T1- Ciclo Celular, Mitosisy Meiosis 2015
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Transcript of T1- Ciclo Celular, Mitosisy Meiosis 2015
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¿Qué es la Genética?
• La Genética es la ciencia que trata de
comprender cómo la Herencia Biológica
es transmitida de una generación a otra
–Estudio de la unidad de la herencia: GEN
–Estudio de los mecanismos y patrones deherencia de los caracteres biológicos
–La variabilidad entre los individuos.
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GENETICA
GENETICA
HUMANA
GENETICA
MEDICA
La Genética Médica atiende específicamente los
aspectos de la Genética Humana relevantes para las
enfermedades y su tratamiento
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La Genética Humana se enfoca
fundamentalmente a la familia:
La historia familiar se esquematiza en el
árbol genealógico (pedigree):
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Caracteres biológicos
Cuantitativos continuosEstatura
Presión arterial
Pulso
Cualitativos discretosSano – Hemofílico
Rh(+) - Rh(-)
Lóbulo unido – Lóbulo libre
(Oreja)
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1.ADN2. Gen
4. Genoma
5. Individuo
3. Cromosoma
7. Población
6. Familia
Cell
Niveles detransmisión de
la informacióngenética
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Clasificación de los
rasgos y enfermedadesgenéticas
• Monogénicos - mendelianas
- no tradicional
• Poligénicos
• Cromosómicos
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NUESTRO CURSO
Bases cromosómicas de la Herencia: Mitosis
y Meiosis
Cromosomas y cariotipo humano
Transmisión de los caracteres biológicos:
Leyes de Mendel
Herencia Mendeliana en el hombre
Herencia ligada al sexo
Bases moleculares de la herencia
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Ciclo celular Mitosis
Meiosis
Bases cromosómicas
de la herencia
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El cigoto es el punto de
partida del individuo
A partir de este cigoto o
huevo fecundado hay
múltiples divisiones y
diferenciaciones
celulares, para producirun organismo adulto con
1013 células
Las células se reproducen
duplicando su contenidogenético y
posteriormente es
repartido exactamente en
dos células hijas durante
la mitosis.
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Ciclo celular
Epitelio intestinal
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Renovación del epitelio
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Ciclo celular
G = gap
M = mitosis, el
DNA se divide
entre las dos
células hijas
División del citoplasma
y los organelos
Interfase:G1, S, G2
Fase M-Mitosis
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Cromat inacomplejo compuesto por ADN y proteínas
Eucromatina: zonas menos condensadas
Heterocromatina: zonas más condensadas
El núcleo interfásico
Toda la cromat ina se cond ensa
previamente a la divis ión
celular: c romosomas
El núcleo en fase M
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G1 S G2 M G1
2C
2n
4C
n
C
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Mitosis
Etapa del ciclo celular en el cual se produce la
división de las cromátidas hermanas (resultado
de la duplicación cromosómica en la fase S
anterior) generando dos células hijas con un
complemento cromosómico idéntico a la célula
parental.
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Etapas de la
mitosis
mitosis
2n
Núcleo interfásico
con dos pares decromosomas
homólogos
Cada cromosoma está formado por
dos cromátidas hemanas unidas
por el centrómero
Prometafase
Ruptura de la membrana
nuclear. Los microtúbulos
de cada polo se unen a los
centrómeros de cada
cromosoma
Metafase
Los cromosomas
se ordenan en la
placa ecuatorial
Profase
Se forma el huso mitótico.
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2 células hijas con la misma
información genética que la
célula original
Anafase
La fibras del huso dirigen el
movimiento de las cromátidas
hermanas hacia los polos
Citocinesis
2 células = 2nTelofase
Se forman las membranas
nucleares
Se descondensa la cromatina
Etapas de la mitosis
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Centrómero ycinetocoros
http://www.nyu.edu/classes/ytchang/book/e001.html
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mitosis
(raiz de
cebolla)
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Placa metafásica
Cromosomas
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Técnicas de bandeo cromosómico
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MEIOSIS
•Ocurre en organismoscon Reproducción Sexual
•
División reduccional
•Células diploides →Células haploides
•Genera Variabilidadgenética
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La meiosis comprende una replicación del ADN
seguida de dos divisiones celulares sucesivas
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Interfase
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Meiosis – (langosta, 2n=18)
Interfase pre-meiótica
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Profase I
• Condensación
cromosómica
• Se forma el huso
• Recombinación
(entrecruzamiento)
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Meiosis – Profase I:
Leptoteno
• Los cromosomas se
comienzan a
visualizar como
filamentos.
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Meiosis –Profase I: cigoteno
• Se realiza el
apareamiento o
sinapsis de los
cromosomas
homólogos• Formación
complejos
sinaptonémicos
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Meiosis - Profase I: paquiteno
• Se completa la sinápsis(complejos
sinaptonémicos)• Se observan n
bivalentes
• Se produce la
recombinación
(Crossing over)
(Entrecruzamiento)
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Meiosis –Profase I: diploteno
• Los homólogos se
repelen y quedan
unidos por los
quiasmas.• Los quiasmas indican
los lugares donde
hubo
entrecruzamiento enel paquiteno
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Meiosis - Profase I: diacinesis
• Aumenta la
condensación
cromosómica
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Sinapsis de los cromosomas homólogos
durante el paquiteno
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Metafase I
• Se rompió lamembrana nuclear.
•
Los cromosomasentran en contactocon las fibras delhuso.
•
Las fibras del huso seunen al centrómerode cada homólogo.
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Metafase I
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Anafase I temprana
• Se separan los
cromosomas
homólogos
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Anafase I tardía
• Los cromosomashomólogos se
separaron
completamente
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Anafase I
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ANAFASE I: Separación de cromosomas homólogos que recombinaron
en Profase I.
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Telofase I
• Reducción delnúmero cromosómico
• Formación de los dosnúcleos hijos, con
n cromosomas cada
uno(cada cromosomacon dos cromátidas)
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Profase IIMeiosis II
• La meiosis IIes similar a la
mitosis.
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Metafase II
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Metafase II
• Cromosomas en la
placa ecuatorial
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Anafase II
• Se separan las
cromátidashermanas
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Anafase II: Separación de cromátidas
hermanas
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Telofase II
4 células haploides
con n
cromosomas, con
una cromátidacada uno
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G1
S G2
M1 M2 Gametos Fec G1
2C
2n
4C
nC
b
1 par
cromosómico 2n 2c
La meiosis es f ente de
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La meiosis es fuente de
variabilidad genética1- Segregación al azar de los cromosomas
en la anafase I y anafase II. El número de
diferentes óvulos o espermatozoides producido por una persona es
más de 8 millones.
2- Recombinación genética entre los
cromosomas homólogos.
3- Distintas combinaciones entre óvulos y
espermatozoides en la fecundación
Segregación al azar de los cromosomas
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Segregación al azar de los cromosomas
homólogos
Muchas gracias!
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Muchas gracias!