Sj 공학심리학 Virtural Environments

Seo-Jung Ko, industrial Engineering , Hanyang University.

Engineering Psychology and Human Performance

Chapter 5. Navigation and Interaction in Real and Virtual Environments

Virtual Environments


1. Virtual EnvironmentsDefinitionssix features of a virtual environmentaugmented reality

2. Benefits of Virtual Environments

the ego-centered frame of reference for many guidance tasks

Usefulness for training

On-line comprehension

3. Problems for Virtual Environmentsexpensive

Computationally intensive and lag problemsPotential biases or distortions the need for a world-centered frameMotion sickness

4. Summary

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a virtual environment(VE)

can be defined as the multisensory experience of a location or set of locations

through artificial, electronic means.

environment can be interactively experienced and manipulated by the observer.

VR(Virtual Reality) (x), VE(Virtual Environment) (o)

presence 실재감 (≒immersion 몰입)

defined as the extent to which human participants in a virtual environment al-

low themselves to be convinced that they are somewhere other than where

they physically are.

immersion ( 몰입 )

재미있는 영화를 볼 때 , 완전히 영화에 몰입하여 극장에 있다는 것을 잊어버리고 영화 속의 어떤 환경에 푹

빠져있다고 느끼는 것과 유사 .

Definitions



1. Three-dimensional viewingSince space is three dimensional, a display representation that preserves that characteristic is more realistic than a two-dimensional representation.

2. DynamicWe experience time as continuous. Hence, a virtual display should allow the user to view(and control) events dynamically in real time.

3. Closed-loop interaction

The virtual world should also respond quickly to control inputs so that there is

little lag 렉 .

4. Ego-centered frame of reference

An Ego-centered frame of reference presents the image of the world from the

FFOV

six features of a virtual environment

An Ego-centered frame



5. Multimodal interactionTherefore, virtual environments may also include auditory feedback using 3-D localized sound techniques, and proprioceptive 고유감각 , kinesthetic 운동 , force 힘 , and tactile 촉각 feedback using a dataglove, 3-D mouse, or joy-stick.

6. Head-mounted display and tracking

Many VE systems incorporate a head-mounted display(HMD) and motion

sensors.

six features of a virtual environment

http://www.cybermind.nl/hi-Res800/body_head%20mounted%20displays.html



• virtual objects elements are added to real-world scenes.

• typically, they require the use of a see-through head-mounted display that

shows

the virtual objects overlaid on the real-world.

augmented reality.









4. Summary

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Benefits of Virtual Environmental

1. The potential advantage of the ego-centered frame of reference

for many guidance tasks.

2. Usefulness for training

because it is often safer or less expensive than training in the real environ-

ment

ex) 비행기 조종 연습 , 마취 주사 연습 .

ex) 비행 조종 연습시 연료 비 , 인건비 등을 아낄 수 있음 .

3. On-line comprehension.

to assist the user in gaining insight about the structure of an environment.

건축설계사는 HMD 를 착용하고 3 차원의 가상적 빌딩을 걸어 다녀 봄으로써

방의 배열에 대한 통찰을 얻을 수 있을 것이다 .

Three fundamental benefits









4. Summary

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Problems for Virtual Environments

1. The technology tends to be expensive.

2. Rendering 3-D graphics in real time 실시간 is computationally intensive and

can lead to 　 serious lag problems, making interactivity impossible. And

lag reduces presence.

Lag can be reduced by reducing the number of virtual environment elements.

몇몇 연구자들은 다른 것은 몰라도 motion 만큼은 렉 없이 사실적으로 묘사되어야 한다고 주장한다 .

3. Potential biases or distortions occur in virtual environments.

2-D-3-D effectMake a level plane appear to be an uphill surface.

Virtual space effect

Biases in perceived location of objects resulting from the amount of magnification of view on the virtual environment. That is, targets are perceived as higher than

they actually are. However, stereo disparity improves estimates of elevation.

limited field of view

limited field of view can lead to and underestimation of distances in depth.

However, object-centered, monocular cues (aerial 　 perspective, occlusion)

can be computationally cheap and can improve depth perception in vir-tual spaces.


Problems for Virtual Environments

4. if virtual environments is large, then the user can get lost or disoriented

방향을잃다 ,

leading to the need for a world-centered frame of reference of the virtual

environment.

we see a clear advantage for adding a world-centered frame of refer-

ence to the

immersed view when navigation virtual space.

5. Motion sickness (sometimes referred to as cybersickness in VE)

Symptoms such as well nausea 구역질 ,dizziness 어지러움 ,and disorientation 방향상실 .

Cybersickness is reduced if there is 1:1 relationship between the angle of head

motion and the change in display angle

And if the direction of the observer’s gaze corresponds to the direction of motion.


1. Virtual Environments


3. Problems for Virtual Environments

4. Summary

Virtual environments offer an innovative technological solution to

problems for training, on-line performance, and on-line compre-

hension.

However, the designer must avoid or minimize limitations of the

technology (cost, computational demands, perceptual biases, disorienta-

tion, cybersickness) to make virtual environments maximally effec-

tive.

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Sj 공학심리학 Virtural Environments

Technology

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