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dwzwy :: 2010/2011 1
STAG 3073 Environmental Geology
Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob
Program Geologi
ukm
Konsep Asas Geologi Sekitaran
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Konsep asas Geologi Sekitaran (Coates, 1981)
• 1. Manusia adalah agen perubahan geologi
• 2. Bumi adalah unik
• 3. Bumi adalah sistem kepada sistem
• 4. Bumi adalah sistem tertutup
• 5. Proses geologi dan aktiviti manusia beroperasi dalam skala masa yang berbeza
• 6. Risiko dicirikan oleh hubungan manusia-planet
• 7. Kita amat bergantung kepada sumber bumi
• 8. Sumber bumi adalah terhad
• 9. Sumber bumi boleh diurus secara “mapan”
• 10. Pengurusan alam sekitar bermakna mengurus sikap manusia – education
• 11. Pemuliharaan dan penjagaan adalah sebahagian dari hubungan manusia-bumi
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• 1. Masalah utama alam sekitar akibat dari penambahan penduduk
• 2. Bumi adalah sistem tertutup
• 3. Bumi adalah habitat yang paling sesuai untuk kita dan sumber bumi adalah terhad
• 4. Proses fizikal bumi merubah landskap sepanjang masa geologi. Magnitud dan kekerapan proses ini bergantung kepada faktor perubahan samada secara tabii/buatan
• 5.Proses bumi adalah merbahaya kepada manusia. Bencana ini perlu dikenalpasti dan dielak dan kesan malapetaka ini dikurangkan.
LAPAN KONSEP ASAS GEOLOGI SEKITARAN
(Keller, E.A. 1992 )
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Konsep asas geologi sekitaran (samb.)
• 6. Perancangan guna-tanah dan guna-air mesti dipertingkatkan supaya seimbang di antara pertimbangan ekonomi dan variable yang kurang jelas/nyata spt aestetika (i.e. nilai; kecantikan)
• 7. Kesan guna-tanah adalah berbentuk kumulatif; dgn itu kita ada tangggung jawab kepada generasi yang akan datang
• 8. Komponen penting untuk alam sekitar ialah faktor geologi, pemahaman alam sekitar memerlukan pengetahuan yang luas tentang sains bumi dan disiplin yang berkaitan.
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Fundamental concepts of Environmental
Geology(Keller, EA. 2000, eight edition)
• 1. Population growth• The number one environmental problem is
increase in human population.
• 2. Sustainability (mapan/lestari/mampan )
• Sustainability is the environmental objective
• 3. Systems• Understanding the earth‟s systems and their changes is
critical to solving environmental problems.
• The earth itself is an open system with respect to energy,
but essentially a closed system with respect to materials
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• 4. Limitation of resources• The earth is the only suitable habitat we have, and its
resources are limited
• 5. Uniformitarianism• The physical processes modifying our landscape today have
operated throughout much of geologic time. However, the magnitude and frequency of these processes are subject to natural and artificial induced change
• 6. Hazardous earth processes• There have always been earth processes that are hazardous
to people. These natural hazards must be recognized and avoided where possible and their threat to human life and property minimized.
• 7. Geology as a basic environmental science• The fundamental component of every person‟s environment
is the geologic component, and understanding our environment requires broad-based comprehension and appreciation of the earth sciences and related disciplines.
• 8. Our obligation to the future• The effects of land use tend to be cumulative, and therefore
we have an obligation to those who follow us.
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1. Population growth
• Gareth Harden :
• Population increases; impact
increases; more resources
are needed.
• Problems:-• Pollution of ground and surface
waters;
• hazardous waste;
• exposure of people and human
structures to natural hazards.
Total environmental impact of population = product of impact per person
x the population
World population• World population
• 1830 – 1930: Human
population doubled from
1B-2B
• 2007: 6.6 billion
• 2010 : 6.9 billion people
on earth;
• Malaysia (27 M)
• Population bomb: exponential growth-very
dynamic process
• Human population
increases 1.4% annually
(Growth rate)
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Exponential “J” shape
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200 million lives
BOM POPULASI
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• The present population is already over the comfortable carrying capacity for the planet.
• The role of education is paramount; greatest hope for population control
• Pessimistic scientists:• Population growth will take care of itself thru disease and
catastrophes (famine lack of food) ; WAR
• Optimistic scientists:• Hope we will find better ways to control the population of
the world within the limits of our available resources, space and other environmental needs.
1. Population growth (cont…)
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BUBONIC PLAGUE (BLACK DEATH)
A disease spread by rats that causes fever,
swellings on the body and usually death
25-30m
Bacterial disease plague caused by the
bacterium Yersinia pestis1340
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One family, one child policy in China
control the population of the world
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ONE CHILD POLICY POPULATION
POLICY
?
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• The World Commission on Environment and Development
defined sustainable development in 1987:
“Sustainable Development is a form
of progress that ensures human
development and that „meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own
needs”
2. Pembangunan Mapan
Sustainability
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+ Respecting the limits of
environment, resources
& biodiversity
+ Sustainable economy
(opportunity for all)
+ Polluter pays principle
+ Efficient resource use
+ tax (landfill tax; waste tax)
+ new tax structure to
encourage population control
and wise use of resources
+ Policy based on strong
scientific evidence
+ good governance
+ ensuring a strong,
healthy & just society
+Sistem sosial,
perundangan, politik dan
pelajaran
Lestari / Mapan / Mampan / Sustainability
Sustainable Development• 2 pendapat :
(1) Environmentalist
Perlu jaga alam sekitar agar generasi akan
datang tiada masalah dengan
kemusnahan yg berlaku
– Cth: Ozon layer dan kepupusan
spesies
(2) Economists
Generasi akan datang akan mewarisi
kekayaan yang dihasilkan dari
penggunaan sumber sekarang ini
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£10 a slice (RM50)
Contoh
1. Tinggal di Seremban, memandu kereta NAZA
RIA seorang diri dan bekerja di UKM Bangi.
Merokok semasa memandu. Memakan
makanan yang ditanam dengan
menggunakan bahan kimia pesticide
2. Tinggal di Bandar Baru Bangi, menaiki
basikal ke tempat kerja di UKM Bangi dan
tidak merokok. Memakan makanan yang
ditanam sendiri secara organik
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Contoh
1. Tinggal di Seremban, memandu kereta NAZA
RIA seorang diri dan bekerja di UKM Bangi.
Merokok semasa memandu. Memakan
makanan yang ditanam dengan
menggunakan bahan kimia pesticide
2. Tinggal di Bandar Baru Bangi, menaiki
basikal ke tempat kerja di UKM Bangi dan
tidak merokok. Memakan makanan yang
ditanam sendiri secara organik
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• A system:
– Any defined part of the universe that we select for study
• Eg. A planet; a volcano; an ocean basin, river
• The Earth as a system
– A system with 4 parts• Atmosphere (air); hydrosphere (water); biosphere
(life); lithosphere (rock,soil); others:-humanosphere; oxysphere; cryosphere
• Responsible for the surface features of the earth
• Any change in magnitude/frequency of processes in one part causes changes in the other parts.
• “Principle of environmental unity”
3. Systems
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Mountain uplift
2. Precipitation (affect local hydrosphere)
Ocean
1 * Steeper slope (affect
lithosphere)
*erosion
*rate/types of sediments
Produced – types of rocks
created wind
Prinsip Kesatuan Alam Sekitar / Principle of
environmental unity3. Biosphere –
types of
animals/plants
with new
environment
(Everything affects everything else)
atmosphere
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• Earth is not static; rather, it is dynamic• Material and energy are constantly changing
• OPEN system
• True with respect to energy
– earth receives energy from the sun and radiates
energy back into space
• Exchange of matter
– Meteors fall to earth, and small amount of earth
material escapes into space as gas
• Earth‟s material is recycled within the
system• CLOSED system
• Water and rock cycles (analogous – space ship)
3. Systems (cont…)
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• FEEDBACK -- system response
– Two types of feedback
• NEGATIVE feedback: inducing the system to
approach steady state (GOOD)
– Eg. Erosion to river system steady state
• POSITIVE feedback: vicious cycle
– Eg. Offroad vehicle use high erosion rate
3. Systems (cont…)
dwzwy :: 2010/2011 23Bayang-bayang
+ve?
-ve?
Growth Rate
• Exponential growth (slow to fast)
• 2 important measures:
– (1) the Growth Rate (%)
– (2) Doubling time
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Doubling time
• Time for the quantity of whatever is being
measured to double
Rule of thumb: 70 ÷ growth rate
• Example, given Canada's net population
growth of 0.9% in the year 2006 (population 33
m), what is the doubling time?
• dividing 70 by 0.9 gives an approximate doubling time
of 78 years.
• Thus if the growth rate remains constant, Canada's
population will double from its current 33 million to 66
million by 2084.
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YEAR POPULATION
1 60,000
2 66,000
3 72,600
4 79860
5 87846
6 96630
7 106294
8 116923
% of growth Rate = 10% per year
Doubling time = 70/n = 70/10 = 7 tahun
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0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Series2
Doubling Time (7 years)
Doubling time = 70 / n
n = growth rate (%)
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(cancel out)
Example
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Let us say that a certain population has 28 births
and 8 deaths per 1,000 people in that population
for a certain year.
How fast is that population growing or shrinking
for that year?
Annual Rate of Population Change
= 28 - 8 = 2 %
10
The population is growing at 2% per year
(Growth Rate)
Malaysia
• Population (2009): 28.3 million.
Annual growth rate: 2.0%.
• Berapa tahun jumlah populasi Malaysia
akan berganda menjadi 56 Juta
orang??
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Doubling time = 70 / 2 = 35 tahun
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• Predicting changes in systems
– INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS• Method for analyzing change in open systems
• 3 types of change:--
• INPUT = OUTPUT– Steady state; not net change occurs
– EG: (1) University students
(2) Incoming solar radiation = outgoing radiation
• INPUT<OUTPUT– Use of resources such as fossil fuels or groundwater
– Fuel or water completely used up
• INPUT>OUTPUT– The stock will increase
– Buildup of heavy metals in lakes
– Pollution of soil and water
3. Systems (cont…)
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Dynamics of environmental component (Box model)
(Sink)
(Source) @ soil erosion
@ Sea floor sediment
Flux
Flux = pergerakan bahan dalam pool/reservoir
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3. Systems (cont…)
• AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME (ART)
– is a measure of the time it takes for the total stock
or supply of the material to be cycled through a
system.
– ART = Total size of the stock
the average rate transfer through the
system
– Example:
• If a reservoir holds 100 million cubic meters (m3) of water
and both the average input and output are 1m3/sec.
ART = 100 million m3
1m3/sec
= 100 million seconds (3.2 yrs)
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Size of stock/pool
average rate of transfer
through the system
Residence time?
Rate of transfer?
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Masa purata yang diambil
oleh bahan-bahan untuk
bergerak dalam satu
kitaran sistem
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4. Limitation of resources
• Two fundamental truths
– 1. the earth is indeed the
only place to live that is
now accessible to us
– 2. our resources are
limited, and while some
resources are renewable,
many are not.
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• Two major views on natural resources
– 1. Finding resources is not so much a problem
as is finding ways to use them (i.e. easy to find
new resources)
• Efficient and intelligent use of materials
– Use lightweight material to build a car
– New technology to save fuel
• We know more about extracting minerals than we
did in the past
– Find new resources faster
– Mining lower grade of minerals
• Recycling of resources can help us meet the needs
of the future.
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Old computer into gold
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Video: Recycling old computers
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– 2. A finite definite limit resources cannot support an exponential growth of people forever. And we are in a resource crisis due to:--
• Improvements in medical technology contributing to over population
• Ever increasing gross national product based on obsolescence (design not to last long) and waste.
• The finite nature of the minerals
• Increased risk of damage to the environment as a result of overpopulation, waste, deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, overuse of resources (water, energy, soil, minerals, animals, forests)
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Sumber• Sumber mineral tak pernah habis tetapi
menyusut nilai ekonominya “economically
depleted”• Kos mengekstrak dan penggunaan mineral yang tinggal
melebihi nilai ekonomi mineral berkenaan.
•Economically depleted = apabila 80%
dari kandungan mineral tersebut telah
diekstrak keluar dan digunakan.
•Kos bertambah untuk mengeluarkan
dan memproses mineral yang masih
tinggal (20%)
Ada 6 pilihan untuk mengatasi masalah sumber:--
1) Cari lagi (Carigali atau galicari)
“petronas carigali”
2) Recycle atau Reuse
3) Waste less
4) Use less (Reduce)
5) Cari bahan/teknologi ganti– sinthesis bahan
– alternative
6) Tunggu berjuta-juta tahun untuk
mendapatkan sumber yang baru
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styrene-butadiene rubbers
(S-SBR)
Konsep 3R
• Reduce
• Reuse
• Recycle
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2 R Concept
1. Reduce
2. Reuse
4 R Concept
1. Reduce
2. Reuse
3. Recycle
4. Rethink
+ Refuse
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Recycling
Ingot – solid piece of metal shaped like a brick
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5. Uniformitarianism
• The “present is the key to the
past” • James Hutton (1785)
• GAIA Hypothesis
• Fundamental concept of earth
sciences
• The process that we observe
today also operated in the past
Glacier valley
Ancient Gravel
• Examples:• Glacier valley
• Ancient gravel deposit on
the mountain
Gaia Hypothesis
• 1785 James Hutton “the father of
geology” said “Planet earth is a
super organism”
– Circulation of earth’s water = blood
– Ocean (heart of earth); forest (lung)
• 1970: James Lovelock introduced the
Gaia hypothesis
– Gaia (Greek goddess of the land)
– the earth is one super-organism
which can act to self regulate
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5. Uniformitarianism
• The “present is the key to the
future”• The effects of human activity on natural
earth processes (eg. Flooding)
• Increase OR decrease the frequency &
magnitude
• Use the past and present to predict the
future
• Eg: recent mudflow deposits on the area
proposed for housing development.
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5. Uniformitarianism
• Effect of human activity may be
very pronounced in a local area• Erosion:
– Construction site or cut slope is higher than
a total erosion in the jungle/forest/agriculture
area
– Eg: 1 year cutslope = many years jungle
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6. Hazardous earth processes
• Earth processes hazardous to people
• Must be recognized and avoided
• Reduce threat to human life and
property
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6. Hazardous earth processes
• Conflict between human vs nature
• Earth processes cause loss of
life/property damage• Flooding; earthquakes; volcanic; landslides;
mudflows
• Earth scientists – identified potentially hazardous processes
– make info available to planners/decision makers
– avoiding/minimizing the threat to human
life/property
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Mount St. Helens
Sebelum Selepas
"Vancouver! Vancouver!
This is it!"[
30-year-old
volcanologist
David A. Johnston
Mount St Helen (May 18, 1980)
Hazard map of volcanic eruption
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Kenalpasti kawasan berisiko dan maklumkan kepada orang ramai /
pemerintah / policy maker etc
Houses on fault, whose fault is it?
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7. Geology as a basic environmental science
• All geology can be considered environmental
• Be aware of contribution from other fields:– Biology, chemistry, env law, architecture, and
engineering, economic, etc.
• Strong interdisciplinary interest
• Most projects are complex• Physical; biological; human use & interest
• Physical factors -- geography; geologic processes; hydrologic processes; rock and soil types; climatology
• Biologic factors – nature of plant and animal; changes in biologic condition
• Human use and interest factors – land use, economics, aesthetics
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Example
• The planning, construction, and operation of sanitary landfill site:--
– Physical factors:
• Physical location, topographic;
• Soil type & hydrologic condition
– Biologic processes:
• Decay of organic refuse;
• contamination of biologic realm;
– Human interests:
• Good engineering practice
• Compliance with laws and regulations
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8. Our obligation to the future
• Prehistoric people: minimum impact
• Hunted Game !!!
• “Memburu dan kadang-kadangdiburu”
• Use of fire; agriculture; population increase; need more food; cut more trees (+ve feedback); waste problem
• The effects of land use tend to be cumulative, and therefore we have an obligation to those who follow us (sustainable development).
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8. Our obligation to the future
• Human activity remove soil or rock more than any other earth processes– Mountain building; river transport;
glasiers
– “Human activity is the most siginificant process shaping the planet”
• Land use or Land abuse or Land misuse– Mining
– Land clearance for development– “one generation of people replaces another,
but productive soils destroyed are seldom restorable and never replaceable”
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TAMAT