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SLOT ULTRA WIDEBAND (UWB) ANTENNA
MUSFIRAH BT HILMI
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
April 2009
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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek : SLOT ULTRA WIDEBAND (UWB) ANTENNA
Sesi
Pengajian: 2008/2009
Saya MUSFIRAH BINTI HILMI
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-
syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( ) :
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan ataukepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTARAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD*(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap:
49 JALAN USJ 4/6G
47600 SUBANG JAYA
Tarikh: . Tarikh: ..
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I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited
in the references.
Signature :.
Author : MUSFIRAH BINTI HILMI
Date :.
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I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in
terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering
(Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours.
Signature :.
Supervisors Name :MOHAMAD ZOINOL ABIDIN ABD AZIZ
Date :.
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For my beloved mom and dad.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, praise to Allah for the goods and bless me along to complete this
Final Year Project. I would like to thank all my lecturers involved especially my
supervisor for their guidance as the approval notification for me to undergo my Final
Year Project in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). Next, I would like to
express my deepest gratitude to my colleagues for their continuous help, support, and
guidance throughout this course in order to complete my project. I would also like to
take this opportunity to thank again my supervisor Mr. Mohamad Zoinol Bin Abd Aziz
whom had actually provided me with all the valuable, precious information to complete
this report. Finally yet importantly, I would like to thank all for providing me a full
cooperation whether direct or indirectly to me while undergoing this Final Year Project.
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ABSTRACT
Since the release by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of a
bandwidth of 7.5 GHz (from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) for ultra wideband (UWB) wireless
communications, UWB is rapidly advancing as a high data rate wireless communication
technology. Due to the requirements of large capacity of data and high speed data
transmission rate, UWB technology has become the promising communication system.
There are many types of UWB antenna such as dipole, bow-tie, TEM horn, slot UWB
antenna, planar antenna and array antenna. This project presents the design of a planar
slot UWB antenna. The design is based on the slot UWB antenna by using a planar
structure and designed for a frequency of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The UWB antenna is
achieved by applying parameter analysis in the design process. The slot UWB antenna
design is simulated on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio
Software and fabricated on Flame Resistant 4 (FR4) substrate by using chemical etching
techniques. The antenna achieved an absolute bandwidth of 7.2GHz with return loss -
25dB. An average gain obtained from simulation is within the range from 2dB to 5.3dB.
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ABSTRAK
Sejak Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan (FCC) melancarkan jalur lebar
berfrekuensi 7.5 GHz (dari 3.1 GHz hingga 10.6 GHz), untuk komunikasi wayarles
Ultra Wideband (UWB) , UWB berkembang dengan pantas sebagai kadar data tinggi
dalam komunikasi wayarles teknologi. UWB teknologi menjadi keperluan dalam sistem
komunikasi disebabkan oleh permintaan yang tinggi untuk kapasiti data yang besar serta
kadar penghantaran yang mempunyai kelajuan yang tinggi. Terdapat beberapa jenis
antena UWB seperti antena dwikutub, bow-tie, TEM horn, slot antena UWB, antenna
planar dan array. Projek ini bertujuan membina slot antena UWB. UWB antenna
diperolehi melalui analisis parameter semasa proses rekaan. Antena tersebut disimulasi
menggunakan program Computer Simulation Technology (CST). Setelah proses simulasi
selesai, antena difabrikasi pada papan substratum Flame Resistant 4 (FR4) dengan
menggunakan proses goresan. Antena tersebut mencapai jalur lebar 7.2GHz dengan
kehilangan balikan -25dB. Purata kenaikan yang diperolehi melalui simulasi adalah
antara 2dB hingga 5.3dB.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
I
TITLE
PROJECT TITLE
THESIS STATUS DECLARATION
RESEARCHERS DECLARATION
SUPERVISORS DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDICES
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction1.2 Objectives1.3 Problem Statement1.4 Scope Of Work1.5 Methodology
PAGE
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1
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II BACKGROUND STUDY
2.1 Introduction to Ultra Wideband (UWB)2.1.1 Background
2.2 Antenna Theory2.2.1 Parameters of an Antenna
2.2.1.1 Radiation Pattern
2.2.1.2 Directivity
2.2.1.3 Gain
2.2.1.4 Frequency Bandwidth
2.2.2 Requirements for UWB antenna
2.3 Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)2.3.1 History of coplanar waveguide
2.3.2 Types of coplanar waveguide
2.3.2.1 Coplanar Waveguide
2.3.2.2 Grounded Coplanar Waveguide
2.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages of coplanar
waveguide
2.4 Types of Slot Ultra Wideband (UWB) Antenna
Reviewed
2.4.1 Coplanar Waveguide-Fed Rectangular SlotAntenna
2.4.2 Elliptical Slot Antenna2.4.3 T Slots Antenna2.4.4 Cross Slot Antenna with U-Shaped Tuning Stub2.4.5 Circular and Elliptical CPW-Fed Slot Antenna2.4.6 Microstrip-Line-Fed Printed Planar Slot Antenna2.4.7 Microstrip Square-Ring Slot Antenna2.4.8 CPW-Fed Rectangular Slot Antenna with Tuning
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III
IV
Stub
2.4.9 Microstrip Square-Ring Slot Antenna Filled by anH-Shape Slot
2.4.10Rectangular Slot Antenna with Patch Stub
SLOT ULTRA WIDEBAND (UWB) ANTENNA
3.1 Introduction3.2 Antenna Geometry
3.2.1 Parameter Analysis3.2.1.1 Rectangular Slot3.2.1.2 U-shaped stub3.2.1.3 Center Conductor Width, Wf3.2.1.4 Slot Width, WS3.2.1.5 Width,A3.2.1.6 Distance Between Slot and U-shaped,B3.2.1.7 Width, C
3.2.2 Optimal Dimension of Design I3.2.3 Adding Element at the Center of the Slot3.2.4 Different Shape of Slot Antenna
3.3 Fabrication3.4 Measurement Setup
RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Parameter Analysis Result4.1.1 Effect of the rectangular slot4.1.2 Effect of the U-shaped stub4.1.3 Effect of the center conductor width, Wf
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V
4.1.4 Effect of the slot width, WS4.1.5 Effect of the width,A4.1.6 Effect of the distance between slot and U-shaped,
B
4.1.7 Effect of the width, C4.1.8 Optimal Design after Alteration
4.2 Simulation Results4.2.1 Return Loss and Frequency Bandwidth4.2.2 Radiation Pattern4.2.3 Antenna Gain and Directivity
4.3 Measured Result4.3.1 Return Loss and Frequency Bandwidth4.3.2 Radiation Pattern4.3.3 Antenna Gain
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion5.2 Future Work
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
TITLE
Dimension of rectangular slot antennas
Optimal dimension for Design I
Optimal dimension of slot antennas
Simulated -10 dB bandwidth printed slot antennas
Half Power Beamwidth
Antenna gains for Design I and Design II
Simulated -10 dB bandwidth printed slot antennas for Design I
Simulated -10 dB bandwidth printed slot antennas for Design II
Half Power Beamwidth for Design I
Half Power Beamwidth for Design II
Antenna Gain for Design I and Design II
PAGES
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
1.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
TITLE
Flow Chart of Methodology
Antenna as a transition device
Radiation lobes and beamwidths of an antenna pattern
Linear Plot Of Power Pattern And Its Associated Lobes And
Beamwidths
Coplanar Waveguide
Grounded Coplanar Waveguide
Geometry of the CPW-Fed rectangular slot antenna (units in mm)
Geometry of the printed elliptical slot antenna
Geometry and Coordinate System of the T Slots Antenna
Geometry of the cross slot antenna
Geometry of the proposed CPW-fed slot antenna configuration
Geometry of printed planar slot antenna
Geometry of the SSRSA antenna
Geometry of the rectangular slot antenna
Geometry of the square-ring slot antenna
The geometry and parameters of the rectangular slot antenna with
PAGES
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3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
patch stub
Geometry of CPW fed of Design I
Return Loss Simulation Result for Rectangular Slot Antenna
Alteration of the rectangular slot
Alteration of the U-shaped stub
Alteration of the center conductor width, Wf
Alteration of the slot width, Ws
Alteration of the width,A
Alteration of the length between slot and U-shaped,B
Alteration of the width, C
Geometry of the Antenna When Adding Elements
Geometry of Design II
The Antenna Layout
Fabricated CPW-Fed Slot Antenna
The Fabrication Process
Network Analyzer Setup
Measurement Setup
Return Loss Simulation Result of rectangular slot for different
length
Return Loss Simulation Result of rectangular slot for different
width
Return Loss Simulation Result for different length of U-shaped
stub
Return Loss Simulation Result for different width of U-shaped
stub
Return Loss Simulation Result for different Wf
Return Loss Simulation Result for different Ws
Return Loss Simulation Result for different width, A of U-shaped
stub
Return Loss Simulation Result for different length,B
Return Loss Simulation Result for different width, C
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4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
Return Loss Simulation Result for optimal design
Return Loss Simulation Result
Radiation Patterns Simulation Result
Return Loss Simulation Result for Design I
Return Loss Simulation Result for Design II
Radiation patterns of Design I
Radiation patterns of Design II
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1G
2G
3G
4G
A
ABW
AWGN
B
C
CPW
CPWG
CST
dB
dBi
FBW
FCC
FDTD
FR4
GHz
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
First-generation
Second-generation
Third-generation
Fourth-generation
Width of Stub
Absolute Bandwidth
Additive White Gaussian Noise
Distance between slot and U-shaped
Width of Stub
Coplanar Waveguide
Coplanar Waveguide with Ground
Computer Simulation Technology
Decibel
Decibel above isotropic
Fractional Bandwidth
Federal Communications Commission
Finite-difference Time-domain
Flame Resistant 4
Giga Hertz
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xviiiGPS
GSM
IEEE
ISM
L
MHz
MIC
mm
MMIC
MSRSA
PCB
SNR
SRSA
SSRSA
UMTS
UWB
VSWR
W
Wf
WS
Wi-Fi
WLAN
WPAN
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Global Positioning System
Global System for Mobile Communication
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Industrial Scientific and Medicine
Length
Mega Hertz
Microwave Integrated Circuit
millimeter
Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
Microstrip Square-Ring Slot Antenna
Printed Circuit Board
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Square-Ring Slot Antenna
Split Square Ring Slot Antenna
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Ultra Wideband
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
Width
Center Conductor Width
Slot Width
Wireless Fidelity
Wireless Local Area Network
Wireless Personal Area Network
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
B
C
D
TITLE
Advantages of UWB
UWB applications
Microstrip
Results for Adding Element at the Center of the Slot
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Introduction
Ultra wideband (UWB) is currently receiving special attention in industry and
academia. The technical improvements have also enabled a large number of new
services to emerge. The first-generation (1G) mobile communication technology only
allowed analogue voice communication while the second-generation (2G) technology
realized digital voice communication. Currently, the third-generation (3G) technology
can provide video telephony, internet access, video/music download services as well as
digital voice services. In the near future, the fourth-generation (4G) technology will be
able to provide on-demand high quality audio and video services, and other advanced
services.
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2In recent years, more interest has been put into wireless personal area network
(WPAN) technology worldwide. The future WPAN aims to provide reliable wireless
connections between computers, portable devices and consumer electronics within a
short range. Furthermore, fast data storage and exchange between these devices will also
be accomplished. This requires a data rate which is much higher than what can be
achieved through currently existing wireless technologies [1].
The maximum achievable data rate or capacity for the ideal band-limited additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is related to the bandwidth and signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) by Shannon-Nyquist criterion [2], as shown in Equation 1.1.
1 1.1
where Cdenotes the maximum transmit data rate,B stands for the channel bandwidth.
Equation 1.1 indicates that the transmit data rate can be increased by increasing
the bandwidth occupation or transmission power. However, the transmission power
cannot be readily increased because many portable devices are battery powered and the
potential interference should also be avoided. Thus, a large frequency bandwidth will be
the solution to achieve high data rate.
On February 14, 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the
United States adopted the First Report and Order that permitted the commercial
operation of UWB technology. Since then, UWB technology has been regarded as one of
the most promising wireless technologies that promises to revolutionize high data rate
transmission and enables the personal area networking industry leading to new
innovations and greater quality of services to the end users [3].
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31.2Objectives
The main objective of this project is to design and implement slot Ultra
Wideband (UWB) antenna for UWB application. The UWB antenna should be capableof operating over an ultra wide bandwidth as allocated by the FCC with bandwidth
requirement from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz and return loss below than -10dB.
1.3Problem Statement
In recent years, there has been an increase in the demand of large capacity of data
and high speed data transmission rate. The limited bandwidth for wireless
communication system is a drawback for the requirement of large capacity of data rate
[1]. Besides the demand for small size and compact profile antennas, broadband ones are
often required in order to cover simultaneously several bands. UWB is rapidly advancing
as a high data rate wireless communication technology [4]. A slot UWB antenna is
designed to have a larger bandwidth with large capacity of data and high speed data
transmission rate.
1.4Scope Of Work
The slot UWB antenna is designed by using planar slot structure and simulated
by using CST software in order to obtain the return loss, frequency bandwidth, gain,
directivity, and radiation pattern. Then the antenna is fabricated on FR4 board by using
chemical etching technique. Finally, analysis has been done to compare between the
simulation and the measurement result.
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1.5Methodology
This project involves five major phase as shown in Figure 1.1. Firstly, a literature
review was carried out from various sources such as journals, articles, books, and
technical reports on UWB antenna. All the basic parameters such as its shape,
dimensions, and all the mathematical parameters like its return loss, wavelength,
directivity, VSWR and etc is analyzed and comprehended.
Then, the slot UWB antenna is designed by using planar slot structure. The UWB
antenna should be capable of operating over an ultra wide bandwidth from 3.1GHz to
10.6GHz.
The CST software implementation is studied to design the antenna. The design
that has been made with all parameters attained is then simulated using CST to analyze
the antenna performance in order to obtain the return loss, frequency bandwidth, gain,
directivity, and radiation pattern. If the design is not achieved a good performance, the
design is being altered or redesign.
The UWB antenna is then fabricated on FR4 board by using chemical etching
technique to validate the simulated prediction. Lastly, the return loss, gain, radiation
pattern and frequency bandwidth are measured. The simulation results are compared to
measurement results.
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Figure 1.1 Flow Chart of Methodology
LiteratureReview
Designtheantenna
SimulateusingCST
Fabrication
Measurement
Writingreport
NO