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www.siemens.com/medical

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GRAPPA is a Siemens exclusive, k-space

based parallel imaging technique. GRAPPA

is important clinically because GRAPPA

can be applied through the entire body,

head-to-toe at smaller FoVs without

artifacts. All Tim matrix coils, array coils

and various combinations of coil elements

are compatible with GRAPPA. Both 2D

and 3D scans can utilize GRAPPA to speed

acquisition and/or resolution.

Clinical Role1. Higher Speed:

a) GRAPPA with Tim matrix coils

gives maximum freedom in

selecting the slice orientation

and acceleration factors.

b) Speed can be utilized to improve

temporal resolution in dynamic

studies and cardiac exams.

c) Reducing scan times and

breath-hold periods particularly

for uncooperative patients and

children can eliminate certainmovement artifacts (Figure 1).

2. Better resolution and anatomical

coverage:

a) The time saved with speed can be

utilized for high resolution scans

achieved in the same scan times

(Figures 2A2C).

b) Alternatively, the anatomical

coverage (increase TR and # of

slices) can be increased keeping

the time the same.

Figure 1: Primary sclerosing cholangitis. 2 min. 3D MRCP with iPAT factor 4.

Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals, Grosshadern,

Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.

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3. Reduction of artifacts:

a) Using GRAPPA permits MR

parameter changes like TE and

bandwidth that help reduce

susceptibility artifacts particularly

for EPI based sequences. This is

beneficial in the orbital, nasal sinus

and posterior fossa regions in the

brain.

Figure 3A: Without GRAPPA more distortions. Figure 3B: With GRAPPA less distortions.

Figure 4:

GRAPPA 2, 3D Fat Sat

VIBE, 120 slices in

16 sec breath-hold,

2 mm partitions.

Courtesy of NYU,

MAGNETOM Avanto.

Figure 2A: 3D WE TrueFISP, GRAPPA 2. Figure 2B: Fat Sat , GRAPPA 2, 2:12, 3.5, 8 cm. Figure 2C: GRAPPA 2, 2:00, 2 mm, 9 cm.

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