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馬丁路德（ Martin Luther)1483~1546

A theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation

The Ninety-Five Theses ---strongly disputed the Church’s

claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money.

( 對於贖罪券表達不滿 )

Luther’s Theory salvation ( 拯救 )is not from good works,

but a free gift of God, received only by grace through faith in

( 信者得救 )

--- Challenged the authority of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge. No need for Church mediation.

Contribution translation of the Bible from Latin in

to German, making the Holy Book accessible

Created hymns to help the congregation focus and learn about doctrine

His marriage opened the door for priests to marry

Denominations( 宗派 ) divided according to doctrinal ( 教義上的 ) differences

Protestants

The Lutheran-- by grace alone through faith alone because of Christ alone

The Calvinist-- sovereign grace, five points of Calvinism

The Presbyterianism( 長老會制 )-- the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures( 聖經 ), the necessity of grace through faith in Christ

Church of England

Debates about Debates about LutherLuther

Much scholarly debate has focused on Luther's writings about the Jews. His statements that the Jews' homes should be destroyed, their synagogues burned, money confiscated, and liberty curtailed were revived and used in propaganda by the Nazis from 1933 to 1945.

Protest Against the Protest Against the ChurchChurch

The Protestant Reformation began on 31 October 1517, in Wittenberg, Saxony, where Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the door of the All Saints' Church(a university notice board), the theses debated and criticized the Church and the Pope,

but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgement, Mariology (devotion to Mary, Jesus’ Mother), the intercession of and devotion to the saints, most of the sacraments, the mandatory clerical celibacy, including monasticism, and the authority of the Pope.

In the event, other religious reformers, such as Ulrich Zwingli, soon followed Martin Luther’s example.

InfluenceInfluence

Disunion of the ChurchThe Thirty Year’s WarThe concept of Catholicism

has been changedCounter-ReformationIndividualism & National

consciousness Dialect literature & Education

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