saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika msoflio asparezze maSin gamoCn­da, rodesac sisxlismRvreli pirveli msoflio omis Suaxanebi idga, ruseT Si samoqalaqo omi mZvinvarebda, Sin ki — revolucia. 1917 wlis oqtombris bol­Sevikuri revoluciis Semdeg saqarTvelos politikurma liderebma, somex da azerbaijanel revolucionerebTan erTad, gadawyvites SeeqmnaT amierkavkasi­uli saxelmwifo. amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis saxeliT cnobilma saxelm wifom, romelsac hqonda Tavisi parlamenti, anu seimi, mxolod 109 dRe iarseba, radgan erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda yvelaze didi sami kavkasi­uri eTnikuri jgufis — somxebis, azerbaijanlebisa da qarTvelebis — interesebi. 1918 wlis 26 maiss, seimis daSlidan or saaTSi, qarTveli liderebi Sexvdnen saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos. sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen qarTveli eris sxva dasxva warmomadgeneli: politikuri partiebis liderebi, adgilobrivi xe­lisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, muSebi da glexebi adgilobrivi sabWoebidan, tre­dunionistebi, religiuri winamZRolebi, armiis oficrebi, bankirebi da mewarmeebi.

stiven jonsi

ZveliTbilisi

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, 1918-1921

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos wevrebi,

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ga­mocxadebis Semdeg, Tbilisi.

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noe Jordaniam, saqarTveloSi yvelaze popularuli partiis, saqarTvelos social­demokratiuli mu­SaTa partiis, liderma gamoacxada, rom damoukide­bloba saqarTvelos „istoriis qariSxlisagan TavSesa­fars” miscemda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobas mxars uWer da germaniis mTavroba, romelmac saqarT veloSi dainaxa Tavis aRmosavleTis politikis strategi­uli mokavSire. germaniam saqarTvelos damoukide­bloba1918 wlis 28 maiss aRiara.

damoukideblobis moTxovna iyo qarTveli social­demokratebis politikuri evoluciis gamovlineba. isini 1917 wlamde ruseTis social­de­mokratiuli muSaTa partiis menSevikur frTas war­moadgendnen, magram mixvdnen rom ruseTTan kavSiri ukve SeuZlebeli iyo da rom TavianT erovnul fa­seulobebs mxolod suverenuli saxelmwifos farg­lebSi daicavdnen. damoukideblobis deklaracia, romelsac xeli 1918 wlis 26 maiss moewera, srul da Tanabar politikur uflebebs aniWebda saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes, ganurCevlad maTi erovnebisa Tu religiisa. qarTuli partiebis koaliciam Camoayali­ba droebiTi mTavroba, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda social­demokrati noe ramiSvili (igi erT TveSi, 1918 wlis ivnisSi, Secvala mTavrobis meTaurma noe Jordaniam).

saqarTevlosdamoukideblobis aqti

noe Jordania(1868­1953)

noe ramiSvili(1881­1930)

tredunionistebi — profesiuli kavSirebis warmomadgenlebi. profesiuli kavSirebi, zoga­dad, aris mSromelTa gaerTianebebi, romlebic miznad isaxaven mSromelTa dacvas, maTi xel­fasebis gazrdas, dasaqmebas, ukeTes samuSao pirobebs.

saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba

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1919 wlis TebervalSi Catarebul saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis ar­CevnebSi social­demokratebma didi upiratesobiT (80­ze meti procentiT) gai­marj ves da mTavrobis axali kabinetic, noe Jordanias xelmZRvanelobiT, ZiriTa­dad social­demokratebis SemadgenlobiT Camoyalibda. qarTveli liderebi maleve aRmoCndnen sasicocxlo problemebis winaSe: maT mravalferovani eTnikuri jgufebisagan unda SeeqmnaT axali saxelmwifo da CamoeyalibebinaT axali politikuri sazogadoeba. qveyanas gareT mtru­lad ganwyobili mezoblebi hyavda, xolo SigniT — separatistebi. saqarTvelos mimarT teritoriuli pretenziebi hqonda mezobel somxeTs, aseve safrTxes war­moadgenda rogorc rus moxaliseTa antibolSevikuri armia general denikinis meTaurobiT, ise bolSevikuri wiTeli armia — orives survili iyo bolo moRe­boda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas; saqarTvelos SigniT ki wyals amRvrevdnen bolSevikebi, mxars uWerdnen ra mTavrobis mowinaaRmdege Sida separatistebs, kerZod, ganawyenebul osebs (samxreT oseTidan) da afxazebs. im dros ekonomikac savalalo mdgomareobaSi iyo: saxelmwifos ar moepoveboda aranairi saarsebo resursi, ar iyo arc warmoeba da arc samuSao. saqarTvelo sawvaviTa da sakvebiT (xorbliT) azerbaijansa da ruseTze iyo damokidebuli, misi soflis meurneoba CamorCenili iyo, xolo ruseTis tradiciuli bazari samoqalaqo omis gamo da­ketili iyo qarTuli produqtebisaTvis — Tambaqosa da CaisaTvis. garemomcveli omebis gamo ltolvili xalxi — osmaluri TurqeTidan somxebi da CrdiloeTSi gabatonebul anarqias gamoqceuli rusebi — saqarTvelos moawyda. miuxedavad dapirebebisa, Zalian mcire iyo dasavleTis daxmareba (gansxvavebiT amJamind­elisgan). pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebuli germanelebis magivrad 1918 wlis dekemberSi saqarTveloSi britanuli armiis nawilebi Camovidnen. maT baqodan navTobis transportireba da transkavkasiuri rkinigzis funqcionireba unda uzrunveleyoT, Tumca britanelebma baTumSi darCenili TavianTi SenaerTebi 1920 wlis ivlisSi ukan gaiwvies. isic unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelosTvis brita­nelebis yofnas didad arc usafrTxoeba moutania da arc daxmareba. amrigad, warmoqmnilma qaosma, mTavrobis gamoucdelobam da daSvebulma Secdomebma mravalmxriv daazarala qveynis usafrTxoeba da Sedegad demokra­tiuli saxelmwifo, romelmac mxolod sam wels iarseba, sabWoTa ruseTma 1921 wlis TebervalSi Zalis gamoyenebiT daimorCila.

saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebis aRsaniSnavad gamarTuli aRlumi

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1918­1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli socialistebi iyvnen social­demokratebi. maT uari Tqves „socialisturi“ revoluciebis tradiciebze, rac me­20 saukunis CineTs, kubas, vietnamsa Tu afrikis kontinents axasiaTebda. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika iyo sruliad sapirispiro marqsizmis bolSevikebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli avtoritaruli xedvisa. qar­Tuli social­demokratia iyo mkveTrad proevropuli da evropel socialis­tebs bolSevizmis mankierebisgan gansxvavebul gzas sTavazobda. socialis­turi meore internacionalis liderebma — emil vandervendem, jeimz ramzi makdonaldma da karl kauckim 1920 wlis seqtemberSi imogzaures saqarTveloSi, raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxaT Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT mosuli msoflioSi pirveli social­demokratiuli saxelmwifo. maTze didi STabeWdileba moaxdi­na saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobis inovaciurma da improvizaciulma bunebam — Sereulma ekonomikam, mravalpartiulma sistemam, Tavisufalma presam da aqti­urma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam. axali respublika warmoadgenda evropuli liberalizmis, parlamenta­rizmis, nacionalizmisa da socializmis saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebel Teoriul nazavs. saqarTvelos social­demokratebi iyvnen pirvelebi evropaSi, vinc realurad xorci Seasxa social­demokratiis liberalur da yvelasaTvis Tana­bar variants, imas, rac evropaSi 1960­1970­ian wlebSi gaCnda. maT Camoaya­libes mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistema, demokratiuli adgilob rivi TviTmmarTveloba, gamoxatvis Ta­visufleba (aseve erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli eklesia da saxelmwifo) da ekonomikuri da politikuri plu­ralizmi.

socialisturi meore internacionalis liderebi saqarTveloSi, 1920

1918 wlis mart­oqtomberSi saqarTvelos teri­toriaze imyofebodnen germanuli samxedro nawilebi general kresen fon kresenStainis meTaurobiT. germanelebi saqarTveloSi saqarT­ velos mTavrobis TxovniT yirimidan qarTul navsadgurebSi — foTsa da oCamCireSi Semovid­nen. germaniis samxedroebi daexmarnen qarTve­lebs afxazi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. gaerTianebuli qarTul­germanuli garnizonebi ganlagda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva dasaxlebul punqtSi. germanelebma daiwyes saqarTvelos daxmareba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeqmnaSi. 1918 wlis oqtomberSi pirvel msoflio omSi damar­cxebulma germanelebma datoves saqarTvelo. germanuli jari TbilisSi

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social­demokratebs miaCndaT, rom WeSmarit demokratiaze gadasvla niSnavda parlamentisa da xalxis Zalauflebis erTobliobas, xolo ekonomikis sferoSi mxars uWerdnen mravalferovnebas — miwis kerZo sakuTrebis, mcire bi­znesisa da kerZo vaWrobis kombinacias, sadac moxdeboda strategiuli ekonomi­kuri interesebis nebayof lobiTi socializacia da nacionalizacia. samwuxarod, miznebsa da miswrafebebs xSirad realoba asamarebs da saqarT­velos SemTxvevaSic ase moxda: warmoebisa da vaWrobis katastrofulma vardnam, gare blokadam da samoqalaqo omma xel­fexi Seukra mTavrobas, rom sakuTari mo­qalaqeebis ekonomikuri da politikuri usafrTxoeba daecva. 1920 wlis bolos saqarTvelo bevri problemis winaSe aRmoCnda: hiperinflacia, TiTqmis gaufa­surebuli erovnuli valuta, rodesac samTavrobo xarjebis dasafarad saxelm­wifom angariSmiucemlad daiwyo bonebis beWdva, masobrivi umuSevroba, araorga­nizebuli sajaro samsaxuri, romelic ver axerxebda Semosavlebis (sagadasaxado da sabaJo) akrefas, raTa daxmareboda saxelmwifo institutebis funqcionire­bas. mTavrobam gadasaxadebis akrefis mizniT Seqmna sagadasaxado milicia (ro­melic waagavda prezident saakaSvilis finansur policias) da gaatara mTeli rigi admi nist raciuli reformebisa, rom rogorme moexerxebina dovlaTis momx­mareblamde mitana. magaliTad, Seiqmna momaragebis saministro, ekonomikuri sabWo, romelic uzrunvelyofda fasebisa da transportis marTvas da, rac gan­sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, gaatara miwis reforma, romlis Sedegadac miwa kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadaeca glexobas. mosaxleobis umravlesoba iZulebuli iyo emuSava Crdilovani ekonomikisTvis, xolo xelfasebi da Semosavali ver eweoda inflacias. biujetis xarjebi ver audioda usafrTxoebis saWiroebebs, saxelm­wifo Semosavlebi ki saxelmwifo xarjebis meoTxedze mets ver faravda. Seiara­Rebuli Zalebi iyo ususuri da qveyanas misi Senaxva Zviri ujdeboda. qveynis Tav­dacva moxaliseTa elitarul erovnul gvardias da regularul jars hqondaT ganawilebuli, amitom SeiaraRebuli Zalebi warmoadgenda ormag sistemas, sadac mudmivad iyo qiSpoba resursebis mosapoveblad da romelsac aklda marTvis er­Tiani struqtura. rac Seexeboda sagareo vaWrobas, saqarTvelos ar Seswevda una ri importisTvis valutiT gadaexada, magram xeli mihyo nedleuliT, anu mar­ganeciTa da qvanaxSiriT gadaxdas.

nacionalizacia — warmoebis saSualebebis, bankebisa da ekonomikis dargebis kerZo sakuTrebidan saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadasvla.

socializacia — damaxasiaTebeli normebis, wes­Cveulebebisa da warmodgenebis ama Tu im sazogadoebisTvis gadacema da gavrceleba.

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1917 wlis oqtombris bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Sedegad saqarTvelosa da ami­erkavkasiaSi fulis niSnebis deficits ukiduresi finansuri krizisi mohyva. vi­Tarebis gamosasworeblad amierkavkasiis axalma samxareo mTavrobam, komisari­atma, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen qarTveli, somexi da azerbaijaneli politikuri moRvaweebi, sakuTari fulis niSnebis gamoSvebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. fulis am niSnebs amierkavkasiis bonebs uwodebdnen. 1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mzadeba daiwyo erovnuli valu tis Sesaqmnelad — 1918 wlis ivnisSi dafuZnda „qarTuli fulis fondi“, romelsac momavali erovnuli valutis kursis simyare unda uzrunveleyo. fon­dis Sevsebis wyaro mosaxleobis Semowirulobebi iyo. 1918 wlis ivlisSi qar­Tuli fulis niSnebis proeqtis SesarCevi konkursi gamocxadda, specialurma komisiam gamarjvebulad mxatvar ioseb Sarlemanis eskizebi cno da saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 11 ivlisis N101 dekretiT mimoqcevaSi gamovida ioseb Sarlemanis eskizebis mixedviT dabeWdili qarTuli bonebi. 1920 da 1921 wlebSi gamoSvebuli bonebis mxatvrebi iyvnen dimitri SevardnaZe da henrik hrinevski. qarTuli bonebi maRalmxatvrul donezea gaformebuli. aversze (wina mxares) warwerebi qarTulenovania, xolo reversze (ukana mxares) moTavsebulia mokle rusuli da frangulenovani warwerebi. qarTul bonebze saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordaniasa da finansTa ministris konstantine kandelakis xelmowerebia. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam bonebis emisia (gamoSveba) sul xuTjer ganaxorciela. emisiaTa saerTo moculo­bam 18 mlrd 400 mln maneTi Seadgina.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrebi, 1920.

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mTavrobam krizisis periodSi mimarTa qmedebebs, rasac dRevandeli gad­mosaxedidan demokratiuls ver vuwodebdiT: daixura opoziciuri beWdviTi presa, erovnuli umciresobebis amboxebebi afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi uxeSad CaaxSes, ramac kidev ufro daamZima isedac krizisSi Sesuli usafrTxoeba. Caax­Ses gaficvebic da moxda kerZo sakuTrebis arakanonierad dataceba (rogorc Semdgomac moxda saqarTveloSi 1991­2012 wlebSi, sami sxvadasxva mTavrobis xe­lisuflebis pirobebSi). rCeba STabeWdileba, rom respublikas hqonda arasrulfasovani demokra­tia, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom saqarTvelo mudmivad iyo saomar mdgo­mareobaSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, rogorc saxelmwifoebi mTel msoflioSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis periodSi, iZulebuli iyo Careuliyo samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi, emarTa ekonomika da Tavi moeyara resursebisTvis. mTavroba kvlavac ganagrZobda Sereuli ekonomikis kurssa da cdilobda moezida dasavluri kompaniebi, ucxouri investiciebi CaedoT saqarTveloSi. Tuki misaRebia demokratiis robert daliseuli ganmarteba, rom es aris monawi­leobisa da sajaro ganxilvebis ufleba (sadac Sedis Tavisufali arCevnebi, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, gaerTianebis Tavisufleba), maSin saqarTvelos res­publika esadageboda demokratiis am gansazRvrebas. saqarTvelos erT­erTi mniSvnelovani problema 1918­1921 wlebSi iyo mezoblebTan mSvidobiani urTierTobebis damyareba da dasavleTis mTavro­bebis darwmuneba, rom eRiarebinaT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. ZiriTa­dad arsebobda oTxi prioriteti: axlad Camoyalibebuli erTa ligis wevroba; dasavleTis mTavrobebisgan de iure aRiarebis mopoveba, ruseTTan da TurqeT­Tan mSvidoba da somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan sazRvris dacvis xelSekruleba. saqarT velos mTavrobam sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver SeZlo Seesrulebina dasa­xu li amocanebi: nawilobriv sakuTari miswrafebebis, nawilobriv arakeTilgan­wyobili mezoblebis, nawilobriv saqarTvelos bed­iRblis mimarT evropelebis gulgrilobisa da nawilobriv sabWoTa ruseTis imperiuli miznebis gamo. 1920 wlis dekemberSi evropis saxelmwifoebma saqarTvelos uari uTxres erTa ligis wevrobaze; saqarTvelom de iure aRiareba miiRo 1921 wlis 27 ianvars mokavSire­Ta umaRlesi sabWosagan, magram ukve Zalian gviani iyo — es veRar Secvlida saqa­rTvelosTan dakavSirebiT sabWoTa mTavrobis gegmebs, rac gamovlinda kidec or kviraSi. teritoriuli konfliqtebi mezoblebTan ver mogvarda, xolo somxeT­Tan es 1918 wlis dekemberSi omSi gadaizarda.

saqarTvelos samferi droSa 1918­1921, 1990­2004

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miuxedavad gabeduli mcdelobisa, rom sabWoTa ruseTTan mSvidoba daem­yarebina, aRiarebis ormxrivi xelSekrulebis (moskovis xelSekruleba 1920 wlis 7 maisi) gaformebiT, saqarTvelos mTavroba uZluri aRmoCnda sabWoTa am­biciebis winaSe — Zalis gamoyenebiT gaevrcelebina imperiuli revolucia. 1921 wlis 11 Tebervals sabWoTa me­11 armia SemoiWra saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad med­gari winaaRmdegobisa, saqarTvelo damarcxda ruseTisa da TurqeTis upira­tesi Zalebis winaSe, romelic (TurqeTi) aseve amoqmedda teritoriebis, gansa­kuTrebiT, baTumis portis dabrunebis imediT. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika — es iyo mcdeloba, Rarib da nak­lebganviTarebul qveyanaSi Seqmniliyo axali tipis social­demokratiuli sa xelm wifo. miuxedavad garSemo mimdinare omebiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri qaosisa da saqarTvelos xelisufalTa gamoucdelobisa, qveyanas hqonda mniSv­nelovani miRwevebi. im droisaTvis saqarTvelo iyo erTaderTi, vinc demokra­tiuli sistema Camoayaliba iq, sadac es yvelaze naklebad iyo mosalodneli. samwuxarod, resursebis uqonlobis, mravaleTnikuri mosaxleobiT gamowveu­li Sina problemebis, agresiuli sabWoTa saxelmwifos momZlavrebisa da evro­pis gulgrilobis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda misi arsebobis SenarCuneba. saqarT velo cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom demokratia im dros mxolod mdidari qveynebis xvedri ki ar iyo, aramed sistema, romelic SeiZleboda yvelas daenerga, miuxedavad garSemo arsebuli arakeTilmosurne viTarebisa da ekonomikuri mdgo­mareobisa. samwuxarod, sabWoTa ruseTi ar aRmoCnda am eqsperimentis gagrZelebis mosurne.

bolSevikuri wiTeli armiis Semosvla TbilisSi, 1921 wlis Tebervali

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