SIstemul osos
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Transcript of SIstemul osos
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Sistemul osos
1. Tesutul osos -Tesut conjunctiv moale (lax, reticulat, adipos, fibros, elastic)
-Tesut conjunctiv semidur (cartilaginos): hialin, elastic, fibros
-Tesut conjunctiv dur = tesut osos
Celulele osoase:
OSTEOBLASTE
OSTEOCITE
OCTEOCLASTE
celule tinere
celule “adult” :stau in cavitati
numite osteoplaste
celula gigant multinucleata +
echipament enzimatic
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Tesutul osos substanta fundamentala
organica:
34%
OSEINA
secretata de osteoblaste
anorganica:
66%
(saruri de calciu si fosfor)
+ saruri minerale = LAMELE OSOASE
Tesut osos compact Tesut osos spongios
-diafiza oaselor lungi + strat superficial epifize
-strat superficial oase scurte
-lamele interna si externa oase late
-epifize oase lungi
-interior oase late, scurte
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LAMELE OSOASE
tesutul osos compact diafiza oase lungi
-Canal medular = maduva rosie (fat), maduva galbena (adult)
-Periost = la exterior
-Canale Havers = intre periost si canal medular
OSTEON = sistem haversian = unitate morfologica si functionala a osului
OSTEON = un canal Havers + lamelele osoase care il inconjura + osteoplaste cu osteocite
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LAMELE OSOASE
Tesutul osos spongios
-lamelele osoase se numesc TRABECULE
-trabeculele se intretaie formand cavitati (AREOLE)
-areolele comunica intre ele; contin maduva rosie hematogena
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OSTEOGENEZA
incepe din a 4-a saptamana a vietii embrionare
Are 2 faze: 1 = formarea osului primar
2 = formarea osului secundar
Osul primar ia nastere prin inlocuirea tesutului conjunctiv sau cartilaginos
Osificare endoconjunctiva (de membrana) Osificare endocondrala
(de cartilaj)- Oasele boltii craniene
- Corpul claviculei
- Cresterea in grosime a oaselor lungi (periostul)- Osificarea vertebrelor
- Oasele membrelor
- Baza craniului
Pericondru = membrana care inveleste cartilajul si care se va transforma in periost
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Osificare endoconjunctiva
(de membrana)
Osificare
endocondrala
(de cartilaj)
1. Faza proteica
- Centre de osificare din membrana= celule conjunctive se tranforma in osteoblaste
1. Faza de distrugere
Distrugerea cartilajului incepe prin inmultirea condroblaste-lor; acestea distug substanta fundamentala din jurul lor = cavitati in care patrunde tesut conj-vascular din pericondru
2. Faza minerala
- Impregnarea substantei preosoase cu saruri de calciu
- osteoblastele se transforma in osteocite
- suprafata osului e acoperita de periost
- centrele de osificare fuzioneaza = osul primar
2. Faza de osificare
- Celulele din tesutul conj-vascular devin osteoblaste
- Osteoblastele secreta oseina
3. Faza de REMANIERE Modelarea osului primar conform functiilor sale
3. Faza de REMANIERE
Fenomene de osteogeneza secundara: prin OSTEOLIZA are loc formarea osului in concordanta cu functiile sale
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Cresterea osului in lungime = cartilajele de crestere (intre diafiza si epifiza)
Cresterea osului in grosime = periost (prin zona sa interna) !!!
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SCHELETUL CORPULUI UMAN
NEUROCRANIU =
VISCEROCRANIU
Oasele fetei
Segmente periferice analizatori
Segmente initiale aparate digestiv, respirator
2 temporale
2 parietale
1 frontal
1 etmoid
1 sfenoid
1 occipital
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COLOANA VERTEBRALA
33- 34 vertebre (dispuse metameric)
vertebre cervicale
vertebre toracale
vertebre lombare
sacrum
coccis
disc intervertebral
r d cin nerv spinal
m duva spin rii
gaur intervertebral
7
12
5
5
4-5
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vertebra
corpul vertebrei
arc vertebral (prezinta apofize)
gaura vertebrala
Coloana vertebrala prezinta curburi: in plan sagital; in plan frontal
In plan sagital : cifoze, lordoze
In plan frontal: scolioze
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Coastele = 12 perechi arcuri osoase, dispuse intre coloana vertebrala toracala si stern
Numai primele 10 perechi se articuleaza cu sternul
sternul
articulatie cu clavicula
Coaste adevarate = 1-7 (au propriul cartilaj costal)
Coaste false = 8,9,10 (se articuleaza prin intermediul arcului costal)
Coaste libere (flotante) = 11, 12
apendice xifoid
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Scheletul membrului superior
bra]
antebra] m#n
Membrul superior se “ leaga” de scheletul toracic prin clavicula si omoplat (care formeaza centura scapulara)
humerus
radius si ulna (cubitus)
Scheletul mainii: 8 carpiene, 5 metacarpiene, falange
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Scheletul membrului inferiorMembrele inferioare se leaga de coloana vertebrala prin centura pelviana (formata din 2 oase coxale – anterior acestea se articuleaza intre ele prin simfiza pubiana, iar posterior se articuleaza cu osul sacrum
Scheletul bazinului (pelvisul) = 2 coxale + sacrum
coapsa
gamba
piciorul
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femurcel mai mare os
rotula
tibia + peroneul (fibula)
Scheletul piciorului: 7 tarsiene, 5 metatarsiene, falange
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Rolul tesutului osos in organism
Aparat de sustinere (prin continutul bogat in minerale)
Protectie (cutia toracica, craniana)
Mentine echilibrul fosfo-calcic (depozit de minerale)
Rol hematoformator (prin maduva rosie hematogena)
Rol pasiv in miscare (aparatul locomotor)