Alternate Alternate Resources in Resources in

PakistanPakistan

Presented To:Presented To:

Sir Jahangir Akhtar Khan(Head of Electrical Engineering Department)

Group Members:Group Members:

Muhammad Imran (2006-EE-16)Ata-ul-Mustafa (2006-EE-17)Rana Muhammad Adeel (2006-EE-21)Muhammad Safdar (2006-EE-25)

Presentation Plan:Presentation Plan:EnergyPower & Energy in PakistanSolar PowerWind PowerNuclear PowerGeothermal PowerTidal Power

EnergyEnergyEnergy is a property of every physical

system, describing its ability to perform work. When energy is released, it is converted to either work (which implies motion of bodies or matter) or another form of energy such that the sum of work.

Forms of Energy:Forms of Energy: There are a lot of forms of energy

existing in this universe. Some of these are given below;

Kinetic energyPotential energyThermal energyChemical energyRadiant energyNuclear energyElectrical energy

Energy may be;Energy may be;Renewable:

Renewable energy resource is that to be replaced rapidly by natural processes.

Non-Renewable:Non-Renewable energy resource is that to be not

replaced or is replaced only very slowly by natural processes.

There are lots of AlternativesThere are lots of Alternatives

Nuclear

SolarWindGeothermalTidalWaveHydroelectricFuel

Pakistan Power Graph:Pakistan Power Graph:

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Demand

Supply

Total Installed

Energy Profile:Energy Profile:The Country’s energy demand had grown at an annual consumption growth rate of 4.8% in the past five years but now it is expected to grow at 8 to 10% per annum till the end of this decade. Most of power comes from oil and gas about 65% of total installed capacity. These resources are Non-Renewable, so we can’t trust on them any more.We need renewable and safe alternate resources.Pakistan has great potential for;

- Wind (346,000 MW)- Solar (2.9 Million MW)

Solar Power

Ata-ul-Mustafa2006-EE-17

Description

The sun is 150 million kilometers away and amazingly powerful.

The Sun generates a large amount of energy due to a continuous thermonuclear fusion reaction occurring in its interior.

In this interaction Hydrogen combine to form Helium and the excess energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

The total energy emitted by the Sun per unit time (Solar luminosity) is L0 = 3.9x1026 Watts.

In 1900, the photoelectric effect was discovered and in 1916, Millikan provided experimental proof of photoelectric effect.

Types of Solar cells/Panels

There are basically three types of solar cells/panels;

Single Crystal Solar cell Polycrystalline Solar cell

Amorphous Solar cell

Two main ways to harness Solar Power

2). Concentrated Solar

Power Technology: – Solar energy is concentrated and used to produce

thermal energy. – This thermal energy heats water to make steam.– And then the steam is used to generate electricity.

1). Photovoltaic (PV) Technology: – It is the direct conversion of sun’s electromagnetic

radiation into electricity.

1).Photovoltaic (PV) Technology:

Sun’s light with energy greater than the band gap energy of Si (mostly used or other material from which the PV cell is formed) is absorbed.

Energy is given to an electron in the crystal lattice

The energy excites the electron; it is free to move in the lattice without any resistance freely.

A positive “hole” is left in the electron’s place

This separation of electrons and holes creates a voltage and hence a current.

Charge controller/voltage regulator regulates the charge.

Batteries stores the energy. Inverter is used to convert

electricity from DC to AC.

2). Solar Thermal (Concentrated Technology):

On large scale use of solar power includes solar thermal technique, in which energy from sun is used to heat water and convert it into steam.

This steam is then goes to generate electricity just as in fossil fuel or nuclear electric plants.

Using solar technique, the electricity becomes 40% cheaper than from solar (photovoltaic) cell.

Solar Thermal (Concentrated) Technology:

There are three kinds of concentrating solar power systems. This classification according to the way how they collect solar energy.

Trough systems, Dish/engine systems Power tower systems.

Other Applications of Solar Power:

The solar power technology has large potential and technical progress in daily use also, some examples are given below;

1. Solar water heater (Geyser)2. Solar cooker3. Solar water desalination (Purification/water

disinfector)4. Solar water pump5. Solar refrigeration unit6. Solar crop drying7. Solar space heating, ventilation & cooling.

Feasibility of Solar Power in Pakistan

In Pakistan, about 70% of the population lives in some 50,000 villages dispersed around the country.

Many of these villages are far from the main transmission lines of the national grid and, because of their relatively small populations.

It is usually not economically viable to connect these villages to the grid.

Solar energy, on the other hand, has excellent potential in areas of Pakistan that receive high levels of solar radiation throughout the year.

Every day, for example, the country receives an average of about 19 Mega Joules per square metre of solar energy.

Feasibility of Solar (contd..)

The maps show that minimum solar radiation is received in the North of Pakistan. Then it increases as we move southward and it reaches maximum in the center of Pakistan.

After this solar radiation decreases slightly towards the coastal region. The Quetta Valley receives maximum solar radiation throughout the year.

The nationwide average is 5.5 kwh/m2/day.

Pakistan average daily Solar Radiation Map

Pakistan Annual Solar Radiation Map

More Detailed View

Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB)

The Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) had initiated SHS (Solar Home System) projects to provide villagers comforts of lighting, cooking and

water disinfection through solar energy technologies. During the previous financial years, the Board has electrified 11 villages in all the provinces in the country.

*Total No. of Houses that were electrified are 1001

Village Name

District Province No. ofHouses

Narian Rawalpindi Punjab 53

Korian Rawalpindi Punjab 57

Allah BakshBazar Dandar Turbat Balochistan 121

Lakhi bhair D.G.Khan Punjab 135

Bharomal Chachro Sindh 115

Jhanak Gujrat NWFP 120

    Total 601

Village Name

District Province No. ofHouses

Takht Kalat

Balochistan 100Killi Mama Macherzai

Killa Saifulla

Basti Bugha D.G.Khan Punjab 100

Pinpario Chachro Sindh 100

Shnow Garri Kohat NWFP 100

    Total 400

SHS installed in Janak, NWFP SHS installed in Takht, Balochistan

SHS installed in Shnow Garri,NWFP SHS installed in Bharomal, Sindh

SHS installed in Bugha Basti, Punjab Energy Savor installed in a house

Proof of Solar Home System SHS

AEDB (Future Plans)

Based on success of this SHS program, the government had approved replication of this project in 400 villages in Balochistan(300) & Sindh(100) in next two years.

Overall objective of this program is to develop technological and strategically implementation plan to electrify 6968 villages in Balochistan and 906 villages in Sindh (total of 7,874 villages) through Renewable Energy sources that are outside the 20 km radius of the national grid.

Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET)

On-going Projects (Solar):

Solar Dryer with electric backup system for dehydration of apricots on commercial basis

Community solar dryers for drying of dates

Pilot project of rural electrification using solar energy

Establishment of testing laboratory for photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal appliances and system

Electrification of mosques and schools in remote rural areas through solar energy

Pilot production of silicon solar cells and modules

PCRET (contd..)

Future Plans (2005-10) (Photovoltaic):

Electrification of 100 villages in remote areas using Solar Energy

Electrification of 700 Mosques & Schools

Provision of Solar refrigeration for Vaccine at Remote Rural Health Centers (500 units)

Pilot project on solar electrification of street lights and traffic signals in urban areas (150 units)

Private Sector

Pakistan's First Solar Powered Base Station deployed by Warid Telecom

Telenor Pakistan Launches solar powered repeater site