TAL-GRIXTI - melitensiawth.commelitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara....

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"TAL-GRIXTI" A FAMILY OF ŻAQQ AND TANBUR MUSICIANS Anna Borg Cardona, B.A., L.T.C.L. On his visil to M a l t a , G e o r g e P e r c y B a d g e r ( 1 8 3 8 ) o b s e r v e d that "native musical i n s t r u m e n t s " , w e r e " g e t t i n g i n t o d i s u s e " Amongst these w a s t h e Maltese bagpipe known as iaqq'. A hundred years later, the iaqq was still i n u s e , but evidently still considered t o b e waning. By the end of the first half o f t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y , t h e f e w r e m a i n i n g iaqq m u s i c i a n s w e r e s c a t t e r e d a r o u n d t h e i s l a n d o f M a l t a in N a x x a r , M o s t a , S i ġ ġ i e w i , Dingli, Żurrieq, Birgu (Vittoriosa), M a r s a , M e l l i e h a a n d also on the sister island of Gozo, in Rabat. B y t h e t i m e P a r t r i d g e a n d Jeal (2) i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e s i t u a t i o n b e t w e e n 1971 and 1 9 7 3 , t h e y f o u n d a t o t a l o f 9 living p l a y e r s i n M a l t a a n d n o n e i n G o z o . N o w t h e i n s t r u m e n t i s n o l o n g e r p l a y e d a n d may b e c o n s i d e r e d virtually extinct. Zaqq players up to the early part of t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y u s e d to p e r f o r m i n the streets and in coffee or wine bars. T h e y w o u l d o f t e n v e n t u r e forth to nearby villages, m a k i n g m e l o d i o u s m u s i c to t h e a c c o m p a n i m e n t o f p e r c u s s i v e instruments such as tambourine (tanbur) or friction drum (rabbaba, iuviafa). I t w a s a l s o not uncommon to witness a g r o u p o f dancers closely following t h e m u s i c i a n s and contorting t o t h e i r r h y t h m s . T h i s m u s i c c a m e t o be expected especially around C h r i s t m a s t i m e , Feast days (Festi) a n d C a r n i v a l t i m e . The f e w m u s i c i a n s k n o w n as iaqq p l a y e r s t e n d e d to pass t h e i r k n o w l e d g e on from generation to g e n e r a t i o n , i n t h e same way as other arts, crafts and trades were handed down. O n e s u c h family was that of the Buġejas known as Tal-Grixti. Three generations o f t h e family, including five members, played iaqq, tanbur, or both instruments. WENZU: ( 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 4 1 ) P l a y e d iaqq. ZEPPI: ( 1 8 9 4 - 1 9 6 0 ) P l a y e d iaqq. AWSONJU: ( 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 8 1 ) P l a y e d iaqq and tanbur. NINU: (1925- ? ) Played tanbur. WENZU: (1930- ) Played tanbur & iaqq. 91

Transcript of TAL-GRIXTI - melitensiawth.commelitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara....

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"TAL-GRIXTI" A FAMILY OF ŻAQQ AND T A N B U R MUSICIANS

Anna Borg Cardona, B.A., L.T.C.L.

O n h i s v i s i l t o M a l t a , G e o r g e P e r c y B a d g e r ( 1 8 3 8 ) o b s e r v e d t h a t " n a t i v e

m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s " , w e r e " g e t t i n g i n t o d i s u s e " A m o n g s t t h e s e w a s t h e M a l t e s e

b a g p i p e k n o w n as iaqq'. A h u n d r e d y e a r s l a t e r , t h e iaqq w a s s t i l l i n u s e , b u t

e v i d e n t l y s t i l l c o n s i d e r e d t o b e w a n i n g . B y t h e e n d o f t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e t w e n t i e t h

c e n t u r y , t h e f e w r e m a i n i n g iaqq m u s i c i a n s w e r e s c a t t e r e d a r o u n d t h e i s l a n d o f M a l t a

i n N a x x a r , M o s t a , S i ġ ġ i e w i , D i n g l i , Żurrieq, B i r g u ( V i t t o r i o s a ) , M a r s a , M e l l i e h a a n d

a l s o o n t h e s i s t e r i s l a n d o f G o z o , i n R a b a t . B y t h e t i m e P a r t r i d g e a n d J e a l ( 2 )

i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e s i t u a t i o n b e t w e e n 1 9 7 1 a n d 1 9 7 3 , t h e y f o u n d a t o t a l o f 9 l i v i n g

p l a y e r s i n M a l t a a n d n o n e i n G o z o . N o w t h e i n s t r u m e n t i s n o l o n g e r p l a y e d a n d m a y

b e c o n s i d e r e d v i r t u a l l y e x t i n c t .

Zaqq p l a y e r s u p t o t h e e a r l y p a r t o f t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y u s e d t o p e r f o r m i n

t h e s t r e e t s a n d i n c o f f e e o r w i n e b a r s . T h e y w o u l d o f t e n v e n t u r e f o r t h t o n e a r b y

v i l l a g e s , m a k i n g m e l o d i o u s m u s i c t o t h e a c c o m p a n i m e n t o f p e r c u s s i v e i n s t r u m e n t s

s u c h as t a m b o u r i n e ( t a n b u r ) o r f r i c t i o n d r u m ( r a b b a b a , i u v i a f a ) . I t w a s a l s o n o t

u n c o m m o n t o w i t n e s s a g r o u p o f d a n c e r s c l o s e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e m u s i c i a n s a n d

c o n t o r t i n g t o t h e i r r h y t h m s . T h i s m u s i c c a m e t o b e e x p e c t e d e s p e c i a l l y a r o u n d

C h r i s t m a s t i m e , F e a s t d a y s (Festi) a n d C a r n i v a l t i m e .

T h e f e w m u s i c i a n s k n o w n as iaqq p l a y e r s t e n d e d t o p a s s t h e i r k n o w l e d g e o n

from g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n , i n t h e s a m e w a y as o t h e r a r t s , c r a f t s a n d t r a d e s w e r e

h a n d e d d o w n . O n e s u c h f a m i l y w a s t h a t o f t h e B u ġ e j a s k n o w n as T a l - G r i x t i . T h r e e

g e n e r a t i o n s o f t h e f a m i l y , i n c l u d i n g five m e m b e r s , p l a y e d iaqq, tanbur, o r b o t h

i n s t r u m e n t s .

W E N Z U : ( 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 4 1 ) P l a y e d iaqq.

Z E P P I : ( 1 8 9 4 - 1 9 6 0 ) P l a y e d iaqq.

A W S O N J U : ( 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 8 1 ) P l a y e d iaqq a n d tanbur.

N I N U : ( 1 9 2 5 - ? ) P l a y e d tanbur.

W E N Z U : ( 1 9 3 0 - ) P l a y e d tanbur & iaqq.

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W E N Z U BUĊEJA ( 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 4 1 )

T h e e a r l i e s t m e m b e r o f t h e B u ġ e j a f a m i l y k n o w n t o h a v e p l a y e d t h e iaqq, a n d

p o s s i b l y n o t t h e first, w a s W E N Z U , s o n o f P a w l u B u ġ e j a o f B i r g u a n d E r a n ġ i s k a

F a r r u ġ i a f r o m G o z o . W e n z u w a s b o r n i n 1 8 7 0 , a n d r e s i d e d first i n B i r g u a n d l a t e r i n

Żurrieq. l i e m a r r i e d P a w l a M a n a r a w h o b o r e h i m five c h i l d r e n : Żeppi, A w s o n j u ,

F r a n ġ i s k u , P a w l u a n d K a r m e l o . W e n z u m a d e n o u g a t (qubbajt) f o r a l i v i n g , a l i n e o f

w o r k t h a t w a s t o b e f o l l o w e d b y s e v e r a l f u t u r e m e m b e r s o f t h e f a m i l y .

W h e n i t c a m e t o t h e v i l l a g e f e s t a h e w o u l d , w i t h o u t f a i l , b e s e e n s e t t i n g u p

s h o p s e l l i n g h i s t r a d i t i o n a l n o u g a t . T h e f a c t t h a t W e n z u w a s a l w a y s n e c e s s a r i l y

p r e s e n t o n a l l f e s t i v e o c c a s i o n s , s e l l i n g h i s n o u g a t , w a s p e r h a p s w h y h e a l s o f o u n d

a m p l e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r c r e a t i n g t h e f e s t i v e a t m o s p h e r e w i t h h i s iaqq p l a y i n g . H i s

g r a n d c h i l d r e n r e c a l l h e w a s a v e r y a b l e p e r f o r m e r o n t h e iaqq a n d a l w a y s k n e w h i m

p a l y i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t .

H i s c h i l d r e n g r e w u p i n t h e n o u g a t t r a d e . I n t h e i r t e n d e r y e a r s t h e y a l s o g r e w

a c c u s t o m e d t o h e a r i n g t h e s o u n d o f t h e b a g p i p e a n d a c c o m p a n y i n g i l o n t h e tanbur.

T o t h e m , h e p a s s e d o n t h e a r t o f m a k i n g a n d p l a y i n g t h e iaqq. W e n z u p a s s e d a w a y

i n 1 9 4 1 , a g e d 7 1 . T w o o f h i s c h i l d r e n , Żeppi a n d A w s o n j u , c o n t i n u e d i n t h e i r f a t h e r ' s

f o o t s t e p s , p e r p e t u a t i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n o f iaqq a n d tanbur p l a y i n g .

ŻEPPI ( 1 8 9 4 - 1 9 6 0 ) a n d h i s s o n N I N U ( 1 9 2 5 - )

Z e p p i w a s b o r n i n 1 8 9 4 i n Żurrieq. H e s o o n l e a r n t t h e n o u g a t t r a d e from h i s

f a t h e r a n d c o n t i n u e d t o m a k e n o u g a t l a t e r i n l i f e . H e a l s o b e c a m e p r o f i c i e n t i n

m a k i n g t h e iaqq as w e l l as p l a y i n g i t . Żeppi l e f t h i s h o m e t o w n , Żurrieq, a n d m o v e d

first t o Q r e n d i a n d t h e n t o M a r s a . H e w a s b y t h e n m a r r i e d t o Ġużeppa B e z z i n a a n d

h a d t w o c h i l d r e n , o n e o f w h o m , N I N U , s o o n b e g a n t o a c c o m p a n y h i m o n tanbur.

Z e p p i p a s s e d a w a y i n M a r s a i n 1 9 6 0 , a t t h e a g e o f 6 6 .

Z e p p i a n d h i s s o n N i n u w e r e p a r t i c u l a r l y f o n d o f p e r f o r m i n g o u t i n t h e s t r e e t s

i n C h r i s t m a s t i m e . ( 3 ) I n M a l t a , t h e iaqq h a d l o n g b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h C h r i s t m a s .

B a g p i p e r s w o u l d o f t e n t r a v e l t o n e a r b y v i l l a g e s p l a y i n g t h e i r i n s t r u m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y

9 2

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o n C h r i s t m a s e v e * I n p a r i s h e s s u c h as N a x x a r , a t ( h i s l i m e o f y e a r , I a q q a n d tanbur

m u s i c i a n s o f t e n s t o o d a n d p e r f o r m e d o n e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e c h u r c h d o o r ( p e r s o n a l

c o m m u n i c a t i o n , T o n i C a c h i a , N a x x a r , 1 9 9 7 ) .

Żeppi a n d N i n u w e r e p e r h a p s bes t k n o w n i n t h e M a r s a a r e a w h e r e t h e y w o u l d

p e r f o r m t o g e t h e r i n a t r a d i t i o n a l c o u p l i n g o f i n s t r u m e n t s . 1 9 t h c e n t u r y l i t h o g r a p h s

b e a r i c o n o g r a p h i c a l w i t n e s s t o t h i s l o n g - s t a n d i n g c u s t o m . Żeppi a l s o u s e d t o t r a v e l

t o B i r g u o n E a s t e r S a t u r d a y . T h e r e , i n t h e e v e n i n g , h e w o u l d p l a y Xbztaqq i n t h e

s t r e e t s o f t h e t o w n t o t h e a c c o m p a n i m e n t o f t a m b o u r i n e p l a y e d b y h i s b r o t h e r

A w s o n j u , w h o t h e n r e s i d e d i n B i r g u .

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t m e m b e r s o f t h e B u ġ e j a f a m i l y w e r e k n o w n f o r

p l a y i n g b o t h iaqq as w e l l as tanbur. I n t h i s f a m i l y , t h e t w o i n s t r u m e n t s w e r e c o u p l e d

t o g e t h e r f o r g e n e r a t i o n s a n d e a c h m e m b e r w a s m o s t l i k e l y c a p a b l e o f p l a y i n g b o t h .

O n e i n s t r u m e n t w a s c o n s i d e r e d i n c o m p l e t e w i t h o u t t h e o t h e r .

T h e t a m b o u r i n e s p l a y e d b y t h e B u ġ e j a s s e e m t o h a v e v a r i e d i n d i a m e t e r .

I c o n o g r a p h y l i k e w i s e s h o w s a d i s c r e p a n c y i n s i z e . S o m e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y l i t h o g r a p h s ,

s u c h as L . B r o c k d o r f F s Zaqq player, ( 1 8 3 8 ) , p o r t r a y a v e r y l a r g e tanbur, a b o u t 5 5 -

6 0 c m , w i t h d i s c s i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e frame. T h e a r t i s t G e r o l a m o G i a n n i ( 1 8 9 1 ) , o n t h e

o t h e r h a n d , d e p i c t s a s m a l l e r s i z e d t a m b o u r i n e o f s o m e 3 5 - 4 0 c m d i a m e t e r , a l s o

h a v i n g d i s c s i n t h e frame.(5) S i n c e t h e r e s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n n o fixed s i z e f o r t h e

i n s t r u m e n t , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t a m b o u r i n i s t s o w n e d v a r i o u s s i z e s of tanbur. I t i s a l s o

p o s s i b l e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e r e w a s a n i n c r e a s i n g p r e f e r e n c e f o r s m a l l e r t a m b o u r i n e s as

t h e y e a r s w e n t b y .

A W S O N J U ( 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 8 1 ) a n d h i s s o n W E N Z U ( 1 9 3 0 )

O f W e n z u ' s o t h e r s o n , A W S O N J U , s u b s t a n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n h a s e m e r g e d . H e

w a s b o r n i n Żurrieq i n 1 8 9 6 a n d d i e d i n B i r g u i n 1 9 8 1 . H e w a s g e n e r a l l y r e f e r r e d t o

as " I s - S o n u " . W h e n h e m a r r i e d P a w l a G a u c i , i n 1 9 2 3 , h e m o v e d o u t o f Żurrieq a n d

s e t t l e d i n B i r g u w h e r e h e s t a r t e d a b u s i n e s s , f o l l o w i n g i n h i s f a t h e r ' s l i n e o f t r a d e ,

m a k i n g n o u g a t . H e a l s o m a d e d a t e b u n s (Imqaret) a n d s w e e t s k n o w n as helu tal-

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biċċiet s o l d at a p e n n y a p i e c e . H e b e c a m e p a r t i c u l a r l y r e n o w n e d , h o w e v e r , f o r h i s

peniti a v e r y s w e e t , p i n k a n d w h i t e c a n d y s t i c k , a b o u t 1 5 c m . l o n g .

A w s o n j u , i n h i s b l a c k w a i s t c o a t , s m o k i n g h i s c i g a r , b e c a m e a f a m i l i a r f i g u r e

i n B i r g u . H e o w n e d a s m a l l s h o p d o w n b y t h e fish m a r k e t , c l o s e t o t h e b a s t i o n s i n

T r i q 1 - A n t i k a ( A n c i e n t S t r e e t ) , b u t h e t r a v e l l e d f a r a f i e l d , b y d o n k e y , t o v i l l a g e s as

d i s t a n t as B i r k i r k a r a a n d N a x x a r , s e l l i n g h i s g o o d s . H e i s , i n f a c t , r e g i s t e r e d i n h i s

s o n W i ġ i ' s b i r t h c e r t i f i c a t e as venditore ambulante ( P u b l i c R e g i s t r y , 1 9 2 4 ) .

W h i l e i n N a x x a r , h i s c h i l d r e n s a y h e o f t e n v i s i t e d a friend w h o m a d e a n d

p l a y e d t h e iaqq. W i t h h i m h e d i s c u s s e d p r o b l e m s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e i n s t r u m e n t , a n d

t h i s f r i e n d i s a l s o k n o w n t o h a v e m a d e t h e b a g p i p e ' s c h a n t e r f o r A w s o n j u . P a r t r i d g e

a n d J e a l ( 1 9 7 7 : 1 4 0 ) , w h e n e x a m i n i n g c h a n t e r s o f t h e v a r i o u s iaqq p l a y e r s , f o u n d

A w s o n j u ' s i d e n t i c a l " i n f o r m a n d h o l e a r r a n g e m e n t " t o t h e s e t b y T o n i C a c h i a o f

N a x x a r . T o n i h i m s e l f ( k n o w n as Tal-Ħammarun) i n f a c t c o n f i r m e d t o t h e p r e s e n t

a u t h o r t h a t h e h a d m a d e a c o m p l e t e i n s t r u m e n t f o r A w s o n j u .

I n B i r g u , t h e B u ġ e j a s w e r e t h e o n l y f a m i l y w h o p l a y e d t h e iaqq. A w s o n j u i s

t o d a y s t i l l w e l l r e m e m b e r e d p l a y i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t i n t h e Cafe' de B r a z i l , t h e p o p u l a r

b a r i n t h e P i a z z a . T a b l e s a n d c h a i r s u s e d t o b e p u s h e d a s i d e t o g i v e h i m s p a c e as h e

d a n c e d e n t e r t a i n i n g l y a r o u n d t h e r o o m w h i l e p e r f o r m i n g . H e a l s o p l a y e d o u t i n t h e

s t r e e t s , m u c h t o t h e a m u s e m e n t o f t h e c h i l d r e n w h o f o l l o w e d h i m s h o u t i n g a n d

t e a s i n g .

R e s i d e n t s o f B i r g u r e c a l l s o n g a c c o m p a n y i n g t h e iaqq a n d tanbur p l a y i n g .

T h e o n l y o n e free t o s i n g w o u l d n a t u r a l l y h a v e b e e n t h e t a m b o u r i n i s t , w h o s a n g t o

m e l o d i e s p l a y e d o n t h e iaqq. W h a t e x a c t l y w a s s u n g i s u n f o r t u n a t e l y n o l o n g e r

r e m e m b e r e d .

A w s o n j u u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d o n C h r i s t m a s E v e , C a r n i v a l , E a s t e r t i m e , a n d o n

t h e e v e o f t h e f e a s t o f S t . P e t e r a n d S t . P a u l ( M n a r j a ) , i n B u s k c t t . A t C h r i s t m a s t i m e ,

h e p l a y e d t h e iaqq a r o u n d t h e s t r e e t s o f t h e t o w n . H i s s o n W e n z u w o u l d a l w a y s

94

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a c c o m p a n y h i m o n tanbur, c o n t o r t i n g i n s u c h a w a y as l o c o m p l e m e n t h i s l a t h e r ' s

m o v e m e n t s . I n C a r n i v a l , A w s o n j u o f t e n m a d e m e r r y w i t h t h e s o u n d o f t h e iaqq,

a c c o m p a n i e d b y W e n z u o n tanbur. H e s o m e t i m e s j o i n e d m a s q u e r a d e r s i n t h e i r

r e v e l r y a n d w a s a l s o k n o w n t o h o p o n t o a C a r n i v a l t r u c k d e s t i n e d f o r t h e V a l l e t t a

c e l e b r a t i o n s . O n t h i s o c c a s i o n h e w a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y s e v e r a l tanbur p l a y e r s .

T h e f e a s t o f t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n o f C h r i s t (l-Irxoxt), w a s c e l e b r a t e d w i t h

p a r t i c u l a r v e r v e i n B i r g u . F e s t i v i t i e s , f o l l o w i n g t h e 4 0 d a y s o f f a s t i n g , p r e v i o u s l y

t o o k p l a c e o n S a t u r d a y r a t h e r t h a n S u n d a y m o r n i n g . T h i s w a s y e t a n o t h e r o c c a s i o n

f o r n o u g a t s a l e s as w e l l as iaqq p l a y i n g . A t first, A w s o n j u ' s b r o t h e r Z e p p i w o u l d

v i s i t B i r g u , p l a y i n g t h e M a l t e s e b a g p i p e o u t i n t h e s t r e e t s o n S a t u r d a y e v e n i n g , w h i l e

A w s o n j u a c c o m p a n i e d h i m o n tanbur. W h e n Żeppi p a s s e d a w a y , t h e iaqq w a s t h e n

p a l y e d b y A w s o n j u w h i l s t W e n z u , h i s s o n , t o o k o v e r t h e a c c o m p a n i m e n t . I t w a s

W e n z u w h o g e n e r a l l y p l a y e d tanbur a n d a l s o s a n g , b u t s o m e t i m e s r o l e s w e r e

r e v e r s e d a n d h e w o u l d p l a y t h e iaqq w h i l e h i s f a t h e r a c c o m p a n i e d h i m o n tanbur a n d

s a n g t o t h e m e l o d i e s

O n t h e 2 8 t h o f J u n e , e v e o f t h e f e a s t o f S t . P e t e r a n d S t . P a u l (Mnarja),

A w s o n j u w o u l d u s u a l l y g o t o B u s k e t t t o s e l l h i s n o u g a t a n d o t h e r d e l i c a c i e s m a d e f o r

t h i s v e r y p o p u l a r s u m m e r f ea s t . T h e r e , h e f o u n d t i m e t o p l a y t h e iaqq a n d h e e v e n

p a r t i c i p a t e d a f e w t i m e s i n t h e M n a r j a f e s t i v a l . I n 1 9 5 4 t h e r e w e r e o n l y 3 p a r t i c i p a n t s

o n t h e iaqq, n a m e l y : T o n i C a c h i a (Tal-Ħammarun) from N a x x a r , A w s o n j u B u ġ e j a

from B i r g u a n d P a w l u G a t t k n o w n as I i - Z u b i n f r o m M o s t a . ( 6 ) I n 1 9 5 5 , A w s o n j u t o o k

p a r t a g a i n , t h i s t i m e a c c o m p a n i e d b y h i s s o n W e n z u o n tanbur F W e n z u h a d a l s o

b e c o m e h i s f a t h e r ' s a c c o m p a n i s t a n d t h e t w o , l i k e Żeppi a n d N i n u , h a d b e g u n t o

p e r f o r m r e g u l a r l y t o g e t h e r .

W e n z u , w o r k e d i n h i s f a t h e r ' s n o u g a t s h o p t o g e t h e r w i t h h i s b r o t h e r W i ġ i .

T h e r e , b e t w e e n t h e m , t h e y m a n u f a c t u r e d t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s w e e t s a n d a l s o s o l d t h e m .

S o m e k i n d s , s u c h as mqaret, a n d ℏelu tal-biċċiet, w e r e s o l d r e g u l a r l y w h i l s t o t h e r s ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f n o u g a t , w e r e g e n e r a l l y p r e p a r e d f o r t h e n e x t f e s t a .

95

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a

fig.2 A w s o n j u & W e n z u B u ġ c j a . E v e o f M n a r j a , B u s k e t t , 1 9 5 5 . ( P i l o t o Times of M a l t a )

9 6

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A W S O N J U S ŻAQQ

A w s o n j u ' s i n s t r u m e n t s w e r e e s s e n t i a l l y m a d e o u t o f a c o m p l e t e a n i m a l s k i n ,

o n e t w o - p i p e d c h a n t e r (qxejra) w i t h a b u l l ' s h o r n ( q a r n ) a t t a c h e d a n d a b l o w p i p e

(qasba.) C h a n t e r a n d h o r n w e r e t i e d s e c u r e l y t o t h e n e c k s i d e o f t h e a n i m a l , a n d t h e

b l o w p i p e u s u a l l y t o t h e right f o r e - l e g .

A w s o n j u h e l d t h e i n f l a t e d a n i m a l s k i n b e n e a t h h i s l e f t a r m , l e g s p o i n t i n g

u p w a r d s . H e b l e w i n t o t h e c a n e p i p e i n s e r t e d i n t o i t ' s right f o r e l e g , w h i l s t p l a y i n g

w i t h b o t h h a n d s ( r i g h t h a n d b e l o w l e f t ) o n t h e c h a n t e r w h i c h w a s f i t t e d i n t o t h e n e c k

e n d . ( f i g . 2 ) .

B A G S

B a g s b e l o n g i n g t o A w s o n j u w e r e u s u a l l y m a d e o f c o m p l e t e d o g , g o a t o r c a l f

s k i n . T h e s e h a v e u n f o r t u n a t e l y d i s i n t e g r a t e d o v e r t h e y e a r s , s i n c e s k i n s a r e v e r y

p r o n e t o m o t h i n f e s t a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i f n o t p r o p e r l y c u r e d o r c a r e d f o r . W e l l t r e a t e d

s k i n s , h o w e v e r , c a n l a s t a l i f e t i m e .

C H A N T E R - P I P E S a n d R E E D S

A w s o n j u , a t l e a s t l a t e r i n l i f e , p r e f e r r e d t o g e t t h e c h a n t e r ( Q x e j r a ) from h i s

friend i n N a x x a r , r a t h e r t h a n m a k e i t h i m s e l f . I t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h o u g h A w s o n j u h a d

p l a y e d t h e iaqq, a l l h i s l i f e , h e a l w a y s r e l i e d o n h i s f a t h e r o r h i s o l d e r b r o t h e r Żeppi

t o a c t u a l l y m a k e t h e i n s t r u m e n t s a n d , p o s s i b l y , a l s o t o t u n e t h e m .

T h e f a c t t h a t A w s o n j u b o u g h t h i s c h a n t e r from a iaqq m a k e r i n N a x x a r

i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e e x i s t e d c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d i n t e r c h a n g e o f i d e a s b e t w e e n

i n s t r u m e n t a l i s t s from d i s t a n t v i l l a g e s . I t a l s o , h o w e v e r , r e v e a l s a n o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g

d e t a i l . T h o s e w h o m a d e , t u n e d a n d p l a y e d t h e i r o w n i n s t r u m e n t s a u t o m a t i c a l l y c o n ­

s i d e r e d a n y o n e b u y i n g p a r t s as i n f e r i o r . G e t t i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t t u n e d b y a n o t h e r

p a r t y w a s f u r t h e r s c o r n e d u p o n , a n d t h i s , A w s o n j u i s a l s o a l l e g e d t o h a v e d o n e f o r a

f e e o f 3 d i n N a x x a r .

T h e o n e r e m a i n i n g c h a n t e r b e l o n g i n g t o A w s o n j u ( f i g . 3 ) , i s m a d e u p o f t w o

m e t a l p i p e s , e a c h 1 c m i n d i a m e t e r , t h e o n e o n t h e l e f t h a v i n g five e q u a l l y s p a c e d

98 ^ÊÊSBR

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t i n g e r h o l e s , t h e o n e o n t h e right h a v i n g o n e s i n g l e h o l e ( F i g . 3 a ) . T h e t w o p i p e s a r e

p l a c e d t i r m l y s i d e b y s i d e a n d c u p p e d i n t o a p i e c e o f c a n e w h i c h i s p a r t l y c u t o p e n ,

f o r m i n g a y o k e . T h e y a r e w e l l w e d g e d i n a n d t h e n s e c u r e l y l i e d t o t h e c a n e y o k e

w i t h j u t e . T h e c h a n t e r p i p e s a n d y o k e m e a s u r e a t o t a l l e n g t h o f 2 1 . 5 x 2 . 5 c m .

O n t h e b a c k ( F i g . 3 b ) s i d e t h e c a n e i s a l s o c u t , t h i s t i m e a t t h e o t h e r e n d , t o f i t

t w o l i t t l e w h i s t l e s (bedbut plbdiebet) o n e 6 c m x 0 . 5 c m , t h e o t h e r s l i g h t l y s m a l l e r 5 . 5

x 0 . 5 c m . T h e s e a r e a c t u a l l y v e r y s l i m h o l l o w r e e d s , c l o s e d a t o n e e n d . S h a r p s l i t s

a r e c u t l e n g t h w i s e i n t o t h e m . T h e o p e n e n d o f t h e r e e d i s i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e m e t a l

p i p i n g . A s a l l p l a y e r s o f r e e d i n s t r u m e n t s k n o w , t h e s e l i t t l e r e e d s a r e c a p r i c i o u s a n d

a l w a y s n e e d w a n n i n g u p b e f o r e b e i n g p l a y e d . T h e y a r e t u n e d b y b l o w i n g , t u r n i n g

t h e m s l i g h t l y a n d a d j u s t i n g t h e m w i t h i n t h e m e t a l p i p i n g t i l l t h e r e q u i r e d p i t c h i s

a c h i e v e d . T h e w h o l e c h a n t e r i s s u b s e q u e n t l y f i r m l y t i e d o n t o t h e n e c k o f t h e a n i m a l

s k i n from t h e r e e d s i d e , a n d i n t o t h e h o r n from t h e s i d e o f t h e m e t a l p i p i n g , ( f i g - 5 . )

T h e y o k e i s e m b e l l i s h e d w i t h a c a r v i n g o f a n e i g h t p o i n t e d c r o s s o n t h e c a n e s e c t i o n

a b o v e t h e fingerholes.

H O R N ( Q A R N )

T h e h o r n a t t a c h e d t o t h e c h a n t e r w a s g e n e r a l l y t h a t o f a b u l l (barri) o r o f a n

o x (gendus), p r e v i o u s l y q u i t e c o m m o n l y u s e d f o r p l o u g h i n g t h e fields. T h e h o r n s

w o u l d u s u a l l y b e p l a c e d i n a b u c k e t a n d t o t a l l y c o v e r e d i n s a l t . T h e i r o u t e r s h e l l

w o u l d g e n e r a l l y c o m e o f f i n t a c t a n d t h i s w o u l d b e u s e d as t h e b e l l i n t h e iaqq. T h e

n a r r o w e r e n d w a s t h e n c a r e f u l l y c u t o p e n a n d i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e c h a n t e r . I n t h e

e x e m p l a r b e l o n g i n g t o A w s o n j u ( f i g . 4 ) , t h e n a r r o w e n d o f t h e fragile, c u r v e d h o r n i s

r e i n f o r c e d w i t h a c o p p e r ring a n d t h e w i d e r e n d , w i t h a m e t a l c l a s p . T h e r e i s a l s o

o n e a i r b o l e d r i l l e d i n t o t h e c e n t r e o f t h e i n n e r c u r v e o f t h e h o r n .

fig.l Tanbur ( 3 0 x 1 0 c m ) b e l o n g i n g t o W e n z u B u ġ e j a .

fig.3 C h a n t e r s h o w i n g ( a ) p i p e s w i t h finger h o l e s ( b ) r e e d s

fig.4 C u r v e d H o r n u s e d as b e l l .

fig.5 C h a n t e r a n d H o r n a t t a c h e d . A r a P a ġ n a 1 0 0

99

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F i g . 4

F i g . 5

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MUSIC

A w s o n j u w a s , i n h i s t i m e , c o n s i d e r e d a m a s t e r p e r f o r m e r w h o d e l i g h t e d a l l h i s

l i s t e n e r s . T o c o m p l e t e t h e p i c t u r e , I q u o t e a n e x t r a c t o f t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f h i s

m u s i c , w h i c h h a s f o r t u n a t e l y b e e n p r e s e r v e d f o r us b y P a r t r i d g e a n d J o a l ( 1 9 7 7 : 1 3 3 ) .

T h e m u s i c a l pas sages w e r e t r a n s c r i b e d f o r t h e m b y P . R . C o o k e .

J . . u F i g 6

T h e p i p e w i t h t h e s i n g l e h o l e p l a y s t w o n o t e s G a n d A ( f i g . 7 a ) .

T h e s e a r e p r o l o n g e d a n d r e p e a t e d b e n e a t h t h e m e l o d y , t h u s g i v i n g t h e d r o n e s o u n d .

T h e five-holed p i p e p l a y s a r a n g e o f 5 n o t e s , t r e b l e A t o E . ( f i g . 7 b ) .

F i g . 7

W e see t h e r e i s a t o t a l r a n g e o f a m e r e s i x n o t e s . T h e d o t t e d r h y t h m u s e d b y A w s o n j u

i s a n o t i c e a b l e f e a t u r e . T h e t e m p o o f t h e m u s i c i s a t a m o d e r a t e 7 2 ( d o t t e d ) c r o t c h e t

b e a t s p e r m i n u t e . A l s o w o r t h y o f n o t e i s t h e f r e q u e n t o r n a m e n t a t i o n u s e d i n t h e

m e l o d y , m o s t o f t e n c o n s i s t i n g o f " t r i l l s " o n t h e n o t e s C a n d D . M e l o d y o n t h e iaqq

h a d a v e r y l i m i t e d r a n g e , w h i c h n e c e s s a r i l y h a d a l w a y s b e e n c o m p e n s a t e d b y

r h y t h m i c i n t e r e s t o n t h e tanbur. T h i s e x p l a i n s w h y t h e t w o i n s t r u m e n t s h a d a l w a y s

b e e n s o i n t r i n s i c a l l y k n i t .

101

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T H E ŻAQQ'S S T R U G G L E F O R S U R V I V A L

W h e n A w s o n j u B u ġ e j a p a s s e d a w a y , t h e iaqq w a s n e v e r p l a y e d a g a i n b y

m e m b e r s o f h i s f a m i l y . H i s s o n W e n z u , t h o u g h h a v i n g l e a r n t h o w t o p l a y t h e

i n s t r u m e n t , f e l t t h a t p e o p l e n o l o n g e r c a r e d f o r t h a t t y p e o f m u s i c . T h e b a g p i p e w a s

t h e r e f o r e d i s m a n t l e d a n d t h e t a m b o u r i n e s w h i c h h a d a l w a y s b e e n p a r t a n d p a r c e l w i t h

i t w e r e s o l d , s a d l y n e v e r t o b e h e a r d a g a i n . Żeppi h a d l o n g p a s s e d a w a y , a n d h i s

s o n N i n u , l i k e h i s c o u s i n W e n z u , n o l o n g e r f e l t t h e i n c l i n a t i o n t o p l a y t h e p r i m i t i v e

i n s t r u m e n t .

T h i s o n e f a m i l y oïZaqq a n d Tanbur p l a y e r s o r i g i n a t i n g from B i r g u h a d , o v e r

t h e y e a r s , g i v e n p l e a s u r e t o n u m e r o u s p e o p l e i n v a r i o u s v i l l a g e s . T h e f a m i l y h a d

d i s p e r s e d i t s e l f a n d as a r e s u l t h a d b e e n a c t i v e i n Żurrieq, B i r g u , Q r e n d i a n d M a r s a as

w e l l as i n t h e n e a r b y v i l l a g e s t h e y c h o s e t o v i s i t . T h i s t y p e o f m u s i c , as w e l l as t h e

i n s t r u m e n t i t s e l f , h o w e v e r , w e r e b y n o m e a n s a l w a y s c o n s i d e r e d p l e a s a n t b y a l l a n d

s u n d r y . I t m i g h t h e r e b e a p p r o p r i a t e t o q u o t e B a l l o u ' s v i e w o n t h e s u b j e c t w h e n h e

w i t n e s s e d p e a s a n t s d a n c i n g i n a n " i n l a n d v i l l a g e " ( 1 8 9 3 : 2 4 7 - 2 4 8 ) : " T h e

a c c o m p a n y i n g m u s i c . . . w a s p r o d u c e d b y a h o m e - m a d e i n s t r u m e n t , w h i c h r e m i n d e d

o n e o f a S c o t t i s h b a g p i p e , o n l y i t w a s , i f p o s s i b l e , s t i l l m o r e t r y i n g t o t h e ears a n d

n e r v e s . I t i s k n o w n h e r e as a Zagg. I t i s m a d e o f a n i n f l a t e d d o g - s k i n , a n d i s h e l d

u n d e r t h e m u s i c i a n ' s a r m , w i t h t h e d e f u n c t a n i m a l ' s l e g s p o i n t i n g u p w a r d . A s o r t o f

p i p e i s a t t a c h e d t o t h i s a i r - b a g , w h i c h i s p l a y e d u p o n w i t h b o t h h a n d s . I t i s h a r d l y

n e c e s s a r y t o s a y t h a t a m o r e u n g a i n l y i n s t r u m e n t c o u l d n o t w e l l b e c o n c e i v e d . A

t a m b o u r i n e a c c o m p a n i m e n t , p e r f o r m e d b y a n o t h e r p a r t y , i s u s u a l l y a d d e d t o t h e

c r u d e n o t e s o f t h e d o g - s k i n a f f a i r . " ( 8 )

S o m e s i x t y y e a r s o n , t h e " d o g - s k i n a f f a i r " w a s s t r u g g l i n g f o r s u r v i v a l T h e h e a v i e s t

b l o w t o Zaqq a n d Tanbur p l a y i n g , c a m e w i t h t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t from

a l t e r n a t i v e s o u r c e s . W i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f R e d i f f u s i o n , t e l e v i s i o n , r a d i o a n d c i n e ­

m a , s t r e e t e n t e r t a i n e r s b e g a n t o l o s e t h e i r r e l e v a n c e i n s o c i e t y a n d w e r e s l o w l y b e i n g

o u s t e d o u t o f e x i s t e n c e . O n t o p o f t h i s , t h e e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e

102

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a c c o r d i o n , w i t h i t s p o t e n t i a l f o r a m u c h m o r e e x t e n d e d a n d v a n e d m e l o d y , w a s a n

a d d e d f a c t o r t h a t h e l p e d f u r t h e r i n t h e a b a n d o n m e n t o f t h e iaqq. A s a r e s u l t o f t h e

i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a c c o r d i o n s a n d c o n c e r t i n a s , m e l o d y b e g a n t o g a i n i m p o r t a n c e ,

p e r h a p s a t t h e e x p e n s e o f r h y t h m . T h i s u n d o u b t e d l y s t i r r e d a w i n d o f c h a n g e i n t o

t r a d i t i o n a l m a l t e s e m u s i c .

T h e iaqq c l e a r l y c o u l d n o t c o m p e t e w i t h t h e r a n g e , v a r i e t y o r e v e n t h e

v o l u m e t h a t t h e a c c o r d i o n p r o v e d c a p a b l e o f O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t o u r i s m a n d t h e

M n a r j a f e s t i v a l / 9 ' a t t h e s a m e t i m e , w e r e b o t h a c t i n g b e n e f i c i a l l y t o w a r d s t h e iaqq

a n d m a n a g e d t o g a i n i t a s l i g h t l y l o n g e r l e a s e o f l i f e i n t o t h e 1 9 7 0 ' s - B y t h e e n d o f

t h a t d e c a d e , h o w e v e r , i t ' s l i g h t w a s u n d o u b t e d l y s p e n t .

T h e a c c o m p a n y i n g tanbur d e c r e a s e d i n d i m e n s i o n s , b u t m a n a g e d t o l i n g e r o n ,

a n d l i n g e r s s t i l l i n s o m e a r e a s , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e iaqq's u s u r p e r .

A C K O W L E D G E M E N T S : I a m g r a t e f u l t o W i ġ i a n d W e n z u B u g e j a , J o h n G a l e a

a n d h i s f a t h e r , a l l o f B i r g u , f o r h e l p f u l i n f o r m a t i o n , a n d t o M a r q u i s J . P . T e s t a f e r r a t a

B o n i c i f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n t r a c i n g d o c u m e n t s .

N O T E S A N D R E F E R E N C E S

1 . B A D G E R , G e o r g e P e r c y . A description of M a l t a and Gozo.

M a l t a : p r i n t i n g a n d l i t h o g r a p h y b y M . W e i s s 1 8 3 8 .

2 . P A R T R I D G E , J . K . , a n d J E A L , F r a n k . " T h e M a l t e s e Żaqq."

Galpin Society J o u r n a l , v o l . 3 0 , U . K . 1 9 7 7 : 1 1 2 - 1 4 4 .

3 . D O U G A L L , A n g e l o . " D a q q a q a taż-żaqq u t a t - t a n b u r " L-

I m n a r a n o . 1 7 , ( 1 9 9 3 ) : 8 8 - 8 9 , r e f e r s t o a p o e m w r i t t e n

b y A n t o n C a s s a r " I l - B a l l a t a t a l - M a r s a " 1 9 9 3 , i n w h i c h

t h e r e i s m e n t i o n o f t h e s a i d Żeppi ( B u ġ e j a ) a n d h i s s o n

N i n u : " U f i t - t o r o q k i e n u jghaddu /Zeppi l - G r i x t i jdoqq ii-iaqq / I t - t a n b u r kien idoqq ibnu /

U k i e n u j f e r r h u HI kulhadd. " ( A n d i n t h e

103

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s t r e e t s t h e r e w o u l d g o b y / Żeppi 1 - G r i x t i p l a y i n g t h e

żaqq / H i s s o n w o u l d p l a y t h e t a m b o u r i n e / A n d t o g e t h e r

t h e y w o u l d m a k e e v e r y b o d y h a p p y .

4 . A s t r i k i n g s i m i l a r i t y o f c u s t o m c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n

S i c i l y . I n h i s F o l k l o r e di S i c i l i a , 1 9 6 5 : 1 5 2 , A n t o n i o

P A G A N O r e c o r d s t h a t : " . . . l a m a t t i n a d i b u o n o r a

d u r a n t e q u e s t o p e r i o d o , d a i p a e s i a d d o s s a t i a i m o n t i , s i

o d o n o v e n i r e a n c o r a i c i a r a m e l l a r i p e r l a rituale n o v e n a . "

5 . A n o i l p a i n t i n g o f S t r e e t M u s i c i a n s o u t s i d e P o r t a

R e a l e , V a l l e t t a , b y G e r o l a m o G i a n n i , d a t e d 1 8 9 1 ,

p o r t r a y s a żaqq p l a y e r a c c o m p a n i e d b y a t a m b o u r i n i s t ,

b o t h i n t r a d i t i o n a l p e a s a n t c l o t h i n g . T h e p a i n t i n g i s

p r e s e n t l y f o u n d i n t h e N a t i o n a l M u s e u m o f F i n e A r t s ,

V a l l e t t a .

6 . A Q U I L I N A , G . e t a l . " T l - K o n k o r s t a ' I - G h a n a f l - I m n a r j a "

Leℏen is̃Se^vwa 2 1 t a ' L u l j u 1 9 5 4 , p . 5

7 . CASÀPINTA, J . e t a l . " I r - R a p p o r t D w a r i l - K o n k o r s T a l -

G h a n a " Lehen is-sewwa 2 0 t a ' L u l j u 1 9 5 5

8 . B A L L O U , M a t u r i n H . The story of M a l t a . B o s t o n : T h e

U m b e r s i d e P r e s s , 1 8 9 3

9 . F o r d e t a i l s r e g a r d i n g 1 - I m n a r j a a d n i t s f e s t i v a l s e e :

C A S S A R - P U L L I C I N O , J . " D o c u m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l r e l a t i n g t o

1 - I m n a r j a " Littérature O r a l e Arabo-Berbere N o . 1 4 ,

C N R S - E R A 3 7 5 , 1 9 8 3

104