SRIMAD ANDAVAN ARTS & SCIENCE...
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SRIMAD ANDAVAN ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) BIOTECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS VOLUME - I PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Transcript of SRIMAD ANDAVAN ARTS & SCIENCE...
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SRIMAD ANDAVAN ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
BIOTECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS
VOLUME - I
PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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MICROBIOLOGY S.No TERMS CONNOTATION TAMIL MEANING
1 Abiotic factors Non-living factors that can affect life,
like soil, nutrients, climate, wind etc.
2 Absorption Field
An organized system of meticulously
constructed narrow trenches.
3 Acetogenic Bacterium An aerobic,(-)bacteria, that is
rod-shaped, that produce acetic acid as a
waste product.
4 AcetyleneBlock Assay Determines the release of nitrous oxide
gas used to estimate denitrification.
5 Acetylene Reduction
Assay
This is used to estimatenitrogenase
activity by measuring rate of acetylene.
6 Acid Soil Soil which has a pH value lesser than 6.6
7 Acidophile An organism that grows well in an acidic
medium (up to a pH of 1).
8 Actinomycete These are break into bacillary and coccoid
elements.
9 Actinorhizae The association present between
actinomycetes and roots of plants.
10 Activation Energy
The amount of energy required to bring all
molecules in one mole of a substance, to
their reactive state, at a given
temperature.
11 Active Site The location on the surface of the enzyme
where the substrate binds.
12 Adjuvant The material added to an antigen to
increase its immunogenicity.
13 Aerobic
This includes organisms that require
molecular oxygen to survive.
14 Aerobic Anoxygenic
conditions.
Photosynthetic process which takes place
under aerobic.
15 Agar
A dried hydrophilic, colloidal substance
extracted from red algae species, used as
a solid culture media for bacteria and
other micro-organisms.
16 Agglutinates
The visible clumps that are formed as a
result of an agglutination reaction.
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17 Agglutination Reaction The process of clumping together, in
suspension of antigen bearing cells,
micro-organisms.
18 Airborne Transmission A type of transmission, wherein the
organism is suspended in or spreads its
infection by air.
19 akinete
A resting non-motile, dormant,
thick-walled spore state of cyanobacteria
and algae.
20 Alcoholic Fermentation A fermentation process that produces
alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide from
sugars.
21 Algaee Phototrophic eukaryotic micro-organisms,
that maybe unicellular or multicellular.
22 Amino Acid Activation The first stage of synthesis of proteins,
where the amino acid is attached to
transfer RNA.
23 Aminoacyl or Acceptor
Site
(A site)
The site on the ribosome that contains an
aminoacyl-tRNA at the beginning of the
elongation cycle during protein
synthesis.
24 Ammonia Oxidation A test which is conducted during
manufacturing process, to evaluate
ammonia oxidation rate for nitrifiers.
25 Ammonification
Liberation of ammonia by micro-organisms
acting on organic nitrogenous compounds.
26 Amoeba
A minute protozoan, occurring as a single
cell with a nucleus, that changes shape by
extruding its cytoplasm
27 Amoeboid Movement
Movement by means of extrusions of the
cytoplasm, leading to formation of
foot-like processes
28 Amphibolic Pathways Metabolic pathways that function both
anabolically, as well as catabolically.
29 Autoimmune Disease A disease where the target is the body's
own tissues, that is, there is attacking
of self-antigens.
30 Autolysins
A lysin that originates in an organism,
which is capable of destroying its own
cells and tissues.
31 Axenic
Pure cultures of micro-organisms, that
is, which are not contaminated by any
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foreign organisms.
32 Bacteria
A domain that contains prokaryotic cells
that are notmulticellular Read more on
bacteria.
33 Bacteremia
Presence of bacteria in the blood.
34 Bacterial Artificial
Chromosome
A cloning vector that is derived from E.
coli, which is used to clone foreign DNA
fragments in E. coli.
35 Bacteriocin
Substances that are produced by bacteria
which kill other strains of bacteria by
inducing a metabolic block.
''
36 Bacteriostatic
An agent that inhibits the growth or
multiplication of bacteria, but does not
kill them.
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37 Beta Hemolysis
A clear zone seen around a bacterial
colony growing on blood agar.
38 Bioaccumulation
Intracellular accumulation of chemical
substances in living tissue.
39 Bioavailability
The extent to which a drug or other
substance becomes available to the target
tissue after administration.
40 Biodegradable The property by which a substance is
capable of being degraded by biological
processes.
41 Biodegradation The process of breakdown of substances by
chemical reactions.
42 Biostimulation
A process which helps catalyze the
activity of micro-organisms involved in
bio-degradation.
.
43 Biosynthesis Production of cellular constituents from
simpler compounds.
44 Blastomycosis
An infection caused due to Blastomyces
dermatitidis.
45 Capsid The outer proteinaceous coat of a virus.
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46 Carbon Fixation
Conversion of carbon-dioxide and other
single carbon compounds to organic
compounds .
47 Carboxysomes Polyhedral cell inclusions which form the
key enzyme of the Calvin cycle.
48 Catabolism
A process by which complex substances are
broken down into simpler compounds
&energy.
49 Conjugants type of sexual reproduction, seen in
protozoans.
.
50 Consortium Two or more members working together,
where each organism benefits from the
other, thus often performing functions
that may not be possible to carry out
individually.
51 Cosmid
A plasmid vector which can be packed in a
phage capsid.
.
52 Cyanobacterium A photosynthetic, nitrogen fixing
bacteria.
53 Cyst Resting stage of certain bacteria and
protozoans, wherein the entire cell is
surrounded by a protective layer.
54 Cytokine Non-antibody proteins released by a cell
when it comes in contact with specific
antigens.
55 Cytoplasm The protoplasm of a cell, exclusive of the
nucleus.
56 Cytoplasmic Membrane A selectively permeable membrane which is
present around the cytoplasm of the cell.
57 Defined Medium A medium whose quantitative and chemical
composition is exactly known.
58 Denaturation Process by which double stranded DNA
unwinds into two single strands.
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59 Denitrification Reduction of nitrate or nitrite into
simpler nitrogenous compounds .
60 Derepressible Enzyme Enzyme produced in the absence of a
specific inhibitory compound.
61 Diazotroph Organism capable of using dinitrogen as
its sole nitrogen source.
.
62 Differential Medium A medium with certain indicators, which
helps distinguish between different
chemical reactions during growth of
organisms on it.
63 Diffused Air Aeration A diffused air activated sludge plant
takes air, compresses it and discharges it
with force, below the surface of water
64 Dikaryon When two nuclei are present in the same
hyphal compartment
65 Dilution Plate Count
Method
A method of estimating the number of
viable micro-organisms in a sample
66 Disinfectant An agent that kills micro-organisms
67 DNA Fingerprinting Techniques by which possible differences
between different DNA samples can be
assessed.
68 Domain The highest level of biological
classification which goes beyond
kingdoms.
69 Endoenzyme Enzyme that acts along the internal
portion of a polymer.
70 Endonuclease The endoenzyme responsible for breaking
the phosphodiester bonds in a nucleic acid
molecule.
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71 Endospore An endospore is extremely resistant to
heat and other harmful agents.
72 Enrichment Culture Technique wherein environmental
conditions are altered to aid the growth
of a specific organism or group of
organisms.
73 Enteric Bacteria These are bacteria present in the
intestinal tract of humans and other
animals.
74 Episome An extrachromosomal replicating genetic
element found in certain bacteria.
.
75 Exoenzyme An enzyme which acts outside the cell that
secretes it.
.
76 Exons The region of a split DNA that codes for
RNA.
77 Extracellular Outside the cell.
78 Fertilizer Any organic or inorganic material added to
the soil to enhance the growth of plants.
79 Field Capacity Content of water remaining in the soil
after being saturated with water.
80 Filamentous In the form of very long rods, mostly seen
in bacteria. Seen as branching strands in
fungi.
81 Frustule
Siliceous wall and protoplasm seen in
diatoms.
82 Fulvic Acid The yellow organic material that remains
behind after removal of humic acid by the
process of acidification.
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83 Fungus Eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms that
live as saprophytes or parasites.
84 Gas Vacuole A sub-cellular organelle, found only in
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prokaryotes, which are gas filled
vesicles.
85 Gene Cloning Isolation of a desired gene from an
organism and its replication in large
amounts. It is used extensively in DNA
research.
86 Gene Probe A strand of nucleic acid which can be
labeled and hybridized to a complementary
molecule from a mixture of other nucleic
acids. It is helpful in DNA sequencing.
87 Genetic Code The information on the DNA, which is
required for the synthesis of proteins.
88 Glycosidase The enzyme responsible for hydrolizing a
glucosidic linkage between two sugar
molecules.
89 Growth An increase in the number of cells, and the
size and constituents present in the
cells.
90 Growth Factor Organic compound essential for growth
which is required in trace amounts, and
which cannot be synthesized by the
organism itself.
91 Growth Rate The rate at which growth occurs.
92 Halophile An organism that thrives, or at least
which can survive in a saline environment.
.
93 Hapten A substance not inducing antibody
formation, but which is able to combine
with a specific antibody.
.
94 Homofermentation
A type of fermentation where there is only
one type of end product generated.
95 Homokaryon
A fungal hypha containing nuclei which are
genetically identical.
.
96 Host An organism that can harbor or nourish
another organism.
97 Humic Acid
Dark colored organic material extracted
from the soil by the use of reagents and
which is precipitated by acid.
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98 Humification
The process of conversion of organic
residues into humic substances by
biochemical processes.
99 Hybridization Natural or artificial construction of a
duplex nucleic acid molecule by
complementary base pairing between two
nucleic acid strands derived from
different sources.
100 Hydrocarbon
An organic compound containing carbon and
hydrogen only.
101 Hyperparasite Parasite that feeds on another parasite.
102 Hyperthermophile
An organism that thrives in temperatures
ranging around 80 degrees Celsius or more. 80
.
103 Hypolimnion
This is the dense, bottom layer of water,
that lies below the thermocline, in a
thermally stratified lake.
104 Immobilization Conversion of an element from inorganic to
organic form.
105 Immunity The protection mechanism against
infections .
106 Immunoblot The technique for analyzing or
identifying proteins via
antigen-antibody specific reactions.
107 In vivo Inside the body. .
108 Infection Invasion and multiplication of
micro-organisms in body tissues, leading
to various diseases and disorders.
109 Infection Thread The tube in root hair, through which
rhizobia reach and infect roots.
110 Inoculate
To treat a medium with micro-organisms for
the purpose of creating a favorable
response.
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111 Isolation A procedure wherein a pure culture of an
organism is obtained from a sample or an
environment.
112 Lamella
Seen in plants as the layers of
protoplasmic membranes in chloroplast
that contain photosynthetic pigments.
113 Lectins Plant proteins with a high affinity for
specific sugar residues.
.
114 Ligand
A molecule, ion or group of molecules or
ions, bound to the central atom by means
of a chelate or coordination compound.
115 Lysis
The rupture and destruction of a cell,
resulting in loss of cellular contents.
116 Medium
A source where micro-organisms are grown.
117 Microbiology
The study of micro-organisms, often with
the aid of a microscope.
118 Micrometer One millionth of a meter (10-6 meters).
119 Micro-organism
An organism that is too small to be seen
by the naked eye.
120 Mold
A group of saprophytic or parasitic fungi
causing a cottony growth on organic
substances.
121 Mycophagous Organisms that eat fungi.
.
122 Nanopore Soil pore having dimensions in
nanometers.
123 Nitrogenase
The enzyme required for biological
nitrogen fixation.
124 Non-polar
A substance that is hydrophobic and does
not easily dissolve in water.
125 Northern Blot
Hybridization of single stranded DNA or
RNA to RNA fragments.
126 Nucleic Acid A high molecular weight nucleotide
polymer.
-
127 Nucleoid
The nuclear region of certain organisms
like bacteria, which contains
chromosomes, but which is not limited by
a nuclear membrane.
128 Oligotroph
A microorganism that has adapted itself to
grow in environments that are low in
nutrients.
.
129 Oospore
Thick walled spore formed in an oogonium
by fungus like organisms like the phylum
Oomycota.
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130 Operon Genes whose expression is controlled by a
single operator.
.
131 Parasitism
Feeding by one organism on the cells of a
second, normally larger organism, thus,
harming the host.
132 Parasexual Cycle
A nuclear cycle wherein genes of haploid
nuclei recombine without meiosis.
.
133 Particle Density Density of particles present in soil.
134 Particle Size
Effective diameter of a particle measured
by sedimentation or micrometric mathods.
135 Pasteurization
Process of using heat to kill or reduce the
activity of micro-organisms in
heat-sensitive materials.
136 Pathogen
An organism that is capable of causing an
infection, or harming a host cell.
137 Pathogenicity
The ability of a parasite to infect or
inflict damage on a host.
138 Peat
Unconsolidated soil material consisting
mostly of undecomposed organic matter
with excessive moisture content.
.
139 Pellicle
A rigid protein layer just below the cell
membrane.
140 Periplasmic space
The area between the cell membrane and
cell wall in Gram negative bacteria.
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.
141 Perithecium Flask shaped ascocarp open at the tip.
142 Phosphobacterium
Bacteria that are good at dissolving
insoluble inorganic phosphate that is
present in soil.
143 Photoautotroph
Self-sufficient organisms that can
generate energy from light and carbon
dioxide.
.
144 Phototaxis
Movement of an organism, or a part of it,
towards light.
.
145 Phycobilin Water soluble pigment that is seen in
cyanobacteria and is the light harvesting
pigment for Photosystem II.
146 Pilus
Fimbria like substance present on fertile
cells that deals with transfer of DNA
during the process of conjugation.
147 Polar Flagellation The presence of flagella at one or both
ends.
148 Protoplast A cell devoid of cell wall.
.
149 Pour Plate
The method of performing a plate count of
micro-organisms.
.
150 Radioimmunoassay
An immunological assay that makes use of
radioactive antibodies or antigens to
detect certain substances.
151 Reaction Center
A photosynthetic complex containing
chlorophyll and other compounds.
152 Reannealing
The process seen on cooling, where two
complementary strands of DNA hybridize
back into a single strand.
153 Recalcitrant Resistance of an organism to a microbial
attack.
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154 Replication
Conversion of one double stranded DNA
molecule into two identical double
stranded DNA molecules.
155 Reverse Transcription Process of copying information from RNA to
DNA.
156 Rhizobacteria
Bacteria that are found in roots, where
they aggressively colonize. -
157 Rhizosphere Competence Ability of an organism to colonize the
rhizosphere.
158 Sanitization
Elimination of pathogenic or harmful
organisms, including insect larvae,
intestinal parasites and weed seeds.
159 Secondary Metabolite Product of intermediary metabolism
released from a cell, for example,
antibiotic.
.
160 Selective Medium A medium that is biased in allowing only
certain types of micro-organisms to grow.
161 Siderochromes
The compounds that are synthesized by the
micro-organisms themselves, which are
responsible for iron uptake.
162 Slime Layer
A diffuse layer found immediately outside
the cell wall in certain bacteria.
163 Solarization
A technique to control the growth of
pathogens, wherein a plastic sheet is used
to cover moistened soil in hot climates,
thereby trapping the incoming radiation.
164 Spermosphere
The area seen around a germinating seed,
where there is increased microbiological
activity.
.
165 Spread Plate
A technique for performing a plate count
of micro-organisms.
166 Strain
Population of cells, all of which arise
from a single pure isolate.
167 Substrate
A base on which an organism is grown. They
can also be the substances on which
compounds and enzymes act.
168 Symbiosis
Two dissimilar organisms, living
together. Their association maybe
-
commensal or mutualistic.
169 Synergism
Association between two organisms that is
mutually beneficial.
170
Systemic
Something that involves the entire body
and is not localized in the body.
171 Teichoic Acids
All wall, membrane or capsular polymers
containing glycerophosphate or ribitol
phosphate residues.
172 Terminal Electron
Acceptor
The last acceptor of the electron, as it
exits the electron transport chain.
173 Thermocline
That point in a lake, where there is a
drastic drop in temperature with increase
in depth.
174 Thermophile
An organism that grows best at
temperatures around 45 and 80 degrees
Celsius.
175 Ti plasmid
A conjugative tumor inducing plasmid that
can transfer genes into plants. Seen in
the bacterium Agrobacterium tunefaciens.
Ti
176 Toxin
A foreign substance present in the body,
which is mostly generated by
micro-organisms, that is capable of
inflicting damage on the host cell.
177 Transduction
The process where host genetic
information is transferred through an
agent like a virus or a bacteriophage.
178 Transgenic
Genetically modified plants or organisms,
which contain foreign genes, which have
been inserted by means of recombinant DNA
techniques.
179 Transposable Element A genetic element that can be transposed
from one site on a chromosome to another.
180 Transposon
Transposable element which, in addition
to transposable genes, carries other
genes.
..
181 Transposon Mutagenesis
A mutant phenotype is formed by
inactivation of the host gene, which
occurs due to the insertion of a
transposon.
..
182 Vesicles
Spherical structures formed
intra:cellularly, by certain arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi.
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183 Vector
An agent that can carry pathogens from one
host to another. It can also denote a
plasmid or virus used in genetic
engineering to insert genes into a cell.
184 Vegetative Cell
A growing or actively feeding form of a
cell, as against a spore.
185 Viable Count
Measurement of the concentration of live
cells in a microbial population.
186 Vibrio
Curved, rod-shaped bacteria that cause
cholera, belonging to the genus Vibrio.
187 Virion
The virus particle and the virus nucleic
acid surrounded by a protein coat.
188 Virulence The degree of pathogenicity of a parasite.
189 White Rot Fungus
Fungus that attacks lignin, along with
cellulose and hemicellulose, leading to
marked lightening of the infected wood.
190 Wild Type
Strain of a microorganism that is isolated
from nature.
191 Xenobiotic A compound that is foreign to the
biological systems.
192 Xerophile
An organism that is capable of growing at
low water potentials, that is, in very dry
habitats.
.
193 Zymogenous Flora
Refers to micro-organisms that respond
rapidly by enzyme production and growth
when simple organic substrates become
available.
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IMMUNOLOGY S. NO TERMS CONNOTATIONS TAMIL MEANING
1 Acquired immune
response
Immunity mediated by lymphocytes and
characterized by antigen-specificity and
memory.
2 Acute phase proteins Serum proteins, mostly produced in the
liver, which rapidly change in
concentration.
3 Addressin Cell adhesion molecule present on the
luminal surface of blood and lymph
vessel.
4 Adjuvant Any substance which nonspecifically
enhances the immune response to
antigen.
5 Affinity The strength of binding between a
receptor and a ligand.
6 Affinity
Chromatography
The use of immobilized antibody (or
antigen) to select specific antigen (or
antibody) from a mixture.
7 Allele Variants of a polymorphic gene at a
given genetic locus.
8 Allergen An antigen which causes allergy.
9 Allergy IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, e.g.
asthma
10 Allogeneic Genetic differences between individuals
of the same species.
11 Allograft Tissue or organ graft between allogeneic
individuals.
12 Allotype An allelic variant of an antigen.
.
13 Anaphylatoxin A substance (e.g. C3a, C4a or C5a)
capable of directly triggering mast cell
degranulation.
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14 Anaphylaxis Fatal hypersensitivity reaction by IgE.
15 Anergy Reversible specific immunological
tolerance in which the lymphocyte
becomes functionally nonresponsive.
16 Antibody(Ab
)-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity (ADCC)
A cytotoxic reaction in which an
antibody-coated target cell is directly
killed by an Fc receptor-bearing
leukocyte.
17 Antigen (Ag) Any molecule capable of being
recognized by an antibody or T-cell
receptor.
18 Antigenic determinant A cluster of epitopes.
19 Apoptosis A form of programmed cell death. 20 Autologous From the same individual.
21 Autoimmune disease Disease caused by an immune reaction
against an individual's own tissues.
22 Avidity (functional
affinity)
Binding strength between two molecules
(e.g. antibody and antigen) taking into
account the valency of the interaction
23 Autoradiography A technique for detecting radioactive
isotopes in tissues.
24 Avidin Glycoprotein found in egg white who has
a very high affinity and binds to biotin.
25 Basophil A type of granulocyte found in the blood
and resembling the tissue mast cell.
26 BCG (bacille
CalmetteGurin)
Attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis
used both as a specific vaccine for
tuberculosis and as an adjuvant.
27 Biolistics The use of small particles, e.g. colloidal
gold, as a vehicle for carrying agents
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(drugs, nucleic acid, etc.) into a cell.
28 Bispecific antibody Artificially produced hybrid antibody.
Each of the two antigen-binding arms is
specific for a different antigenic epitope.
29 Bursa of Fabricius A primary lymphoid organ in avian
species.
30 B cell Type of lymphocyte that produces
antibodies.
31 Biochemicals Chemicals produced within living
organisms.
32 Biolistics The use of small particles, e.g. colloidal
gold, as a vehicle for carrying agents
(drugs, nucleic acid, etc.) into a cell.
33 Biological barriers The bodys first layer of protection
against harmful microbes.
34 Blood-forming stem
cells
immature cells in the bone marrow that
multiply extensively and produce RBC
and platelets.
35 Capping An active process whereby cross-linking
of cell surface molecules .
36 Caspases A family of cysteine proteases involved
in generating apoptosis.
.
37 CD antigen Cluster of differentiation designation
assigned to leukocyte cell surface
molecules.
38 Cell-mediated
immunity (CMI)
Refers to T-cell mediated immune
responses.
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39 Central memory Immunological memory that is
dependent on CCR7+ T-cells
40 Central tolerance Specific immunological tolerance due to
the induction of lymphocyte apoptosis
41 Chemokines A family of structurally-related cytokines
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which selectively induce chemotaxis and
activation of leukocytes.
42 Chemotaxis Movement of cells up a concentration
gradient of chemotactic factors.
43 Chimeric Composite of genetically distinct
individuals.
.
44 Citrullination The enzymatic conversion, by peptidyl
arginine deiminase, of an arginine in a
protein to a cittruline.
45 Class switching The process by which a B-cell changes
the class but not specificity of a given
antibody it produces
46 Clonal deletion A process by which contact with antigen
(e.g. self antigen) at an early stage of
lymphocyte differentiation leads to cell
death by apoptosis.
47 Clonal selection The selection and activation by antigen
of a lymphocyte bearing a
complementary receptor
48 Clone Identical cells derived from a single
progenitor.
49 Colony stimulating
factors (CSF)
Factors that permit the proliferation and
differentiation of hematopoietic cells.
50 Congenic Animals which only differ at a single
genetic locus.
51 Convergent evolution Independent evolution of similarity
between molecules or between species.
52 Cyclophosphamide Cytotoxic drug used as an
immunosuppressive.
.
53 Coombs test Diagnostic test using anti-immuno
globulin to agglutinate antibody-coated
-
erythrocytes.
54 Cyclosporine A A T-cell specific immunosuppressive
drug used to prevent graft rejection.
55 Cytokines Low molecular weight proteins that
stimulate or inhibit the function of
immune cells.
56 Cytotoxic Kills cells.
.
57 Cytophilic Binds to cells.
58 Danger-associated
molecular pattern
(DAMP)
Molecule produced by necrotic cells.
Provides danger signals to activate the
immune response following tissue
damage.
59 Defensins Family of small basic antimicrobial
peptides, produced by both animals and
plants.
60 Delayed-type
hypersensitivity (DTH)
A hypersensitivity reaction occurring
within 4872 hours and mediated by
cytokine.
-
61 Dendritic cell An antigen-presenting immune cell .
62 Differential splicing The utilization and splicing of different
exons from a primary RNA transcript in
order to generate different mRNA
sequences.
63 Differentiation antigen A cell surface molecule expressed at a
particular stage .
64 DiGeorge syndrome Immunodeficiency caused by a
congenital failure in thymic development
65 DNA vaccine Vaccines that often use naked DNA
(DNA not associated with a cell or a
virus) with instructions for making
protective antigens.
66 Edema Swelling caused by accumulation of fluid
in the tissues.
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67 Effector cells Cells which carry out an immune
function, e.g. cytotoxicity.
68 ELISA (enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay)
Assay for detection or quantitation of an
antibody or antigen using a ligand (e.g.
an anti-immunoglobulin) conjugated to
an enzyme.
69 Endocytosis Cellular ingestion of macromolecules
70 Endotoxin Pathogenic cell wall-associated
lipopolysaccharides of Gram(--)bacteria.
71 Eosinophil A class of granulocyte, the granules of
which contain toxic cationic proteins.
72 Epitope That part of an antigen recognized by an
antigen receptor .
73 EpsteinBarr virus
(EBV)
virus responsible for infectious
mononucleosis and Burkitts lymphoma.
used to immortalize human B-cells in
vitro.
74 Erythema The redness produced during
inflammation due to erythrocytes
entering tissue spaces.
75 Erythropoiesis Erythrocyte production.
76 Exotoxin Pathogenic protein secreted by bacteria.
77 Exudate The extravascular fluid (containing
proteins and cellular debris) which
accumulates during inflammation.
78 Epidemic An outbreak of disease that
simultaneously affects an atypically large
number of individuals within a
population.
79 Estrogen Steroid hormone produced by the
ovaries. Responsible for promoting
development.It may play a role in certain
immune system diseases.
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80 Fab Monovalent antigen-binding fragment
obtained following papain digestion of
immunoglobulin.
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81 Fibroblast Connective tissue cell which produces
collagen and helps in wound healing.
82 Fluorescein
Isothiocyanate (FITC)
Green fluorescent dye used to tag
antibodies for use in
immunofluorescence.
83 Foam cell Macrophages which have engulfed low
density lipoproteins.
84 Follicular dendritic cell MHC class II-negative Fc receptor +
dendritic cells which bear immune
complexes on their surface . Generation
of antibody-secreting . B-cell memory in
germinal centres
85 Follicular helper T-cell Subset of helper T-cells that direct B-cell
development, class switch
recombination and survival within
germinal centers.
T
86 Freunds adjuvant Complete Freunds adjuvant is an
emulsion of aqueous antigen in mineral
oil that contains heat-killed
Mycobacteria.
87 Gammaglobulin The serum proteins, mostly
immunoglobulins, which have the
greatest mobility towards the cathode
during electrophoresis.
88 Germ line The arrangement of the genetic material
as transmitted through the gametes.
89 Germinal center Discrete areas within secondary
lymphoid tissues where B-cell
maturation and memory development
occur.
90 Giant cell Large multinucleate cell derived from
fused macrophages and often present in
granulomas.
91 Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of renal glomerular
capillary loops.
-
.
92 Graft Versus Host
(GVH) reaction:
Reaction occurring when T lymphocytes
present in a graft recognize and attack
host cells.
93 Granulocyte Myeloid cells containing cytoplasmic
granules.
94 Granuloma A tissue nodule containing proliferating
lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and giant cells .
95 Granzymes Serine esterases present in the granules
of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells.
96 Gut-Associated
Lymphoid tissue (GALT)
Includes Peyers patches, appendix and
solitary lymphoid nodules in the
submucosa.
-
97 Haplotype The set of allelic variants present at a
given genetic region.
98 Helper T Lymphocyte
(Th)
A subclass of T-cells which provide helps
functioning by other cells in the
immune system.
T
99 Hemagglutinin Any molecule which agglutinates
erythrocytes.
100 Hematopoiesis The production of erythrocytes,
leukocytes and platelets.
,
.
101 Hematopoietic stem
cells
Self-renewing stem cells that functyions
hematopoiesis.
102 High Endothelial
Venule (HEV)
Capillary venule composed of specialized
endothelial cells allows migration of
lymphocytes into lymphoid organs.
103 Hinge region Amino acids between the Fab and Fc
regions of immunoglobulin.Permit
flexibility of the molecule.
104 Histamine Vasoactive amine present in basophil
-
and mast cell.
105 HLA (human leukocyte
antigen)
The human major histocompatibility
complex MHC)
106 Homing receptors Cell surface molecules that direct
leukocytes to specific locations in the
body.
107 Homozygous Possessing the same allele at a given
locus on the two homologous
chromosomes.
108 Humanized antibody A genetically engineered monoclonal
antibody of non-human origin.
109 Humoral Pertaining to extracellular fluid such as
plasma and lymph.
109 Hybridoma Hybrid cell line obtained by fusing a
lymphoid tumor cell with a lymphocyte
which then has both the immortality of
the tumor cell of the lymphocyte.
110 Hypersensitivity Excessive immune response ,e.g. tissue
or organ damage.
111 Hypervariable regions Those amino acid sequences within the
immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor.
112 Idiotope: An epitope made up of amino acids
within the variable region of an antibody
or T-cell receptor which reacts with an
anti-idiotope.
113 Idiotype The complete set of idiotopes in the
variable region of an antibody or T-cell
receptor which react with an
anti-idiotypic serum.
114 Idiotype network A regulatory network based on
interactions of idiotypes and
-
anti-idiotypes.
115 Immune complex Complex of antibody bound to antigen
116 Immunoadsorption Method for removal of antibody or
antigen by allowing it to bind to solid
phase antigen or antibody.
117 Immuno fluorescence Technique for detection of antigens by
the use of a fluorescently tagged ligand.
118 Immunogen Any substance which elicits an immune
response.
.
119 Immunoglobulin
superfamily
Large family of proteins characterized by
possession of immunoglobulin-type
.Domains approx 110 amino acids.
120 Immunological
synapse:
A contact point between the T-cell and
antigen.
121 Immunotoxin A biochemical consisting of an immune
targeting molecule such as an antibodY
with a cytotoxic molecule.
122 Inflammasome A multi-protein cytoplasmic complex
that promotes inflammation.
123 Inflammation The tissue response to trauma,
characterized by increased blood flow
and entry of leukocytes into the tissues
124 Innate immunity Immunity which is not intrinsically
affected by prior contact with antigen
125 integrins: A family of heterodimeric cell adhesion
molecules.
-
126 Interdigitating dendritic
cell
Antigen-presenting dendritic cell found
in T-cell areas of lymph nodes and
spleen.
T
127 interferons (IFN) IFN and IFN (type I interferons) can be
induced in most cell types, whereas IFN
is produced by T lymphocytes.
128 Interleukins Designation for some of the cytokines
secreted by leukocytes.
129 Internal image An epitope on an anti-idiotype which
binds in a way that structurally and
functionally mimics the antigen.
130 Invariant chain A polypeptide which binds MHC class II
molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum.
131 Ir (immune response)
genes
The genes, including those within the
MHC. Determine the overall level of
immune response to a given antigen.
132 Isotype An antibody constant region structure
present in all normal individuals.
133 ITAM(Immunoreceptor
Tyrosine-based
Activation Motifs)
Amino acid consensus sequences
recognized by src-family tyrosine
kinases.
134 ITIM(Immunoreceptor
Tyrosine-based
Inhibitory Motifs)
Present in the cytoplasmic domains of
certain cell surface molecules.
135 J chain molecule which form part of the
structure of pentameric IgM&dimeric
IgA.
136 Joining (J) gene
segments
Found in the immunoglobulin and T-cell
receptor gene, encode part of the third
hypervariable region of the antigen
receptors.
-
137 Junctional diversity Diversity of the splice junctions in the
recombined variable (V), diversity (D)
and joining (J) gene segments of
antibody and T-cell receptor (TCR)
genes.
138 K (killer) cell A generic term for any leukocytes which
mediates antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity (ADCC)
139 Kinins Family _polypeptides released during
inflammatory responses .Increase
vascular permeability and smooth
muscle contraction.
polypeptides
140 KIRs Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors
found on NK cells, some gd and some ab
T-cells.
141 Knockout Use of homologous genetic
recombination in embryonal stem cells
to replace a functional gene with a
defective copy of the gene.
.
142 Kuppfer cells Fixed tissue macrophages lining the
blood sinuses in the liver.
143 Lamina propria The connective tissue underlying the
epithelium at mucosal sites.
144 Langerhans cell Fc receptor and MHC class II-positive
antigen-presenting dendritic cell found
in the skin.
-
145 Large granular
lymphocyte (LGL)
Large lymphocytes which contain
cytoplasmic granules and function as
natural killer (NK) and killer (K) cells.
146 Lectins A family of proteins which bind specific
sugars on glycoproteins and glycolipids.
-
147 Leukocyte WBC, which include neutrophils,
basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and
monocytes.
148 Leukotrienes Arachidonic acid produced by the
actions of lipoxygenase and proudced by
mast cells, basophils and macrophages.
149 Light chain (L chain) The smaller of the two types of chains
that comprise a normal immunoglobulin
or antibody molecule.
150 Lipopolyssacharide
(LPS)
Endotoxin derived from the cell wall of
Gram negative bacteria
151 Lymph The tissue fluid that into and through
the lymphatic systema through the
lymphatic vessels.
152 Lymphadenopathy Enlarged lymph nodes.
153 Lymphocyte A small mononuclear cell with a round
nucleus with densely packed chromatin .
154 Lymphokine-activated
killer cells (LAK)
Killer and natural killer cells activated in
vitro by exposure to cytokines .
Lymphokine
155 Lymphokines substances secreted by lymphocytes
156 Lymphotoxins Cytotoxic cytokines secreted by
lymphocytes.
-
.
157 Lysosomes Organelles which contain hydrolytic
enzymes.
.
158 Lysozyme An enzyme present in tears, saliva, and
neutrophils. Digests mucopeptides.
159 Macrophage A large phagocytic cell of the
mononuclear series found within tissues.
160 Major
histocompatibility
complex (MHC)
A cluster of genes, encoding cell surface
molecules. Polymorphic &code for
antigens which lead to rapid graft
rejection .
161 Membrane attack
complex (MAC)
Multicomponent complement complex
which assembles on the surface of a
target cell and causes their lysis.
162 Memory
(imunonological)
In the immune system, memory denotes
an active state of immunity to a
speci16fic antigen,
163 MHC restriction The ability of T lymphocytes to respond
only when they recognize the
appropriate antigen in association with
"self"MHC class I or 2
164 Migration inhibition
factor (MIF)
A lymphokine that inhibits the motility
of macrophages in culture.
165 Minor
histocompatibility
antigens
These antigens, encoded outside the
MHC, are numerous, but do not
generate rapid graft rejection or primary
responses of T cells in vitro.
166 Mitogen Substance that estimulate that can
stimulate resting cells to proliferate.
167 Mixed lymphocyte
culture
In vitro test for cellular immunity in
which lymphocytes from two individuals
are cultured together .To observe MHC
-
proliferative response
168 Monoclonal antibody An antibody derived from the progeny of
a single B-cell.
169 Monocytes Large circulating phagocytic cells which
are the precursors of the tissue
macropages.
170 Monokines Cytokines secreted by macrophages and
monocytes.
.
171 Monomer Any molecule composed of a single unit,
such as a single polypeptide chain.
172 Mononuclear
phagocyte system
A system that comprises tissue
macrophages and their precursors
173 Myeloma A tumour of plasma cells, generally
secreting a single species of
immunoglobulin.
174 Myeloma protein The immunoglobulin product secreted
by a myeloma cell
175 Natural alloantibodies Antibodies against foreign antigens
found in the serum of normal,
unimmunized individuals. Most probably
arise as a result of exposure to
cross-reacting bacterial antigens (e.g.
anti-A and B blood cell antigens)
176 Natural killer cells Non-T, non-B lymphocytes found in
normal individuals and capable of killing
some tumor cells and some
-
virus-infected cells independently of
bound antibody to the target cell.
177 Nude mice A mutant strain of mice that have no
thymus and are hairless. This strain of
mouse is very useful in immunological
research
178 Null cells An early population of lymphocytes
that lacks T-and B-cell differentiation
antigens, so they cannot be assignet to
the B nor to the T lineage.
179 Oncogene Any gene whose protein product plays
a key role in cell division, thus
contributing to excessive cell growth and
tumor formation. Oncogenes may be
found in normal cells as well as in
cancer-causing viruses.
.
180 Opportunistic pathogen Organisms of low virulence that are
unable to cause disease in a healthy
individual.
181 Opsonin Any substance that facilitates
phagocytosis of a particle to which it is
bound.
182 Opsonization The coating of a particle with antibody
and/or complement (opsonins) that
leads to enhanced phagocytosis of the
bacterium by phagocytic cells.
183 PAF Acron for Platelet Activating Factor An
organic medioator of inflammation that
is released during platelet activation.
184 Paracortex The region located between the cortex
and medulla of lymph nodes in which T
cells predominate.
-
185 Paratope The antigen combining site on an
immunoglobulin that is complementary
to na epitope (part of the antigenic
determinant).
186 Passive agglutination The agglutination of inert particles by
antibodies directed against antigens
bound to their surface
187 Passive immunization Immunization of one individual by
introduction of preformed antibodies or
immune cells from another individual.
188 Phagocytes Cells whose prime function is to engulf cells
and particulate matters (phagocytosis).
They include macrophages and related
cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils
189 Phagocytosis The engulfment of a particle or a
microorganism by leukocytes.
190 Phagolysosome A structure produced by the fusion of a
phagosome and a lysosome following
phagocytosis.
191 Phagosome The cytoplasmic vesicle that encloses an
ingested organism during phagocytosis.
192 Phenotype The physical expression of an individual's
genotype.
.
193 Phytohemagglutinin
(PHA)
A lectin derived from the red kidney
bean. It acts as a T-cell mitogen.
-
194 Pinocytosis Ingestion of liquid or very small particles
by vesicle formation in a cell.
195 Plasma cell A fully diferentiated B cell able to
procude and secrete large amounts of
antibodies.
196 Polyclonal activator A substance that induces activation of
many individual clones of either T or B
cells. See Mitogen.
197 l gammopathies The appearance in serum of a high level
of immunoglobulins of many different
specificities originating from many
different clones.
198 Polyclonal mytogen A substance that induces activation of
many individual clones of either T or B
cells.
199 Polymerase Chain
Reaction
An in vitro technique used to
exponentially replicate specific short
regions of DNA.
200 Polymorphism Literally, "having many shapes"; in
genetics polymorphism means occurring
in more than one form within a species;
the existence of multiple alleles at a
particular genetic locus. Example: MHC
loci, genes for blood cell alotypes.
201 Polymorphonuclear
leukocyte White cell
granular cytoplasm. There are three
tyoes, classified according to is ability to
be stained by different dies. Neutral
staining (neutrophil) most frequent,
phagocytic. Basophilic staining
basophil. Eosinophilic staining
eosinophil.
.
-
202 PPD Acron for Purified Protein Derivative, Synonim
of tuberculin.
,
203 Primary
immunodeficiencies
Inherited immunodeficiency diseases.
204 Primary lymphoid
organs
Organs in which the maturation of T
and B lymphocytes take place and
antigen-specific receptors are first
acquired.
205 Primary lymphoid
organs
Organs in which the maturation of T
and B lymphocytes take place and
antigen-specific receptors are first
acquired.
206 Primary responses The immune response to a first
encounter with antigen. The primary
response is generally small, has a long
induction phase or lag period, consists
primarily of IgM antibodies, and
generates immunologic memory.
207 Privileged sites Some (rare) locations within the body
where foreign grafts are not rejected.
208 Prostaglandins Small molecules derived from the lipid
metabolism. These molecules are
mediators of inflammation.
.
209 Radioallergosorbent
test (RAST)
A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for
detecting IgE antibody specific for a
particular allergen.
210 Radioimmunoassay
(RIA)
A group of immunological techniques
that requires the use of an
isotope-labeled reagent.
211 Radioimmunodiffusion A type of immunodiffusion in which a
radioactive amtibody is incorporated in
-
order to increase the sensitivitu of the
method.
212 Radioimmunosorbent
test (RIST)
A solid-phase radioimmunoassay that
can detect extremely low levels of IgE.
IgE
.
213 Receptor A structure on cell membranes that
binds specifically to ligands in the
surrounding media.
214 Recombinant vaccine A vaccine containing antigen prepared
by recombinant DNA techniques.
215 Rejection An immune response with both cellular
and humoral components directed
against transplants and grafts.
216 Respiratory burst The oxygen dependent increase in
metabolic activity that occurs in
phagocytic cells while particles are being
ingested.
217 Reticuloendothelial
system (RES)
A network of phagocytic cells.
Macrophages are the most important
cells of this system.
218 Reverse transcriptase An enzyme that reversely transcribes
RNA to DNA. It is found in retroviruses
such as HIV,
219 Rheumatoid factor (RF) An autoantibody (usually IgM) which
reacts with the individual's own IgG.
Present in rheumatoid arthritis.
220 Second set rejection Accelerated rejection of an allograft in
an already immune recipient.
221 Secondary
immunodeficiencies
Immunodeficiency diseases resulting
from a known but non-genetic cause
-
222 Secondary lymphoid
organs
Organs in which antigen-driven
proliferation and differentiation of B and
T lymphocytes takes place (example
lymph nodes and spleen).
223 Secretory component A protein found on mucosal cells that
functions as an IgA receptor
224 Selectins A family of cell surface adhesion proteins
that bind cells to glycoproteins on
vascular endothelium.
225 Sensitization Natural or artificial induction of an
immune response by exposure to an
antigen. Same as immunization.
226 Serology The science of antibody detection.
227 Serum sickness A type of hypersensitivity response) to
the administration of foreign serum as a
result of the development of immune
complexes in the bloodstream
228 Serum The clear, yellow fluid that is expressed
when blood has clotted .
229 Skin test A diagnostic procedure, usualy applied
to detect allergy, that induces a local
inflammatory response.
230 Slow-reacting
substance of
anaphylaxis (SRS-A):
A group of leukotrienes released by mast
cells during anaphylaxis which induces a
prolonged constriction of smooth
muscle
231 Somatic antigens Antigens associated with bacterial
bodies.
.
232 Stem cell A cell that can give rise to many different
-
differentiated cell lines.
.
233 Suppression A mechanism for producing a specific
state of immunologic unresponsiveness
by the induction of suppressor T cells.
234 Systemic lupus
erithematosus (SLE)
An auto-immune disease in which
antibodies against nuclear cells are
found
235 T cell A lymphocyte which undergoes a
developmental stage in the thymus.
236 T-dependent antigen An antigen that is able to induce
antibody synthesis only in the presence
of lymphokines released by helper T
cells.
-
237 Thymocyte An immature thymic T cell. thymic
T .
238 T-independent antigen An antigen which induces antibody
synthesis in the absence of lymphokines
released by T cells.
-
239
Titration
The measurement of the level of specific
antibodies in a serum by testing
increasing dilutions of the serum for
antibody activity.
240 Toxoid
A nontoxic derivative of a toxin used as
an immunogen for the induction of
antibodies capable of cross- reacting
with the toxin.
241 Transcription The conversion of a DNA nucleotide
sequence into a RNA nucleotide
sequence by complementary base
DNA PROTEIN
-
pairing.
242 Translation
The conversion of the RNA codon
sequence into an amino acid sequence
in a ribosome.
RNA PROTEIN
243 Tuberculin A protein fraction of the Mycobacterium
tuberculosis that is used in a skin test for
tuberculosis.
244 Tumor necrosis factors
(TNF)
Macrophage and lymphocyte-derived
cytokines that can exert a direct toxic
effect on neoplastic cells.
(TNF)
245 Vaccination The administration of an antigen
(vaccine) to stimulate a protective
immune response against an infectious
agent.
246 Vaccine A suspension of living, dead or
inactivated organisms used as an antigen
in order to confer immunity.
247 Variable region (V
region)
That part of the immunoglobulin or TCR
peptide chains where the amino acid
sequence shows significant variation
between molecules.
248 Western Blot A technique for detecting specific
proteins
249 Xenograft A tissue or organ transplantation from
adifferent species.
-
HERBAL TECHNOLOGY
S.NO
TERM
CONNOTATION
TAMIL MEANING
1.
Abortifacient
an abortifacient drug.
3.
Acidic
sharp-tasting or sour.
4.
Acidifier
An herb or substance that increases or imparts acidity, or lessens alkalinity, to the body fluids,
especially the blood or the urine.
5.
Acrid
An herb or substance that has a hot biting taste, or causes heat and irritation
when applied to the skin.
-
6.
Adulterant
An impure ingredient or a substitute product introduced into a preparation.
7.
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are compounds containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring, usually
derived from amino acids. It is present in almost all vascular plants.
8.
Alkaloidal
An herb or substance that is usually derived from plants, and is typically nitrogen bearing, intensely
bitter, and potentially toxic. It reacts with an acid to produce a salt.
9. Analgesic or Anodyne
These herbs reduce or eliminate pain. Some herbs are strong pain relievers, often working best
against pains of specific causes. Examples: camphor, chamomile.
10.Anaphrodisiac
An herb or substance that reduces or represses sexual desire or potency.
:
,
.
-
11.Anodyne
An herb or substance that soothes, relieves, or reduces pain without causing
unconsciousness.
.
12.Antacid
An herb or substance that corrects acidity by neutralization, usually in the
stomach.
.
13.Antagonist
An herb or substance that opposes the action of some other agent or medicine,
especially the toxic effects of alkaline poisons.
, .
14.Anthelmintic
An agent that destroys and expels worms from the intestines. Same as
vermifuge
15.Anti-asthmatic
Anti-asthmatics are used to help relieve the symptoms associated with asthma.
Some of the anti-asthmatic herbs are ephedra and gotu kola.
16.Antibacterial
Antibacterial herbs are those that fight and destroy bacteria.
17.Antibiotic
-
Inhibits the growth of germs, bacteria, and harmful microbes.
Examples: turmeric.
18.Anti-depressant
A drug used to prevent or treat clinical depression.
19.Antidiabetic
Herbs used against diabetes. Examples of herbs: amalaki, blackberry.
20._Antidiarrhea
Herb used to cure diarrhea. Examples are blackberry, gentian, black pepper, and ginger.
.
_
21.Antidote
An herb or substance that counteracts a poison by, [a] chemically destroying the
poison, [b] mechanically preventing absorption, or [c] physiologically opposing
the effects of the poison in the body after absorption.
22.Anti-dysenteric
An herb or substance that counteract dysentery
23.
Antifungal
Antifungal agents act against and destroy various fungi. Herbs in this category include cinnamon,
-
cloves, garlic.
24.
Antigalactagogue
Herbs with this property work opposite to herbs with galactagogue properties.
Sage and black walnut are examples of herbs in this category.
25.
Anti-inflammatory
Herbs with this ability reduce inflammation in the body without acting directly on
the cause of the inflammation. Herbs in this category include chicory, cranberry,
fennel, ginger, licorice, marshmallow, papaya, passion flower, peppermint, pine
tree bark, rhubarb, rosemary, safflower, turmeric and wild yam.
26.
Antimicrobial
Antimicrobials helps the body destroy microbes by affecting their growth and multiplication, herbs
with this ability include fennel, myrrh, and rhubarb.
27.
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules which can interact with free radicals and terminate
the chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged. Antioxidant herbs
counteract the negative effects of oxidation on body tissues. Included in this
category are barley, Gingo biloba, pine tree, rosemary, sage and turmeric.
28.
Antiperiodic
-
Prevents the periodic recurrence of attacks of a disease; as in malaria. Examples:
barberry, chirayata, guduchi, kutaj, and vacha.
29.
Antipyretic
Reduces fever by reducing production of heat at its centers; destroying fever
toxins; sweating to increase the loss of heat; drawing out the heat. Same as
febrifuge or refrigerant. Examples: amalaki, black pepper, nirgundi, safflower
and sandalwood.
30.
Anti-rheumatic
Herb that relieves or cures rheumatism.
31.
Antiscorbutic
Effective in the prevention or treatment of scurvy.
32.
Antiseptic
Prevents decay or putrefaction. A substance that inhibits the growth and
development of microorganisms without necessarily destroying them. Examples:
aloe, chitrak, gudmar, sandalwood, and turmeric.
.
33.
Antispasmodic
Relieves or prevents involuntary muscle spasm or cramps by strengthening
nerves and the nervous system. Examples: camomile, ashwagandha,
-
basil, calamus, guggul, licorice, myrrh, sage, gotu kola, jatamanshi, peppermint,
sandalwood, and spearmint.
34.
Antiviral
A drug which is used to destroy or inhibit growth and reproduction of viruses.
35.
Anxiety
A permanent state of worry and nervousness often accompanied with physical
sensation such as nausea, chest pain or shortness of breath.
, ,
36.
Aperiet
A mild stimulant for the bowels; a gentle purgative.
37.
Aphrodisiac
Restores or increases sexual power and desire. Two types: tonics: develop tissue
substance. Stimulants: increase the functioning of the reproductive organs.
Examples: Ahwagandha, asparagus, fenugreek, ginseng, gokshura, hibiscus,
pippali, rose, saffron, and shatavari.
38.
Appetizer
An herb or substance that excites or increases the appetite.
( Syn : digestive)
-
39.
Aromatic
Herb with a pleasant, fragrant scent and a pungent taste. Examples: cardamom, cinnamon, cloves,
fennel, peppermint, and turmeric.
40.
Arthritis
Arthritis is the painful inflammation of the joints.
, .
41.
Ascaricide
An herb or substance that kills nematode or unregimented worms such as roundworms and
threadworms.
42.
Asthma
It is chronic disease of respiration with attacks of breathlessness, wheezing and tightening of chest.
43.
Astringent
Causes a local contraction of the skin, blood vessels, and other tissues, thereby
arresting the discharge of blood, mucus, etc. Examples: amalaki, arjuna, ashok,
cinnamon,jasmine, sandalwood, and yarrow.
44.
Ayurveda
Ayurveda means Science of life. It is the oldest and holistic system of medicine,
-
native to Indian Sub-continent.
45.
Bark
Bark is the outer covering of stem, branches or roots of the tree. It is the tissue of plant outside xylem.
46.
Bitter tonic
An herb or substance, or combined formula, that acts on the gastric mucous membranes of the mouth
and stomach increasing their tone and activity and thereby improving the appetite and promoting
digestion. (Syn: bitter).
47.
Blood Purifier
An herb or substance which speeds up the process of detoxification and excretion
of waste products in the blood by stimulating intestinal, liver, or bile functions, or
creating laxative effects. (Syn: depurative, detergent)
.
48.
Botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name given to plants by International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (ICBN).
49.
Bronchial
An herb or substance that relaxes constricting spasms and opens the bronchi or upper part of the
lungs, thus improving respiration.
-
50
Bronchial asthma
An asthmatic condition in which sudden attacks of breathlessness affecting one or more larger
passages of the lungs.
.51.
Bronchitis
It is inflammation of one or more larger passages of the lungs.
.
52.
Bronchodilator
An agent that expands the air passages of the lungs.
53.
Calculus
Formation of stones in a natural cavity of body.
,
54.
Calefacient
An herb or substance that produce sensation of heat.
55.
Calmative
An herb that has a mild sedative or tranquilizing effect.
56.
-
Cancer
A disease wherein there is abnormal multiplication of cells.
57.
Carcinostatic
An herb or substance that arrests or inhibits the development or continued growth of cancer,
carcinomas, or malignant tumors.
58.
Cardiac
An herb or substance that stimulates, tones, or restores the heart. (Syn:
cardiac tonic, cardiant, cordial)
k;
59.
Cardiologic
An herb or substance that causes heartburn.
60.
Cardiac stimulant
Herbs that promote circulation when there is a weak heart.
.
61.
Cardiac Tonic
An herb, substance, or combined formula that strengthens and stimulates the heart metabolism. (Syn:
cardiac, cardiant, cardiotonic, cordial).
62.
Carminative
-
Herb that helps to prevent gas from forming in the intestines, and also assists in
expelling it. Also increases absorption of nutrients, dispels water, mucus,
promotes normal peristalsis; relieves spasms and pain; improves weak digestion
from anxiety, nervousness, or depression. Examples: chamomile,
chrysanthemum, coriander, fennel, lime, peppermint, ajwan, basil, calamus,
cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, and turmeric.
63.
Carrier
An herb or substance which is added to a formula or mixture of other herbs to aid
in the distribution of the medicine to the proper location in the body or to enhance
the effect of the other principle ingredients. (Syn: adjuvant).
.
64.
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane, with a discharge of running nose.
, ,
65.
Cathartic
Causes evacuation of the bowels. A cathartic may be either mild (laxative) or
vigorous (purgative). Examples: figs, prunes, olive oil, senna, castor oil, and Aloe
vera.
66.
Caustic
An herb or substance that contains acidic material that has an escharotic or corrosive action capable of
burning or eating away living tissues. (Syn: acrid, corrosive, cauterant, escharotic)
.
67.
Common name
The general term given to a particular species called as common name.
-
.
68.
Coolant
An herb or substance that reduces body temperature.
69.
Corrosive
An herb or substance that has a corrosive or acidic substance capable of harming,
burning, or eating away tissues. (Syn: acrid, caustic, cauterant, escharotic)
70.
Decoction
A liquid preparation obtained by boiling medicinal plant parts in water and then extracting the solid
parts by straining the preparation.
, .
71.
Demulcent
Soothes, protects, and relieves the irritation of inflamed mucous membranes and other surfaces. (i.e.,
protects stomach and urinary bladder lining). Examples: barley, licorice; linseed, olive, and almond
oils.
72.
DE obstruent
An herb or substance that aids in the removal of obstructions, especially
.
73.
Deodorant
An herb or substance that either removes, destroys, masks, or suppresses odor.
.
-
74.
Depressant
An herb or substance that lessens or depresses nervous sensation, lowers a functional activity or
reduces vital energy by causing the relaxation. Muscles, nerves, or tissues. (ant: stimulant, Syn :
depressor-motor, motor- depressant).
,
75.
Depurative
Tends to purify and cleanse the blood.
76.
Detergent
An agent that cleanses wounds and sores of diseased or dead matter.
.
77.
Diabetes
Any disorders characterized by excessive urine excretion.
, .
78.
Diabetes mellitus
It is kind of diabetes with increased blood sugar level and insufficient insulin
production in body.
.
79.
Diaphoretic
Promotes perspiration, especially profuse perspiration. Promotes circulation; dispels fever and chills;
eliminates surface toxins; relieves muscle tension, aching joints, and inflammatory skin conditions;
relieves diarrhea, dysentery, kidneys, liver, urinary, and gall bladder disorders; dispels stones of
kidney and both bladders. Examples: ginger, asparagus, barley, chamomile, chrysanthemum,
coriander, fennel and marshmallow.
-
80.
Diarrhoea
Abnormal frequent evacuation of watery stools.
, .
81.
Digestives
Assists the stomach and intestines in normal digestion. Examples: coriander, cumin, rock salt, and
turmeric.
82.
Digestive
Digestives promote or aid in the digestion process. Such herbs include coriander,
cumin, rock salt, turmeric, garlic, papaya, safflower and sage.
.
83.
Disinfectant
An agent that cleanses infection by destroying or inhibiting the activity of
disease-producing microorganisms.
84.
Diuretic
A diuretic is used to increase the flow of urine to relieve water retention.
.
85.
Dysentery
A condition in which excretion of stools frequently containing blood and mucus.
,
86.
Emetic
-
An emetic is used to induce vomiting.
87.
Emmenagogue
Herbs with Emmenagogue properties promote menstrual flow. Examples of some herbs are Aloe
Vera, gentian, ginger, myrrh and saffron.
88.
Emollient
An herb or substance that is used externally to soften and soothe irritated skin,
inflamed tissue, or mucous membranes. (Syn: demulcent, counter irritant).
89.
Exhilarate
An herb or substance that excites or elevates the psychic function, or produces an abnormal sense of
euphoria, vigor, and buoyancy. (Syn: euphoriant, hallucinogen, hallucinogenic).
.
90.
Expectorant
Expectorants help the body expel mucus from the lungs, nose and throat. Herbs
used for this purpose include ephedra, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, licorice
and marshmallow.
.
92.
Extract
A preparation obtained from soaking an herb, plant part, or substance in an
-
appropriate solvent, usually alcohol, water, or glycerin, then removing the solid
parts by straining, evaporating some or all of the solvent, and adjusting the result
to prescribed standards of concentration.
93.
Fatty oils
Fatty oil is non-volatile oil composed fatty acids usually of plant or animal origin.
.
94.
Febrifuge
Herbs with this property help reduce fevers, similar to refrigerant and antipyretic.
Some febrifuges are chamomile, fenugreek, garlic, gentian, ginger
and sarsaparilla.
: .
95.
Fixative
A substance used for the preservation of tissue or cell substance. Also known as fixing or binding
agent.
,
.
96.
Flatulence
Excessive formation of gases in stomach or intestine.
97.
Flavones
Flavones are polyphenolic crystalline compound, present in seeds, leaves and in
stems as yellow pigment. It shows anti-oxidant activity.
98.
-
Flowers
It is the part of plant consists of reproductive organs i.e. petals and sepals
(mainly colored), stamens (male part) and pistils (female part).
, .
99.
Fruits
Fruit is matured ovary of plant consisting of the seeds, it is mainly edible part.
,
100.
Galactagogue
An agent that encourages or increases the secretion of milk.
101.
Galls
An abnormal plant growth on leaves, branches, or roots that is caused by
irritation from an insect, a fungus or a virus.
.
102.
Gingivitis
Inflammations of the gums.
, .
103.
Glycoside
Glycosides are naturally occurring compounds containing a carbohydrate (Glycone) and a
non-carbohydrate (Glycone) moiety in a same molecule.
104.
-
Gonorrhea
It is common venereal disease caused by bacterium.
105.
Gout
It is type of acute inflammatory arthritis.
106.
Hemorrhoid
Painful swelling of veins of the anus.
.
107.
Heart wood
Denser inner part of the tree trunk.
108.
Homeostatic
Hemoststic used to stop bleeding and purifies blood. Examples: red raspberry, turmeric, cinnamon
and ginger.
109.
Hepatic
Promotes the well-being of the liver and increases the secretion of bile.
-
110.
Herb
A plant or part of plant that is valued for its medicinal, culinary or aromatic.
, .
111.
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
.
112.
Hypoglycemic
Lowers blood sugar level.
.
113.
Hypotensive
Low blood pressure.
114.
Immunostimulants
Immunostimulants enhance or boost the body's natural defense against illness and disease. Herbs
with this ability include astragalus, barley etc.
115.
Inflammations
A pathological process in which pain, heat, redness and swelling occur.
116.
-
Influenza
An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract.
117.
Infusion
A solution or extract obtains by steeping or soaking herbs (usually in water).
118.
Insecticide
Insecticides are used to kill insects.
119.
Insomnia
Inability to sleep.
120.
Kapha
One of the three dashes.
121.
Laxative
Herb that acts to promote evacuation of the bowels; a gentle cathartic.
Examples:castor oil,flaxseed,psyllium husk, rhubarb andsenna.
-
122.
Leaves
Leaves are lateral outgrowth from stems or branches or at the base of plants, commonly flat, broad
and green in color.
123.
Leucorrhoea
A whitish, viscid discharge from vagina and uterine cavity.
124.
Menorrhea
Excessive menstruation.
125.
Mucilaginous
An herb or substance that is characterized by a gummy or gelatinous consistency which is soothing
and healing to inflamed surfaces and mucous membranes.
126.
Mucus
A viscous, slimy and slippery substance.
, .
-
127.
Narcotic
A drug that induces sleep with additive properties.
128.
Nauseant
An herb that causes nausea and vomiting. Somewhat similar to an emetic.
129.
Nervine
A substance that calms and soothes the nerves and reduces tension and anxiety.
Examples: ashwagandha, bala and gudmar.
130.
Nutrient
An herb or substance that affects the nutritive processes and metabolic changes in the body, supplies
material for tissue building, contains necessary food values such as vitamins and minerals, or which
acts to release these elements from other food which has already been eaten but not assimilated. (Syn:
nutrient, nutritive).
131.
Nutritive
Same as nutrient.
-
132.
Obesity
Over weight due to excessive accumulation of body fat.
133.
Ophthalmic
An herb or substance that acts to heal, soothe, or strengthen the eyes, or which acts as a remedy for
diseases of the eye.
134.
Pectoral
Acts on lungs.
135.
Peptic
An herb or substance that aids in the digestion of food. (Syn: digestive,
eupeptic)
136.
Pitta
One of the three dashes of body.
137.
Powder
-
A preparation obtained by the finely dispersed solid particles.
138.
Psoriasis
A chronic, exfoliative skin disease.
139.
Purgative
A substance that promotes the vigorous evacuation of the bowels. Usually used
to relieve severe constipation. Examples: aloe, licorice, rhubarb, safflower
and senna.
140.
Refrigerant
Relieves fever and thirst. A cooling remedy. Lowers body temperature.
Examples: Aloe Vera, coriander, ginger, hibiscus, orange, lemon and licorice.
141.
Relaxant
Tends to relax and relieve tension, especially muscular tension.
142.
Renal
An herb or substance that strengthens, heals, cleanses, or otherwise affects the
kidneys, or is used to treat diseases of the kidneys. (Syn: diuretic, nephritic)
-
143.
Resin
Resin is solid or semisolid hydrocarbon secretion from plants. It consists of volatile terpenes,
essential oil and gums.
144.
Rheumatism
Any disorder marked by inflammation, degeneration of joints.
145.
Rhizomes
Rhizomes are thickened, branching, creeping storage stems, present
underground. Examples: corms, tubers.
146.
Roots
The part of a plant, normally underground, that absorbs nutrients and anchors
the plant into the ground.
147.
Saponins
Saponins are naturally occurring surfactants form soapy leather when dissolve in water.
-
148.
Scabies
A contagious skin disease due to itch mite.
149.
Sedative
Sedative herbs are used to relieve irritability and promote calm, relax and
tranquil feelings.
150.
Seed
It is ripened ovule, consist of embryo, cotyledons and seed coat.
, .
151.
Sialagogue
An agent that promotes the flow of saliva.
152.
Soporific
Herbs that help to produce sleep.
153.
Stem
Stem is the axis of a plant which is generally upright and above ground.
, .
154.
-
Stimulant
Herb that increases the activity or efficiency of a system or organ; acts more rapidly than a tonic.
Examples: camphor, ephedra, sandalwood, gotu kola, guggul and myrrh.
.
155.
Stomachic
Herbs that give strength and tone to the stomach, stimulate digestion, and improve the appetite.
Examples: amalaki, bilwa, black pepper, cardamom, cedar, chitrak, cumin, ginger, licorice, turmeric.
, .
156.
Styptic
Astringent: arrests hemorrhage and bleeding. Causes vascular contraction of the blood vessels or
coagulation of the albuminous tissues of the blood. Checks hemorrhage. Examples: adrenaline, alum.
, .
157.
Tannins
Tannins are naturally occurring phenolic compounds. They are astringent in nature and used to bind
and precipitate proteins.
158.
Terpenes
Terpenes are organic compounds consists of hydrocarbons, found mainly in
conifers. Terpenes have strong characteristic odors.
159.
Tincture
A solution of the active principal of an herb in alcohol.
, .
-
160.
Tonic
Herbs that restore and strengthen the entire system. Produces and restores
normal tone. A general tonic would be one that braces up the whole system.
Example: aloe, bala, barberry, chirayata, guduchi and gentian.
.
161.
Tumor
Localized undesirable morbid growth of cells.
.
162.
Vasoconstrictor
Herbs with vasoldilating agents expand the blood vessels and lower blood
pressure.
, ,
163.
Vasodilator
An agent that widens the blood vessels, thus lowering the blood pressure.
, .
164.
Vata
One of the three doshas
.
165.
Vermicide
An agent that destroys intestinal worms.
.
166.
Vermifuge
-
An agent that expels intestinal worms or parasites.
,
167.
Vesicant
An agent that causes blistering, such as poison ivy.
168.
Volatile oil
Volatile oils are those plant-derived oils which are totally volatile or evaporating in nature. They are
highly aromatic in nature and used in perfumery industry.
169.
Vulnerary
An herb used in treating fresh cuts and wounds, usually used as a poultice.
Example: aloe, honey, licorice, marshmallow, and turmeric.
170.
Wood
Wood is the secondary xylem of gymnosperms and dicots.
, , , , .
-
S.NO TERMS
CANNOTATION
TAMIL
MEANING
1. Abortive
transduction
Failure of a transdusing exogenote to
become integrate into the host
chromosome, but rather existing as
nonreplicating particle in only one
cell of a clone
2. Active Site The part of a protein that must be
maintained in a specific shape if the
protein is to be functional -
3. Anaerobic
Relating to, involving, or requiring
an absence of free oxygen
4. Agenesis Absence of an organ or structure
5. Allele
The different, alternative forms of a
gene that can exist at a single locus
6. Allotransplant Organ or tissue transplant between
two individuals.
.
7. Amplification An increase in the number of copies
of a specific DNA
fragment; can take place in vivo or in
vitro.
8. Annealing Hybridization of a synthetic
oligonucleotide to a single strand
nucleic acid. It is how a specific
nucleotide sequence can be
identified.
-
9. Anithelix Proximal fold of the external ear.
10. Antibody A specific substance produced by
man, and animal, as a reaction to
the presence of an antigen.
11. Antigen A substance which has the power of
inducing, in man or in an animal,the
formation of antibodies.
12. Apoptosis Programmed cell death.
13. Artificial gene A doublestranded DNA molecule,
carrying a specific
sequence, that will code for a
specific amino acid sequence and
that has been produced in vitro.
14. Aromatic
Amino acids containing a benzene
ring (but no O, or N and are
hydrophobic)
15. Autoradiography A technique that uses X ray film to
visualize radioactively labelled
molecules or fragments of molecules
16. Autosome
A Look-alike chromosome other than
a sex chromosome.
17. Base pair Two nitrogenous bases, adenine and
thymine or guanine and
cytosine, held together by weak
bonds.
18. Base pairing The pairing of nitrogenous bases in
the polynucleotide chains by
nitrogen bonds in a specific manner.
19. Binding site
A strong covering holding the pages
of a book together
-
20. Breakage syndrome
Syndrome manifested by
chromosomal anomalies, mainly
chromosomal breakage and
chromatid
exchange.
21. Carcinogenicity
The initiation of cancer formation
22. Candidate gene Gene suspected to be involved in the
etiology of a
disease.
23. Cell line A cultured cell type that can be
reproduced indefinitely, or is
immortalized.
24. Centromere A specialized chromosome region to
which spindle fibres attach during
cell division.
25. Cleavage site The cleavages generated by
restriction endonucleases can be
within or immediately adjacent to
the recognition sequence but in
some cases the cleavages are
displaced from the recognition
sequence by a specific number of
nucleotides.
26. Clone A group of cells derived from a
single ancestor.
27. Conjugation Natural transfer of plasmidic or
chromosomal DNA from a bacterial
cell to another via a cytoplasmic
bridge.
28. Constitutive gene Gene expressed without particular
regulation.
29. Cosmid Artificially constructed cloning
vector containing the cos gene of
-
phage lambda.
30. Coupling The occurrence on the same
chromosome in a double
heterozygote of the two mutant
genes of interest, the normal alleles
being on the homologous
chromosome.
31. Craniolacuna Circumscribed deficient cranial bone
defect.
32. Craniosynostosis Fusion of cranial sutures.
33. Central dogma
A principle or set of principles laid
down by an authority as
incontrovertibly true of, at, or
forming the center
34. Cybrid A Cytoplasmic hybrid resulting from
the fusion of protoplasts.
Cybrid
35. Cycline Protein family that plays an
important role in the regulation of
cell division.
Cycline
36. Cyst Abnormal closed cavity, of various
sizes in which there is a liquid
collection of infectious or
embryological origin.
37. Cytoplasmic gene Any gene that ordinarily exists on
nucleic acid in the cytoplasm,
especially on mitochondrial or
chloroplast chromosomes.
38. Cytoplasmic
inheritance
The inheritance of traits controlled
by genes located on the DNA of
mitochondria.
39. CytosineC A nitrogenous base, one member of
the base pair G C
CytosineC
40. Dehiscence The formation of a fissure. Dehiscence
-
41. Deletion
Loss of part of a whole chromosome
or loss of DNA nucleotide bases.
42. Denaturation Formation of a single DNA strand
from a double strain under heating
of chemical bonds responsible for
base pairing
43. Denaturation
mapping
A method employing electron
microscopy of DNA partially
denaturated which permits the
decision as to whether the gene
sequence in a viral genome is linear
or circularly permuted.
44. De novo mutation Spontaneously occurring mutation.
45. Derepression An increase in the synthesis of the
product of a regulated gene by
interference with the action of a
repressor. It can be produced by the
mutation of the repressor gene or of
the operator gene or by an inducer
that binds to the repressor, releasing
it from the operator.
46. Dermatoglyphics The study of the surface markings of
the skin.
Dermatoglyphic studies are used in a
number of malformation syndromes
due to a chromosomal aberration as
in trisomy 21 or Down syndrome.
47. Dicentric An aberrant chromosome that
contains two centromeres.
48. Differentiation The act or process of acquiring
completely individual characters,
such as occurs in the progressive
diversification of cells and tissues of
the embryo.
49. Diploid A full set of genetic material,
