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Bng 2 ang so phan li cua mot so axit, baz thng gap
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Bng 3. ch so tan va o tan cua mot so chat ien li kho tan 18 250c
Loai chat Cong thc Tch so tan o tan (Mol/l) o tan (g/100ml) Asenat Ag3AsO4 4,5.10
-19 1,84.10-5 8.5,10-4
Bromua PbBr2
CuBr AgBr Hg2Br2
7,4.10-5 5,3.10-9 7,7.10-13 5,2.10-23
2,6.10-2 7,3.10-5 8,8.10-7 2,8.10-8
9,54.10-1
1,05.10-3 1,65.10-5 1,57.10-6
Hyroxit Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2
Cd(OH)2 Mn(OH)2
Ni(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Cr(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)3 Sb(OH)3
3,1.10-5 5.10-12
1,2.10-14 4.10-14 4,8.10-16 6,3.10-16 2.10-16 1.10-17 5,6.10-20 5.10-26 5,4.10-31 1,9.10-33 3,8.10-18 4.10-12
2.10-2 1,1.10-4 1,4.10-5 2,1.10-5 5,4.10-5 4,9.10-6 3,7.10-6 1,4.10-6 2,4.10-7 2,3.10-9 1,2.10-8 2,9.10-9 1,9.10-9 1,9.10-11
1,48.10-3 6,42.10-4 2,04.10-4 1,87.10-4 5,01.10-5 4,50.10-5 3,44.10-5 1,40.10-5 2,34.10-6 3,51.10-8 1,24.10-7 2,26.10-8
2,03.10-8 3,28.10-10
Ioua PbI2 CuI AgI Hg2I2
8,7.10-9
5,06.10-12
1,5.10-16 1,2.10-23
1,3.10-3
2,35.10-6
1,2.10-8
5,2.10-8
5,99.10-2
4,38.10-5 2,82.10-7 3,41.10-6
Cacbonat MgCO3 ZnCO3 BaCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 MnCO3 FeCO3 Ag2CO3 PbCO3 CdCO3 HgCO3
1,0.10-5
2,7.10-8
8,1.10-9 4,8.10-9
1,6.10-9
8,8.10-11
2,5.10-11
6,15.10-12
1,5.10-13
2,5.10-14
9.10-17
3,2.10-8 1,6.10-5 9,0.10-5 6,93.10-5 4,0.10-5
9,4.10-6 5.10-4
1,15.10-7
3,9.10-7 1,6.10-6
2,8.10-3
2,70.10- 2,01.10- 1,78.10-
6,94.10-1 5,91.10-4
1,08.10-4
5,79.10-5 3,17.10-3 1,04.10-5 2,76.10-6
1,29.10-4
Oxalat MgC2O4 BaC2O4.2H2O SrC2O4.H2O CdC2O4.2H2O CaC2O4. H2O ZnC2O4.2H2O
8,57.10-5
1,2.10-7 5,61.10-8 1,53.10-8
2,57.10-9
1,35.10-9
9,2.10-3 3,5.10-4
2,4.10-4 1,2.10-4
5,1.10-5 3,7.10-5
1,03.10-4
8,55.10-3 4,26.10-3 3,05.10-3
7,45.10-4 7,01.10-4
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PbC2O4 Ag2C2O4
3,2.10-11 1,1.10-11
5,7.10-6 1,4.10-4
1,68.10-4 4,25.10-8
Sunphat Ag2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O Hg2SO4 SrSO4 PbSO4 BaSO4
7,7.10-5 6,1.10-5 6,3.10-7
2,8.10-7 2,2.10-9
1,08.10-10
2,7.10-3 7,8.10-3 7,9.10-4 5,3.10-4
1,5.10-4 1,0.10-5
8,12.10-1 1,34.10-1 3,93.10-2 9,47.10-3 4,55.10-5 2,33.10-4
Sunfua MnS FeS NiS NiS CoS CoS ZnS SnS CdS PbS CuS Cu2S Ag2S HgS Bi2S3
1,4.10-15 3,8.10-19
3.10-21
2.10-28
7.10-23
2.10-27
1,2.10-23
1.10-28
3,6.10-29
1,1.10-29
8,5.10-45
2.10-47 1,6.10-19
4.10-53
1,6.10-72
3,7.10-8
6,1.10-19
5,5.10-11 1,4.10-14
8,4.10-12
4,5.10-14 3,5.10-12 1.10-14
6,0.10-15 3,3.10-15
9,2.10-23
1,7.10-16 3,4.10-17 6,3.10-17 2,7.10-15
3,22.10-7
5,36.10-9 4,99.10-10 1,27.10-13 7,64.10-11
1,27.10-13 3,41.10-11
1,51.10-13
8,67.10-14 7,9.10-14 8,8.10-22
2,71.10-15 8,43.10-16 1,47.10-25
1,39.10-13
Phot phat MgNH4PO4 Ag3PO4 Pb2(PO4)3
2,5.10-13 1,8.10-18 4,5.10-32
6,3.10-5
1,6.10-5 1,7.10-7
8,65.10-4
4,19.10-4
1,38.10-5
Clorua PbCl2 AgCl Hg2Cl2
2,4.10-4 1,8.10-10
1,1.10-18
3,9.10-2 1,35.10-5 1,6.10-5
1,08 1,86.10-4 7,55.10-4
Cromat SrCrO4 BaCrO4 Ag2CrO4 PbCrO4
3,5.10-5
2,41.10-10 1,1.10-12
1,8.10-14
5,9.10-3 1,5.10-5 1,3.10-4 1,3.10-7
1,20.10-1
3,80.10-4 4,31.10-3
4,20.10-6
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1
BI NG PHN T NH L NG
ng vin: Nguy n Thi H ng
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2
1.1.
1.1.1. V
1.1.2.
-Ch n nh n b
c y c
-Chuy a tan hon ton m
mi thch h ch g
m c th a tan m
ha h
-Tch ho
ha l, v 2+ c m 2+ b c
chuy 2+ thnh Fe3+ 3+b - 63-.
-Ti ch
-Tnh k
1.1.3. Phn lo
1.1.3.1.
- h kh o vi nh sau
qu trnh th
tch.
- o vi
d
1.1.3.2.
- n vi
th ng, c m
tnh ch g c
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3
tch. V d 3+ c th 3
sng 450nm v c u c y t
- ha l: trong nhi g h ng
vai tr r nh d
th +: dng thu
33-
3+.
Hai y
m
-M -0,1g; m -0,01g; m
-
4
q% = 610Q
a
Trong nhi
m ph
nhn thm th
kh
1.2.2. Bi
1.2.2.1. N
1.2.2.2. N
1.2.2.3. N
Quan h M v CN : CN = n.CM ; D
CdCN
%..10
l s
Cng th)(mlV
aT (a: s
1.3. Sai s
1.3.1.
ph h
th .
Tham s sai s sai s
d = Xi %100d
%
Sai s gi tr .
Sai s
ph h k
l ng m
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5
1.3.2. Sai s
Sai s cc sai s n nhn c
gy ra, n l
tr nh v n sai s nh phn tch.
Nguyn nhn sai s v n t
M i sai s m cho k
th -.
Sai s
M s
-Sai s phn tch
-Sai s t hay nhi
th hi
chu
-Sai s
V v m phn tch lun ph th
nh l r
th c th l
nguyn nhn chnh gy ra sai s
-Sai s m cng tc phn tch i h kinh
nghi
m
d
nhi phn tch cng th trn m
1.3.3. Sai s n
Sai s n do nh n nhn ng bi
thin theo cc chi
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6
Sai s n lun xu
c u ki m ng
Sai s n khng b u m ch
nhi m ng
x .
1.3.4. tr
n. Khi ti nh phn
nh m ng m
ti nh x
quan tr gi tr nh c
1.3.4.1. Gi tr nh c X )
L gi tr h
trong s
Gi
X2,....Xn:
n
Xi
X
n
i 1
1.3.4.2. 2)
cc gi tr gi tr nh
c nh ph ng l gi tr nh,
bi
k
i
n
i XXs
1
2
2 )(_
k: s k = n 1.
chu : 2ss
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7
nh c n
s
n
ssx
2
Trong thx
ssX ,, 2
trong dy gi tr gi tr X . Sau
X v s2 theo cc cng th
n
y
CX
n
i
i
1 v
11
2
2
n
x
s
n
i
i
n
y
yxi
n
i
in
i
i
n
i
i1
22
1
2
1
2
)(
v CXy ii
V d bnh c
ng theo cc s
16,2;15,4;17,5;15,9;16,3.
Ch
stt Xi% yi .10 yi2.100
1 16,2 -1 1
2 15,4 -9 81
3 17,5 12 144
4 15,9 -4 16
5 16,3 0 0
------------------------------------
2,05
1iiy 42,2
5
1
2
i
iy
Ta c: 26,165
2,03,16X
412,25
)2,0(42,2
25
1
2
i
iX
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8
603,04
412,22s
7765,02ss 347,05
7765,0X
s
1.3.4.3. H
Gi nh n th nghi
ton h X , s. H
:
%100.
X
sv
T
Bin gi :L gi tr nh c
X v gi tr c X
Trong th nh ng
chu
n
tsXn
s
X
s
X
t
X
V cho. V d
0,99,.
kX
ts ,
v : h
cho trong b
Kho kho
c cho: XX
Cc gi tr
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9
k
0,95 0,99
k
0,95 0,99
1 12,706 63,657 14 2,145 2,977
2 4,303 9,925 15 2,131 2,947
3 3,182 5,814 16 2,120 2,921
4 2,776 4,604 17 2,110 2,898
5 2,571 4,032 18 2,103 2,878
6 2,447 3,707 19 2,093 2,861
7 2,365 3,499 20 2,086 2,845
8 2,306 3,355 25 2,060 2,707
9 2,262 3,250 30 2,042 2,750
10 2,228 3,169 40 2,021 2,704
11 2,201 3,106 60 2,000 2,600
12 2,179 3,055 120 1,980 2,671
13 2,160 3,012
V d
ch ng trong v d n v
26,12X 347,0X
s
Tra b ( = 0,95; k = 4)
V kX
ts , =0,347.2,776= 0,96
96,026,1695,0X hay 22,1730,15
Sai s
%100%X
v v d y %059,0%10026,16
96,0%
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10
1.3.5. Ch cch ghi k
1.3.5.1. Ch
K m
V v
v
Ch ng v
tin. V n t ng l b
VD: 1, 2 3 4 5 : 5 ch
(5)
o thng s u
ghi ch ch
N n cn phn tch v 0,1mg th k
ch .
V d
ch cc ch n ton tin c ta n ch
s b n thang chia. Trong k y, ta c 5
ch 1 ch
(ch
k
ph s n ph
V d khng ghi 12,8ml hay 12,854ml
qu o gi tr
c ch
V d X =3,86712 v
ph b ghi k m trn h
ph X =3,867 ( = 3,8670,005). bao g
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11
ch ng v n) (cc ch tin c
ch b
1 ch
= 3,8670,005 4 ch
3 ch
ng
cng V d gi tr
-
pH.
s
l cn ch
tnh vo s V d hai ch
tnh l s n l s y c 4 ch
0, 3 l s 0 (ch ng) l s
S
0,02030
3 ch h (0)
phn th cc s o ch n b
ch
V d 3 c 4 ch .10-4 c 3 ch
s n ph 3mg
( c 2 ch 2400mg (c 4 ch
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12
th cc ch n)
khng s V d
5) cn ch b
1.3.5.2. Quy t m trn s
m gi m trn s
m trn
cng.
-Php c php tr ng m
b
Y = 1,526 + 10,45 + 58,1 = 70,076 K m trn Y = 70,1
Y = 1158,451 415,28 = 743,171 K m trn Y = 734,17
-Php nhn v chia: c ng m
b
310.3589,11497,35
0279,0.7120,1Y k m trn Y = 1,36.10-3
-Php tnh logarit
VD: tnh logarit c -8
Log Y = -8+0,7917 = -7,208 (c 3 ch
trong Y c 3 ch
VD: cho pH = -lg H = 11,15. Tnh H
H = 10-11,15 = 7,0795.10-12 lm trn H = 7,1.10-12 ( c 2 ch
ngh
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13
2. KH
V
2.1. Phn tch kh
2.1.1. Nguyn t a v d
Phn tch kh o vi
kh nh sau ph
Do ch
cn nn t
t
2.1.2. Phn lo
Bao g tch, c k
2.1.2.1.
2.1.2.2.
2.1.2.3.
D l h nh khi cho thu m k
v
D l s
D
V d O4 : d
Fe(OH)3 :d 2O3 : d
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14
2.1.3.
2.1.3.1. Thu
2.1.3.2.
2.1.3.3. N
2.1.4. L r
L K n, y m
nhau ph
R ng
cc lo
K
trong c ch
m n b n gi r n gi
2.1.5. Chuy nh d
2.1.6. S
2.1.7. Ph
in c chnh xc khi
trung bnh v -0,4%.
2.2.
2.2.1.
o
vi h thu bi
xc (dung d
tch (A).
nh bc h
2.2.2. M khi ni
A + B C
(ch
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15
Qu trnh l qu trnh thm t bi
o dung d nh ph
ch m vo v
ch nh ph
ng ch
cho tn hi u, k ..) t nh
ch r
k nh .
Trong th ng nhau v gy ra
sai s
Dung d l dung d bi
2.3. Phn lo
g php chu
-kh
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16
2.4. Cc cch chu
2.4.1.1. Chu
2.4.1.2. Chu
2.4.1.3. Chu
2.4.1.4. Chu
2.4.1.5. Chu
2.5. Tnh k
2.5.1.1. tr
2.5.1.2.
2.5.1.3.
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17
3. -
3.1. Nguyn t
o
ph : A1 + B2 B1 + A2
3.2. Ch
3.2.1. Khi ni
Cc yu c
3.2.1.1. L thuy v
1)Thuy
2)Thuy u:
3) Thuy -nhm mang mu:
3.2.1.2. Kho u c
Kho u c
pH c mu c th m
nh
Ind
HIndpKpH ct
0
lg (2)
pKct = - lgKct : g ch
nh c u c
pH c
T HInd0 / Ind- c
Trong th a tr
dung d u c m n th
M h u c
d y l
ch
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18
V d
HInd0 / Ind- 4,5; pH 3,1
Mu vng khi HInd0 / Ind- 4,5; pH 4,4
Khi pH 3,1 m
Khi pH 4,4 m u vng
u c
d Kho
kho u c
V d HInd0 / Ind- =10, Kct = 10-9 ;
pH = pKct 1 nn kho u t -10.
V u c
khi pH c mu c m
nh
3.2.1.3. Ch
i ta nh u c
m t u c nh Gi tr
ch V
pH n u m t y mu c
ch nh
3.2.1.4. Cc y u c
1)Hi
2)
3) h c dung mi:.
4)Th n
3.2.2. Sai s
Trong phn tch th i sai s s
(pipet, buret, bnh n cn sai s
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19
trng v sai s
b ng v
3.3. a v
3.3.1. Khi ni
Qu trnh chu ng bn ngoi m m
u s
ng ch n m
nh bi
th m vo (% hay Vml) ta s n t
V
dung d n c m vo trong qu trnh
C
n c
thu nh
B h ton v th
trnh chu m m
chu y g nh chu d
ch
3.3.2. Nguyn t
N
p
F
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20
3.4. Chu
3.4.1. Chu
chu dung d N b dung d NaOH 0,1M
pH
100
4,3
9,7
7
VNaOH
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21
3.4.2. Chu
3.5. Chu
3.5.1. Chu
3.5.2. Chu
g chu n dung d NH4OH 0,1 N b dung d HCl 0,1 N
5,28
pH
100
4,3
6,26
VHCl (ml)
2
1
8,8
6,8
10,6
pH
100 VNaOH
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22
3.6. Chu
3.6.1. Chu
Kh nh chu dung d H3PO4 0,1M b
NaOH 0,1M.
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4
- K1=7,51.10-3 ; pK1=2,15
H2PO4- H+ + HPO4
2- K1=6,23.10-8 ; pK2=7,20
HPO42- H+ + PO4
3- K1=2,2.10-13 ; pK3=12,38
Theo cc n n, dung d 3PO4
H3PO4, H2PO4-, HPO4
2- v K1 >> K2 >> K3 v v y khi
dng NaOH chu H3PO4 s a l
H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O
H2PO4- + NaOH Na2HPO4 + H2O
HPO42-+ NaOH Na3PO4 + H2O
*Tnh pH c
*Nh
-
3 2 1
13
S
pH
4
5
9
H3PO4
NaH2PO4
Na2HPO4
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23
c th
v h i c au t nh4 l
Trong th
Cho tc d 2
2H3PO4 + 3Ca2+ = Ca3(PO4)2 + 6H
+
6H+ + 6OH- = 6H2O
-Ch ng metyl da cam,
ng phenolphtalein.
3.6.2. Chu
Xt c nh 2CO3
0,1M b K1 = 4,3.10-7, K2 = 4,8.10
-11
(pK1=6,36, pK2=10,3)
CO32- + H+ HCO3
- (1)
HCO3-+ H+ H2CO3 (2)
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24
4.
4.1. Gi
1)Complexon I l axit nitriltriaxetic (NTA), k hi 3Y, cn g trilon A.
CH2COOH
N CH2COOH
CH2COOH
Complexon I t n t dng.
2)Complexon II l axit etylen diamin tetraaxetic (EDTA), k hi 4Y, t
tan tr
HOOC-CH2 CH2-COOH
N-CH2-CH2-N
HOOC-CH2 CH2-COOH
3) Complexon III (trilon B) : mu
(mu 2Y2-, trong phng th nghi
g EDTA.
NaOOC-CH2 CH2-COOH
N-CH2-CH2-N
HOOC-CH2 CH2-COONa
4.2. S
4.2.1. Ph
M i v s
trong phn tch th axit etylen diamin tetra axetic (EDTA):
HOOC-CH2 CH2-COOH
N-CH2-CH2-N
HOOC-CH2 CH2-COOH
EDTA l axit 4 n 4Y: K1 = 10-2, K2 = 10
-2,76, K3 = 10-6,16, K4 = 10
-10,26.
v ng mu 2H2Y2,
complexon III (thi quen v EDTA)
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EDTA t trong h
Mn+ + Y4- MY(n-4)+
V cao.
cc php chu nh khi c m
t pH xc
kim lo
S
H4Y H+ + H3Y
- K1
(1)
H3Y- H+ + H2Y
2- K2
(2)
H2Y2- H+ + HY3- K3
(3)
HY3- H+ + HY4- K4
(4)
S h
Mn+ + H2O MOH(n-1)+ + H+ 1
(5)
Mn+ + 2H2O MOH(n-2)+ + 2H+ 2
(6)
...
Mn+ + jH2O MOH(n-j)+ + jH+ j
(7)
(j = 1 N v ion kim lo
S
Mn+ + X MX 1
(8)
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Mn+ + 2X MX2 2
(9)
Mn+ + nX MXn n
(10)
(n = 1 N v ion kim lo
Ph
Mn+ + Y4- MY(n-4)+ MY
(11)
S nh:
MY + H+ MHY KMHY
(12)
MY + OH- MOHY KMOHY
(13)
4.2.1.1. *S nh cc complexonat
N
OOCCH2
CH2 CH2 N
CH-CHOO
CH2-COONaCa
NaOOC-CH2
Ph ion kim lo n+
Me2+ + H2Y2- MeY2- + 2H+
Me3+ + H2Y2- MeY- + 2H+
Me4+ + H2Y2- MeY + 2H+
4.2.2.
d hu
g n vi
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27
,,
,
.'
YM
MY (14)
[MY]= t EDTA
[MY]= [MY] + [MHY] + [MOHY] (15)
T (15) v (13) ta c:
[MY]= [MY](1 + KMHY[H+] + KMOHY[OH
-] (16)
[M]= t
v n
[M]= [M] + N
n
N
j
j MXMOH1
'
1
)( (17)
T -10) ta c:
[M]= [M] (1 + N
n
n
n
N
j
j
j XH1
'
1
(18)
[Y] = t
kim lo
[Y] = [Y] + [HY] + [H2Y] + [H3Y] + [H4Y] (19)
T -4) ta c:
[Y] = [Y](4321
43213212
213
14
KKKK
KKKKhKKKhKKhKh) (20)
(h = [H+])
T
MY
YM' (21)
MY = (1 + KMHYh + KMOHY[OH-])-1 (22)
M = (1 + '
1
*N
j
jjh +
N
n
n
n X1
)-1 (23)
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Y = 4321321
221
31
44321
KKKKhKKKhKKhKh
KKKK (24)
n)
vo pH c n
ch
cho c m
4.3. Tnh n nh chu Sai s
4.3.1. Tnh n nh chu
Ta hy thi nh t nh chu
mu o, Vo) b
p d n n
'' MYMVV
VCC
O
OOM
(25)
'' MYYVV
CVC
O
Y (26)
(25) tr VV
CVVCYM
O
OO'' (27)
Chia c oVo, bi
01)''( FVC
VVYM
OO
O (28)
T ,
,,
'
1
M
MYY (29)
,'( MVV
VCMY
O
OO (30)
nh t (29), (30):
(,
1
'
1
M VV
VC
O
OO -'
1- [M])
VV
VC
O
OO + 1 F = 0 (31)
Khi > 108 ta c th
VV
VCMY
O
OO'( (32)
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29
Tnh ton m nh chu
-
VV
CVVCM
O
OO' (33)
-T
0)''(OO
O
VC
VVYM
(34)
T VV
VCM
O
OO.1
' ,2 (35)
T CV = CoVo ta c:CC
CC
VV
VC
O
O
O
OO (36) thay vo (35):
CC
CCM
O
OT ,
, 1 (37)
- [M]
-
30
544
343
332
3231
2 10.4775,110.7681,6
1
1
1
NHNHNHNHZn
Y = 4321321
221
31
44321
KKKKhKKKhKKhKh
KKKK
V h = 10-9
-
31
dung d 2+ b -10
NH3+NH4 3] = 0,100M
Nh
+ chu
nh 11,10
pZn l 10,13 1%.
4.3.2. Sai s
G sai s S = F-1, t
S = OO
O
VC
VVMY )''( (42)
OVO nn
CC
CC
VV
VC
O
O
O
OO (43)
T nh t :
S = O
O
O
O
CC
CCM
CC
CC
M)
11.
1( ,
,,,
Hay S = O
O
CC
CCM
M)
1(
1.
1 ,,,,
(44)
8 (ph th,
1 lc ny pt sai s
S = O
O
CC
CCM
M
,
,,
1.
1 (45)
V d : Tnh sai s 2+ 0,001M b
3 + NH4 3] = 0,100 M, n
php chu
n ta c:
52 10.4775,1Zn Y 0521,0 ZnY =10
10,39 > 108
Nn [Zn2+] = 17,65
11
1010.4775,1
10
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32
Thay cc gi tr o (4
S= %13,0001,0.001,0
001,0001,0.10
10
1
10
1 17,617,639,10
V d : Chu ng n
thm 24,5 ml EDTA. a)
V d : Xy d ng
n dung d
4.4. Cc ch
4.4.1. Yu c
4.4.2. M
4.4.2.1.
L ch
N
OH
HO3S
O2N
N
OH
K hi 2In- (pK2 = 6,3; pK1 trong phn t
c nhm sunfo ha nh n t
hydro trong k hi proton c
trong dung d
H2In-
pK1 = 6,3 HIn
2- pK2 = 11,5
In3-
da cam
N 2+ -11 b ng ch
ETOO t MIn- + HY3- HIn2- + MY2-
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33
Mu chuy MIn- sang xanh c 2-.
N 2+ t
HIn- + M2- MIn- + H+
Mu chuy HIn2- -.
4.4.2.2. Murexit
Thu u azo v c
Anion murexit c m
K hi 4In-. B n t proton c
amino.
H4In- H3In
2- + H+ K2 = 10-9,2
tm
H3In2- H2In
3- + H+ K3 = 10-10,9
Tm xanh tm
Mu Ca H2 2In, NiH2In, CoH2In : vng.
Khi chu - ch
th u tm H3In2- l s u r nh
4.4.3. S
H nh
c m s u c hi chu
mu t u c ch u c
t o pH.
dng h
M + In MIn MIn = ,,,
. InM
MIn (46)
[MIn]: t kim lo
[MIn]= [MIn] + [MIn2] +...
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34
[M]: t
th v
[M] = [M] + N
n
N
j
j MXMOH1
'
1
)( X: ch
[In]: t
lo
[In] = [In] + [HIn] + [H2In] + ...
T MIn = MIn.MIn
InM (47)
M = (1 + '
1
*N
j
jjh +
N
n
n
n X1
)-1 (48)
In = 32121
21
3321
KKKhKKhKh
KKK (49)
n)
T,
,
In
MInl t
v y quy
mu c
u:
[M]= .1
, ,
,
In
MIn (50)
Gi,
,
In
MIn= p c s u r th
[M]= MIn
p,
(51)
Hay MIn - lgp (52)
N khi p 10 (mu c
MIn chi 10-1 (mu c kho
mu c : MIn 1
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V d s u x
t 50% : p[M] = lg MIn
h MIn ta c th u v
V d Chu 2+ 1,00.10-3M b -3 M
thi 3+NH4 3] = 0,1M, dng ETOO lm ch
Hy
Ph ch
Ca2+ + In3- CaIn- CaIn = 105,4
Ph
Ca2+ + Y4- CaY2- CaY = 1010,7
CaIn- + Y4- CaY2- + In3-
Cc ph
Ca2+ + H2O CaOH+ + H+ *CaOH+ = 10-12,6
H2In- H+ + HIn2- K2 = 10
-6,3
HIn2- H+ + In3- K3 = 10-11,6
Do *CaOH+ = 10-12,6
-
36
CaY = CaY .35,10
CaIY
10. YCaYYCa
a)Khi d r
do:
T CaIn = 3,79
V CaY = 1010,35 > 108, nn p d
S = %4,3210.10
1010.10
10
1.
10
133
3379,3
79,335,10
b)Khi d
do:
T [Ca] = 9
1.
1.
1,,
,
,CaInCaIn In
CaIn nn [Ca]= 1,8.10-5
S = %6,310.10
1010.10.8,1
10.8,1
1.
10
133
335
535,10
4.5.
4.5.1. Chu
4.5.2. Chu
4.5.3. Chu
4.5.4. Chu
4.6.
4.6.1. Chu
o ph g t 2+ v
haloganua, CN-, SCN-,... v diphenylcacbazit, diphenylcacbazon trong
V d + + Cl- HgCl- K1 = 5,5.106
HgCl+ + Cl- HgCl2 K2 = 3,0.106
HgCl2 + Cl- HgCl3
- K3 = 7
HgCl3-+ Cl- HgCl4 K4 = 10
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37
Hai ph v
vo 2 ph
4.6.2.
o ph +(dung d 3) v
ion xyanua CN- t 2]-:
Ag+ + 2CN- Ag(CN)2-
N + th l
Ag(CN)2- + Ag+ Ag[Ag(CN)2] (TAg[Ag(CN)2] = 10
-
12)
k
Ag[Ag(CN)2] .
ion kim lo 2+,
Co2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ v chng t - nh Ag(CN)2-
v ph
V d - vo dung d 2+ trong amoniac
th ton b 2+ s ng ph Ni(CN)42- b Ag(CN)2
-
- b
4.7. Cc ch
4.7.1. Ch
4.7.2. Ch
4.7.3. Ch
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5.
5.1. Ch a kh
5.1.1. Tr h khng dng ch i vo
5.1.2. Dng ch i vo
5.1.2.1. Ch
5.1.2.2. Ch
Lo mu c d
nhau v khng bi
V d 3+ b 3
axit v
3Sb2+ + BrO3- + 6H+ 3Sb3+ + Br- + 3H2O
dung d N 3 th s
ph BrO3- + 5Br- + 6H+ 3Br2 + 3H2O
Br2 sinh ra s nh 1 h
mu, ta k
5.1.2.3. Ch
Ch nh mu c
(IndOX) v d Kh
t
IndOX + ne IndKh
Th n h y tnh b nh Nerst:
Kh
OX0
Ind
Indlg
n
059,0EE
bKh
OX
Ind
Ind.
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M u c o l tu o t
n d m c th
nh u c
ngh l:
Khi Kh
OX
Ind
Ind 10 : dung d u d OX,
1 n
059,0E 0
Khi Kh
OX
Ind
Ind
10
1: dung d u d Kh,
2 n
059,0E 0
u c u c
IndOX sang d Kh ( m
n
059,0E 0 Ed.d
n
059,0E 0
v kho y g kho u c
V u c th kho
E m trong kho mu c
kh
: do 0,059/n l qu nh u g ng v
tr 0 c 0
c dng th u.
M ng:
Ch Mu d
oxy ho
Mu
d
E0
khi[H+]=1
Diphenylamin Xanh tm khng mu +0,76V
Axit diphenylazosulphonic khng mu +0,84V
Axit phenylantranilic khng mu +1,08V
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Pheroin Xanh nh +1,06V
Axio,o-
diphenylamindicacbonic Xanh tm khng mu +1,26V
5.2. oxy ha kh
5.2.1. n oxy ha kh
b nhau
5.2.2.
khc nhau
*C Fe2+ 0,1M b 4- 0,1M (pH = 0) :
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e E2 = 0,68V
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O E1 = 1,51V
T : )(371,151
51,1.568,0.1VEt
:
857,0001,0
001,01lg
1
059,068,0E
474,1001,0lg5
059,051,1cE
E(V) 0,620 0,680 0,736 0,797 0,857 1,371 1,474 1,486 1,498 F 0,09 0,50 0,90 0,99 0,999 1,00 1,001 1,010 1,10
Nh :
F
E
1,3
0,8
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41
5.2.3.
ha kh khc nhau
Cr2O72-+ 6Fe2+ + 14H+ = 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
Hay tdtd
tdFe
EE
Cr
EEE
312
312
2
3lg
7
059,0
7
6
2
1lg
7
059,0
7
6
thu
5.3. M oxy ha kh hay dng
5.3.1.
5.3.1.1. Nguyn t
n ph c
ion MnO4-
MnO4- + 5e- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O v
0MnO4-/Mn2+ =
1,51V
5.3.1.2. M y l:
a)Ch :
b)KMnO4 khng ph ch
c)Ch n chu H2SO4
Tuy nhin, qu trnh chu :
+Khng ti 3 v HNO3 s m
sai k
+Khng ti :
10Cl- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 5Cl2 + 8H2O (**)
ph y bnh th x h 2+ v MnO4-
gy c lm cho ph
Ph ph
d 2SO4, H3PO4, MnSO4
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42
H2SO4
Fe2+ b 2 trong khng kh, t
H3PO4 : Fe3+ nh thnh c mu vng gy c
u ph 4), H3PO4 t
Fe3+ ph u FeHPO4+.
Mn2+ ( MnSO4): h
5.3.1.3.
5.3.1.4.
5.3.2.
5.3.2.1. Nguyn t
y l ph ng php chu oxi ho kh d n ph ho c
ion cromat Cr2O72-
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O E
0Cr2O72-/2Cr3+=1,33V
5.3.2.2. M y l:
a)Ch
b)K2Cr2O7 l ch r
c) 2SO4, H3PO4 v
HCl (v E0Cr2O72-/2Cr3+=1,33V; E0
Cl2/2Cl-=1,33V). Tuy nhin, khng ti nh trong
lc ny n - r
th 2/2Cl- v Cr2O7
2- s - thnh Cl2.
5.3.2.3.
5.3.3.
5.3.3.1. Nguyn t
n ph 2 v ph-:
I2 (r 2I- E0I2/2I-=0,54V
T tr 0I2/2I- ta th 2 l ch 4, K2Cr2O7 nh-
l ch nhi
kh ng c 2) v
kh - ch ch
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43
ng ph 2O32-) v
-thiosunfat, ph
I2 + 2e 2I-
2S2O32- - 2e S4O6
2-
2S2O32- + I2 S4O6
2- + 2I- E0S2O32-/S4O62-=0,1V
5.3.3.2. M
a)Ch :
b)Natrithiosunfat Na2S2O3 c th
Na2S2O3.5H2 ch dung d 2S2O3 khng b
d 2, O2 v vi sinh v
m vo 10mgHgI2 /1 lt dung d 2S2O3):
Na2S2O3 + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaHSO3 + S
Na2S2O3 + O2 Na2SO4 + S
c)Qa trnh chu -thiosunfat c nh
n h th ph
s I2 + 2OH- IO- + I- + H2O
IO- t nh c tnh oxy ho m 2O32- thnh
SO42-:
S2O32- + 4IO- + 2OH- 2SO4
2- + 4I- + H2O
+ lm pH c
ph ng NaHCO3+ trong dung d
HCO3- + H+ = CO2 + H2O
I2 l ch kh 2 c
nhi nh php chu y.
I2- + I2 I3
- (*)
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44
khi s y ph Ph 3- l ph
thu ion I3- r n khi dng Na2S2O3 2, cn b
(*) b chuy 2
b 2S2O3.
Ph gi 2 v I- v
ch m I2 hay I- vo dung d
dung d o ch nh sng lm t - thnh I2 b
O2 trong khng kh) r nh chu
4I- + 4H+ + O2 2I2 + 2H2O
5.3.3.3. -thiosunfat
V d SO32- + I2 +H2O SO4
2- + 2I- + 2H+
Sn2+ + I2 Sn2+ + 2I-
oxy ho :b
ny ti nh theo nguyn t m vo dung d
t - v ch n ton. I- b
oxy ho thnh I2 (tan nhi g KI nn ph 2 thot ra
( 3-) b 2S2O3.
V d 2, MnO4-, Cr2O7
2-, Fe3+,...
Br2 + 4I- 2Br- + I2
2MnO4- + 10I- +16H+ 2Mn2+ + 5I2 + 8H2O
Cr2O72- + 10I- +16H+ 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
2Fe3+ + 4I- 2Fe2+ + I2
+c
v o ph 5I- + IO3- + 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O
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45
T nh ta th + tham gia ph
I2 gi hon ton, ta chu 2 thot ra
b dung d 2S2O3. T+ trong dung d
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46
6. HP CHU
6.1.
Trong th ng l:
o ph + (AgNO3) v
halogenua (Cl-, Br-, I-) v SCN-.
Ag+ + X- AgX
- b
Hg2X2 . Hg22+ + 2X- Hg2X2
Zn2+ b
ch
2K4 Fe(CN)6 + 3Zn2+ K2Zn3 Fe(CN)6 2 + 6K
+
4)Chu 2+ b Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4
v rodizoonat natri lm ch 2+ th dung d
nhu
5)Chu 2+ b +,
hi CrO42- + Ag+ Ag2CrO4
6.2.
6.2.1.
Kh nh 0,V0)
b 3(C,V) bi AgCl = 10-10, pAg + pCl = 10
Ph Ag+ + X- AgX
Khi thm Vml dung d : [Ag+].[X-] = TAgX (1)
n n
[X-] + mAgX = VV
VC
o
oo (2)
v [Ag+] + mAgX = VV
CV (3)
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(mAgX: s
(3) tr +] - [X-]= VV
VCCV
o
oo v chia 2 v y cho
VV
VC
o
oo oo
oAgX
oo
oo
VC
VV
Ag
TAg
VC
VCCV)(
oo
oAgX
VC
VV
Ag
TAgF )(1 (4)
[Ag+] v [X-] nn ph
V d Kh
dung d 3 0,1M, cho TAgCl = 10-10, TAgI = 10
-16
Ta tnh pAg ho
Khi F = 0,999 p d ta tnh pAg, pCl, pI
Khi F = 1,001 p d
Tnh ton v
li
6.2.2. Sai s
Tnh sai s o (4).
pAg
V AgNO3
6,7
4,3
BN
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48
N (4) s :
oo
o
c
AgX
cVC
VV
Ag
TFS 1 (8)
N d (4) s :
oo
oc
VC
VVAgFS 1 (9)
N d gi ).
6.3.
6.3.1.
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl K2CrO4
T 3,
xu 2CrO4 ta s
Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4 TAg2CrO4 = 1,1.10
-12
V : ph 2CrO4
hi khi: pAg = pCl = 5 (TAgCl = 10-10)
2CrO4 th Ag+ 2 . CrO4
2- 2.10-12
CrO42- 2
25
12
2
12
10.2)10(
10.210.2
AgM
V mu 2CrO4 th
mn: 2.10-4M C K2CrO4 2M.
Tuy nhin, v
nh 2CrO4 nn th ng dung d
K2CrO45.10-3
- + v OH- t 2O:
-C 2+, Pb2+, Bi3+ (v chng t
CrO42-); S2-, SO4
2-, PO43-, C2O4
2- (v chng t +).
-Dung d 3 bao gi
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49
- 2CrO4
nn ph
6.3.2.
3 b
NH4SCN chu Fe3+ n FeNH4(SO4)2.12H2O 1M (dng 1 -2
ml dung d n s n 100 ml h
Cl-) theo nguyn t
3 :X- + Ag+ AgX + Ag+(cn
l +cn l 4SCN theo
php Volhard tr T + ph - v -.
: trong s -, I- thu chnh - v k AgCl = 10
-10 , k SCN
c TAgSCN = 10-12 + cn l
ng NH4SCN lm dung d
nhu - k +
c gCl tan phn li ra.
AgCl Ag+ + Cl-
Ag+ + SCN- Ag SCN
Mu - ng
2 bi ng
NH4+cn l m m
6H5NO2 m ch nh phn li c
AgCl ti -.
xit do
AgSCN khng tan trong axit nn ta c th2+, Pb2+ khng gy c
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50
php ny. Cc ion c -, cc ch
ho s ho SCN-, ch 3+ 43-, F-.
6.3.3.
6.3.3.1. Hi nh
Trong qu trnh cc
halogenua b
t n s ng d
V d 3 ta th -, k -
t nh h AgI + mI- nAgI.mI- +, ta l
pAgI + qAg+ pAgI.qAg+
Tr
c th ng ho o b
6.3.3.2. Ch
Ch nh u h y
anion c n b
bi u. L
Cc ch ng l fluoretxein v cc d eozin.
V d m HE. Trong
dung d H+ + E-
E- u h u tm hoa c.
N
dung d 3 th : - khng h - v cng d -), E- v
u h + s -, k u tm
hoa c.
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51
6.3.3.3. xc c ng ch o
cc y
a)Tnh h ch
ch
y cn tu c vo l
nh cn ph o tnh ch
c v u c th
V d - v chi v
AgCl, Cl- Na+ + flBr- AgCl, flBr- Na+ + Cl-
b) u b n
v pH thch h
s u r.
V d axit r A= 10-7
-
52
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
I: GI I THI U
n vi c tch, nh n bi nh nh
i c a nh ng c u ph n c a m t m u v t ch nh tnh cho bi t s
c m t c a chng trong m u, cn phn tch ng thi t l ng t i
c a m t ho c nhi u c u ph n ny, hay cn g i l ch i d ng
s h i h c khi m c
di n ra. M ng c n thi t cho m nh tnh v
phn t ng.
1.1. Vai tr c a phn tch ha h c trong khoa h c
Ha h t vai tr c t y u trong khoa h c. T cu i th k 19,
ha h ngh thu t nh n bi t nh ng ch t khc nhau v
nh nh ng thnh ph n c a chng v gi m t v tr n i b t trong s nh ng
ng d ng c a khoa h c, b i v n gip tr l i nh ng cu h i n y sinh nh ng
qu trnh ha h c ti n hnh v i nh ng m c hay k thu t.
Ngay t th i , ha h chuy n t m t ngh thu t thnh m t
ngnh khoa h c v i nhi u ng d ng trong cng nghi c ph m, v t t c
cc ngnh khoa h c.
t vi v d minh h a:
- Hm ng c a hydrocacbon, NOx, v CO hi n di n trong kh th c
nh m c nhi ng khng kh.
-P nh b i li t c a nh ng b nh nhn.
-P nh ng c c ph m gip thi t l ng protein
v gi tr ng c a chng.
-Phn tch thp su t qu trnh s n su u ch nh nh ng n c a
nh ng nguyn t c d o, kh
ng mi mn
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
- Vi ng cy tr t tr ng gip nng dn thi t l p nh ng
k ho ng s ng c a cy tr ng su t
v ma.
Cc ng c t vai tr c t y u trong nhi u l c
trong ha h c, sinh ha, sinh h a ch t h c, v nh ng ngnh khoa h c khc.
V d , cc nh ha h c lm sng t c a nhi u ph n ng ha h c thng
qua nh ng nghin c u v n t c ph n ng. T tiu t n c a ch t ph n ng v
s t o thnh s n ph m trong m t ph n ng ha h c c th c tnh ton t
nh ng t i nh ng kho ng th i gian b ng nhau.
P ng c a cc ion kali, canxi, natri c d ch c ng v t
cho php cc nh sinh l h c nghin c u vai tr c a nh ng ion ny trong s
truy n d n tn hi n kinh v s co gi
Ha h c phn tch l m t cng c quan tr ng trong nh ng c g ng c a cc nh
nghin c u ny.
1.2. Phn lo
Cc nh ha h ng phn lo theo b n ch t c a
i cng tnh ton k t qu ng:
- Php cc kh ng v th tch
- P a m ng t l v ng c a ch t c n phn tch trong
m ng hon thnh lun php phn tch.
C th :
P ng: d a trn vi c nh kh ng c a ch t
c n phn tch hay cc h p ch n n.
P ch th tch: d th tch c a m t dung d ch
chu n c n tc d ng hon ton ch t c n phn tch. m
th sau:
- axit
- k t t a
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
- complexon
- g php chu oxi ha kh
) bo g m:
P n ha:
th , dng, n tr n h c khc.
P : d a trn nh g tc gi a b c x n t
v nh ng nguyn t ho c phn t c a ch c d a trn s t o
thnh nh ng b c x y t ch
t tch cc ch t c n phn tch hon
ton ra kh i nhau r i d tm v ng chng b ng m
php quang ph , n ha
Cu i cng, nhm nh ng tnh
ch s kh n tch (ph kh i), nhi t ph n ng, t ph n
d n nhi khc x .
1.3. c ti n hnh trong m ng
M ng tiu bi u bao g m nh c l c
minh h a trong hnh 1. Trong vi tr ng h p, c th b qua m t ho c.
Ch
Thu th p m i di n
Chu n b m u th nghi m
Ha tan m u
Lo i b nh ng s c n tr
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
a
Ch t c n phn tch
Tnh ton k t qu
D tin c y c a k t qu
Hnh 1.1 c trong m ng
1.3.1. Ch
c quan tr ng nh ch n l a c th i h i kinh
nghi m c c gic c i phn tch.
Xem xt quan tr ng tr c h t l m i h i. Tuy nhin tin c y
cao h i h i m t s n v th c ch n
ng l s th a hi p gi chnh xc v hi u qu kinh t .
Xem xt th n nh ng y u t kinh t l s m
N u phn tch m ng m ng xuyn, chng ta c th c g ng tiu
t n th i gian cho nh ng ho ng chu n b t l p v chu n ha
thi t b v d ng c c n b cc dung d ch chu n. N u ch c m t vi
m u c n phn tch th c n tm ph c ho c gi m thi c
nh c chu n b
Cu i cng, s ch n l chi ph i b i s ph c t p c a
m u cng s c u ph n trong m u.
1.3.2. L y m u
c nh ng thng tin c ngh t php phn tch ph c th c
hi n trn m t m u m thnh ph n c i di n trung th ng v t
ch t m c l y t .
ng nh t th c i h i m t c g ng
l l y m i di n. Vi c l y m u c a nhi ng h
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
ng h n hay ph c t p th m u l
ph i di n cho ton b c khi di n ra m t php phn tch.
1.3.3. Chu n b m t m u th nghi m
M u r c nghi n nh gi c h t, tr m b o s ng
nh trong nh ng kho ng th c khi qu
trnh phn tch c b u. S h p th v gi i h p c c c th x y ra
trong su t nh c ny, ph thu m c ng. B i v b t k
s m t hay nh c s i thnh ph n ha h c c a m u r n ny, vi c
lm kh m u nn ti c khi b u vi c phn tch. M t cch khc
ng m c a m u c th nh trong m t th t c ring khc. Nh ng
chu n b m u cho phn tch v lm kh m u ho nh
m c a m u c c tham kh o trong cc ti li u.
1.3.4. Chu n b dung d ch m u
Ph n l c th c hi n v i m u d ng dung d ch. Dung mi
nn ha tan ton b ng m u m t cch nhanh chng v hon ton, ch khng
ph i ch ha tan ch t c n phn tch. Nh u ki n ha tan m u nn v
cho vi c m t ch t c n phn tch khng x y ra. Tuy nhin, nhi u m u khng
th ha tan trong nh ng. V d ng khong v t
silic, nh ng polime cao phn t ho c nh ng m ng v t. S chuy n ha
nh ng ch t c n phn tch trong nh ng m u ny thnh d ng c th ha tan
ng kh v t n nhi u th i gian cho vi u v i cc axit m
m nh, nh ng ch t oxi ha, ho c ch t kh , ho c k t h p chng l i; t chy
chng trong khng kh hay oxi, ho c thiu nhi t nhi cao.
1.3.5. Lo i b nh ng y u t c n tr
C r t t nh ng tnh ch t ho c ph n t ch t c n phn
tch. Nh ng ph n c s d ng ho c nh ng tnh ch trong phn
tch a m t nhm nguyn t ho c h p ch t. Cc ch t khc
v i ch t c n k t qu cu c g i l nh ng ch t
c n tr . M t th t nh ph tch ch t c n phn tch kh i
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
nh ng y u t gy nhi c th c hi n. Khng c
nh ng qui lu t chung cho vi c lo i b nh ng y u t gy nhi
tch l m t trong nh lo i b chng.
1.3.6. S nh chu
Trong phn tch th tch, th tch c a dung d ch chu n tiu t ph n ng v a
v i ch t c
Trong phn tch tr ng, kh ng c a k t t a ch a c u ph n c n phn
tch trong m
T t c k t qu tch ha l ph thu c vo
i cng X c a m ng v t l c a ch t c ng
ny ph i theo cch l p l c bi t v i n CA c a ch t c n
phn tch. M t cch l t l tuy n tnh v i n ng
sau:
CA = k.X (1.1)
ng s t l .
y qu trnh xc nh k l m c quan tr ng trong h u h t cc php
c g i l s nh chu n (calibration).
1.3.7. Tnh ton k t qu
Vi c tnh ton n ch t c n phn tch t nh ng s li u th c nghi ng
l cng vi c d c bi t v i s tr gip c a my tnh hi n nay.
Nh c d a trn nh ng s li u th th c nghi u
c thu th ng h s t l c a ph n ng ha h c m php
phn tch d a vo, v nh ng h s c a thi t b .
1.3.8. t qu t vi c d t in c y
Cc k t qu n u khng c s d tin c y
c a chng. i phn tch ph i cung c p vi tiu ch c a b nh lin quan
n k t qu c tnh ton.
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
2: PHN TCH TR NG
2.1. M u
c d a trn vi ng g m
hai lo i chnh.
- t t a
Ch c chuy n v m t d ng k t t a kh ha tan. K t t a ny sau
c l c, r a s ch ch t nhi m b n v chuy n v d ng c thnh ph n xc
nh b i x l nhi t thch h p.
V d : M t trong nh nh canxi c t nhin l cho
alic H2C2O4 vo m t th tch chnh xc c a m c. Thm vo
NH3 t t c canxi trong m c k t t i d ng canxi oxalate:
Ca2+ + C2O42- CaC2O4 (r)
K t t c l c, r a s y ng trong c c cn chnh xc, lm
kh, v nung nhi thch h chuy ng k t t a v d ng CaO:
CaC2O4 (r) CaO (r) + CO (k) + CO2(k)
C c v s n ph c lm ngu i, cn, suy ra kh ng c a CaO v hm
ng c a canxi trong m u.
-
Ch t c n phn tch ho c s n ph m phn h y c i nhi
thch h p. S n ph c thu v cn; ho c kh ng c a s n
ph nh m t cch gin ti p t s hao h t kh ng c a m u.
V d : Natri hydrocacbonat trong vin thu c ch ng nh b ng
cch cho tc d ng v i axit sunfuric long d chuy n ton b v CO2
NaHCO3 + H2SO4 CO2 (k) + H2O (l) + NaHSO4
CO2 c d n vo m t ng ch a ch t h p thu l NaOH r n. S khc
nhau v kh ng c a c v sau khi h c s d tnh kh i
ng c a natri hydrocacbonat trong m u thu c.
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
2.2. Tnh ch t c a k t t a v cc thu c th t o k t t a
K t t a c c n c nh ng tnh ch t sau:
D l c v d r a s ch cc ch t nhi m b n.
ha tan th trnh m b m t trong qu trnh l c v
r a.
Khng tc d ng v i cc ch t trong khng kh.
C thnh ph c lm kh ho c nung.
phn tch m t ch t trong m u b ng c n ph i dng
thu c th t o k t t a. Thu c th thm vo t t nh t ch ph n ng m t cch ch n
l c v i ch t c n phn tch t o k t t a. ng cc thu c th c hi u r t
hi m khi tc d ng v i ch m t ch t c n phn tch m tc d ng m t s gi i h n
cc ch t.
Ch m t vi thu c th c t t c cc tnh ch t trn.
ta s c k t t a d l c, nguyn
ch t c thnh ph nh.
2.2.1. c h t v tnh d l c c a k t t a
2.2.1.1. Cc y u t c h t c a k t t a
c h t c a k t t c t o thnh r t khc nhau.
K t t a t o thnh c th l cc k t t nh hnh c kch th c h t r t
nh khng nhn th y b ng m ng (t 10-7 n 10-4 ng knh). Cc h t
ng sa l ng t dung d ch v c l c.
K t t a t o thnh c c th l cc h t v c hng ch c l n l
s phn tn c a cc h c g i l cc th tinh th huy n ph. Cc h t
ng k t h p v i nhau v d l c.
K c h t c a k t t a b ng b i nh ng thng s th c nghi m n
ha tan c a k t t a, nhi , n ch t t o k t t a v t pha tr
t o nn k t t a. c a qu trnh hnh thnh k t t a hy cn ch
c hi u m .
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
Cc thng s ny ng th c h gi qua
qu bo ha t i c a h :
qu bo ha t i = S
SQ
Q l n c a m t ch t c th k t t a t dung d ch
ha tan c a k t t a.
Nh ng b ng ch ng th c nghi m ch ra r c h t c a k t t i
ng c v bo ha t i trung bnh trong su t th i gian thu c th c
thm vo. Khi (Q-S)/S l n th k t t a keo hnh thnh cn khi (Q S) nh th k t
t a xu t hi n d ng tinh th .
2.2.1.2. t o thnh k t t a
ng c bo ha t c h t c th c gi i thch
n u ta gi thi t r ng k t t c t o b i hai qu trnh khc nhau:
a) G n t o m m k t tinh
Trong m m k t tinh, m t vi ion, nguyn t ho c phn t (c l b n ho
t p h p v t o m t d ng r n b ng nh ng
c t o trn b m t c a cc ch t nhi m b ng, ch ng h t
b i.
b) G n l n ln c a k t t a
S k t t n s c nh tranh gi a s t o thm m m k t
tinh ho c s l n ln c a cc m m k t tinh c s n.
c h nh b
N u s l n ln chi th m t s ng nh c a cc h c l n
c t o thnh.
c) th s ng m m k t tinh N t l v qu bo ha
i c a dung d ch
Q SN k
S (2.1)
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
V i k l h s t l
t o k t t a tinh th h nn ti n hnh k t t a trong nh u
ki n th c nghi bo ha t i cng b cng t t.
2.2.1.3. K i m sot th c nghi m c c h t
Cc thng s m lm gi qu bo ha t i d n k t t a
tinh th h t l n t o thnh bao g m:
ha tan c a k t t a.
Dng cc dung d ch long t o k t t gi m Q)
Thm ch m thu c th nng vo v i nhau v khu y tr n m gi m Q
m t th m b t k)
Sau khi k t t a t o thnh nn c th cc k t t a k t tinh l i.
Cc h t l c b i ki ha tan
c a k t t a ph thu pH c a dung d ch.
V d :
Cc k t t a tinh th d l c c c t ng axit v a
ph mu i ha tan nh k t t c hon ton b i thm ch m
dung d th t t c canxi oxalate k t t a
h t.
Khng may, nhi u k t t a khng th c t i d ng tinh th i
nh u ki n th c nghi m th c t ng khi k t t ha tan qu
th p so v i gi tr Q th k t t a keo s xu t hi n.
V d : cc k t t a c a hydroxyt s t, nhm, crm v t a sunfua c a h u h t cc
kim lo i n ng ch d ha tan r t th p c a chng.
2.2.2. K t t a keo
Cc k t t ng b n trong m t th c
s d ng trong cc php phn tch tr ng v cc h t c a n qu nh l c.
Cc h t keo c th lin k t l i v i nhau thnh cc t p l tch kh i dung
d ch v c th l c b y tr n v thm cc ch n li.
2.2.2.1. S c a cc h t keo
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
Qu trnh lm cc h ng t p h p l i thnh nh ng h t l l c
c g i l s .
Cc h ng b n v chng tch y l n nhau.
n tch ny l do cc cation ho c cc anion lin k t trn b m t c a cc h t
keo.
ng c a cc ion l b h p ph trn b m t ch t r n ion do nh ng l c
lin k ng ch u trch nhi m cho h t l n ln.
V d :
Cc ion b c b m t c a h t AgCl c kh lin k t v i cc ion m do chng
v tr b m t. Cc ion m - trong dung d ch b ht v cc v tr ny b ng
l c ht v i cc ion clorua bn trong m i. Ion clorua trn b m t
c v i cc cation ha tan trong dung d ch.
Lo i v s ion b trn b m t h t c a cc h t keo ph thu c m t cch
ph c t p vo m t s thng s ng h p ph m
lo i tham gia vo thnh ph n k t t a.
V d :
Khi thm t t NaCl vo dung d ch AgNO3 th cc h n tch
+ cn ch h p ph ln b m t h t keo.
Khi k t t a h t Ag+ n u ti p t - th i n tch c a h t keo tr thnh
m do h p ph cc ion Cl-.
S h p ph m c a ion m i l v khi b m t b
ph b i cc ion m i th n tch c a h t keo tr thnh h ng s , c l p
v i n .
Cc ion h p ph trn b m t h t keo t o nn l p h p ph , v d l cc ion
Ag+. Bao quanh h n l m t l p dung d ch, g i l l i ch a
m Cl-. Cc ion b c h p ph v l i t o nn
l n tch kp lm b n cc h t keo ng n l i g n nhau
.
S c a cc h ng x y ra b i:
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
c bi t l khu y tr n m nh dung d ch.
Thm ch n li thch h n
c n c a m i h t. K t qu l th tch c a dung d ch ch cn
b n tch c a l p h p ph b gi m xu ng. Hi u ng t ng c ng c a
vi c thm m t ch n li l lm co l cc h ti n
l i g n nhau d .
2.2.2.2. S pepti ha
S pepti ha l qu trnh m t k t t chuy c l i v tr ng
u.
Khi m t k t t c r a, m t vi ch n ly ch u trch nhi m cho s
t c a chng b r a gi tch c a l i. Nh ng l y
ch u trch nhi m cho s c thi t l p l i v cc h t b tch l n
nhau. K t qu k t t a b m t do s pepti ha.
V c gi i quy t nh r a k t t a b ng dung d n li m
ch t ny s b c nung nng.
V d : k t t c r a s ch b i dung d ch HNO3 v k t t a khng
b ng do nhi m b n ch t ny v n bay h t t a.
2.2.3. K t t a tinh th
K t t a tinh th ni chung d l c v t b nhi m b t t a keo.
K c c a n c ki
c h t c th c l gi m Q b ng cch s d ng dung
d ch long, thm thu c th ch ng cch k t t a trong dung d ch
u ch ng t o k t t a.
S ha tan k t t a tinh th r i k t tinh l i c t t a tinh th h t l
l
2.3. Hi ng c ng k t
C ng k t l hi ng cc h p ch t ha tan khc b tch t dung d ch v gy
nhi m b n trong su t qu trnh t o k t t a.
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
Ch l dung d ch khng b bo ha b i cc ch t tham gia c ng k t. S nhi m
b n c a m t k t t a b i m t ch t th hai m tch s ha tan c a n b t th
khng g i l s c ng k t.
C b n lo i c ng k t: h p ph b m t, s t o thnh tinh th h n h p (c ng k t
ng hnh), n i h p v s b c.
Trong khi s h p th b m t v s t o thnh tinh th h n h p l cc qu trnh
cn b ng th n i h p v s b ng h c c a qu trnh l n ln c a
k t t a.
2.3.1. H p ph b m t
2.3.1.1. H p ph l ngu n gy ra nhi m b n chung
V i cc h t keo th s nhi m b do h p ph ln cc din tch b m t
l n c a cc h .
S h p ph c y ra trn b m t tinh th ng c
s ch c a tinh th do di n tch b m i nh c a chng.
S ng t c a cc h t keo khng lm gi s ng h p ph b i v cc
h t b t hy cn c di n tch b m t l n.
Cc ch t nhi m b n do c ng k t trn cc h g m cc ion m i
h p ph t u trn b m , v cc i i b gi trong l p
m ng dung d ch n m st h t. Hi u ng t ng c a hi ng h p ph b m t l
mang theo cc ch t ha tan khc khi b m t b nhi m b n.
V d :
K t t a AgCl trn b nhi m b n do h p ph cc ion Ag+ h p ph cng v i NO3- v
i khc trong l i. K t qu l b c nitrat c ng k t cng v i AgCl.
2.3.1.2. m thi u cc ch t b n h p ph trn h t keo
tinh khi t c a nhi u t c c i thi n. Su t qu
trnh ny, n c b y ra t ch t r cho k t t a l c di n tch b
m t nh lm gi m s h p ph .
R a k t t b ng dung d ch ch a ch n li d t
h u ch b i v nh ng ch c thay th
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
b i cc ch n li d ba a gi c nhi u cc ion
h p ph b m t b i v l c ht gi a cc ion ny v i b m t c a ch t r n qu
m nh. Tuy nhin c s i x y ra gi a ion trong l i v i cc ion
trong dung dich r a gi i.
Vi c r a k t t a b ng dung d ch axit s chuy n l i ph n l n thnh cc
ion H+. V v y ch cn ion Cl- v H+ b trn l p kp. HCl d
k t t c lm kh.
B t k l, m t k t t lun b nhi m b n m t
m m ch sau khi r a c n th n.
S k t t a l i
M t cch hi u qu gi m thi u ng c a s h p ph l lm k t t a l i
ho c k t t a hai l n. t r l c ha tan l i v cho k t t a l i.
Vi c k t t a l ng mang theo m t ph n ch t nhi m b n hi n di n
u. Khi dung d ch ch a k t t c ha tan s ng
ch t nhi m b i dung d u v th m ch t h p ph
trong su t qu trnh k t t a l n hai.
S k t t a l i t n nhi u th t c n thi t cho nh ng lo i k t t
c nhm v nh ng lo i k t t ng c ng k t
m nh v i nh ng hydrxit kim lo i n m, cadimi v mangan.
2.3.2. S k t t ng hnh
S t o thnh k t t ng hnh khi m t trong cc ion trong m i tinh th b
thay th b i m t ion khc.
i u ki n x y ra:
Hai ion ny ph n tch
K c c a n ch khc nhau khng qu 5%.
2 mu i ph i c cng m t ki u tinh th .
V d : B c t o thnh b i vi c thm bari clorua vo dung d ch ch a
ion sunfat. N u trong dung d ch c m t ch th BaSO4 b nhi m b n m nh b i
PbSO4, th m ch m c d t o thnh ch
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
sunfat. 2+ thay th m t vi ion Ba2+ trong tinh th bari sunfat.
T MnS trong CdS.
Gi i php:
- N u k t t ng hnh x y ra th vi c tch ion gy ra c c th c hi n
n k t t a cu i cng.
- Nn trnh s d ng nh ng thu c th thm vo c kh ng k t
ng hnh.
2.3.3. S n i h p v s b h c
Khi m t tinh th l n ln nhanh trong su t qu trnh t o thnh k t t a, nh ng ion
l trong l i c th b b
Cn s b c x y ra khi cc tinh th n m g n nhau trong su t qu trnh l n
ln s b y cc ti nh dung d ch trong tinh th .
C hai c th c gi m thi u khi t t o thnh k t t a ch
m nh.
2.4. ng d ng c ng
2.4.1.T ng quan
c p d ng cho nhi
c u ch t trung ha c, SO2, CO2, v iot. R t nhi u cc
ch t h nh b ng
ng. V d a, salixilat trong thu c, nicotin trong thu c tr
su, cholesterol trong ng c, v benzaldehyde trong d ch chi t qu h nh nhn.
B ng sau gi i thi u tm t t m t s ng h ng
ng.
Ch t phn tch Thu c th K t t a t o thnh D ng cn Ba2+ (NH4)2CrO4 BaCrO4 BaCrO4 Pb2+ K2CrO4 PbCrO4 PbCrO4 Ag+ HCl AgCl AgCl Hg2
2+ HCl Hg2Cl2 Hg2Cl2 Al3+ NH3 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 Be2+ NH3 Be(OH)2 BeO
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
Fe3+ NH3 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 Ca2+ (NH4)2C2O4 CaC2O4 CaCO3 ho c CaO Mg2+ (NH4)2HPO4 NH4MgPO4 Mg2P2O7 Zn2+ (NH4)2HPO4 ZnNH4PO4 Zn2P2O7 Ba2+ H2SO4 BaSO4 BaSO4 Sr2+ KH2PO4 SrPO4 SrP2O7
2.4.2. M t s thu c th h
S thu c th h c pht tri ng cc
ch phn thnh hai lo i:
- M t lo i t o nh ng s n ph m khng ion ha tan km g i l cc h p ch t n i
ph c.
- Lo i kia t o nh ng s n ph m t t gi a cc ch i thu c
th l lin k t ion.
Cc thu c th h o nn nh ng h p ch t n i ph c t nh t ph i c hai lo i
nhm ch c. M i lo i ch c c kh t v i m t cation b ng cch cho c p
ng nhm ch nh v trong phn t sao
cho m t vng 5 ho c su nh c t ph n ng. Nh ng thu c th lo i ny
c g i l thu c th chelat v s n ph m c c g i l cc chelat.
Cc chelat kim lo i khng phn c c v k t qu l c kh n a tan
th ng nh ng h p ch t ny
c mu s m v khng ht m nhi th p.
Gi i thi u m t s thu c th h c dng trong phn tch tr ng
8-hydroxyquinoline
X p x kho ng 20 cation t o ph c chelat v i 8-hydroxyquinoline. C u trc c a
magie 8-hidroxyquinoline l tiu bi u cho nh ng chelat ny.
N
OH
+ Mg2+
N
ON
O
Mg + 2H+
2
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
ha tan c a ph c gi a 8-hidroxyquinolin v i kim lo i trong kho ng
ph i r ng t cation n n cation khc v ph thu pH
b i v 8-hidroxyquinolin lun lun b tch H trong ph n ng t o chelat. V v y, ta
c th c m ch n l trong vi c s d ng 8-hydroxiquinolin
b i ki m soat pH.
Dimetyl glyoxim
L m t thu c th h u o k t t a v ng ki m y u. Ph n
ng x
CH3
CC
H3C
NN
OHHO
CH3
CC
H3C
NN OO
+ Ni2+
H3C
C C
CH3
N NO O
Ni HH + 2H+
2
Thu c th ny to l ch m ng nh c a niken c x l d
dng.
Bi t p
2.1. M t m u qu ng magnetite, Fe3O4, c phn tch b ng cch ha tan 1.5419-g
m u trong dung d ch HCl c. Sau khi thm HNO3 oxi ha Fe2+ to Fe3+ , dung
d ng v c r i thm NH3 k t t a h t Fe(OH)3.
Sauk khi l c v r a, r c 0.8525 g Fe2O3 nguyn ch t. Tnh
% kh ng c a Fe3O4 trong m u.
2.2. L y 0.6113-g m u h p kim ch a Al, Mg, v m t s kim lo em ha tan.
c cho k t t a v i 8- hydroxyquinoline. Sau khi l c, r a v s y
kh th thu c 7.8154 g (C9H6NO)3 v Mg(C9H6NO)2. Cn n ng
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
t a ny th thu c 1.0022 gam h n h p Al2O3 and MgO. Tnh % kh ng
Al v Mg trong m u h p kim.
2.3. Cn 0.1392 g m t m u Na3PO3 khng tinh khi a tan trong 25 mL
c. Cho t t t ng gi t vo dung d ch u ch t 50 mL dung d ch
HgCl2 3% w/v, 20 mL dung d ch natri acetate 10% w/v v 5 mL acetic acid
. PO33 b oxi ha thnh PO4
3 c k t t a Hg2Cl2. Sau khi l c
r a kt t a Hg2Cl2 c 0.4320 g. Tnh ph ng c a
Na3PO3 trong m u.
2.4. Cn 101.3-mg m u m t h p ch t h t chy trong oxi tinh
khi c thu trong cc ng h p th . ng h p th CO2
kh ng 167.6 mg, v ng h p th H2O t 13.7-mg. M t khc khi cn 121.8
mg m l b ng dung d ch HNO3 t o Cl2, ng v i Ag+, t o
262.7 mg AgCl. nh cng th n nh t c a h p ch t h
C5H2Cl2)
2.5. Cn 26.23-mg m u MgC2O4 H2O c ch i nung nn n kh ng
i 1200 C, c kh ng ch t sau khi nung l 20.98 mg. M t
khc m t m u nguyn ch t MgC2O4 H2O, khi x th y kh ng
i 69.08% so v i kh nh %w/w MgC2O4 H2O trong
m u trn.
2.6. Nhm c th nh b ng nh k t t a Al(OH)3
v chuy n v Al2O3. M t m u c ch a kho ng 0.1 g Al c ha tan trong 200
mL H2O v 5 g NH4Cl v m t vi gi t ch th methyl (methyl pH nh
v c mu vng pH trn 6). Dung d n
si r i thm t ng gi t dung d ch NH3 1:1 cho t i khi dung d ch chuy n sang
c k t t a Al(OH)3. K t t c gi m si c a dung d ch
trong vi pht, l c, v r a b ng dung d ch nng 2% NH4NO3. K t t
10001100 C, t o Al2O3.
a) Hy ch ra 2 cch trong th t c trn gip cho s t c h t
c l
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
b) c nung ph c ti n hnh c n th Al(OH)3 chuy n ha h t v
Al2O3. N u s chuy n ha khng hon ton th s no k t
k t bo co %w/w c a Al trong m u?
c) NH4Cl v ch th methyl g trong th t c ny?
d) M t th t c khc k t t a nhm v d ng 8-hydroxyquinolate, Al(C9H6ON)3. T i
sao th t c ny thu n l ch tr ng
2.7. nh b ng nh k t t i d ng
CaC2O4 .H2O, n sang d ng CaCO3. Mu c ha
c v 15 mL dung d ch HCl 6 M . Sau khi ha tan, dung d ch
n si v thm dung d ch ammonium oxalate.
Dung d c duy tr 80 C, v thm t ng gi t dung d ch NH3 6 M,
cng v i khu y cho t i khi dung d ch c tnh ki m y k t t a
c v dung d yn t nh t 1 gi . Sauk hi ki m tra k t t a
hon ton, m c, r a b ng dung d ch 0.1% w/v ammonium
oxalate, r i lm kh 100120 C trong 1 gi . K t t c chuy n
thnh CaCO3 trong l nung b ng cch lm kh 500 25 C cho t i kh i
i.
a) T i sao k t t a CaC2O4.H2O c chuy n v d ng CaCO3?
c cu i cng, n u m c nung nhi t qu cao m ng
CaCO3 c th chuy n ha v CaO. ng g n kh t qu bo
co %w/w Ca?
c) T i sao (NH4)2C2O4, thm vo dung d ng axit m khng
ngu ng ki m.
2.8. S t c th nh b ng cch k t t i d ng Fe(OH)3 n
Fe2O3. Cn m u phn tch r i chuy n vo c c c c
v 10 mL dung d ha tan hon ton m u. Oxi ha h t Fe2+ trong
dung d c b ng 1 2 ml dung d ch HNO3 tch
h c pha long ng gi t
dung d ch NH3 1:1 cho t i khi mi c a NH3 nh n r. Dung d ch c ti p t
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
si trong vi pht n a, k t t l ng xu nh. K t t c l c
r a b ng dung d ch nng 1% w/v NH4NO3 cho t i khi khng cn ion Cl- trong
c r a. Cu i cng, k t t nhi 500550 C n
kh i. Cn Fe2O3 c.
(a) N u vi c nung khng th c hi n u ki O2 th k t t a cu i cng s
chuy n m t ph n thnh Fe3O4. u ny s n k t qu
bo co %w/w Fe?
(b) K t t c r a b ng dung d ch NH4NO3. T i sao NH4NO3 c thm vo
c r a?
(c) T i sao c n thm NH3 n khi c mi r c a kh NH3?
(d) M t lm th ki m tra ion Cl- khng cn trong n c r a?
2.9. ng c a s t v mangan trong m t m u h p kim c th nh b ng
p k t t a v i 8-hydroxyquinoline, C9H7NO. Sau khi cn h n h p k t
t a, k t t a tan v l ng 8-hydroxyquinoline nh
b ng m
Trong m t php phn tch, cn 127.3-mg m u h p kim c ch a s t v mamgan
cng v i cc kim lo a tan trong axit v x nh
ng c a cc kim lo ngan c k t t a Fe(C9H6NO)3 v
Mn(C9H6NO)2, c kh ng t ng c ng l 867.8 mg. ng 8-hydroxyquinoline
trong h n h p k t t a ny l 5.276 mmol. Tnh %w/w Fe v %w/w Mn trong
m u h p kim.
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
3: AXIT-
A)
3.1. M t vi khi ni m v s chu v n
3.1.1. M t vi khi ni m v s chu
-Dung d ch chu n: l dung d ch ch a thu c th c n bi
th c hi n php chu .
-Php chu c ti n hnh b i thm t t dung d ch chu n t m t buret
vo dung d ch ch a ch t c n phn tch t i khi ph n c cho l x y ra hon
ton.
- c a m t php chu x y ra th ng ch t
chu n t dung d ch chu thm vo ph n ng v chnh xc ng ch t
c s t ng c a ph n ng chu .
m l thuy t m khng th nh b ng th c nghi m.
- m k t thc chu (g i t m cu i) l th m d ng chu
d a vo nh i v u ki n c
M i c g u nh cho s khc nhau v th
tch ho c kh ng gi m cu i l nh . S khc nhau
n sai s chu .
-Ch t ch th l ch c thm vo dung d ch ch a ch t c quan
st s i v t l t ng t c a n g n ho
m s bi i mu s c, s xu t hi n ho c m t mu
- Ch t chu n g c: l nh ng ch t tinh khi t phn tch (99.9%) khng b phn
h y ho c ph n ng v i cc ch t khc c trong khng kh trong qu trnh b o
qu n. N c i b ng v t
c h p th pha cc dung d ch chu n t cc ch t chu n g c, ta cn chng
b ng cn phn tch r i ha tan trong m ng dung d ch c th tch bi c.
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
-N u dung d ch chu c pha t nh ng ch tinh khi t cao do
qu trnh b o qu n th ta cn l a ch t ny pha trong dung mi
thch h p r i chu n l i dung d pha nh chnh xc n c a n.
-Chu tr c ti p: Dung d ch chu c thm t t vo dung d ch ch a
ch n khi ph n c hon thnh.
-Chu c: Cho m t bi t chnh xc c a dung d ch chu n
th nh t vo ch t phn tch, sau khi ph n ng x y ra hon ton, thm dung d ch
chu n th chu a ch t chu n th nh t.
Chu d m cu i c a php chu c r rng
i chu tr c ti p; ho c do ph n ng tr c ti p x y ra ch m c n ph i
thi t l u ki n (v d ph n ng x y ra hon ton.
3.1.2. N
-N mol(CM) l s mol ch t tan ch a trong 1 lit dung d ch ch a ch t tan
nguyn c a CM l M hay mol/l.
N ng(CN) l s ng gam ch t tan ch a trong 1 lit
dung d ch ch a ch nguyn c a CN ng gam/l.
nh lu ng: Hai ch t A v B ph n ng v v i nhau theo
nh ng s ng gam b ng nhau hay
VA.CN(A) = VBCN(B) (3.1)
V i VA v VB l nh ng th tch dung d tham gia ph n ng
CN(A) v CN(B) l n ng c a dung d ch A v B.
-N ph
Ph kh ng (w/w) = (kh ng ch t tan / kh ng dung d ch)
x 100%
Ph tch (v/v) = (th tch ch t tan / th tch dung d ch) x 100%
Ph ng trn th tch (w/v) =
= (kh ng ch t tan, gam / th tch c a dung d ch, ml) x 100%
-N ph n tri u (parts per million: ppm) (Cppm)
Cppm = (kh ng ch t tan / kh ng dung d ch) x 106 ppm
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Bi Xun V ng Ha Phn Tch ng
-N ph n t (parts per billion: ppb) (Cppb)
Cppb = (kh ng ch t tan / kh ng dung d ch) x 109 ppb
3.2. Khi ni php chu axit
axit a trn ph n i proton gi a cc
nh n c a chng.
nh c n: H3O+ + OH- = 2H2O
ng dng dung d ch chu n l cc dung d ch
axit m 2SO4 chu m, NH3, cc mu i
c l i, ng i ta dng cc dung
d ch chu n l cc dung d chu cc axit n 2SO4,
HNO3, cc axit h 3PO4
V cc ch t chu a ph n l n khng th a mn cc
yu c u phn tch, nn c n ph i chu l i b ng cc dung d ch chu n g
Na2B4O7.10H2O, H2C2O4.2H2O.
Trong qu trnh chu pH c a dung d i v khi vng g i m
t ng t gi tr pH c a dung d ch. L i d c
i ta s d ng nh ng ch i theo gi tr pH c a dung
d pht hi
Nh ng ch c g i l cc ch t ch th axit-
3.3. Cc ch t ch th axit-
3.3. nh ngh
Ch t ch th axit- ng l nh ng axit ho
d ng axit v d p c a chng c mu khc nhau. V d , m t ch t
ch th d c m t b i cn b ng sau:
HInd + H2O Ind - + H3O