Struktur Materi-freddy p Zen
Transcript of Struktur Materi-freddy p Zen
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Freddy Permana Zen, M.Sc., D.Sc.
Theoretical High Energy Physics Laboratory,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institute of Technology Bandung
STRUKTUR MATERI, UNIFIKASI
INTERAKSI DAN SIMETRI
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Democritus(late 5th Century B.C.)
Supposed that the cosmos consisted of
atoms and the void , i.e. very small
indivisible particle and empty space.
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Aristotle(384 322 B.C.)
Opposed atomism. Supposed the cosmos
consisted of a plenum of infinitely divisible
particles: Earth, Water, Air, Fire on Earth
and Aether in the heavens.
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Rene Descartes(1596 - 1650)
Followed Aristotle in believing the Cosmos
is full of invisible particles. Supposed
those particles whirling in vortices are
responsible for gravity of Earth and
planetary motion.
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Relativistic Quantum Mechanics + Field Theory = Quantum Field Theory
Classical
Mechanics
Special
RelativitySpeed of light, c
Quantum
MechanicsRelativistic
Quantum
Mechanics
Planck constant,
General Relativity, Gravitational Constant, G
Quantum Theory of Max Planck
Einsteins theory of relativity
String theory and superstring
Attractive by reason of the harmonious connection!
Max Planck
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The aesthetic unity and the harmony of the hole
But what is the meaning of Plancks , G and c? It turn up everywhere
where a natural phenomenon is probed to its depth. Is it a ground tone
of the universe? Simplicity in Complexity. The ground tone of all
Beethovens symphonies!
Quantum Gravity
(Planck Length)
(Planck Energy)
(Planck Time)
1/ 2
33
31.6 10
p
Gcm
cl
1/ 2
19
1.3 10p
cE GeV
G
1 / 2
43
50.5 10
p
G
t sc
There are no longer loose strains of music.
There is found to be a definite mutual connection.
They appear to be woven together in one grand symphony.
The symphony of the universe.
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The
Scientific
History of
the
Universe
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Planck Era (t < 1043 sec)
This era, the first instant, lasted for 1043
sec.
Because we are as yet unable to link quantum mechanics (our successful theory of the very small)
general relativity (our successful theory of the very large)
We are powerless to describe what happened in this era.
1043
sec after the Big Bang is as far back as our current science will
allow us to go. We suppose that all four natural forces were unified during this era.
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GUT Era (1043
< t < 1038
sec)
The Universe contained two natural forces: gravity
Grand Unified Theory (GUT) force
electromagnetic + strong (nuclear) + weak forces unified
This lasted until the Universe was 1038
sec old.
at this time, the Universe had cooled to 1029
K
the strong force froze out of the GUT force
the energy released by this caused a sudden and
dramatic inflation of the size of the Universe
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Electroweak Era (1038
< t < 1010
sec)
The Universe contained three natural forces:
gravity, strong, & electroweak This lasted until the Universe was 10
10sec old.
at this time, the Universe had cooled to 1015
K
the electromagnetic & weak forces separated
This was experimentally verified
in 1983:
discovery of W & Z bosons
electroweak particlespredicted to exist above 10
15
K
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Particle Era (1010
< t < 103
sec)
The four natural forces were now distinct.
Particles were as numerous as photons.
When the Universe was 104
sec old
quarks combined to form protons, neutrons, & their anti-
particles
At 103
sec old, the Universe cooled to 1012
K.
protons, antiprotons, neutrons, & antineutrons could no
longer be created from two photons (radiation)
the remaining particles & antiparticles annihilated each otherinto radiation
slight imbalance in number of protons & neutrons allowed
matter to remain
But electrons & positrons were still being created from photons.
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Era of Nucleosynthesis (103
sec < t < 3 min)
During this era, protons & neutrons started fusing
but new nuclei were also torn apart by the high temperatures
When the Universe was 3 min old, it had cooled to 109
K.
at this point, the fusion stopped
Afterwards, the baryonic matter leftover in the
Universe was: 75% Hydrogen nuclei (i.e. individual protons)
25% Helium nuclei
trace amounts of Deuterium (H isotope) & Lithium nuclei
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Era of Nuclei (3 min < t < 3.8 x 105
yr)
The Universe was a hot plasma of H & He nuclei and
electrons.
photons bounced from electron to electron, not traveling very
far
the Universe was opaque
When the Universe was 380,000 yrs old
it had cooled to a temperature of 3,000 K electrons combined with nuclei to form stable atoms of H &
He
the photons were free to stream across the Universe
the Universe became transparent
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Era of Atoms (3.8 x 105
< t < 109 yr)
The Universe was filled with atomic gas.
sometimes referred to as the Cosmic Dark Ages
Density enhancements in the gas and gravitationalattraction by dark matter
eventually form protogalactic clouds
the first star formation lights up the Universe
this provokes the formation of galaxies
and reionizes the intergalactic and interstellar gas
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Era of Galaxies ( t > 109 yr) The first galaxies formed ca. 1 billion years
after the Big Bang. This is the current era of the Universe.
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Empat Interaksi di Alam
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Family 1
Particle Mass (GeV) Electric charge Weak charge Strong charge
Electron .00054 -1 -1/2 0
Electron-Neutrino < 10-8 0 1/2 0
Up Quark .0047 2/3 1/2 red, green, blue
Down Quark .0074 -1/3 -1/2 red, green, blue
Particle Mass (GeV) Electric charge Weak charge Strong charge
Muon .11 -1 -1/2 0
Muon-Neutrino
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What is string theory?
All particles are
vibrations on an
infinitely long, thin
string
Strings may be open
or closed
Strings movingthrough time form a
world-sheet
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Space-time diagram
space space
time timeWorldline worldsheet
Point particle Open String
==0
space
time worldsheet
Closed String
=2=0
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Requires more than the conventional four
dimensions (length, width, height, time)
Ranges from 10 to 26 dimensions, depending
on the theory
Where are these dimensions and why cantwe see them?
Many different types of string theories
Open and closed string theories Numbers of dimensions and how they interact
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5 Types of String Theories
Type I
Type II A
Type II B Heterotic E8 x E8
Heterotic SO(32)
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Duality between theories
M-theory is described at low energy by 11 dim supergravity. This
theory has membrane and five branes as solitons but no strings.
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Is there a fundamental theory?
Called M theory, this theory issaid to unify the different stringtheories into one eleganttheory
Where M stands for: The MOTHER of all theories
Magic theory
Matrix theory
Membrane theory M is really an up-side-down
W forWitten, after itsdiscoverer in 1995.
M theory
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Unifying modern physics
Grand unified theories
Attempts to combine the weak, strong,
and electromagnetic forces
Does not include gravity, however
Supergravity Incorporates uncertainty principle into
general relativity
String theory
Particles are actually a thin, vibratingstring
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D-braneOpen string endpoints can stick to D-brane
Dp-brane
(p+1) dimensional plane
open string
Extra Dimensions
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Extra dimensions
Like the quantum mechanics
revolution of the 1920s, it is
the result of many new ideas
(from many people) comingtogether to give a radically
new picture of physics and of
the universe.
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Why do physicists think that there
are extra dimensions of space? Reason #1: string theory
Particle physicists developed string theory tounderstand quantum gravity to explain extremephysics such as goes on inside black hole.
In string theory, all the elementary particles aremerely different vibrating of a single substancecalled strings.
Physicists have shown that quantum theory onlyallows one unique theory of quantum string. butthere is a catch: quantum string need 9 spatialdimensions to wiggle in!
Reason #2: mysteries of particle physics All ordinary matter is composed of just three kinds
of elementary particles, but in particle accelerators
it produced many more. Reason #3: the Big Bang
The three spatial dimensions that we see arechanging accelerating of our universe.
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Dark Energy and Dark Matter Einstein introduced the cosmological
constant to balance out the attractive force ofgravity.
Hubble observed that the universe wasexpanding.
People began looking for dark energy anddark matter. Calculations based on their
findings suggest that dark energy and darkmatter are pervasive and accounts for 68 to81 percent of the cosmos.
If dark energy and dark matter are constantor increasing, the universe will go onexpanding forever. If they are decreasing, the
implication is that this energy was muchstronger in the past.
Candidate for Dark Energy : Casimir Vacuum Energy.
Candidate for Dark Matter : Axion and Superparticles
(Neutralino, Higgsino, Photino, Sneutrino, Gravitino)
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Compactification
Roll up the extra dimensions into somevery tiny but nonetheless interesting spaceof their own. This is called Kaluza Kleincompactification.
Make the extra dimensions really big, but
constrain all the matter and gravity topropagate in a three dimensional subspacecalled the three brane. These types oftheories are called braneworlds.
Calabi-Yau threefold representscompactified space of 6 dimensions of 11D
(microscopic ball). Orbifold compactification.
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Symmetry Principles
in the Universe
So turn thy vision again : Seest thou any flaw
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Symmetry in the Real World
Plants and animals exhibitmany forms of symmetry
Fish and Boats
One of the unsolved riddles:
Characteristics of living organism:
Different between living and non
livingThe Symmetry in Wings
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Symmetries
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Objects that are invariant undertransformationsare said to possess symmetry.
A sphere has continuous
rotational symmetry aboutany axis.
A cylinder has continuousrotational symmetry about
one axis.
Symmetries
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A snowflake hasdiscrete rotational
symmetry about
one axis.
Symmetries
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Four types of symmetry in a plane
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Simplex very sigullum!
For us to formulate powerful but simple equation is
the beginning of triumph. The structure in life matter
is not simple.
Modern cosmology: String theory, Superstring theory.
The problem of symmetry is not simple.
We enter into complexity. How to reconcile this.
Try to break through into Harmonious Unity
The Complexity of the Cell
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Symmetries and conservation laws
SymmetrySpace
translation
Time
translationRotation
Conserved
quantity
Linear
momentumEnergy
Angular
momentum
Noethers Theorem: For every
continuous symmetry of the laws of
physics there exists a conservation
law and vice versa.
- Emmy Noether (1915)
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Newtonian Mechanics is
unchanged (invariant) under
Translation in space
Rotation in space
Translation in time
Velocity boost
Reflection of space
Reversal of time
symmetry of left and right
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In Quantum Mechanics the conservation
laws follow automatically from symmetries
symmetry under time translation conservation of energy
symmetry under space translation conservation of linear momentum
symmetry under space rotation conservation of angular momentum
global gauge symmetry conservation of charge
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What about Supersymmetry?
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These two sets of physics
the small scale world of particle physics
the large scale world of massive
objects and cosmology
are completely incompatible with each other
The most important problem
in physics today
We need a quantum theory of gravity!
They cant both be right
History of the universe
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Time (second) Energy (GeV)
10-43 1019 Initial condition is assumed that all particles in thermal
equilibrium
10-36 1015 Breaking SU(5) GUT
10-10 102 Breaking SU(2L) x U(1)
10-6 1 Nucleon annihilation
10-4 10-1 Muon annihilation
10
-2
10
-2
2 x 10-3Muon neutrino decouple
< > < H
Electron neutrino decouple < > < H
4 0.5 x 10-3 Electron-positron pair annihilation entropy conservation
100 10-4 Helium nucleon synthesis
p + n d+
d+ dHe3 + n H3 +p
H3 + dHe4 + n
Free electrons are coupled
1012 10-9mh2
0.3 x 10-10
Energy = balance energy,m=r 1.68
Energy = recombination energy
p + e H
Photon coupled
History of the universe
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Could such a Symphony unfold
itself without a conductor?Even a blind one??
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The Conjunction of Science and Religion
It seem: Modern word is born of
an anti religious movement.
1) Man become self sufficient, and
2) reason supplant itself
We only heard about conflicts!
Science taking the place of
Religion?
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As tension prolonged:
The solution must be found on a different platform!
A platform of Equilibrium!
Not in elimination! Nor Duality!
But Synthesis!
The Rhythm Of The Atoms
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Neither of the two can be without the other!
The same life animates both
Science can not go to its limits withoutbecoming tinged with mysticism and faith
Faith: the universe has a direction!
Irreversible Perfection??
Edwin Hubble
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