Shelter Med 201
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Transcript of Shelter Med 201
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Overview of Diseases Considered
Canine Parvovirus (GI)Feline Panleukopenia (GI)Canine Respiratory Disease Complex (URI)Feline Respiratory Diseases (URI)Dermatophytosis
Eye, limb, skin trauma
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Canine Parvovirus
Closely related to Feline Panleukopenia Virus Affects dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, big cats, bears Some current stains can infect domestic cats**
Fecal-oral transmission (remember puppies are coveredin poop!)
Infected animals can shed virus for 2 weeks, even if notshowing any clinical signs
Can persist in environment for up to 5 months Affects cells of GI tract, bone marrow, growing cardiac
muscle, and lymphoid tissue
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Canine Parvovirus: Risk Profile
Naive (unvaccinated) dogs Young dogs, less than 6 months of age Usually 6 weeks 20 weeks most severe disease No gender predilection Seasonal: July-Sept 3x > than Nov-June
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Canine Parvovirus: Contagious!
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Canine Parvovirus: Symptoms
Lethargy Anorexia
Vomiting Fever Dehydration
Abdominal painDiarrhea occurs 12-48 hours latera lot of it! ( watery, sometimesbloody)
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Canine Parvovirus: Diagnosis
Fecal Snap Test: detects Parvo antigens Can detect as long as patient is shedding virus,
even if clinical signs have resolved Can have false positive results if vaccinated
within the last week
CBC: leukopenia
Early lymphopenia, later neutropenia May not appear until after patient is showing
clinical signs
PCR, virus isolation
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Canine Parvovirus: Risk Assessment
Symptomatic: Test/treat in isolation**Exposed: Isolate/observe--can do titers
against parvo, high titer means lower risk;no titer means high risk
Not-exposed: Keep in location, observe forsymptoms, can adopt but urge vigilancewith adoptors
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Canine Parvovirus: TreatmentThe mainstay is symptomatic, supportive care Fluids: to replace fluids lost in diarrhea and vomit
IV ideal, oral or subQ possible depending on severityof illness
Balanced crystalloid +/- colloid Antibiotics: to prevent sepsis
Ampicillin is a good choice! Antiemetics
Ondansetron good; Maropitant OK only if >16 wks old
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Canine Parvovirus: Treatment
Nutrition once vomiting controlled,encourage to eat!
Oral nutrition keeps intestine healthier
Consider GI protectants--sucralfate
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Canine Parvovirus: Recovered Dogs
Recovered dogs/puppies are okay foradoption after a two week period, butshould be bathed before returning to theshelter (covered in poop, you'll recall).
Immune to parvo, but continue vaccinationseries for other viruses
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Feline Panleukopenia
Virtually identical to Canine Parvovirus, butmore acute deaths seen in kittens (oftenwith no prelude signs).
Because kitten foster is increasing, you willhave occasional breaks with this diseasein your foster network
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Feline Panleukopenia: Spread
As with puppies, any plurality of kitten willbe covered in poop! Fecal oral and "hairborne" disease with cats.
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Feline Panleukopenia: Symptoms
Lethargy Anorexia Vomiting Fever Dehydration Abdominal pain Diarrhea Acute death
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Feline Panleukopenia: Diagnosis
Symptoms in high risk cats/kittensFecal antibodies (Idexx Parvo kits)
Necropsy showing segmental enteritisPCR
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Feline Panleukopenia: Treatment
Fluid support--can be very challenging invery young kittens
Antibiotics to defend against sepsisSerum from vaccinated cat in exposed,
naive kittens may be helpful
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Canine Respiratory Disease
CIRDConstellation of agents
Route of InfectionIncubation Periods"rolling infection"
Role of VaccinationDiagnosticsTreatments
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Canine Respiratory Disease
Primary Causative Agents:
Canine Distemper
Canine Influenza
Canine Respiratory Corona Virus
Canine AdenovirusCanine Herpes Virus
Canine Parainfluenza Virus
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
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Canine Respiratory Disease
Route of Infection: Aerosol, Fomite
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Canine Respiratory Disease
Incubation Period
Short: Canine Influenza 1 day
Medium: Bordetella 2-4 days
Long: Distemper 7-21 days
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Canine Respiratory Disease
"Rolling Infection" in a kennel population
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Canine Respiratory Disease
Role of Vaccination:
Crucial protective barrier for community, forfoster/rescue cohabitant dogs, for limitingextent of spread in shelter dog population.
All dogs should be vaccinated on intake forDistemper combination and Bordetella.
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Feline Respiratory Disease
URIConstellation of agents
Route of Infection: New vs. RecrudescentRole of StressIncubation Periods
Role of VaccinationDiagnosticsTreatments
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Feline Respiratory Disease
Route of Infection
FomiteDirect ContactHair Borne (special sort of fomite)
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Feline Respiratory Disease
New Infection vs. Recrudescent Infection
It is likely that many of the cats breaking with symptomsare recrudescent herpes or calici cats. Once sheddingagain, spread to other cats depends onhousing/movement/cleaning/disinfection protocols inshelter.
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Feline Respiratory Disease
Role of StressLack of hiding spacesInability to stretch, assume normal cat postures
Noise stressSmell stressVibration stressDog stressHandling/cleaning stressGroup Housing stress (!)
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Feline Respiratory Disease
Incubation period: 2-6 days
Recovered herpes cats remain infected for life
8 % of house cats and 25% or more of cats inmulti-cat households/catteries are chronic
carriers/shedders of calici virus
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Feline Respiratory Disease
Vaccination does not produce sterile immunity,but lessens the severity of disease. Topicalnasal vaccination may produce better
immunity against respiratory agents, but it isnot an effective way to vaccinate againstpanleukopenia.
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Feline Respiratory Disease
Diagnostics
Respiratory panels for feline URI agents arecommercially available and will be helpful tounderstand the range of pathogens in yourshelter and cat community
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Feline Respiratory Disease
Treatment
General supportive care, including fluids,humidification, "de-crusting", ophthalmicointments (I especially like erythromycin forcat eyes)
Antibiotics for secondary infectionsThere is no benefit to L-lysine in the treatment
of shelter cats
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Dermatophytosis
Environmental containmentReduce clutterSporicidal disinfection
Mechanical cleaning
Treatment of Positive CatsSystemic
Topical with Lyme Sulfur DipTreat until two consecutive negative weekly fungalcultures
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Dermatophytosis
Itraconazole suspension
Dosed variously:
5-10 mg/kg daily for 21 days or 2 consecutive negativecultures
5 mg/kg daily "pulsed": one week on, one week off, 3"pulses" of drug
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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma
Editorial Comments:
We no longer teach practical, commonsense care at veterinary teachinghospitals. Dont be surprised when recentgrads want to refer every fracture forplating or every eye problem to theophthalmologist.
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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma
Overarching treatment goals shouldinclude:
Pain management (eyes hurt, too) Behavioral assessment/screening for placement (dogs) Realistic assessment of appropriate
repair/correction/treatment Impact of condition on adoptability Budgeting for immediate and follow up care (dollars,
space, foster, other human resources)
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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma
Eyes
Cats: severe conjunctivitis, lid abnormalities, cornealperforations, congenetally deformed/small eyes
Dogs: entropion, lid tumors, cherry eye, proptosed
eyes, perforating ulcers, glaucoma
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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma
Limb Trauma
Long bone fractures can be repaired, but after care isbest done in foster (or educated adoptive home) ratherthan shelter environment
Some fractures--especially those through a joint--cannotbe returned to normal function; joint fusion likely, orsevere DJD
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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma
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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma
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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma
Though we teach vet students exclusivelyreferral level fracture repair, many longbone fractures can be managed withexternal splinting/casting, pins/cerclagewire, or external fixation.
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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma
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