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Sidevõrgud IRT 0020

loeng 4 02. okt. 2005

Avo Ots

telekommunikatsiooni õppetoolraadio- ja sidetehnika instituut

avots@lr.ttu.ee

2

Teenus võrgus

ATerminal

ATerminal

B Terminal

B Terminal

APortal

BPortal

TransmissionTransmissionAccessAccess AccessAccess

Session ServiceSession Service

Control ServiceControl Service

A Home ServiceA Home Service B Home ServiceB Home ServiceA User Service Management

A User Service Management

B User ServiceManagement

B User ServiceManagement

TransmissionTransmissionAccess ServiceAccess Service Access ServiceAccess Service

TerminalTerminal TerminalTerminalTelecom basic service/call controlTelecom basic service/call control

Off-line customer managementOff-line customer management

Extended call control and IN chargingExtended call control and IN charging

Linear Service Architecture in Legacy Network: Static Services

Two-Dimension Service Architecture in NGN: Active Services

3

TT T

GW

GW

GW

SCN

MCUGK

Piirkonnad ja piirpinnad

TT

4

STM 1 155 Mb/s

VCI-100VCI-101

VCI-100VCI-101

VPI-10, 50 Mb/s

VPI-20, 60 Mb/s

Virtuaalsed teed ja kanalid (VPI, VCI)

5

Layer Conceptspath

path termination

pathtermination

service (E1, E4..)mapping demapping

service (E1, E4..)mapping demapping

PTE PTE

multiplex section multiplex section

multipl. section termination

ADMor

DCS

regeneratorsection

regen. section termination

regen. sectiontermination

REG REG

PTE = path terminating elementMUX = terminal multiplexerREG = regeneratorADM = add/drop multiplexerDCS = digital cross-connect system

regen.section

regen.section

regeneratorsection

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Physical Layer - I.

Photonic

Path

Multiplex Section

Regen. Section

STM-N

Signal

Light

Pulse

VC and MS Overhead

Payload and Path Overhead

TerminalRegenerator

Optical Conversion

Terminal

Map internal signal and RS OH

into STM-N signal

Map Payload and Path OH into VC

Map VC and MS OH into internal

signal

Services (E1, E2, E3, E4, Video, etc.)

Regen. Section

Physical

Layers

7

S T M 1

9 columns 261 columns

270 columns

VC CapacitySectionoverhead(SOH)

1st

2nd

Order of transmission

8

125 μsec

9 Rows

Section Overhead

270 x N Columns

9xN Columns

STM-N VC capacity

STM-N frame

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Frame Structures

270 Columns

9 Rows

9 Rows

9 Rows

1,080 Columns

4,320 Columns

STM-1

155.52 Mbit/s

STM-4

STM-16

622.08 Mbit/s

2488.32 Mbit/s

STM-64 9 rows x 17280 columns, 9953.28 Mbit/s

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Line, SPE and Payload Rates– Line rate = SOH + SPE– SPE rate = POH + payload capacity + fixed

stuffing– VC payload capacity rate = line rate - SOH - POH

- fixed stuffing– Transparent bit-stream capacity rate = line rate -

SOH - POH– Example for STM-1 frame line rate:

• 270 columns x 9 rows = 2430 bytes

• 8000 fps x 19440 bits = 155.52 Mbit/s

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Rate Hierarchy

SDH

Level

Line Rate

(Mbit/s)

SPE Rate

(Mbit/s)

Optical

Level

Electrical

Level

STM-1 OC-3 STS-3

STM-4 OC-12 STS-12

STM-16 OC-48 STS-48

STM-64

155.52

622.08

2488.32

9953.28 OC-192 STS-192

STM-256 39813.12

150.336

601.344

9621.504

38486.016 OC-768 STS-768

SONET

2405.376

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AUAUAU

DS1 E1 DS1C DS2TUDS1 E1 DS1C DS2TUDS1 E1 DS1C DS2TU

Mapping Hierarchy - I.

STM-N

STS-1 Frame

STS-1 Frame

STS-1 Frame

STM-1 Frame

AU

DS1 E1 DS2 DS3/E3 E4

SPE-Nc

IP/ATM/Video

DS1 E1 DS1C DS2TU

DS3/E3

DS1 E1 DS1C DS2TU

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Mapping Hierarchy - II.

C-4

C-3

C-2

C-12

C-11

VC-4

VC-3

VC-2

VC-12

VC-11

TU-3

TU-2

TU-12

TU-11

VC-3

STM-N AUG AU-4139 Mbit/sATM

AU-3

TUG-3

44 Mbit/s34 Mbit/s

TUG-26.3 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

1.5 Mbit/s

xN

x3

x1

x7

x7

x4

x3

x1

x3

STM-0

x1

VT-1.5VT-1.5

VT group

VT group

STS-1SPE

STS-1SPESTS-1STS-1

STS-3NSTS-3N

DS3 BULKDS3 BULK

STS-3c BULKSTS-3c BULK

AUG

Aligning

Mapping

xNMultiplexing

x1

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Uni- and Bi-directional

– Only working traffic is shown

– Subnetwork (path) or multiplex section switching for protection

A

CE

BF

D

Uni-directional Ring(1 fiber)

C-A

A-CA

CE

BF

D

Bi-directional Ring(2 fibers)

C-A

A-C

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STM -N Mux

K1K2Read/Sel

K1K2Write

WorkingSTM-N

ProtectSTM-N

STM-N Mux

K1K2Write

K1K2Read/Sel

TributaryChannels

TributaryChannels

MSTE

MSTE

Automatic Protection SwitchingAPS = Automatic

Protection Switching

Allows network to react to failed lines, interfaces, or poor signal quality

Performed over the entire STM-N payload

Uses K1 and K2 bytes of MS Overhead

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Synchronization in Voice Networks

Network Clock

• Asynchronous transport network uses pulse stuffing and is transparent to E1 timing

DS0Switch

CB

E1

M14 M14LT CBLT LT

E4 prop. E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1

M14 M14

0.000001 ppm

LT

f120ppm

f220ppm

f320ppm

f420ppm

f520ppm

f620ppm

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• Timing distribution is done using embedded E1 facility• Asynchronous transport network is transparent to E1 timing

Synchronization Distribution

Network Clock(Stratum 1)

DS0Switch

CB

E1

M14 M14

20ppm

LT CBLT LT

E4 prop. E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1

M14 M13

0.000001 ppm

20ppm

LT

Dedicated TimingE1

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• SDH used in point-point configuration• Direct replacement for async transport• SDH terminals free-run at 20ppm. Not network synchronized. No pointer adjustments so no issues with E1/E4 mapping jitter !

f120ppm

f220ppm

f320ppm

f420ppm

f520ppm

f620ppm

Network Clock(Stratum 1)

DS0Switch

CB

E1

M14 M14 CBLT LT

E4 STM-16 E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1

M14 M14

0.000001 ppm

SDHNE

SDHNE

Initial SDH Deployments

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Current SDH Deployments - I.

Questions:• How do I time the SDH network ?• Can I still just free run all my SDH NEs at 20ppm ?• What is the impact of pointer adjustments ?• How do I distribute timing to the CBs and DS0 switches ?

Network Clock(Stratum 1)

DS0Switch

CB

E1

CBSTM-1

E4 E1E1 E1

0.000001 ppm

STM-16

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

STM-4

???

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• All STM-N interfaces traceable to PRS to avoid excessive pointers• Excessive pointers cause jitter/wander in embedded E1/E4 payloads• Timing distributed to CB and DS0 switches directly via STM-N lines

Current SDH Deployments - II.

Network Clock(Stratum 1)

DS0Switch

CB CB

BITS

E1E1 E1

0.000001 ppm

STM-16

STM-1STM-1 STM-1

STM-4

STM-1

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Data Communication Channel– DCC is a 192 kb/s in-band channel to facilitate

communication between all Network Elements (NE) in a network

• Remote login, alarms reporting, software download, provisioning

DCN

SDHDCC

ManagementServer

OSS

Network Operations Center

ADM

ADM

ADM

GNEGNEGNEGNE

ADM

GNEGNEGNEGNEGNEGNEGNEGNE

ManagementClients

SDHDCC

SDHDCC

ManagementClient

Alarm and Event

Forwarding

TDM

TDM

TDM

TDM

TDM

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Management Interfaces - I.

OS

DCN

WS

TMN

NE QA

F

XQ3/X/F

Q3 Q3

TMN Model as of M.3010

Reference pointReference point

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Management Interfaces - II.– CMIP over OSI

• TMN Manager/Agent communication standard

Agent

Mgr.

Agent

Element ManagerLayer

Network Element Layer

CMIP/OSI

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Side loomine (connection establishment)

BA

Nõudlus

Vastus (kinnitus)

Terminali (raadioühendus) võrkuTerminaal Raadioühendus Võrk Teenused

Phone

PDA

laptop

60 GHz

40 GHz

17 GHz

5 GHz

WLAN

WLL

Satellite

ATM

Internet

Intranet

……..

speech

video

QoS data

best-effort data

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WCDMA kanalid

BaseStation

(BS)

UserEquipment

(UE)

P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical ChannelSCH - Sync Channel

P-CPICH - Primary Common Pilot ChannelS-CPICH - Secondary Common Pilot Channel(s)

Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell

DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel

F-PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel

Dedicated Connection Channels

PICH - Page Indication Channel

Paging Channels

S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

PCPCH - Common Physical Packet Channel

AP-AICH - Acquisition Preamble Indication Channel

CD/CA-AICH - Collision Detection Indication Channel

CSICH - CPCH Status Indication Channel

PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel

AICH - Acquisition Indication Channel

Random Access and Packet Access Channels

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Vastastikused häired

Interference Margin (dB) and Load Factor

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Load Factor

Inte

rfer

ence

Mar

gin

(d

B)

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T

T G T

T R R

T T

T

Võrkude ja teenuste ühendamine

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