Support and Muscular Systems Life Science 2010 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 製作.

Support and Muscular Systems

Life Science 2010

鄭鄭鄭 (Ayo) 製作

Life Science 2000 2

Support systems Hydrostatic skeleton ： rigidity is maintained as

muscular contraction compresses body fluids. Hydrostatic skeletons are found in certain soft-bodied animals such as cnidarians, flatworms, and annelids.

Endoskeletons ( 內骨骼 ) Exoskeletons ( 外骨骼 )

Fig. 17.1 A crayfish after completing molting.

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Types of Connective tissue

Table 17.1 Connective tissues ( 結締組織 ) Dense ( 緻密的 ) connective tissue

Tendons Ligaments

Loose ( 鬆散的 ) connective tissue Fat(adipose) tissue ( 脂肪組織 ) Cartilage ( 軟骨組織 ) Bone ( 硬骨組織 ) Blood ( 血液 )

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Fig. 17-2 (a) The organization of compact and spongy bone.

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Fig. 17-2 (b) Note the Haversian system. Through the large opening the center, the Haversian canal, run the nerves and blood and lymph vessels that serve the bone.

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Fig 17.3 Cartilage cells. They usually occur in pairs. The cells secrete the matrix, in which they are embedded.

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Fig. 17.4 The ligaments of the knee form a very complex array of supporting and binding structures. The entire system is very vulnerable to twisting injuries, as can be attested by former great skiers and football players who are now virtual cripples because of injury to this delicate area.

大腿骨

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Fig. 17.5 The human skeleton. The axial skeleton is shaded orange and appendicular skeleton beige. Cartilage is shown in blue.

The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, although the number is a bit arbitrary because different people may have different numbers of bones.

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Fig. 17.6 The vertebral column. Vertebrae in each of the five regions indicated differ in shape, size, and function. Seven cervical vertebrae make up the flexible neck region, the upper two arranged to permit "yes" and "no" movements. The 12 thoracic vertebrae, one of which is shown enlarged, have special facets where the ribs attach.

腰椎(5)

胸椎 (12)

頸椎 (7)

尾椎(4)

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Fig. 17.7 Anatomical

landmarks and directions in the

human.


Fig. 17.8 Representative joints in the human body.


Fig. 17.9 Cnidarians lack mesoderm, hence they do not form true muscle. They can move slowly by contracting their outer ring of contractile fibers formed from ectoderm and an inner radially arranged set formed from endoderm.


Fig. 17.10 Cross section of a roundworm, Ascaris, a parasite of humans.


Fig. 17.11 A comparison of the musculature of an insect and a human,


Smooth muscle striated skeletal muscle cardiac muscle

Fig. 17.12 Three types of muscle tissue.

Life Science 2000 16Fig. 17.13 The attachment of the upper arm muscles.

二頭肌三頭肌

Antagonist muscles


Fig. 17.14 Ventral and dorsal views of the superficial muscles in the human.

Life Science 2000 18Fig. 17.15 Levels of muscle organization.


An ethical concern Research has indicated that higher levels

of testosterone are associated with increased aggression.

However, new studies have suggested that feelings of aggression are higher in men with lower levels of testosterone (and in women with lower levels of estrogen).

Why?


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Support and Muscular Systems Life Science 2010 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 製作.

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