Tentire M1(2)-Biokimia Sensori, Fisiologi Saraf, Dan Fisiologi Otot
STRUKTUR & FISIOLOGI - OTOT
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Transcript of STRUKTUR & FISIOLOGI - OTOT
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STRUKTUR & FISIOLOGI OTOT
Disediakan oleh:Nassruto
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Objektif Am- Memahami struktur & fisiologi otot
Objektif khusus:- Menghuraikan jenis-jenis otot- Menghuraikan ciri-ciri otot- Menerangkan fungsi otot- Melabelkan bahagian otot- Menerangkan kontraksi & relaksasi otot
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Pengenalan
• 40-50% berat badan• Kontraksi & relaksasi otot > pergerakan
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Jenis-jenis Otot
• Otot Skeletal (terkawal)• Otot Licin (luar kawal)• Otot Kardiak
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Otot KardiakOtot Kardiak- Involuntari @ di luar kawal- Otot yg membentuk dinding jantung (miokardium)- Struktur:
- Serat berjalur (actin & miosin) & bercabang- Nukleus di tengah2- Antara hujung serat2 otot dihubungkan oleh intercalate disk
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Otot licinOtot licin- Involuntari @ di luar kawal- Terdapat pd organ dalaman berkaviti (salur gastrousus) & salur
darah- Struktur:
- Serat otot tidak berjalur- Spindle shape (tebal di tengah & nipis di kedua2 hujung)- Nukleus di tengah2
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Otot SkeletalOtot Skeletal- Voluntari @ terkawal- Melekat pada rangka tulang- Cth triceps- Struktur mikroskopik:
- Serat otot berjalur- Nukleus di periferi- Panjang & bentuksilinder
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- Terdiri drp serat2 otot (sel2 otot) - Otot skeletal dilapisi oleh tisu penghubung = epimysium- Serat2 otot terkumpul dlmbentuk bungkusan = fascicle- Setiap fascicle dilapisi tisupenghubung = perimysium- Setiap serat otot dlm fascicle dilapisi oleh endomysium
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- Epimysium, perimysium & endomysium mengikat bersama-sama pd hujung serat otot membentuk tendon > attach pd tulang
- Serat otot terdiri drp miofibril
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- Miofibril berada dlm sarcoplasm (sitoplasma sel) & dilapisi oleh sarcolemma (membran sel)
- Setiap Miofibril terdiri drp filamen tebal & filamen nipis
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Myofilament tebal
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Myofilament nipis
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- Myofilament tebal (miosin) & myofilament nipis (actin, troponin dan tropomyosin) tersusun berulang-ulang = sarcomere
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Sarcomere- Di antara Z line- A band = filament tebal- I band = filament nipis- H zone = kawasan filament tebal & filament nipis tidak
bertindih
M line
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- Actin dan myosin mempunyai tarikan kimia yang kuat.- Dalam keadaan rehat, bahagian aktif molekul actin
ditutup oleh tropomyosin.- Troponin memegang tropomiosin- Kepala miosin dikenali sbg cross bridge > mendekatkan
ruang myofilament nipis & tebal
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Fisiologi Kontraksi Otot
- Mekanisma Sliding Filament:
Impuls saraf (neuron motor)
Di neuromuscular junction: Bebas Neurotransmiter cth Asetilkolin (Ach)
Melekat pada reseptor Ach pada end plate serat otot
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Konduksi impuls sepanjang sarcolemma
Menyebabkan Ca2+ dibebaskan oleh sarcoplasmic reticulum ke sarcoplasma
Mengikat pd troponin miofilament nipis
Menyebabkan pergerakan tropomyosin & dedahkan molekul actin
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Menyebabkan pembentukan cross bridge: kepala molekul miosin myofilament tebal mengikat pd molekul actin
Menarik myofilament nipis ke arah tengah sarcomere
Myofilament nipis mengelongsor melintasi myofilament tebal di tengah sarcomere
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Pengurangan jarak diantara Z-lines dalam sarcomere & berlaku pemendekan serat otot
Kontraksi otot
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Fisiologi Relaksasi Otot
Impuls berakhir
Channel Ca2+ tutup & pump Ca2+ secara aktif ke dalam sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ dibebaskan dr troponin myofilament nipis
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Molekul troponin & tropomiosin kembali keadaan asal: menyekat molekul actin
Berlaku pemisahan cross-bridges antara thin & thick filaments
Penambahan jarak diantara Z-lines dalam sarcomere & pemanjangan otot
Relaksasi otot
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Ciri-ciri Otot Skeletal
- Pergerakan oleh otot skeletal melibatkan:- pertemuan sekurang-kurangnya 2 tulang & 1 sendi
- Semasa otot berkontraksi:
• Satu tulang akan kekal pada posisinya,• Satu lagi akan bergerak
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- Otot melekat di antara pertemuan dua tulang- Tempat pelekatan otot:
- Origin: pusat lekatan yg tidak bergerak & tulang origin statik- Insertion: pusat lekatan yang bergerak & tulang insertion akan
bergerak ke arah tulang origin
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Otot Origin Insertion
Biceps Bracii Supraglenoid Tubercle scapoid
Tuberrocity Radius
Triceps Bracii glenoid cavity scapula
Olecranon process ulna
Teres major Inferior angle skapula
humerus
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Otot Origin Insertion
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternum & klavikel
Mastoid prosess di tulang temporal
Rectus abdominis
Pubic crest & pubic symphysis
Cartilage 5th-7th ribs & xiphoid
proses
External oblique Inferior 8th ribs Iliac crest & linea alba
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Otot Origin Insertion
Deltoid Acromial klavikel, acromion skapula
Deltoid tuberosity humerus
Gluteus medius ilium Greater trochanter femur
Gluteus Maximus
Iliac crest femur
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Ciri-ciri otot Huraian Contoh1. Arah serat otot
Mengikut midline body:- Rectus: selari dgn midline- Transverse: menegak dgn midline- Oblique: condong dgn midline
-Rectus abdominis-Transverse abdominis- Eksternal oblique
Ciri-ciri otot skeletalCiri-ciri otot skeletal
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Ciri-ciri otot Huraian Contoh2. Lokasi otot Struktur dimana otot
berada: -Otot berhampiran tulang frontal. -Otot berhampiran tulang tibia.
- Frontalis - Tibialis Anterior
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Ciri-ciri otot Huraian Contoh3. Saiz otot Saiz otot relatif:
-Maksimus: besar-Minimus: kecil-Longus: panjang-Brevis: pendek
Gluteal MaximusGluteal MinimusAdducor LongusPeroneus Brevis
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Ciri-ciri otot Huraian Contoh4. Bilangan origin otot
Jumlah Origin Tendon: -Biceps: 2 -Triceps: 3 -Quadraceps: 4
Biceps BraciiTriceps BraciiQuadraceps Bracii
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Ciri-ciri otot Huraian Contoh5. Bentuk otot Bentuk Otot Relatif:
-Deltoid: segi 3 -Trapezius: Trapezoid -Serratus: gergaji -Rhombodius: Intan
- Deltoid- Trapezius- Serratus Anterior- Rhombodius Major
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FUNGSI OTOT
Otot FungsiBuccinator, Epicranius, Frontalis, Occipitalis, Orbicularis oculi, Orbicularis oris, Platysma, zygomaticus
Expresi muka -menutup mata-bercakap
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Otot FungsiMasseterTemporalis
Mengunyah
SternocleidomastoidSplenius capitus
Menggerakkan kepala
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Otot FungsiRectus abdominisExternal obliqueInternal obliqueTransversus abdominis
Sebagai dinding abdominopelvik
DiaphragmExternal intercostalsInternal intercostals
Pernafasan
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Otot FungsiTrapeziusRhomboideus majorLevator scapulaeSerratus anterior
Menggerakkan pectoral girdle
Pectoralis majorDeltoidSupraspinatusInfraspinatusLitissimus dorsiTeres major
Pergerakan tangan
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Otot FungsiBiceps brachiiBrachialisBrachioradialisTriceps brachii
Pergerakan lengan bawah-Adduction-Extention
Flexor carpi radialisFlexor carpi ulnarisPalmaris longusExtensor carpi radialisExtensor carpi ulnarisExtensor digitorium
Pergerakan pergelangan tangan dan jari-Flexion-Extention
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Otot FungsiIlliopsoasGluteus maximusGluteus mediusTensor fasciae lataeAdductor longusAdductoe magnus
Pergerakan peha-Flexi-Extensi-Abduction
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Otot FungsiQuadraceps femorisHamstringsGracilisSartorius
Pergerakan kaki-Extend-Rotation-Flexi
GastrocnemiusSoleusPeroneus longusTibialis anteriorExtensor digitorium longus
Pergerakan kaki dan pergelangan kaki-Extention-Flexion
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