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Sistemas de Puesta a Tierra (ICA-Procobre, Ago 2015)
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Transcript of Sistemas de Puesta a Tierra (ICA-Procobre, Ago 2015)
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ConsumoFuente de suministro
L
N
? ?
Generación
?
?
OTROS USOSSISTEMAS DE POTENCIA
NECIEEE 80 de 2000IEEE 80 de 2000
ó
NEC
ó
NEC
IEC
IEC
NEC
NEC
IEEE
IEC
NFPA
NFPA
Mitos y realidades sobre los
Sistemas de Puesta a Tierra
Ing. Alberto Braulio Alzate Duque. México, D.F. 25 de Agosto de 2015
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ICA –PROCOBRE
2
Aviso Importante:
Esta presentación ha sido preparada por el Ingeniero Braulio Alzate Duque en
colaboración con Procobre Centro Mexicano de Promoción del cobre A.C. con
el propósito de difundir y diseminar diferentes aspectos relacionados con
ventajas y beneficios para quienes adopten o implementen las
recomendaciones aquí expuestas. Ha sido preparado y revisado por personas
conocedoras del tema, sin embargo, el Procobre Centro Mexicano de
Promoción del Cobre, A.C. y otros organismos participantes no se
responsabilizan de su aplicación ni de la profundidad en relación al contenido
aquí expuesto, ni por cualquier daño directo, incidental o consecuencial que
pueda derivarse del uso de la información o de los datos aquí contenidos.
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ICA –PROCOBRE
•ICA-Procobre México, red de instituciones latinoamericanas cuya misión es promover el uso y
consumo de aplicaciones de cobre mediante una adecuada gestión de información, impulsando la
investigación, el desarrollo de nuevas aplicaciones, el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida y el
progreso de la sociedad.
3
LATINO
AMERICA
- México
- Brasil
- Perú
- Chile
- Argentina
NORTE
AMERICA
- Canadá
- EEUU
EUROPA
- Reino Unido
- Italia
- Francia
- Alemania
- Polonia
- Hungría
- Suecia
- España
- Benelux
- Grecia
- Rusia AFRICA
Sud Africa
ASIA
- S.E. Asia
- Singapur
- Australia
- China
- India
- Japón
ICA
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Proviene del griego mo = fábula
Explicación pre-lógica, simplista e incompatible con la ciencia y pensamiento modernos.
Persona o cosa a las que se atribuyen cualidades o excelencias que no tienen.
MITO
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REALIDAD
Del latin «realis» = La desinencia de abstracción.
El modo de ser de las cosas en cuanto existen fuera de la mente humana independiente de ella.
Contraposición de lo fantástico e ilusorio.
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La búsqueda de una buena “TIERRA” es similar a la búsqueda del Santo Cáliz o Grial Sagrado, en muchos aspectos. Según la leyenda se disipa y desaparece cuando se acerca a él alguno que no es puro y santo.
Warren H. Lewis.
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«La picardía y osadía de muchos es impresionante en relación a los temas de Tierras y Rayos: todos son expertos cuando se trata de ganar dinero, pero nadie es responsable cuando se trata de ver qué pasó con lo que se suponía protegería».
Dr. Horacio Torres
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CIENCIAS QUE INTERVIENEN
•ELECTRICIDAD
•ELECTROMAGNETISMO
•ELECTROQUÍMICA
•ÉTICA
•FÍSICA
•GEOELECTRICIDAD
•GEOFÍSICA
•GEOLOGÍA
•GEOMAGNETISMO
•GEOQUÍMICA
•GEOTECNIA
•GEOTERMIA
•GRAVIMETRÍA
•HIDROGEOLOGÍA
•INFORMÁTICA
•MATEMÁTICAS APLICADAS
•METALIZACIÓN O
GALVANOTECNIA
•METROLOGÍA
•MINERALOGÍA
•QUÍMICA
•SALUD OCUPACIONAL
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• GENERACIÓN: IEEE 665
• TRANSMISIÓN: IEEE 1243
• SUBESTACIONES: IEEE 80 / IEEE 837/ IEEE 998
• DISTRIBUCIÓN: ANSI C2 / IEEE 1410
• BAJA TENSIÓN: NEC / NTC 2050 / RETIE / IEC 60364/IEEE 142
• PROTECCIÓN CONTRA RAYOS: IEC 62305 / NTC 4552/NFPA 780
• TELECOMUNICACIONES: UIT / EIA / TIA / MOTOROLA R-56
• EQUIPO ELECTRÓNICO: IEEE 1100 / IEC 61000-5-2/ NFPA 77
• MEDICIONES: IEEE 81 / IEC 61557
• TIERRAS TEMPORALES: IEC 61230 / IEEE 1048
PRINCIPALES NORMAS QUE APLICAN EN SISTEMAS DE PUESTA A TIERRA
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ÁMBITO DE APLICACIÓN
ConsumoFuente de suministro
L
N
? ?
Generación
?
?
OTROS USOSSISTEMAS DE POTENCIA
NECIEEE 80 de 2000IEEE 80 de 2000
ó
NEC
ó
NEC
IEC
IEC
NEC
NEC
IEEE
IEC
NFPA
NFPA
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DIÁMETRO
ANÁLISIS DE SENSIBILIDAD DE
PARÁMETROS DE UN ELECTRODO
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LONGITUD
ANÁLISIS DE SENSIBILIDAD DE
PARÁMETROS DE UN ELECTRODO
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PARALELO
ANÁLISIS DE SENSIBILIDAD DE
PARÁMETROS DE UN ELECTRODO
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CORRIENTE DE DESBALANCE
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Ver Artículo 250.6 del NEC 2014
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CORTOCIRCUITO
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CORTOCIRCUITO
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FALLA A TIERRA
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FALLA A TIERRA
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EXTRACCIÓN DEL IEEE 142
¡ Grave error en la comprensión de la funcionalidad de los
conductores de neutro y tierra por parte de los fabricantes, ha llevado
a especificar instalaciones que incumplen el NEC !
(5.5.3.1 IEEE 142 de 2007)
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PROBLEMAS
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PROBLEMAS
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?
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OBRA DE LADRONES !
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?
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Si r0 =L R = 94%
r1
r0
L
Cílindro crítico
Electrodo
ÁREA DE INFLUENCIA DE LOS
ELECTRODOS TIPO VARILLA
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3:43:33 p.m.
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3:43:33 p.m.
EL ÁREA INMEDIATAMENTE ALREDEDOR
DE UNA VARILLA ES EL MÁS IMPORTANTE
PARA REDUCIR SU RESISTENCIA.
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ASPECTOS QUE INFLUYEN
PROFUNDIDAD IDEAL
• Resistividad de la capa superficial artificial
• Resistividad aparente del terreno en los diferentes estratos.
• Tensión máxima de paso y contacto
• Duración de la falla
• Magnitud de la corriente de falla
• Distribución geométrica de la malla
• Conexión equipotencial a nivel de superficie
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3:43:34 p.m.
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L
R1 R2
Rm = R1 + R2
Para que Rm = R1;
R2 debe tender a cero
Rm
O cuando menos deberíamos
conocer R2 para tener dos de las
tres variables
Nota: Rm se podría considerar casi igual a R1 si R2 tiende a un valor al
menos 20 veces menor a R1, Por ejemplo en instalaciones con neutro
múltiplemente puesto a tierra
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RESISTIVIDAD APARENTE; UNA
CARACTERÍSTICA DEL TERRENO
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RESISTENCIA: UN PARÁMETRO DE
UNA PUESTA A TIERRA
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MÉTODOS PARA MEDIR RESISTENCIA
DE PUESTA A TIERRA
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• POR TOMA DE MUESTRAS
• DE CUATRO ELECTRODOS
• DE SCHLUMBERGER O DE GRADIENTE
• DE SCHLUMBERGER MODIFICADO
• DE A.L. KINYON
• DE WENNER O DE POTENCIAL
• DE PALMER
• DE LEE
• DIPOLARES (6)
• DE DOS ELECTROS
• POR MEDIDA DE RESISTENCIA
MÉTODOS PARA MEDIR RESISTIVIDAD
APARENTE DEL TERRENO
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MÉTODO DE CAIDA DE
POTENCIAL
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IMPEDANCIA Y RESISTENCIA
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USO PARA VALOR MÁXIMO DE RESISTENCIA DE PUESTA A TIERRA
Estructuras de líneas de transmisión. 20 Ω
Subestaciones de alta y extra alta tensión. 1 Ω
Subestaciones de media tensión en poste. 10 Ω
Subestaciones de media tensión de uso interior. 10 Ω
Protección contra rayos. 10 Ω
Neutro de acometida en baja tensión. 25 Ω
Descargas electrostáticas. 25 Ω
Equipos electrónicos sensibles. 5 Ω
VALORES DE RESISTENCIA DE PUESTA A
TIERRA
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-10 -5 0 5 1010 5 0-5
-1014042
10532
7021
3511
010
50
-5
-10
-10
-5
0
5
1 0
14042
10532
7021
3511
11 70210 643
9 5858 5267 4686 409
5 3504 2923 233
2 1751116
COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA TENSIÓN EN UNA
PUESTA A TIERRA A TRAVÉS DE LA CUAL
CIRCULA CORRIENTE
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V apl
V TH
V TH
GPR
Vs
Malla de
cerramiento
Cuerpo Superficie
GPR
Soportable
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QUÉ VALOR DE RESISTENCIA EXIGE EL
IEC 62305-3
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3:43:34 p.m.
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EL SÍMBOLO CORRECTO
R <<<<
R << R
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EL SÍMBOLO CORRECTO
Tierra de protección Tierra aislada
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¡Gracias! Escriba a : Ing. Alberto Braulio Alzate Duque. [email protected] Tel. (044) 55 3898 2766 / (+52) 55 6269 8840
Visite: www.segelectricamexico.com Visite www.procobre.org Visítenos en Redes Sociales
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PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS
A continuación se enlistan las preguntas que no pudieron ser respondidas durante la sesión.
Pregunta 1. Si existen tres circuitos ramales que van alimentar eléctricamente a 3
equipos que están instalados físicamente cercanos, ¿se puede llevar un solo cable
de puesta a tierra de equipos en común para los 3 equipos o cada circuito ramal
debe llevar su conductor de puesta a tierra de equipos?
Respuesta: Siempre que el al menos un conductor de puesta a tierra para equipos
acompañe la trayectoria del circuito hasta el equipo, es decir que si en algún punto del
recorrido se separan, se deberá derivar del conductor de puesta a tierra para equipos
común hacia cada equipo y el dimensionamiento del conductor común debe hacerse de
acuerdo con la tabla 250-122 del NEC en función del interruptor de mayor capacidad entre
los 3 circuitos. Pueden consultar mayor información al respecto en el código eléctrico de su
país y lo encontrarán con el nombre de conductor común de puesta a tierra para equipos.