Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf 2014 New Desert Land Snail from Umm Dimna Dimona Palestine

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 120 – December 2014

Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014 : A New White Desert Land Snail Subspecies from Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine

: وُويع جديد مه 4102سفيىكتروشيال بويسيري أم ِدمىة خلف ،

مه مىطقة أم ِدمىة )ديمووا( في األبيض الحلزون البري الصحراوي

صحراء الىقب ، فلسطيه الُمحتلة

By: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-

Sakerfalke von Jaffa

The New Umm Dimna White Desert Land Snail Subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri

ummdimna Khalaf, 2014 from Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert,

Occupied Palestine. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-

Sakerfalke von Jaffa. 22.12.2014.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16182858991/

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Abstract: A new subspecies of the White Desert Land Snail from the

genus Sphincterochila (Class Gastropoda, Superfamily Helicoidea, Family Sphincterochilidae, Subfamily Sphincterochilinae) was found in the Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine. The new subspecies is distinguished from the subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri boissieri which lives in Al-Naqab and Sinai by its slightly different shell structure. It is morphologically a distinct subspecies. The new subspecies was named Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014.

Keywords: Gastropoda, Helicoidea, Sphincterochilidae, Sphincterochilinae,

Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna, White Desert Land Snail, Umm Dimna White Desert Land Snail, Al-Naqab White Desert Land Snail, Al-Naqab, Negev, New Subspecies, Umm Dimna, Dimona, Desert, Palestine, Israel, Near East, Middle East.






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoidea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincterochilidae

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphincterochilinae&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoidea


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphincterochilinae&action=edit&redlink=1


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Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa holding a street

sign at Umm Dimna (Dimona) in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine. Photo

by the Researcher Daoud Al-Hali. 22.12.2014.


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Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa at a sign (Danger: Firing

Area Entrance Forbidden) in the Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev)

Desert, Occupied Palestine. Photo by the Researcher Daoud Al-Hali. 22.12.2014.


Introduction:

During a field trip to the Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area and to the North of Umm Dimna (Between Beer Al-Sabea’ [Beersheba] and Umm Dimna) in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine on Monday the 22nd December 2014, accompanied by the Palestinian Researcher Daoud Al-Hali; I inspected the desert area around Umm Dimna, and saw many white desert snail shells (Sphincterochila boissieri Charpentier, 1847) which was scattered over a vast area in the desert; many of these shells were covered by sand. Specimen snail shells were collected, examined, measured and photographed. Sphincterochila boissieri Charpentier, 1847 is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Sphincterochilidae. This species lives in the Palestinian Al-Naqab Desert and the Sinai Desert (Egypt). Sphincterochila boissieri is the type species of the genus Sphincterochila. The type species was subsequently designated by Dr. Sc. Henry Augustus Pilsbry in 1895.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpentier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpentier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_snail

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincterochila

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Pilsbry

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Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa is showing some shell specimens of

the Umm Dimna White Desert Land Snail Subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri

ummdimna Khalaf, 2014 from Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert.

Photo by the Researcher Daoud Al-Hali. 22.12.2014.


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Description and Distinctive Features:

Shell Description

The shell of Sphincterochila boissieri is covered perforate, thick, irregularly striated, somewhat effulgent, cretaceous and colored white. It has 5 slightly convex whorls. The last whorl is deflected anteriorly. The aperture has a thick lip, projecting internally above in two thick, subconfluent tubercles. The average width of the shell is 25 mm (Wikipedia).

Anatomy and Physiology

The average body mass of Sphincterochila boissieri is around 4.3 g. Such mass is divided evenly between the shell and the animals’ soft parts. Schmidt-Nielsen et al., in 1971, found that 56% of the animal’s body mass was contained in its shell. About 80 to 90% of the mass of the soft body parts is composed of water (according to the Yom-Tov 1970). In average, soft body parts contain 81% of water (nearly 1400 mg of water), 11% of proteins, 4% of ash, and little other organic matter. Sphincterochila boissieri has no energy reserves and the amount of lipids it contains is a fraction of 1%, which is considered to be extremely low (Wikipedia).



Occupied Palestine. Photo by the Author. 22.12.2014.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod_shell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_whorl

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_ash

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Ecology

Habitat

Sphincterochila boissieri lives in desert environments. This snail is common in areas with loess-limestone soils, and uncommon in areas that have a flint substrate.

Yom-Tov measured the maximum demographic density for Sphincterochila boissieri, encountering a value of 0.2-0.3 specimens/m² in the area of the Naqab (Negev) desert he investigated in 1970. The snail Xerocrassa seetzeni was found to be more abundant there. On the other hand, in the Northern Naqab (Negev) area investigated by Steinberger et al. in 1981 Sphincterochila boissieri was the most abundant snail.

Sphincterochila boissieri along with other snail species and algae are the most significant faunal and floral components of the Naqab (Negev) and Sinai deserts ecosystems (Wikipedia).






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerocrassa_seetzeni

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

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Adaptations for arid conditions

This species presents adaptations to arid conditions which significantly improve its desiccation tolerance. Some of those adaptations include a thick shell with a relatively reduced aperture (Machin 1967), a thick epiphragm, and slow body surface heat conduction. About 90% of its shell surface reflects the visible portion of the solar spectrum, and much over 90% of the solar spectrum itself. Sphincterochila boissieri also produces a new epiphragm after every period of activity (Yom-Tov 1971).

These snails dig themselves into the soil to depths from 1 to 5 cm while they aestivate during summer in the Negev Desert. In the vicinity of the Dead Sea, they usually either burrow to depths of up to 10 cm, or aestivate hidden under stones.

All dormant snails of this species can resist ambient temperatures up to 50 °C, but temperatures of 55 °C and above are usually lethal. The soft parts of the animal's body shelter inside the second and the third whorl of its shell, where the temperature can reach up to 50.3 °C. Temperatures of up to 56.2 °C were measured and are known to occur inside the shell's body whorl, which is mostly filled with air during aestivation (Wikipedia).

The Study Area to the north of Umm Dimna (Dimona) in Al-Naqab Desert. Photo by the

Author. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15564979663/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccation_tolerance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphragm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conduction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_whorl

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Dormant snails experience water loss of 0.5 mg per day per snail in summer, with a very low oxygen consumption rate. For these reasons, dormant Sphincterochila boissieri can survive severe droughts for several years (Wikipedia).






Life Cycle

Sphincterochila boissieri is active for a few days only after rainfall during the winter season, from November to March. At this time of the year they feed, mate, and lay eggs. Thus these snails are active for only 5-7% of the year (nearly 18 to 26 days), and aestivate during all the rest of the time (Wikipedia).

Dormant snails are known to have survived in museum collections for up to 6 years. Schmidt-Nielsen et al. in 1971 estimated their life span according to their oxygen consumption as being nearly 8 years (Wikipedia).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation

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Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa is collecting

specimens of the new Umm Dimna White Desert Land Snail Subspecies Sphincterochila

boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014 from Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab

(Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine. Photo by the Researcher Daoud Al-Hali.

22.12.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15998704379/

Feeding Habits

Sphincterochila boissieri feeds on soil, especially loess mud after rains, lichens, soil algae and surface of limestone directly. It does not eat higher plants (Wikipedia).

Predators

The known predators of Sphincterochila boissieri are rodents, namely the Cairo Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus), Wagner's Gerbil (Dipodillus dasyurus) and the Asian Garden Dormouse (Eliomys melanurus) (Wikipedia).

Distribution

Sphincterochila boissieri lives in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert in Palestine/Israel, and the Sinai Desert in the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt). The new Umm Dimna subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014 lives in the Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in the Northern Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Spiny_Mouse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Spiny_Mouse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acomys_cahirinus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner%27s_Gerbil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipodillus_dasyurus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Garden_Dormouse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliomys_melanurus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Egypt

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Etymology / Derivation of the Scientific Name The Arabic subspecies name ummdimna refers to “Umm Dimna” (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine where the new subspecies was discovered.






Conclusion:

After studying and examining the White Desert Land Snail Sphincterochila boissieri from Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area and to the north of Umm Dimna in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, and comparing with many desert snail specimens from Al-Naqab and Sinai, and referring to many zoological references, and searching

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the Internet, I came finally to a conclusion that we are in front of a new White Desert Land Snail subspecies from Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine.

I gave it the scientific name Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna, new subspecies. The subspecies name “ummdimna” is for Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine.

Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna, new subspecies:

Scientific trinomial name: Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014

Authority: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa.

Common Names: Umm Dimna White Desert Land Snail, Al-Naqab White Desert Land Snail, Negev White Desert Land Snail, Palestine White Desert Land Snail.

Holotype: Sbud-1, 25 mm, Beit Sahour Natural History Museum Collection, Beit Sahour, State of Palestine.

Location: Umm Dimna (Dimona) Area in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine.

Date of collection: 22nd December, 2014.

The new Subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014. Photo by the

Author. 22.12.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16036650407/


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Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa holding a street

sign at Umm Dimna (Dimona) in Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert, Occupied Palestine. Photo

by the Researcher Daoud Al-Hali. 22.12.2014.


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The new Subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014. Photo by Daoud

Al-Hali. 22.12.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15602594703/


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Drawing of the shell of Sphincterochila boissieri (Charpentier, 1847).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincterochila_boissieri#mediaviewer/File:Sphinctero

chila_boissieri_shell.jpg & http://animals-of-palestine.webs.com/terrestrial-

gastropods

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincterochila_boissieri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincterochila_boissieri#mediaviewer/File:Sphincterochila_boissieri_shell.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincterochila_boissieri#mediaviewer/File:Sphincterochila_boissieri_shell.jpg

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Wikipedia. HaMakhtesh HaGadol. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaMakhtesh_HaGadol Wikipedia. Matmor Formation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matmor_Formation Wikipedia. Sphincterochila boissieri . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincterochila_boissieri Wikipedia. Vetigastropoda. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetigastropoda Wilson, Mark (2013). Wooster’s Fossil of the Week: An almost planispiral gastropod from the Middle Jurassic of southern Israel. (11th August 2013). http://woostergeologists.scotblogs.wooster.edu/2013/08/11/woosters-fossil-of-the-week-an-almost-planispiral-gastropod-from-the-middle-jurassic-of-southern-israel/ Wilson, M.A.; Feldman, H.R.; Krivicich, E.B. (2010). Bioerosion in an equatorial Middle Jurassic coral-sponge reef community (Callovian, Matmor Formation, southern Israel). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 289: 93–101. Yom-Tov, Yoram (1970). The Effect of Predation on Population Densities of Some Desert Snails. Ecology (Ecology, Vol. 51, No. 5) 51 (5): 907–911. Yom-Tov Y. (1971). The biology of two desert snails Trochoidea (Xerocrassa) seetzeni and Sphincterochila boissieri. Israel Journal of Zoology 20: 231-248. Yom-Tov Y. & Galun M. (1971). Note on the feeding habits of the desert snail Sphincterochila boissieri Charpentier and Trochoidea (Xerocrassa) seetzeni Charpentier. Veliger 14: 86-88. Zilch A. M. (1960). Handbuch der Paläozoologie 6(4): 601-835. page 663.

The new Subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014. Photo by the

Author. 22.12.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16034911818/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaMakhtesh_HaGadol

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The new Umm Dimna White Desert Land Snail Subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri

ummdimna Khalaf, 2014. Photo by the Author. 22.12.2014.







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The Author is collecting specimens of the new Umm Dimna White Desert Land Snail

Subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014. Photo by the Researcher

Daoud Al-Hali. 22.12.2014.



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The Author is showing some shell specimens of the Umm Dimna White Desert Land

Snail Subspecies Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014. Photo by the

Researcher Daoud Al-Hali. 22.12.2014.



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The new Scientific Classification of the Umm Dimna White Desert Land Snail subspecies

Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf, 2014 in the Biological Library BioLib.cz.




Sphincterochila boissieri ummdimna Khalaf 2014 New Desert Land Snail from Umm Dimna Dimona Palestine

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