demokrasya

ATHENS

DEMOKRASYADemos- mga tao

Kratia-pamamahala

SOLON

CLEISTHENES

SPARTA• Ito ay lungsod estado sa timog na

bahagi ng peninsulang gresya.– Ito ay kilala sa tawag na

Peloponnesus na pinaninirahan ng mga Dorian na ninuno ng mga Spartan.• Nabubuhay sa pamamagitan

ng pagsasaka.• Ang lumalaking populasyon ang

nag-udyok sa kanila upang makakuha ng maraming lupain– Sinimulan nila ang pananakop

noong 500 BK nang mahulog ang halos buong pulo ng Peloponnesus• Kinalimutan ng Sparta ang

komersyo at industriya, sining, panitikan at pilosopiya

PAGSASANAY NG SPARTAN• Ang bagong silang na sanggol ay sinusuri

ng isang komite.– Pinapatay ang sanggol kapag mahina.

Inihuhulog sa bangin.• Pinapasok sa isang espesyal na

pagsasanay sa gulang na pito.– Nananatiling kasapi hanggang18.– Ang mga babae ay nananatili sa bahay

ngunit ang mga lalaki ay nakatira sa mga barracks.

– Sinasanay ang mga lalaki upang maging mahusay na mga mandirigma.• Sinasanay sa palakasan at

pakikidigma, sinanay silang magtiis sa hirap at huwag magreklamo.

pagsasanay• Nagsisimula ang pormal na

pagsasanay sa edad na 18– 2 taon upang makumpleto ang

pagsasanay• Sa gulang na 20 silay tumitira sa

barracks o dormitoryo sa kampo.– Ang mga lalaking ito ay naging

miyembro ng Asembleya sa gulang na 30

• Hindi pinahihintulutan mag-asawa so loob ng 10 taon.– Naglilingkod sa militar

hanggang sa gulang na 60

Ang Lipunang Spartan

spartiate

periocci

helot

• Ang mga mamamayan at sundalo

• Mga mangangalakal at malalayang tao

• Aliping tagabungkal ng lupa

HELOTS• Ang mga lalaking Spartan ay

pinagkakalooban ng mga lupain upang masuportahan ang sarili– Ang pagsasaka ay isinasagawa

ng mga helots– Ang mga helots ay..

• Mga aliping pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Sparta

• Lahat ng gawain ay nakaatang sa mga helots

Mga batang Spartan

• Ginawang mga helots ang mga nasakop mula sa Peloponnesus– Hindi malaya ang mga helots– Maaaring magkapamilya, ngunit hindi maaaring

iwanan ang mga lupang sakahan.– Noong 6th Century B.C. higit na mas marami ang

populasyon ng helots kumpara sa mga mamamayang Spartan. 10=1

• Lahat ng mga Spartans ay pantay-pantay– Hinikayat ang simpleng pamumuhay ng mga Spartan

upang hindi magkaroon ng pagitan ang mayayaman at mahihirap.

– Ipinagbawal ang mga alahas, magagarbong kasuotan, luho at pagmamay-ari ng mga yaman.

• Ang mga babae ay nag-aasawa sa gulang na 18 o 20 ngunit namumuhay ng malayo sa asawa.– Ang mga lalaki ay

nakatira sa mga barracks hanggang sa gulang na 30 kung saan maaari na silang magtayo ng pamilya.

– Ang mga babae ay kailangang maging malusog upang manganalk ng malusog na sanggol.

Pamahalaan ng Sparta• May 2 hari

– Pinamumunuan ang Spartan Army at ang kabuuan ng Sparta

– Ang pagiging hari ay namamana• Gerousia

– Binubuo ng konseho ng 28 tao– Lahat ng 60 taon pataas ay

kasapi– Nagpapanukala ng mga batas

• Asembleya ng mga Spartans– Lahat ng lalaking nasa hustong

gulang ay kasapi– Maaaring bumoto sa mga batas– Pinamumunuan ng 5 kasapi ng

ephorsKing Leonidas

Lumawak ang kapangyarihan dahil sa

pagkontrol sa Peloponnesian League

Nagpupulong upang pagusapan ang mga

mahahalagang isyu ng lungsod-estado.

Ang mga desisyon ay

isinasagawa sa pamamagitan ng

boto ng nakararami. SPARTA CONTROLLED

THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE

pamahalaanathens

• Demokratikong lungsod- estado

• Asembleya-pinakamakapangyarihan sa lahat. Binubuo ng kalalakihang 18 patanda.

• Konseho ng 500-namamahala sa estado

• 10 heneral-mga mambabatas at administrador

sparta• Militarismong lungsod-

estado• Asembleya- may kaunting

kapangyarihan• Konseho ng matatanda-

namamahala sa estado, may kakayahang gumawa ng mga batas

Pamahalaan

athens• Delian League liga o

samahan ng mga lungsod estado

sparta• Peloponnesian League

itinatag ng Sparta

REFORMS OF SOLON• Abolished practice of enslaving a person

for unpaid debts and freed all persons enslaved for that reason

• Abolished all feudal obligations that commoners owed the aristocracy

• Widened political participation– Broke monopoly aristocrats had over

Council of Athens, elected positions, and Assembly of Athens

– Allowed all citizens regardless of wealth to serve in Assembly

– Opened up position of archon and seat in Council of Athens to wealthy hoplites

– Created new 400 member body which acted as Supreme Court

– Established right of any citizen to bring a case to court

REFORMS BACKFIRE A LITTLE• Solon’s reforms went long way

towards opening up Athenian society and government to a greater number of people– But they did not immediately

end the turmoil that plagued the city

• Athens did prosper– Rapid population growth,

geographic expansion, various public works projects

– But Solon’s reforms increased infighting by multiplying the number of factions struggling for control• Even resulted in several

dictatorships (tyrannies)

REFORMS OF CLEISTHENES• Cleisthenes kept promise to demos

– Population of city and region divided into ten tribes

– Each included people from all walks of life

– Each elected representatives to the Council, elected generals and public officials, and jurors to Supreme Court

• Cleisthenes permanently broke power of old aristocracy and established the foundation for democracy

ARCHAIC GREECE• At beginning of period, most of

the Aegean world was divided into independent principalities– Had simple social structures

with nobility on top and everyone else below

• By 500 BC, principalities had been transformed into city-states– Aristocracy reduced to just

one faction of many– Aristocratic value system

subsided in favor of a new one based on service to the community and the law

POETS• Old value system of aristocracy was

based on fighting and an obsession with honor– But the new city-state, with its

commercial and business activities, had little use for a bunch of jealous, warring aristocrats with their inflated sense of honor• Required instead justice,

established by law according to rational and regular procedures

• Poets at the forefront of attack on old aristocratic value system– Example: Archilocus– Argued old aristocratic and heroic

values were out of touch with the times• Silly and counter to the need for

law and order

CHANGES IN RELIGION• Gods reflected aristocratic values

in Homer’s poems– Obsessed with fighting, killing,

and performing heroic feats• During the Archaic Ages, gods

became more interested in justice– Urged men to be content with

their lot in life• To go against this was now

considered hubris– Insolence against the

gods• Religion modified during Archaic

Age to reinforce new value system and discourage the old

SUMMARY• Mutually-reinforcing cycle

– Growth of business and trade undermined the aristocratic monopoly over society• Decline of aristocracy was accompanied by a parallel

decline in their value system– Helped by propaganda attacks by poets and a

gradual shift in religious emphasis– Decline of aristocratic value system was paralleled by

the rise of a new value system based on law, order, and stability• Encouraged further business growth and prosperity

– Sped up the decline of the aristocracy– Provided good environment for development of

literature and beginning of philosophic and scientific speculation

GREEK POLITICAL CULTURE• In Greek polis, the state was

society– Two were completely

integrated with each other• Power was not delegated to a

permanent group of legislators, judges and bureaucrats– Citizens were expected to

play an immediate and direct role in legislation, the judiciary, and executive policy-making

• Fundamental principle of most Greek city-sates that officials should be constantly changed– Giving almost everyone a

chance to actively running the polis

PRIVATE SPHERE/PUBLIC SPHERE

• No “diffusion of loyalty”– No chance for citizen to develop

non-state loyalties• Only one state religion• No non-state cultural

associations– All art was public and all

cultural events were state affairs

– Nothing in the Greek polis existed to distract the citizen from his loyalty to the state• Private sphere linked tightly to

the state, focusing everyone’s absolute loyalty to that institution

POLITICAL ASSUMPTIONS• Taken for granted that all

important questions regarding policy-making, legislation, and judiciary was the concern of all citizens– Professionals did not

dominate government• Power was not dissipated

among a multitude of specialized departments and institutions– Rested fully in the hands

of the people

CITIZENSHIP• All city-states restricted

who could become a citizen– General tendency in

Archaic Age was towards less restrictivness

• Citizens only made up part of total population– Rest were foreigners,

slaves, and freedmen

SLAVES AND FREEDMEN• Slaves played crucial role in

economy of all city-states of ancient Greece– And in Sparta, they were the

economy• Freedmen worked as craftsmen,

small farmers, small retail merchants– But they worked for themselves,

not for others• To work for someone else on a

regular basis was the mark of a slave– Essential characteristic of a

freedman was economic independence• No matter how low-level or

demeaning the work they did

FREEDMEN• Freedmen often very poor

– Did not view themselves as oppressed working class

– Complaints directed against the rich• Especially wealthy creditors• Slogans concerned lack of

political participation or the elimination of debts

– Saw themselves as independent businessmen• Wanted recognition of their

status and relief from the costs of doing business

– Never formed any kind of alliance with slaves to overcome their mutual exploitation• Because they say themselves as

inherently better than slaves

GREEK FAMILY• Archaic Greeks viewed family as

immortal– Founded in mythical days and

would continue forever– Male head of family therefore had to

work to ensure this immortality• By expanding its economic base,

performing religious rituals, worshipping ancestors, having children

– Family without children was not considered a family at all

• Family heads under great pressure to keep their families going by having children

MARRIAGE• Marriage was a carefully

considered, regulated step– Were prearranged– Couple became

engaged as children after long negotiations between parents

– It was understood that love would develop after marriage• Not before

GREEK WOMEN• Greeks attached immense importance

to chastity of citizen women– It was of utmost importance that

legitimacy of offspring not be questions on the grounds of a pre-marital or extra-marital affair

– Took every precaution to segregate women from men• Even set aside a part of the house

for exclusive use of women– Adultery considered a serious crime

that threatened foundation of the state• Not just a private matter

CITIZEN AND SLAVE WOMEN• Women had no political role

– Charged with running households and nothing else

• Slave women and freedman women had more freedom– Since they were not

considered important enough to worry about• No one cared if their

families remained intact or not

• Could pretty well do what they wanted in their private lives

FINAL POINT• Neither male nor female citizens enjoyed a high degree of

freedom (in the modern sense of the term)– Greek ideas of freedom implied conformity to

community standards of behavior• Community needs defined the roles of men and

women and restricted the freedom of both• Male family heads had little choice over who and

when he should marry, whether to have children, etc.– Law and custom demanded that he subordinate

his own needs and desires to those of his family and the community at large

– In exchange, men and women enjoyed a strong and stimulating community life

» A trade off between liberty and security, with security receiving the most emphasis