
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uGmjcm;vS\/
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]]q&m tvkyfroGm;bl;vm;}}
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- 580 -
wjznf;jznf; ol\ onfhjyiftvkyfawG odvm&onf/ olonf owif;pmxJrSm aA'if
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OD;wuf&Sdefu-
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 581 -
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tvGefarSmifvGef;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
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tvif;a&mifrSm tm;udk;p&mr[kwfay/
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jzpfonf/ t&yf&Snf&Snf tom;jzLjzL cyfao;ao;jzpfNyD; w&kwfbdef;pm;ESifh wlayonf/
olu uRefawmfwdkUtm;vkH;tm; q&m[kac:onf/ olonf vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm pm;tdyf
aexdkifí uRefawmfwkdUxHrSm wpfcgwpf&H vmtdyfjcif; jzpfonf/ olESifh q&mOD;wuf&Sdef
wkdUum; tawmfcifrifMu[ef&Sd\/ ol uRefawmfwkdUxH vmtdyfonfjzpfap? rtdyfonf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 582 -
jzpfap? eHeufwkdif; EdkUqDcGufESifh vufzuf&nfxnfhcJUNyD; q&mOD;wuf&Sdeftm; wkdufonf/
yef;uefaq;aMumNyD; xm;aeusae&mxm;NyD;rS jyefonf/ wpfcgwpf&H OD;wuf&Sdefu
awmufwkdrnf& ckdif;onfudk vkyfoGm;&ao;onf/
wifxGef;wpfa,muf vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfaeNyDwJU[laom owif;udk tjcm;olrsm;
*&kxm;vkdufMu[ef rwlaomfvnf; ocifrdwfaqGrsm;Mum;wGifum; csufcsif; *,uf&dkuf
oGm;avonf/ nOfheufoef;acgif bGm;ceJaygufvmNyD; aemufqkH;aMu;eef;owif; ar;olu
ar;onf/ okwfoD;okwfysm 0ifvmNyD; xnfh&efowif; ykHESdyf&efaqmif;yg; ay;olu
ay;onf/ uRefawmfhrSm tmPmr&Sdygbl;qdkonfudk vufrcH/ aemufwpfaeU rygjyefygu
vnf; ]]ocifwifxGef;[m wkdUArmryDbl;? tzArmjynf&JU wm0efudk rxrf;&Gufbl;}}
ponfjzifh ajymqdka0zefwwfonf/ wpfcgwpfcg vlpkvla0;ESifh aysmf&TifpGm0ifvmNyD;
vufzuf&nf vdkufwkduf&rnf? rkefUvkdufauR;&rnf[k nSOf;olwkdUu nSOf;Muonf/
uRefawmfu 0ifaiG&Sdaom vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfaeNyDudk;/
b,fenf;b,fykH ocifawGvmvm uRefawmfu 0rf;omtm;& qD;BudKygonf/ uRefawmfhrSm
olwkdUvkd ajcovkH;tdrfwkdif tcsdefjynfh 0efxrf;ocif rvkyfEdkifaomfvnf; tcsdefydkif;
0efxrf;ocifaygufp jzpfaeonf r[kwfygavm/
tvkyf0ifpu uRefawmfonf bDt,f Oya'wef;udk wuf&ef BuH&G,fcJUao;onf/ &aom
vc 65usyfrS ausmif;vc 25usyf udkay;NyD; usefaiG 40usyfjzifh urm&GwfrSm qufae
oGm;rnf[k rSef;cJUonf/ ,ckawmh rSef;wkdif; raygufawmhacs/ aiGaMumifhum; r[kwf?
xrif;wpfeyf wpfrwfESifh pm;jzpfaomaMumifh cufp&mr[kwfay/ ntvkyf jzpfaomaMumifh
reuftapmBuD; ausmif;wuf&efrjzpfEdkif/ xkdUjyif rjzpfjzpfatmif vkHUvpdkufí bDt,fvf
wuf&efvnf; bDt,fvfrufarmpdwf r&SdawmhNyD/
wpfcgwkef;u EdkifiHa&;wGif 0wfvkHawmf&rsm;? a&SUaersm; xif&Sm;cJUMuonf/ olwkdU
EdkifiHa&;ESifh olwkdU toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rItvkyfudk Edkifeif;vdr®mpGm ,SOfwGJEdkifcJUMuonf/
uRefawmfwdkU\ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom udkBuD;Ek? udkatmifqef;? udkodef;az
ponfwkdUvnf; xdkolwkdUtm; erlemxm;&ef BudK;pm;cJUMuao;onf/ okdUaomf EdkifiHa&;\
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 583 -
oabmonf rsm;pGm ajymif;vJcJUNyDjzpfojzifh ,if;odkU erlemxm;jcif;rSm pdwful;,Ofjcif;om
jzpfaMumif; olwkdU vufawGUBuKHMuavonf/ olwkdUonf oifaeaom bDt,fvfudk
wef;vef; pGefUypfMu&avonf/
wkdUArmEdkifiHa&;onf 0wfvkHawmf&? a&SUaewkdU\ Oya'ynm? tacstwif pum;&nf
ponfwkdUxuf rsm;pGm ausmfwufoGm;avNyD/ wkdUArmEdkifiHa&;onf 0wfvkHawmf&? a&SUae
wkdUu trIvkduf&mrS tm;rSay;aomtcsdefxuf acgif;aqmifwdkUxHrS rsm;pGmydkay;Edkifaom
tcsdefudk awmif;aeavNyD/ xdkUjyif wkdUArmocifwkdUonf 0wfvkHawmf&BuD;? a&SUaeBuD;rsm;
acgif;aqmifcJUMuaom vlBuD;EdkifiHa&;udk pm;zm; udk,fusKd;&Sm EdkifiHa&;ESifh wpfom;wnf;
jrifaeMuNyD r[kwfygavm/
uRefawmf bDt,fvfrwufjcif;udk rjrifhOD;u rauseyf/ uRefawmfh qkH;jzwfcsufudk jyif&ef
rjrifhOD;u trsKd;rsKd;azsmif;zsonf/ uRefawmfu rjyifEdkif/ azsmif;zsr&awmh rjrihfOD;u
0rf;enf;pum; ajymonf/ pdwfaumufovdk vkyfjyonf/ rjrifhOD;onf uRefawmfhtm;
bDatpmar;yGJ ajzatmif jyKjyifay;Edkif\/ bDt,fvfwufatmifum; rjyKjyifEdkif/ rSwfrdao;
onf/ uRefawmfESifhrjrifhOD;wkdU cifrif&if;ESD;pu rjrifhOD;onf 0w¬Kwdkuav;wpfyk'f
a&;ay;zl;\/ ausmif;olESifhausmif;om; awGUqkHMuonf/ usdwfí cspfMuonf/ wpfOD;udk
wpfOD; tm;ay;um pmudk BudK;pm;oifMuonf/ ausmif;tkyfq&mrBuD;ESifh 0wfvkHawmf&BuD;
rsm; jzpfMuonf/ olwkdUESpfa,muf nm;NyD; wkdif;usKd;jynfusKd; aqmifMuavownf;/
uRefawmfum; rjrifhOD; rSef;xm;onfhtwkdif; rjzpfbJ qifajymifBuD; tNrD;usrS wpfavNyD/
rjrifhOD;\ 0rf;enf;pum;rSm [efaqmifr[kwfaMumif; olUrsufESmrSm wyftyfay:aeonf/
rjrifhOD; pdwfaumufovdk vkyfjyjcif;rSm uRefawmfhqifjcifOmPfudk rjyKjyifEdkifawmhí
uRefawmhf tcspfpdwfudk qGjcif;omjzpfonfxif\/
'Dvdk rjrifhOD;u 0rf;enf;pum;ajymNyD; pdwfaumufovdk vkyfjyvdkufawmh uRefawmfhpdwfwGif
]]aMomf rjrifhOD; ighudk wu,fcspfayom;yJ}} [k atmufarhNyD; MunfEl;aerdonf/ odkUaomf
olrSef;xm;ovdk BudK;pm;&efum; rjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ /
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 584 -
48
O,smOfrSL;ESif h ESif;qDyef;
uRefawmf\ae&mopfrSm 45-vrf;wGif &Sdojzifh a&ausmfvrf;rBuD;wGif aeaom rcifopf
wkdUESifh rsm;pGmeD;aeayonf/
ae&mopfokdU ajymif;vmNyD; rMumrDyif rcifopfwkdUtdrf a&mufoGm;avonf/
rcifopfum; atmufxyfrSm &Sdaeonf/ yxrqkH;tBudrf awGUjrif&onfh ykHtwdkif;yif
jzpfonf/ wkdifBuD;udk ausmrSDvsuf uGyfyspfay:rSm ajcqif;xdkifum pmzwfaeavonf/
bmoHrSvnf; Mum;[efr&Sd/ b,ft&dyfb,fta&mifrQvnf; jrif[efr&Sd? pmwGifom
tm&kHpdkufaeonf/ olUteD;wGif olUta': a':a&Topfu xdkifNyD; aq;xkyfuav;rsm;udk
puúLtdwfuav;rsm;xJodkU xnhfaeonf/
a':a&Topfonf uRefawmf0ifvmonfudk csufcsif;jrifonf/ vufutvkyfudk vkyfNrJ
qufvkyf&if; aeonf/
]]a':a':wkdU &SdMuvm;cifAsm? q&mazaum &Sd&JUvm;}}
]]ESpfa,mufpvkH; &SdMuw,fuJGU? tay:wufoGm;? EdkUrif; ckb,fu vmwmvJ}}
]]uRefawmf tdrfuvmwmcifAs/ ck uRefawmf 45vrf;xJ ajymif;vmw,fav}}
uRefawmfu tm;wufoa&majymNyD; 'Dpum;aMumifh rcifopfu pdwf0ifpm;jcif;jzifh
uRefawmfhtm; Munfhavrnfvm;[laom arQmfvifhcsufjzifh rcifopftm; Munfhí
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 585 -
ajzvdkufonf/ rcifopfum; pmudkomzwfaeonf/ bmawGrsm; pJGaeonfrod/
a':a&Topfu-
]]at; at;? ajymif;vm&if tdrfeD;em;csif;jzpfwmayghuG,f? rif;a':a':eJU awGUcsif&if
tay:wufa[h}}
]][kwfuJU? wufr,fvdkUygyJ}}
uRefawmfonf avSum;qDodkU avQmufcJU&aomfvnf; uRefawmfhudpöwGif pdwf0ifpm;rI
rjyaom rcifopf\ trlt&mtwGuf rausrcsrf;jzpfvsuf aemufvSnfhum-
]]opfopf bmawGrsm;zwfaevdkU onfavmuf pJGae&wmvJ}}
onfawmhrS rcifopfonf anmif;aeaom rsufvkH;uav;rsm;udk uRefawmfqD qefUvTwf
vkdufonf/ orf;a0jcif;ESifh a&mpyfaeaom tNyKH;ESifhtwl pmtkyfrsufESmzkH;udk jyvdkufonf/
cifjrifhBuD;0w¬K 'kwd,wJG/
tay:a&mufawmh a':a':nGefUa&m? q&mOD;azudkyg tqifoifhawGU&onf/ a':a':rSm
awmif;wpfawmif;xJ&Sd aq;ykvif;rsm;udk a&G;aeonf/ q&mazum; ausmif;oifcef;pm
pmtkyfrsm;udk ppfaeonf/
]]a':a':}}
]]armifwifxGef;vm;a[h xkdifuGm}}
a':a': Murf;jyifay:rSm tvkyfvkyfaeojzifh uRefawmfonf ukvm;xdkifay:rSm rxkdifbJ
a':a':ESifh reD;ra0;wGif Murf;jyifay:rSmyif xkdifvkdufonf/
]]xdkifyguG? ukvm;xdkifay:rSmyJ xdkifyg}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 586 -
]]aeygap a':a':&,f}}
q&mazonf yufvufukvm;xdkifrSm pefUpefUxdkifí tem;,lvdkuf&if;-
]]b,fu aygufvmovJa[h}}
]]uRefawmf tck 45-vrf;udk ajymif;vmw,f? eD;vmvdkU vmvnfwmyJ}}
a':a':u ykvif;rsm;udk a&G;&if;yif-
]][kwfvm;? b,fbufavmufrSmvJ}}
]]armif*dkrm&D (AdkvfcsKyfvrf;)eJU uyfvkdUygyJ a':a':}}
]]at; aumif;w,f aumif;w,f? cPcP vmvnfwmayghuG,f? ausmif;qufaeao;
ovm;}}
]]tpuawmh bDt,fvf qufoifr,fvdkUyJ? ckawmh roifawmhygbl;? wefzdk;odyf&Sdw,f
vnf; rxifawmhygbl;}}
OD;a&Tazum; bmrQMum;r0ifawmhbJ uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,muftm; pdkufMunhfNyD; ajymMuorQ
udk em;axmifíom aeavonf/ a':a':u a&G;xm;aom ykvif;vGwfrsm;udk *syfpuúL
aowÅmwpfckxJrSm xnfh&if;-
]]bmvJa[h bDt,fvfqkdwm 0wfvkHawmf& a&SUaetwwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,fa':a':}}
]]at;uGm roifwmbJ aumif;ygw,f? vQmt&dk;r&Sdwkdif; vdrf&wJUtvkyfyguG,f [J [J}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 587 -
a':a':htNyKH;rSm a&SUoGm;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vufoGm;onf/ a':a':onf tvkyfudkcsxm;NyD;
xkdif&mrSxonf/
]]vmuGm ukvm;xdkifay:xdkif}}
a':a':u ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;rSm 0ifxdkif\/ uRefawmfvnf; ab;u vdkufxdkif&awmhonf/
q&mazonf olUausmif;oifcef;pmpmtkyfrsm;ESifh tvkyfrsm;aejyefavNyD/ a':a':ESifh
uRefawmfum; pum;wajymajymESifh rarmEdkifMu/ ociftvkyftjyif bmvkyfao;ovJ
ar;onf/ vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfvm&ykHudk ajymjy&onf/ vkyf&onfh tvkyfoabm?
tvkyfvkyfcsdefrSpNyD; ae&xdkif&ykH? pm;&aomuf&ykHygrusef taMumif;pkH ar;jref;ajymqdk
aeMuavonf/
]]wdkUtdrfvnf; rMumcP 0ifxGufNyD; pm;csifwJUtcg vmpm;ayghuG,f? wpfa,mufwGuf
qdkwm rxl;ygbl;? tNrJ ydkydkrdkrdk csufxm;wmyJ}}
]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f a':a':? okdUayr,fh uRefawmfwkdUu tcsdefrSefwJUvlawG r[kwfawmh
qdkifeJUyJ udkufygw,f}}
]]qdkifxrif; qdkif[if;qkdwm Mumawmh NiD;aiGUvmwmyJuJGU/ wkdUudkawmh tm;emp&m
r&Sdygbl;? pm;csifwJUtcg vmpm;? aMomf pum;aumif;aevdkufwm armifwifxGef;udk bmrS
rauR;&ao;bl;}}
]]aeygapa':a':? uRefawmfrqmygbl;}}
uRefawmfu jiif;aomfvnf; a':a':onf wpfpkHwpf&m ,lauR;&ef xoGm;avawmhonf/
a':a':uxoGm;awmh teD;u owif;pmwpfapmifudk aumufzwfvdkufonf/ eef;&if;0ef
OD;yku olUnTefUaygif;tpdk;& atmifjrifrIrsm;teuf a&eHajrrS &efukefa&mufaeaom oydwf
wyfom;rsm;tm; tpkd;&p&dwfjzifh a&eHajrokdU jyefydkUEdkifjcif;rSm wpfckjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 588 -
aeavonf/ oHykH;wD; awmxkwfaeaom ocifrsm;tm; OD;apm\ *VKefwyfom;rsm;u
0g;&if;wkwfESifh &dkufMuonf/
]]armifwifxGef;&JU rif;wkdUocifawGu t,loD;vGef;w,fuG}}
uRefawmfonf owif;pmzwfae&mrS tHUMopGm Mum;vkduf&onf/ ausmif;oifcef;pm
pmtkyfjzihf tvkyf&Iyfaeaom q&maz\ toHjzpfaeí tHUMordonfhtjyif onf
xifjrifcsufrsKd;udk q&mazhxHrS rarQmfvifhojzifhvnf; tHUMordjcif;jzpfonf/
]]b,fudpörSm t,loD;wmvJ q&m? OD;apmudk oHykH;wD;NyD; awmxkwfwJUudpövm;}}
]][m q&mtJ'gajymwm r[kwfygbl;/ iapmvdkvlawmh awmxkwf&kH r[kwfbl;/ romcs
vnf; csxdkufwmyJ/ q&majymcsifwmu olwkdUbkH0g'udk ajymwm/ q&mwkdUvnf; bkH0g'udk
BudKufoavmuf BudKufygw,f? EdkUaywJU armifwkdUocifawG&JU bkH0g'u jyif;xefvGef;w,f/
tm;vkH;wef;wl&r,fqkdwm rjzpfEdkifbl;uG? oabFmusif;u ulvDwpfa,muf&JU todOmPf
t&nftcsif;eJU aumvdyfausmif;u ya&mfzufqmwpfa,muf&JU todOmPftqifhtwef;
uGmw,fr[kwfvm;/ vefcsm;ukvm;eJU ArmulvDawmif todOmPf tqifhtwef; uGmw,f
r[kwfvm;/ aumf&if*sDukvm;u bdwfbdwfwkH; OmPfr&Sdbl;? ArmulvDu OmPfydk&Sdw,f?
OmPfudk vTmokH;wwfw,f}}
uRefawmfu a&SUqufajymrnfh t&Sdef,laewkef; q&mazu vkí0ifvkdufonf/
]]NyD;awmh wpfck&Sdao;w,f? armifwkdUocifawGu a&S;t,ltqawG tm;vkH;y,f&r,f
ajymaew,f? a&S;t,ltqtm;vkH;om y,fvkduf&if ArmawG ckjzpfaewmxuf
aZmufxkd;rdk;arQmf jzpfukefMurSmyJ/ q&mxifw,f vlBuD;olr &dkao&aumif;rSef;rod?
a&S;ynmawG wefzdk;xm;&aumif;rSef;rod? bk&m;w&m;oHCm qnf;uyfudk;uG,fzkdUarh? a[m
avmurSm tzdk;weforQawG ysufpD;ukefawmhrSmyJ/ q&mwkdU[m ocifawGudk wu,fh
ta&;rSm axmufcHcJUwmyJ? vGwfvyfa&;udpörSmqdk&if wpfoabmwnf;yJ? ckvdk
t,loD;rIawG? *g&0enf;rIawG? &dkif;rIawGudkawmh raxmufcHEdkifbl;? onf;rcHEdkifbl;}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 589 -
q&mazonf a':a':nGefUom aumfzDwpfcGufESifh iSufaysmoD;rsm;,lí a&mufrvmvQif
a&SUqufí rnfrQ ajymOD;rnf roday/ a':a':u tm;yg;w& NyKH;vdkufNyD;aemuf-
]][J [J udkazhrSmvnf; ckwavm onf;rcHEdkifwmawG rsm;aeNyD? ckbmrsm; onf;rcHEdkif
jyefNyDvJ}}
]]ocifawG&JU t,loD;rIawG? *g&0w&m;enf;rIawG? &dkif;rIawGudk ajymwmyguGm}}
]]tr,fav; awmfyg? ocifw&m;yJGwJUqdk&ifudkyJ t&ifqkH;a&mufwm r[kwfvm;? ocifawG
oydwfarSmufNyDqdk&ifudkyJ t&ifqkH; tvSLajy;xnfhwm r[kwfvm;}}
]]awmfprf;yguGm? 'gu wjcm;yJ}}
a':a':u uRefawmfhtm; rdcifu om;i,ftm;Munfhovdk NyKH;NyKH;BuD; MunhfNyD;-
]]'Docifuav;uawmh awmfygw,f udkaz&,f? *g&0w&m; &Sdygw,f/ [J [J? uJ uJ a&mh?
aumfzDaomuf? iSufaysmoD;u 0ufrvGwfuJU}}
q&mOD;a&Tazonf ausmif;oifcef;pmpmtkyfrsm;ESifh tvkyf&IyfaejyefavNyD/ uRefawmfwdkU
ESpfa,mufvnf; pum;vufqkH usoGm;jyefavNyD/ rcifopf\ ynma&;udk uRefawmfu
par;rdonf/ [dkwkef;u oydwfjyefrvSefvdkonf r[kwfygvm;/ a':a':nGefUudk,fwdkifyif
vGwfvyfa&;r&rcsif; oydwfarSmufaejcif;udk axmufcHcJUonf r[kwfygavm/ rcifopf
onf oydwfrvSef? ausmif;jyefroGm;/ odkUaomf pmudkawmh oifzkdUaumif;ao;onf/
oifvnf; oifvdkonf/ &Spfwef;avmufESifh &yfxm;&rnfqdkaomf paumpu jzpfaeonf/
pmar;yJGrajzwm tyxm;NyD; q,fwef;pmavmufawmh wwfxm;tyfonf r[kwfygavm/
odkUjzifh rcifopftm; tvGwfynmoifay;a&;udk aqG;aEG;Muonf/ t*Fvdyfpmu cufonf/
q&mOD;a&Taz rwwfEdkif/ okdUjzifh armifwifxGef;u oifay;rnfvm;[laom tar;odkU
rvTJra&Smifom a&mufvmonf/ a':a':nGefUum; xdktar;udk tm;wufoa&m ar;vkdufNyD;
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 590 -
aemufrS bmpOf;pm;rdonfrod/ aemufqHiifaeaom trlt&m vu©Pm ay:vmonf/
uRefawmfu-
]]uRefawmfuawmh oifay;zkdU tqifoifhygyJ a':a':? a':a':horD;vnf; ar;MunfhygOD;?
NyD;awmh}}
a':':u olUtawG;ESifhol ai;armae&mrS uRefawmfquf&ef tmav;aeaom t&mudk
qufvkdufonf/
]]udka&TazeJU wdkifyifvkdufOD;r,f}}
onfrQESifh ajymp&mpum; ukefovkd jzpfoGm;avawmhonf/
þudpöwGif a':a': aemufqHiifaeonfhoabmudk uRefawmf&dyfrdygonf/ a':a':
awG;awmai;armoGm;onfh t"dyÜm,fudk zwfEdkifygonf/ OD;a&TazESifh wdkifyif&rnfh
wm0efudkvnf; em;vnfygonf/ orD;ysKduav;udk vlysKduav;wpfOD;ESifh eD;pyfapjcif;rSm
wm0efBuD;vSonf r[kwfygavm/ bmrQrjzpfOD;awmh? vllajymp&mrsm; jzpfaernfavm/
onfhaemuf rMumyg? naewdkif; uRefawmfonf rcifopftm; pmjyay;&avonf/ tpOD;
wkef;u t*Fvdyfpm? aemuf rcifopfu a*smfrufx&D ykpämwpfyk'f ar;&if; a*smfrufx&D?
t,fvf*sDb&mrsm; oifjyay;aerdawmhonf/ wpfcgwpf&H yx0D? wpfcgwpf&H &mZ0if/
naewdkif; 3em&DrS 5em&Dtxd/
tdrfa&SU{nfhcef;\ taemufawmifaxmifhwGif pm;yGJ0dkif;BuD;wpfck cif;xm;onf/ xkdpm;yJG0dkif;
BuD;um; pmoifpm;yJG0dkif;aywnf;/ uRefawmfwkdU pmoifonfhtcgwdkif; a':a':onf
reD;ra0;rSm tvkyfwpfckck xkdifívkyfaewwfonf/ odkUr[kwf rcifopfuJUodkUyif uRefawmf
uvnf; a&Ta&T[k vdkufac:aeonfh ta':tysKdBuD; ra&Topfonf tvkyfwpfckck vkyfae
wwfonf/ olwdkUrSm vkyfp&mawGuvnf; trsm;om;/ tdrfrIa&;&m atmufxyfrS
aq;qdkiftwGuf Am[D&udpö? aq;xkyf? aq;ykvif; wHqdyfuyf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 591 -
q&mOD;a&Tazum; xdktcsdefrSm r&Sdonfom rsm;\/ olUausmif;tvkyfESifhol udpörsm;
aeavh&Sdonf/
uRefawmfhtzkdU rcifopftm; pmoifay;&jcif; tvkyfonf aysmfp&m taumif;qkH;aom
tvkyfwpfck jzpfaeavNyD/ yef;yifuav; pdkufysKd;,k,ay;ae&onfESifh wlaeonf[k
atmufarhrdonf/ yef;yifuav;u "mwfcH aumif;vS\/ rcifopfonf OmPfaumif;onf?
vkHUv&Sdonf? yef;O,sOfuav; bGm;ceJ pnfpnfum;um; aygufvmonf/ uRefawmfum;
O,smOfrSL;vnf; [kwf\/ ydwkef;vdyfjymvnf; [kwf\/
tvkyf b,favmufrsm;rsm; tcsdefusvQif pmoifpm;yJGqDodkU a&mufatmifvm\/
rcifopfu tqifoifhxdkifí apmifhaeonf/
rcifopftm; awGUjrifpu q,fhig;ESpfjynfh[efr&Sdao;[k xifonf/ ckawmh uRefawmfh
rsufpda&SUrSmyif tysKdzm;zm;jzpfvmayNyD/ usufoa&&Sdí csKdat;aom rsufESmwGif cspfp&m
a&m,Sufvmonf/ ,Ofaus;EGJUaESmif;aom udk,frSm BuD;aumif0ifvmí pdkjynf zJGUNzdK;
vmonf/ wu,fh 16ESpf orD;unmygyJ/ qHawmufudkum; rodrf;ao;/ r[mezl;
csxm;vdkufjyefojzifh eef;qefvmayonf/
a':a':onf olUtvkyfol vkyfaeaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdUtm; tuJcwfMunfhae&kHru
em;vnf; pGifhae[efwlonf/ pmoif&mrSaeNyD; onfhjyifpum;udk a&mufoGm;onfESifh
wpfNydKifeuf-
]]a[holi,fwdkU oli,frwdkU? pmoif&mrSm avrazmaumif;bl; [J [J? avemxwwfw,f
aemf [k a':a':u &,fp&mvkdvdkESifh 0if[efUwwfonf/
onfvdk[efUawmh pum;wefUoGm;onfrSef\/ pmudkyJ qufoifMuonf rSef\/ odkUaomf
pdwfxJurl ESpfa,mufwnf; b,folrS rMum;apbJ pum;ajymcsifaeavonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 592 -
wpfcgaomf a':a':nGefUudk,fpm; a&Ta&Tu apmifhaeonf/ t*Fvdyfoifcef;pmrSaeNyD;
&,fp&mjzpfvmojzifh uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufpvkH; wcpfcpf&,frdMuavonf/ a&Ta&Tonf
uRefawmfwkdUtm; rsufapmif;BuD;xkd;NyD;-
]][J [JU bmrsm; [m;wkdufaeMuwmvJ}}
uRefawmfu wcpfcpf&,f&if;yif-
]]a&Ta&Tuvnf; uRefawmfwkdU [m;rwkdufygbl;? enf;enf;&,fwmyg}}
]]rif;wkdUpmrSm bm&,fp&mygvdkUwkH;}}
rcifopfu NyKH;pdpdESifhyif-
]]t*FvdyfpmvkH; toHxGufu &,fp&maumif;vdkU a&Ta&T&JU/ q&muqdkjy? opfopfu
vdkufqdk? yDvnf;ryDbl;/ bmwJUq&m? a&Ta&TUudk tqdkcdkif;Munfhprf;yg? a&Ta&T qdkMunfhprf;?
b,favmuf &,fp&maumif;ovJvdkU}}
uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufpvkH; &,fMujyefonf/ a':a&Topfum; rsufapmif;wpfcsuf vufceJ
xdk;NyD;-
]]igvnf; r&,fcsifbl;? nnf;wdkUvnf; r&,fMueJU}}
uRefawmfwkdU t&,f&yfMuonfum; rSefygonf/ oifcef;pmudk qufMuonfum;
rSefygonf/ okdUaomf pdwfxJrSmum; b,folrSrMum;apbJ ESpfa,mufwnf; usdwf&,fovdk
aeayawmhonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 593 -
[dkt&ifwkef;uyif rcifopfonf uRefawmfhtm; q&m[k ac:cJUonf/ tvG,fwul
b,fvdkac:&rnfrodojzifh ac:[ef wlavonf/ ,ckrl uRefawmfonf rcifopf\q&m
wu,fyif jzpfayNyD/
wynfhruav; rcifopf/
wpfaeUoü a':a':nGefUu aq;ykvif;rsm;udk aumfuyf&if; uRefawmfwkdUtm; apmifhMuyf
aeonf/ oifcef;pm tv,favmufwGif rcifopfonf olUtarbuf wpfcsufavmuf
vufceJ MunfhvdkufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfa&SUodkU pm&Gufacgufuav; ao;ao;wpfckudk
csay;vkdufavonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; ZwfceJ aumuf,lxm;vdkuf\/ bmawGrsm;
a&;xm;ygvdrfh/ odcsifaZmaMumifh pmoifrajzmifh/ a':a':a&SUrSmvnf; rzwf&J/ aemufrS
tBuH&NyD; aemufaz;oGm;um tdrfomxJ0ifí zwf&avonf/
pm&Gufuav;udk uspfuspfygatmif acgufxm;\/ pmudk ajzvkdufonfqdkvQifyif-
]udkudk} [laom tac:udk zwfvkduf&onf/ a&SUqufrzwfEdkif/ wpfudk,fvkH; wkefvIyf
acsmufcsm;oGm;onf/ yDwdvIdif;wkdUonf abmifbifcwfaeavonf/ taMumtjcifawG
axmifwufvmonf[k owdjyKvkdufrdonf/ b,fwkef;urQ þt&omrsKd; rcHpm;zl;yg/
twefMumrS pmudkzwfEdkifonf/
udkudk
ckvdk BudK;pm;oifjyay;wm txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/ '*kefr*¾Zif;rSm
aqmif;yg;NydKifyJG opfopf 0ifcsifygonf/ opfa&;wJU aqmif;yg;udk
udkudk Munfhjyifay;r,fvm;? odyg&ap/
opf
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 594 -
pmudk,fum; bmrQ r&dk;wmrygyg/ ay;ykHESifh ac:ykHu qef;aeonf/ uRefawmfhtm;
wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;apayonf/ at;at;vlvl jyefpOf;pm;vkdufaomtcg rcifopfonf
uRefawmfhtay:rSm qef;qef;jym;jym; oabmrxm;bJ nDrcspfuav;u ]udkudk} [k
ac:vdkufjcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifaMumif; awG;rdavonf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfonf
rcifopftm; xkdpmjzifh pvdkufonf[k txifao;jcif; vkH;0r&Sdyg/ xkdpmaMumifh uRefawmfh
udk,fudkawmh udk,f aumif;pGmodoGm;ayNyD/ rcifopftm; uRefawmf cspfaeavNyD/
b,fhavmufxd cspfovJ/
rajymwwfao;/
rcifopf NydKifyJG0if&ef a&;vkdufaom aqmif;yg;rSm pum;ajyESifhum&ef a&mpyfxm;onfh
&SpfvkH;bJGUuAsm ESpfyk'fygonf/ ojzefuav;wpfyk'fESifh tqkH;owfxm;onf/ pum;vkH;
uav;rsm;rSm EkvScsKdvS\/ EGJUvSaemhvS\/ rEÅav;armifcifarmif ac: v,fwDy@dw
q&mOD;armifBuD;a&;aom cifjrifhBuD;0w¬KrS pmEkpm,OfwkdU\ MoZmruif;onfudk owdjyK
rdonf/ t"dyÜm,fuvnf; uGefUjrL;wifhqef;vSonf/ tuRefonf (þpum;okH;&mrSmum;
rif;ok0Pf qefvSonf) wdrfawmifwdrfvdyfMum;rS bGm;ceJay:vmaom vrif;BuD;udk
Munfhí þodkUqdkrdonf/ romvnf;w omvnf;w zkd;a&Tv[k vlwdkU ac:qkdjcif;rSm
,kwÅd&SdvSygonf/ tuRefUrSm aiGpE´mromawmh b,fuRef;oGm; xGef;aeygvdrfhvdkU pdk;&drfrdNyD;
tuRefUqD rxGef;awmhbl;vm;vdkU wrdonf/ aiGpE´momjyefawmh tuRefUqDrSm tNrJom
aeygvm;vdkU wrdonf/ tuRefUcspfOD;onf zkd;a&Tvayavm/
rcifopf\ aqmif;yg;udk jyifqifp&m rvdkvSyg/ acsmay;vdkuf&ygonf/ uAsmrSmawmh
uRefawmfhwGif jyifEdkifaomt&nftcsif; r&Sdyg/ okdUaomf rcifopf\ uAsmuav;rsm;onf
&Gwfqdkí csKdonf/ em;0ifyD,Hjzpfonf/
rcifopf\ aqmif;yg;onf a&G;cs,frnfhf t,f'Dwmtm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ qJGaqmifEdkifrnf?
pmzwfy&dwfowftm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ ESpfodrfhaprnfudk uRefawmfrcefUrSef;Edkif/ uRefawmfh
udkum; odrf;usK;HqGJiifvkdufygNyD/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 595 -
uRefawmfonf olUaqmif;yg;udk oifcef;pmpmtkyfMum;xJrSm nSyfNyD; ,loGm;&onf/
tdrfrSmzwfNyD; '*kefr*¾Zif;okdU ydkUay;vdkufonf/ aemufwpfcg pmoifcsdefusawmh
oifMum;ydkUcs NyD;oGm;aom ]Zif;'g;utusOf;om;} qkdaom 0w¬Kudk tvG,fzwfEdkif&ef
jyKjyifxm;onfh avmif;*frif; zwfpmpmtkyfudk rydwfao;bJ-
]]opfopfu pma&;odyfawmfwmyJ}}
opfopfonf NyKH;NyD; Nidrfaeonf/ twefMumrS-
]]opfopfu onfavmufr[kwfygbll;? opfopf&JU q&mawGu awmfwmyg}}
]]e*dk&SdrS e*dkif;xGufowJU opfopfuJU? opfopf q&mawGu b,folawGvJ qkdprf;ygOD;}}
]]oifq&m jrifq&m Mum;q&m tm;vkH;aygh q&m&,f/ azaz&,f? ausmif;u q&mawG&,f?
q&mudkwifxGe;f&,f? 'gawGu oifq&mawGawGaygh/ v,fwDy@dw OD;armifBuD;wdkU?
rEÅav;armifcifarmifwdkU? ,k0wDcifwkyfwkdU qdkwmawGu jrifq&mawGaygh}}
uRefawmfu w[J[J&,fvkdufrdonf/ &,foHudkMum;ojzifh a':a':u uRefawmfhbufodkU
vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/
]][J [J v,fwDy@dw OD;armifBuD;&,f? rEÅav; armifcifarmifqdkwm&,f? ,k0wDcifwkyf
&,f wpfa,mufwnf;yJ opfopf&JU}}
rcifopfonf tHUtm;oifhoGm;onf/ tvGeftMuL;vnf; 0rf;omoGm;onf/
]][if [kwf&JUvm;q&m? tkd q&mOD;armifBuD;u odyfawmfwmyJaemf}}
a':a':u vSrf;NyD; owday;vdkufonf/
]]a[h oli,f oli,frawG? 0w¬Kzwfcsdef r*¾Zif;zwfcsdef r[kwfbl;aemf}}
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 596 -
]]uRefawmfwdkU tckoifcef;pm oifae&wmu Zif;'g;utusOf;orm;qdkwJU emrnfausmf
t*Fvdyf0w¬KBuD; jzpfaeawmh pum;pyfrdvdkU uRefawmfwkdU pma&;q&mv,fwDy@dwqD
a&mufoGm;wmyg a':a':&,f}}
]]a[ [kwfvm;? rodygbl;uG,f}}
]]tJ'D Zif;'g;u tusOf;orm;qkdwm a':a': &kyf&SifMunfhzl;rSmaygh? ]armifha'0D} qdkwmav?
uRefawmfwdkUawmh rMunfhzl;ygbl;? Mum;om Mum;zl;w,f}}
]]aMomf tJ'D&kyf&Sifvm;? Munfhzl;wmaygh? vef'eftwfu &dkufwm? bwifhwkdU cifcifEkwkdU
emrnfBuD;wkef;uayghuG? opfopf okH;av;ESpft&G,fwkef;u ay:wJU Zmwfum;}}
]]udkif; a':a':? &kyf&SiftaMumif; ajymcsdefr[kwfbl;? pmoifvkdufOD;r,f [J [J}}
okH;a,mufpvkH; &,fvkdufMuonf/
rcifopfu nKonfhpmayuav;awG a&;ojzifh uRefawmfh&ifxJrSmvnf; wmonfh pmay
uav;awG yJUwifvl;vGefUvmonf/ uRefawmfonf pmayoabm oufa&mufonfh pm
,ckxd ra&;zl;ao;yg/ ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u owif;pmrSm aqmif;yg;a&;cJUonf/
owif;ydkUcJUonf/ ,ck vufaxmuft,f'Dwm tjzpfjzifh bmomjyefrsm;pGm vkyfae&onf/
þonfwkdUum; pmayr[kwfyg/
rjrifhOD;um; pmayorm;jzpf\/ jrefrmpm*kPfxl;,loljzpf\/ rjrifhOD;aMumifh uRefawmfonf
pmaywGif pdwf0ifpm;rI ydkvmonf/ odkUaomf pmayzefwD;&efqE´ aygufzGm;rvmyg/ ,ck
rcifopfaMumifh pmayzefwD;&ef? olrsm;pmayudk zwf&kHavhvm&kHom ra&mifh&JrIí udk,fwkdif
zefwD;&ef qE´rsm; ay:vmayonf/
rcifopf\ ]romvnf;w omvnf;w? zkd;a&Tv} udk wkHUjyef&rnf/ uRefawmfh
Zmwfvkdufonf ,mOfpMum&xm;ol jzpfavonf/ a&aMumajraMum &IHUíoGm;Edkifonf/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 597 -
awmifZrÁL'Dyg wpfckvkH;udkvnf; vSnfhvnf&kHru ajrmufuRef;? ta&SUuRef;? taemufuRef;
rsm;udkvnf; vSnfhonf/ odkUaomf b,frSmrS raysmfydkuf/ awmifuRef;odkU jyefNyD; olU&GmodkU
vmcJUonf/ olUcspfolrsufarSmuf a&mufawmhrS csrf;ajrUaysmfydkufEdkifawmhonf/
okdUjzifh uRefawmfESifh rcifopfwkdUonf pmaytwkHUtjyef zefwD;Mu\/
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf pmay;pm,lvkyfMuonfrSmvnf; a':a':nGefUESifh a':a':a&TwdkU
apmifhMuyfonfhtxJuyif jzpfonf/ oifcef;pmpmtkyfBuD;xJrSm acgufxnfhxm;vQif In the Exercise Book [k t*Fvdyfpum;jzifh tcsufay;vkdufonf/ uGefygaowÅmxJrSm
xnfhxm;vQif In the Compass Box [k tcsufay;vdkufonf/ tcgrsm;pGm tdrfomonf
xdkpmuav;awGudk zwf&mae&m jzpfcJU&\/
uRefawmfonf rcifopftay:0,f þykHþenf;jzifh þrQom nKwmae&&kHESifh rauseyf
EdkifawmhNyD/ rjrifEdkifaom? r&kef;Edkifaom owÅdwpfcku qJGiifaeovdk xif&onf/ aemif
bmjzpfjzpf yGifhyGifhvif;vif;om cspfvkdawmhonf/ xkdtwkdif;yif rcifopftm; pma&;ay;
vdkufay\/ rcifopfum; ]cspfygonf} [laom pum;vkH;ygonfh pmwpfapmifrQrjyef/
yg;pyfjzifhajym&efum; a0;bdao;\/ rcspfbl;xifp&mvnf; vu©Pmtrlt&m wpfckrQrjy/
cgwdkif;vkdyif a&;om;ajymqdk qufqHaeayonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; olUxHrS ]cspfygonf}
qdkaompum;udk twkH;vdkuftwpfvdkuf Mum;vdkjrifvkdonf/ tm;rvdktm;r& vGefpGm
jzpf&aom tcsdefygwnf;/ xyfcgwvJar;? rajz&if pdwfqkd;&vdrfhr,f[k Ncdrf;ajcmufíar;?
rcspfvdkUvm;[k ceJUar;awmhrS ]]opfopfvnf; udkudkUvdkygyJ}} [k ajymayawmhonf/
rdef;raumif; rdef;rjrwfwkdUonf ]cspfygonf} qdkaompum;udk wGefUwdkvSacsonf wum;/
odkUuvdkyif MunfEl;tm;& O'gef;usL;rdavonf/
rcifopfonf uRefawmf\ &nf;pm;OD;jzpfonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf/
vlysKdjzpfuwnf;u tysKduav;awGESifh awGUcJUvSNyD/ wpfzufowf BudKufonfvnf;&Sd\/
ESpfzufusdwf BudKufonfvnf;&Sd\/ odkUaomf orD;&nf;pm; rrnfEdkifyg/ vlysKdBuD;zm;zm;
aumvdyfausmif;om;b0 a&mufjyefawmh 0ifeDazESifh awGU&onf/ ]bmuvdkwdkwdk
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 598 -
bdkuvmwmwm} ESifh pv,f0ifzifrrnf;cifu uJGcJU&onf/ rjrifhOD;um; oli,fcsif;vnf;
ru? orD;&nf;pm; vnf;rus/
rjrifhOD;ESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ododomom cspfBudK;aESmif&ef bmrQrcJ,Of;yg/ tNrJwrf;
tcGifhomonf/ tpOf wHcg;yGifhaeonf/ bmaMumifh uRefawmf omaomtcGifhudk
r,lcJUoenf;/ yGifhaomwHcg;jzifh r0ifcJUoenf;/ uRefawmf tBudrfBudrf okH;oyf Munfhrd
onf/ bmaMumifh rcifopfESifhawGUrS yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ododomom cspfBudK;aESmifvdkufrd
oenf;/ uRefawmf tBudrfBudrf qifjcifMunfhrdonf/
rjrifhOD;xuf rcifopftm; tcspfydkívm;/ onf[m rjzpfEdkif/ ESpfa,mufpvkH;udk uRefawmf
wef;wlcspfonf[k xifonf/ ydkjcif;ydkvQif rjrifhOD;tay:rSmom ydkxkdufonf/ rjrifhOD;ESifh
wpfa,muftaMumif;wpfa,muf xGif;azmufí odMuonfrSm MumNyDr[kwfygvm;/
rcifopf\ oabmvu©Pm taMumif;t&mawGudk odonfrSm rMumao;/ ynmt&mrSm
qdkvQif rcifopfxuf rjrifhOD;u tqrsm;pGm omayonf/ rcifopfrSm yifudkOmPfESifh
ynmvkHUv xl;uJaomfvnf; ynmrjynhfpkHao; r[kwfygvm;/ ypönf;OpömrSmvnf;
rjrifhOD;u omayonf/ okdUjzpfvQif rcifopfu i,fvkdU? vwfqwfvdkU? i,f&G,fjcif;\
xufjrufrI&SdvdkU ydkcspfoGm;rdavovm;/ odkU&mwGif rcifopfu yGifhopfp rufarmp&m
taumif;qkH; yef;jzpfvQif rjrifhOD;u yGifhaumif;wkef; ta0qmqkH; yef;? um;um; pGifhpGifh
usufoa&wifhaom yef; r[kwfygvm;/
rjrifhOD;\tcspfu cyfat;at; cyftkyftkyfjzpfí rcifopf\ tcspfu cyfaEG;aEG;cyfyGifhyGifh
jzpfírsm; ayvm;/
rjrifhOD;u uRefawmfhtm; olvdk&modkU jyKjyifykHoGif;vkdufNyD; rcifopfu uRefawmfvdk&modkU
jyKjyifykHoGif;cHcsifonfh edrdwfvu©PmaMumifh ayavm/
bmaMumifhjzpfjzpf rcifopfESifh uRefawmf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; orD;&nf;pm; jzpfMuygayNyD/
uRefawmfonf rcifopfxuf ckESpfESpfrQBuD;\/ vlysKdaygufuav; r[kwfawmhyg/ odkUaomf
rcifopftm; vlysKdaygufuav;vdk t&l;trl;cspf\/
odef;azNrifh ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfUyrm
- 599 -
wpfckawmh xl;jcm;onf/ ,cifu uRefawmfonf rjrifhOD;tm; uRefawmfESifh&if;ESD;aom
rdef;rrsm;taMumif; tpD&ifcHavh&Sdonf/ Oyrm 0ifeDazhtaMumif;? rr rjrrSDtaMumif;/
odkUaomf ,ck rcifopftaMumif;udkum; rjrifhOD;tm; tpD&ifrcHyg/
a':':wkdU\ apmifhMuyfrIonf ydkrdkwif;Muyfvmonf xifonf/ uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,muf
cspfaeMuNyD[kvnf; &dyfrdNyD; jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ odkUaomf apmifhMuyfjcif;um; rvGefatmif
apmifhMuyfjcif;om jzpf[efwlonf/ a':a':onf uRefawmfhudk om;uJUodkU cspfaomtrlt&m
udk jyonf/ uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,muf rdom;zom;yDyD cspfMuNyD; tcsdefwefawmh wifhawmifh
wifhw,f nm;MuvQif a':a':xuf0rf;omrnfhol &Sdrnfrxifay/ odkUaomf uRefawmfwkdU\
tcspf,mOfonf a':a':cif;ay;aom vrf;twkdif;om a':a':owfrSwfaomEIef;jzifh
armif;&rnf/ rwdrf;&? rapmif;&? rvGef&/
okdUaomf a':':nGefUESifh a':a':a&TwkdU\ apmifhMuyfjcif;udk wif;vGef;vSonf[k uRefawmf
xifavonf/ pmoifpm;yJG0dkif;wGif a':a':wkdUrsufarSmufü cspf&onfudk tm;r&/
pmtkyfMum;xJ pmnSyfívnf;aumif;? uGefygaowÅmxJ pmxnfhívnf;aumif;? r*¾Zif;
*sme,fxJ &dk;wkd;&dyfwdyfa&;í vnf;aumif;? &ifwGif;&SdorQ zGifh[í rukefEdkif[k xifvm
ayonf/ a':a':wkdUrsufuG,frSm awGUvdkufcsifonf/ wwfEdkifvQif ESpfa,mufom; rom
vnf;w omvnf;w zkd;a&TvBuD;tay:wufí orD;&nf;pm;pum; ajymcsifaeavonf/
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- 600 -
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- 601 -
________________
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