Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure...

65
東京大学社会基盤学専攻・横浜国立大学都市基盤学科 2017/11/17 前川 宏一 新設構造物の性能照査と既設構造物の 点検データ同化 新設構造の終局限界照査から、中長期の使用限界 照査や評価(環境/荷重)へ、適用範囲が拡大 既設構造の点検データと非線形解析を混成利点 と弱点を相互補完して維持管理へ貢献 高次非線形解析の今後:新設・既設を問わず

Transcript of Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure...

Page 1: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

東京大学社会基盤学専攻・横浜国立大学都市基盤学科

2017/11/17 前川 宏一

新設構造物の性能照査と既設構造物の点検データ同化

新設構造の終局限界照査から、中長期の使用限界照査や評価(環境/荷重)へ、適用範囲が拡大

既設構造の点検データと非線形解析を混成利点

と弱点を相互補完して維持管理へ貢献

高次非線形解析の今後:新設・既設を問わず

Page 2: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

ひび割れ(crack)=RC構造非線形性の主因

Univ. of Toronto(2015 Collins): size-effect of shear mode failure

z

x

y

1

地盤内を走る断層もRCせん断ひび割れも、同種の現象

Maekawa, K. and Fukuura, N.(2014): Nonlinear Modeling of 3D Structural Reinforced Concrete and Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons

Page 3: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

z

xy Stab(Elastic)

Stab (Elastic)

Wall (RC)

:Loading point(4)

RC-joint

X-Disp.0.8

1.0

0.8

X-Disp.

(1)(3)

(2)

(4)

(5)

(2)(1) (3)

(6)

. 0.8

1.0

Y-Disp.

X-Disp. 0.8

1.0

Y-Disp.

(1)

(2)(3)

(4)

(5)

(6) (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)(6)

2荷重作用の多様性に対応:非直交多方向ひび割れ

by Dr. Fukuura, COMSE Eng.

ひび割れを含む有限体積の平均応力ひずみ関係が出発点多くのモデル淘汰次世代の要求に会うもの(あるがままに)

Page 4: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

A - A section

2700

600

600

2700600 6001500

75

75 1500

(Unit: mm)

2700

600 1500 600

1575

900 900 900

A

500

1000

400

1900

A

X-Disp.0.8

1.0

0.8

X-Disp.

(1)(3)

(2)

(4)

(5)

(2)(1) (3)

(6)

. 0.8

1.0

Y-Disp.

X-Disp. 0.8

1.0

Y-Disp.

(1)

(2)(3)

(4)

(5)

(6) (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)(6)

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

-10 -5 0 5 10

Y - Direction

TestAnalysis

Y-Displacement (mm)

Y-F

orc

e(k

N)

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

-10 -5 0 5 10 15

X - Direction

TestAnalysis

X-Displacement (mm)

X-F

orc

e(k

N)

X - Direction

TestAnalysis

X-Displacement (mm)

X-F

orc

e(kN

)

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

-10 -5 0 5 10 15-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

-10 -5 0 5 10

Y - Direction

TestAnalysis

Y

-Displacement (mm)

Y-F

orc

e(kN

)

NUPEC, Kajima, Taisei

Verification of Structural Macro-scale Modeling 3

有限体積内で、ひび割れは多方向に交差

Page 5: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

地下構造の設計(耐震)、バックチェックに応用

Chijiwa, Harada, Maekawa, Tsuchiya (2015), JSCE.J.

4

RC構造と地盤から構成されるプラントが、構造設計の対象に

Page 6: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

5

Chijiwa, Harada, Maekawa, Tsuchiya (2015), JSCE.J.

RC構造+地盤のプラントが構造設計・詳細の対象に

Page 7: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

6単一構造と無限地盤で設計 : 照査では一体として

Page 8: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

ユニットの設計で考慮され難い近接効果:設計後の照査

Back-check of nuclear power plant

7

RC構造と地盤から構成されるプラントが、構造設計の対象に

Page 9: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

三次元の照査で、構造系の性能実態を定量的に評価

Subway tunnels of Tokyo Metro: safe or not? ☞ How to examine the performance?

methods Assessment

Displacement Response methodby code

To be Strengthened for wider ranges ⇒ huge money!

2D FEM To be strengthened but⇒Zones of strengthening are shortened!3D FEM

3D full dynamic analysis and design makes benefits.

☞ verification by mock-up experiments

3D complex sections

Nishigaki, Konishi, Tsuchiya, Maekawa 2016, JSCE

Nezu station

Ikenohata

8

Page 10: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Shear strain principal strain

N=37

N=10

Magnified disp.:10 times

0100200300400500

0.1 1 10

Fourier Spectrum of response acceleration

0100200300400500

0.1 1 10地震波 構造物横

N=10

N=37

Large N-valuelarge soil deformation induced much damaged RC duct

2D analysis of underground ducts :Nishigaki and Tsuchiya 9

Page 11: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

1200800400

0-400-800

-1200

Time(s)30 40 50 60 70 80

Acce

lera

tion(

cm/s

2 )

・input acceleration at the base-rock・FE mesh of tunnels

Quasi-viscos far-field boundarySoil characteristics: site inspection Tokyo Metro: Near-field earthquake estimated around Tokyo

・N-value

2次元照査では皆NG 本当か? :Nishigaki and Tsuchiya 10

Page 12: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

弱い断面は周辺の強い断面に助けられる互助システム

Sectional Damages are moderated due to interaction of adjacent sections.It means that the local strengthening may reach the wider ranges.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

2D 3D[μ]

Location from south [m]

2D section of every 1m:

Volume averaged principal straincomparison

3D effect:Sectional damages are smoothed and mutually protected.

11

地盤特性と構造諸元の3次元構造から、損傷が相互に抑えられる

Page 13: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Bearing capacity of a Sandy Slope (Huang et al. 1994)

Bearing capacity of a Rigid Footing (Tatsuoka et al. 1988) Be

arin

g Ca

paci

ty F

acto

r

Settlement (S/B)

Contour of shear strain at peak load

0102030405060708090

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Bear

ing

Capc

ity F

acto

r Nγ

Relative settelement (S/B %)

Experiment []

Nuerical Simulation

(b)

Contour of shear strain at S/B = 6%

Contour of shear strain at S/B = 18%

Large Scale Experiment Small Scale Experiment

地盤の強非線形:せん断滑り面(線)≒RCのせん断

Soltani, Maekawa 2014

12

地盤内を走る断層は、せん断変形の局所化として計算される

Page 14: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Web Reinforcement 0.1%, Without Soil (>41 cm) Web Reinforcement 0.1%(8.5 cm)

Rock Layer

Tunnel

Soil

(111)

(110)

(100)

(110)

(111)

(111)

(110)

Bond Element

3-D Model

Effect of Soil

地盤とRC構造のせん断破壊と相互作用 13

異なる材料を貫通するせん断の帯の相互作用

Page 15: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Variation of Stiffness

The side wall of the Tunnel was given a web reinforcement of 0.05% to make the tunnel more stiff

The change in failure pattern can be clearly seen

The system fails approximately 16 cm slip along the fault line

Higher Stiffness of the Tunnel leads to a lesser stable system

Web Reinforcement 0.05% (16 cm)

Web Reinforcement 0.1% (8.5 cm) Web Reinforcement 0.2% (7.6 cm)

14

異なる材料を貫通するせん断の帯と相互作用

地盤とRC構造のせん断破壊と相互作用

Page 16: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

新設構造物と既設構造物解析終局限界と使用限界状態の照査

両者にまたがる材料特性

乾燥収縮(自己乾燥)とクリープ気象条件(特に降雨)

これまで簡易な方法を設計にしかし、そろそろ限界か?!

15

石田先生DuCOM チームリーダー

Page 17: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

16!!水!!:マルチスケール材料ー構造システム

Page 18: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

17マルチスケール材料ー構造システム

Maekawa, Ishida, Kishi (2008) Multi-scale Modeling of Structural Concrete

Page 19: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

乾燥・自己収縮とせん断耐力exp by Mitani, Sato, Journal of ACT 2011

Compressive strengthdevelopment

drying

Drying shrinkage of specimen with aggregate shrinkage (900μ)

Shear Loading of RC by drying and Sealed Curing

drying

sealed

18

自己・自然乾燥の影響をせん断強度の評価に取り込める

Page 20: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

19

Chijiwa, Maekawa (2016), J. ACT

乾燥収縮は地震時動的応答解析でも無視できない

薄肉部材で構成される構造では、乾燥収縮の影響あり

Page 21: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

20

Kurihara,Chijiwa, Maekawa (2017) J. Advanced Conc.Tech.

熱力学的寸法効果:水の関与は構造寸法に依存

乾燥が動的特性に及ぼす効果には、寸法効果があらわれる筈

丸山先生(名古屋)

Page 22: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

21RC建物で3年、RC原発で30年で:時計は回る

骨材収縮は厚肉部材に対して相対的に大きい影響を与えるKurihara,Chijiwa,Maekawa(2017) J. Advanced Conc.Tech.

Page 23: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

22乾燥収縮とひび割れ:影響有り だが、怖くはない

乾燥が復元力特性に与える影響は小さいKiruhara, Chijiwa, Maekawa (2017), J. Advanced Conc.Tech.

Page 24: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

2/18水の関わり:中長期の使用・終局限界状態に深く関与 23

JSCE Design Code (2012) 乾燥が長期の曲率変化をもたらす。平均ひずみの変化は小さい

Page 25: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

PC箱型上部工の長期過剰たわみと設計・維持管理

Expected in design

Measured

Analysis

Elapsed time (day)De

flect

ion

from

the

com

plet

ion

(mm

)1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250

Expected in design

Measured

Analysis

Elapsed time (day)De

flect

ion

from

the

com

plet

ion

(mm

)1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250

Expected in design

Measured

Analysis

Elapsed time (day)

Defle

ctio

n fro

m th

e co

mpl

etio

n (m

m)

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-30

-60

-90

-120

-150

Expected in design

Measured

Analysis

Elapsed time (day)

Defle

ctio

n fro

m th

e co

mpl

etio

n (m

m)

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-30

-60

-90

-120

-150

Expected in design

Midspan hinge was rigidlyconnected for bridge strengthening

(assuming midspanhinge always exists)

MeasuredAnalysis

Elapsed time (day)

Defle

ctio

n fro

m th

e com

plet

ion

(mm

)

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-30

-60

-90

-120

-150

Expected in design

Midspan hinge was rigidlyconnected for bridge strengthening

(assuming midspanhinge always exists)

MeasuredAnalysis

Elapsed time (day)

Defle

ctio

n fro

m th

e com

plet

ion

(mm

)

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-30

-60

-90

-120

-150

Expected in design

Measured

Analysis

Elapsed time (day)

Defle

ctio

n fro

m th

e com

plet

ion

(mm

)

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-100

-200

-300

-400

Expected in design

Measured

Analysis

Elapsed time (day)

Defle

ctio

n fro

m th

e com

plet

ion

(mm

)

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-100

-200

-300

-400

Konaru Bridge

Fukutani Bridge Urado Bridge

Tsukiyono BridgeTsukiyono Bridge Konaru Bridge Fukutani Bridge Urado Bridge Tsukiyono Bridge Konaru Bridge Fukutani Bridge Urado Bridge Tsukiyono Bridge Konaru Bridge Fukutani Bridge Urado Bridge

Note) 3 time large creep coeff. was assumed for safety

24

Ohno,Chijiwa,Suryanto,Maekawa (2012), J.of ACT

乾燥が長期の曲率変化を与え、数十年にわたり継続

渡辺泰充氏

Page 26: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

常時荷重下での遅れせん断破壊の発見 : 2016, J. ACT

Deflection excess 3~4times of prediction

0

5

10

15

20

25

30N

umbe

r of c

rack

s

Crack width(mm)

Crack condition30 years15 years

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500

Dis

plac

emen

t(mm

)

Distance from center(mm)

Deflection shape of top slab (30years after completion)

Expected in design

Measured

Mechanism? ⇒means of repair and strengthening

Top slab350

400

3900

3200350 350

White line: chalked cracks

Actual crack picture※mm

Excessive deflection for about 20 years after construction and cracking but no yielding of steel

RC

Backfilled sand

100160

360

35

C.L

Based on actual structure and material

data

640

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 100010000100000

Def

lect

ion

(mm

)

Elapsed time after curing(day)

soil settlement

Case II,IIIsimply added

Deflection of the upper slab

Measured

Design

Soil settlementDry

27.4years

Mid

-spa

n de

flect

ion(

mm

)

(27.4years)

Model mesh

RH:

99.99%

① ②

Surrounding soil settlement

≒Design

RH:99.99%

RH:99.99%

RH:99.99%

RH:60%

Drying shrinkage, creep

RH:99% RH:

60%

Soil settlement+ drying shrinkage,creep

RH:99%

25

Page 27: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Scan insideCore part

shear crack roughness level>flexure crack roughness

Crack

Coarse aggregate

Relative deformation

Steel rebar

Crack

Crack

Coarse aggregate

Flat Opening

Steel rebar

Crack

Hau

nch

Light

Hau

nch

(2)Use light to check the shadow

1-2mm raised

せん断ひび割れは触れば分る! : 2016, J. ACT

Zhu, Kunieda,MaekawaJ. of ACT, 2016

26

Page 28: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Time-dependent deflection Relationship between Load and deflection

Analysis

133KN

Experiment

First flexure crack

First diagonal crack

Final shear failure force

119-140KN

60KN 57KN

280KN 267KN(95%)

Concrete strength(35.8th day)

57.3MPa 56.5MPa

Shear failure

Around 2hours

持続荷重によるせん断耐力の低下は、やはり起こる!

280KN

240-260KN

Zhu, Nakarai, Maekawa 2016 J.ACT

27

Page 29: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

28予測:遅れせん断破壊に至る複数のルートがある

Nikhil and Maekawa 2017 J.ACT

Page 30: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

29

Nikhil and Maekawa 2017J.ACT

遅れせん断破壊には複数のモードがあり、S-T曲線は一見、複雑

予測:遅れせん断破壊に至る複数のルートがある

Page 31: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

106-107 cycles, lower stress level 10-20 cycles, much high strain level (e-defense)single sided, 10-50 years reversed cyclic, 10-60 sec

FATIGUE EARTHQUAKE

Maekawa et al. 2006,Chijiwa et al. 2015Journal of Advanced Concrete Tech.

30動的問題も疲労問題も、同じ構成則から統一して扱うことが可能

並列計算環境必須:J. ACT Mishima, An, Tsuchiya, Maekawa

Page 32: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

数十年継続する疲労荷重と損傷:計算可能な世界

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Vc/V

co

log N

FE analysis

maxmin /

log)1(*036.0log

VVr

NrrVV

co

c

=

⋅−−=

100cm

240cm

-0.005

-0.004

-0.003

-0.002

-0.001

0

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

time integration : ∆ t

logarithmic time integration : t ∆(log t)

evolution term: dK=Fdt + Gdε Ftd(logt)+ Gdε

normal RC beams without any web reinforcement

31

Maekawa, K., Gebreyouhannes, E., Mishima, T. and An, X., Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 4(3) 445-457, 2006

疲労解析に計算の高速化が不可欠

Page 33: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 2 4 6 8

Number of cycles and passages (log N)

Nor

mal

ized

ampl

itude

fixed point cyclic shear by FE analysis

Cyclic moving point shear by FE analysis

moving experiment by Matsui, et al. Perdikalis, et al.fixed pulsating by Perdikalis, et al.

Dry experimental results

Submerged experimental results

103 104 105 106 107

0.2

0.4

0.6

0

S-P/

Po

Cycle

29/50

32水は構造寿命を百、千分の一に縮める強敵!(松井1986)

防水は大切で効果抜群ただし、防水の寿命は??

Page 34: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Aggregation on Highway bridge deck

East Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd

East Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd

VTR (Inspection)

Wheel loading test of RC slab specimen

Nihon University

CLNihon University

Sawn specimen after loading test

Aggregation lead the failure of specimen

砂利化・土砂化:コンクリート複合システムを破壊 33

Page 35: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Closure pressure

Positivepressure

pressureOpening

Negativepressure

地盤の有効応力解析と支配方程式は同じ物理現象の違いを構成則で代表

Page 36: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

骨材界面に繰り返し水圧:凍結融解と同じ機構として

Pore pressure inside closing cracks

Transferred to capillary poreslarge pores located around interfaces of aggregates and cement paste

Cement paste bonding is deteriorated.Cyclic pressure made by crack-closure

“cannot see the forest for the trees”

(focus on the details, and miss the main point: idiom)

“Engineers shall see both the forest and the trees”

Maekawa et al (2015) J. of Material in Civil Eng., ASCE

35

Page 37: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Life reduction by stagnant water on the decks

走行N=1回 走行N=1,000回 走行N=30,000回

Dry air High cycle loads

Wet condition

Fracture energy, strength, shear transfer

Stagnant water

(condensed)

Furthermore,Erosion, disintegration

Reduced shear transfer

Erosion by water pressure

Load level = illegal level

36

部材が厚く、疲労で壊れない床版も、帯水が継続すると壊れ得る!

Page 38: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

非線形数値解析で扱えない構造工学上の問題

(1)施工不良: 現実に多くの構造物の劣化の主因(2)本当の荷重、環境条件(ex過去の過積載) 疲労の主因(3)本当の境界条件: 本当に滑り、回転する?(4)設計ミス、設計図面との違い: どうにもこうにも?

しかし、上記の事項は現時点での構造の検査情報に潜んでいる!検査情報は上記の結果を多かれ少なかれ反映している。

検査情報と数値解析を一体同化:Data Assimilation現状を推定し、さらに将来予測マネジメントに繋がる

37

Page 39: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

38

0246810121416180

0.5

1

1.5

2

LG direction[m]

TR

dir

ecti

on[m

]

0

0.5

1

電磁波レーダー:誘電率の変化を計測→水平ひび割れ,砂利化,水を検出

損傷入力目視調査

目視評価:貫通ひび割れ,浮き,剥落

AEトモグラフィー: 速度分布を計測→ マトリクスの損傷度を推定

微小強制振動法:共振周波数を計測→ マトリクスの平均的な損傷度を推定

損傷情報に変換ひび割れ、マトリクスの損傷、水

データ同化による床版の余寿命評価 SIP(内閣府)

データ同化解析

通常の解析

開発済開発済

開発中

開発中

内部損傷状態を補完推定

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08

Defle

ctio

n(m

m)

Equivalent cycle

ReferentialanalysisData assimilation(200kiro cycles)

Center deflection

マルチスケール統合解析によるデータ同化

床版試験体の輪荷重疲労解析

データ同化

既設床版

どこから始めても余寿命が予測可能に

ほぼ同じ状態

ドローン:ひび割れ位置・方向+ 浮き・さび汁

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39実用化データ同化技術 気象予報(WMO)

固定及び移動式モニタリング・センシング = 橋梁の点検・モニターと同じ

Page 41: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

40観測点間の科学的内挿未来予測

背景:高度情報技術と大気海洋モデルの進歩:過去100年の経験の延長線上に未来は見えない!地球温暖化

Page 42: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

41

0246810121416180

0.5

1

1.5

2

LG direction[m]

TR

dir

ecti

on[m

]

0

0.5

1

電磁波レーダー:誘電率の変化を計測→水平ひび割れ,砂利化,水を検出

損傷入力目視調査

目視評価:貫通ひび割れ,浮き,剥落

AEトモグラフィー: 速度分布を計測→ マトリクスの損傷度を推定

微小強制振動法:共振周波数を計測→ マトリクスの平均的な損傷度を推定

損傷情報に変換ひび割れ、マトリクスの損傷、水

データ同化による床版の余寿命評価 (藤野SIP)

データ同化解析

通常の解析

開発済開発済

開発中

開発中

内部損傷状態を補完推定

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08

Defle

ctio

n(m

m)

Equivalent cycle

ReferentialanalysisData assimilation(200kiro cycles)

Center deflection

マルチスケール統合解析によるデータ同化

床版試験体の輪荷重疲労解析

データ同化

既設床版

どこから始めても余寿命が予測可能に

ほぼ同じ状態

ドローン:ひび割れ位置・方向+ 浮き・さび汁

Page 43: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

42

載荷回数 10万回 294万回 2306万回

RC床版裏面のひび割れ図(実測)を初期値としてMS解析に

6方向ひび割れモデルで構造内部のひび割れを推定Predictor-corrector法

裏面のひび割れ状況から,RC床版の内部損傷と余寿命をpredictor-corrector法で推定

RC床版の疲労たわみ予測

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08

たわ

み(m

m)

等価繰り返し走行回数

通常の解析10万回

294万回

7000万回

1億回

たわみ(mm)

(劣化の指標)

データ同化による乗り込み成功

疲労限界たわみ余寿命

Input

ひび割れ状態図

回数

データ同化:RC床版の余寿命予測システム

内閣府SIP抜粋

Page 44: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

43

試行的に作成したひび割れ図

高速道路の床版ひび割れ図(例)

床版余寿命評価に関わるひび割れパターン

実橋梁の点検で得られた割れ図(1000近い)

余寿命のランキングと余寿命の期待値は?

Page 45: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

44厚み方向に線形初期仮定繰り返し、クラックを探索

Fujiyama et al. (2011). Pseudo-cracking data assimilation, J. Advanced Concrete Technology

Page 46: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

① 2.94 million cycle ② 3.37 million cycle ③ 5.42 million cycle

(c) Center deflection

❸ 5.42million cycle (Referential analysis)

ひび割れ同化:実走行20万回(等価回数294万回)

(a) Lower face

(b) Upper face

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08

Defle

ctio

n(m

m)

Equivalent cycle

Referential analysis

Assimilation at 200kiro cycles

③ ❸

45

Tanaka, Takahashi, Maekawa (2017) Journal of Advanced concrete technology

Page 47: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

① 23.06 million cycle ② 24.04 million cycle ③ 31.54 million cycle

(a) Lower face

(b) Upper face

(c) Center deflection

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08

Defle

ctio

n(m

m)

Equivalent cycle

Referential analysis

Assimilation at 250kiro cycles

②③ ❸

❸ 31.5million cycle (Referential analysis)

ひび割れ同化:実走行25万回(等価回数2,306万回) 46

Tanaka, Takahashi, Maekawa (2017) Journal of Advanced concrete technology

Page 48: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

47目視情報から面外せん断の位置推定の過程例

Page 49: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08

活荷

重たわ

み(m

m)

等価繰り返し走行回数

実験

通常の解析

10万回294万回2306万回

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08

Defle

ctio

n(m

m)

Equivalent cycle

データ同化で必要な数理モデルには合理性、妥当性が必須

独立3方向のみの非直交ひびわれ

独立6方向の非直交ひびわれor 3方向ひび割れ投影モデル

乗り込み成功

どこから始めても余寿命が予測できる

データ同化による床版の余寿命評価 (目視、AET) 48

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0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08

Defle

ctio

n(m

m)

Equivalent cycle

Referential analysis

Assimilation at 100kiro cycles

Assimilation at 200kiro cycles

Assimilation at 250kiro cycles

簡易なひずみ

X,Y 引張ひずみのみ

せん断ひずみ(ひび割れの方向)も考慮

100,000回

2,000,000回

25,000,000回

データ同化による床版の余寿命評価:方向パターンが大事 49

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08

たわ

み(m

m)

等価繰り返し走行回数

通常の解析10万回

294万回

2306万回

厳密なひずみ

Page 51: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

50

様々なひび割れ状況における床版の余寿命を,データ同化で計算

AI学習により,データ

同化の結果を総合化し,現場では計算無しで即時の余寿命診断

試行的に作成したひび割れ図

高速道路の床版ひび割れ図(例)

床版余寿命評価のAI活用

人工的に作った

パターンも教師

データに

Page 52: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

51床版余寿命評価のAI活用

ひび割れパターンの違いで10倍近くも異なる余寿命

パターン認識が重要深層学習AIの得意分野

Page 53: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

52非直交ひび割れ群の相互作用Maekawa et al. (2003) Nonlinear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

非直交ひび割れ群は、相互のひび割れ進展に相互に影響を及ぼす。

Prof. A. Pimanmas

Page 54: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

53

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5 10 15 20

0.88

0.520.00

1.77 2.94 4.12 5.30

Center span deflection(mm)

Load (kN)

Number shows tensionat ultimate shear in MPa

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6Applied tensile stress (MPa )

FEM

JSCE

Load(kN)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8Center span deflection(mm)

0.00.390.71

1.842.94

3.86

1.28

Number shows tensile stressat ultimate shear in MPa

Load (kN)

N

V Failure envelope

NV

N

V

Failure envelope 2

Cracking tension

Failureenvelope 1

ひび割れパターンは損傷履歴の足跡

非直交ひび割れ群は、相互のひび割れ進展に相互に影響を及ぼす。

Maekawa et al. (2003) Nonlinear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

Prof. A. Pimanmas

Page 55: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

54力学に基づく指標 vs 人工知能(深層学習等)

How about prediction by AI?

下面ひび割れと平均ひずみ

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55 ニューラルネットワークモデル: Eissa and Tanaka 2017

入力層、隠れ層、出力層で構成。それぞれの層には複数のニューロンが存在し、各ニューロンは前後の層のすべてのニューロンとシナプスによって結合。入力層の数値に応じて信号がニューロンを伝わり、最終的に出力層に到達。

各シナプスは重み関数wiを持ち、各ニューロンは活性化関数F(v)とバイアスbを持つ。この構造で次の層への信号yの伝わり方が制御される。教師データをなるべく

再現できるように定数を最適化。出力値の推定精度を高める。

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ニューラルネットワークモデル: Eissa and Tanaka 2017

DuCOM-COM3DuCOM-COM3

AI M

odel

AI M

odel

訓練データ70 %のデータを使用

残りのデータに対する適合性

今のところ、力学指標と比較して、適合性が高い

56

前川宏一、田中泰司、Eissa Fathalla (2017.12) :Society5.0時代における既設RC床版の疲労寿命評価,土木構造・材料論文集第33号 2017年12月(予定)

Page 58: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

DuCOM-COM3DuCOM-COM3

AI M

odel

AI M

odel

全体の15 % のデータでトレーニング

全てのデータで検証

57 ニューラルネットワークモデル: Eissa and Tanaka 2017

今のところ、力学指標と比較して、適合性が高い

前川宏一、田中泰司、Eissa Fathalla (2017.12) :Society5.0時代における既設RC床版の疲労寿命評価,土木構造・材料論文集第33号 2017年12月(予定)

Page 59: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

58数値解析は人工知能を鍛え込む教師となる?

水谷SIP凄すぎ!

田中SIP大幹事

Page 60: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

Condensed water ASR gel Corrosion gel Frozen iceCrack close

Water extruded out

Fatigue loads

pwater

Flow from crack to pores by hydraulic pressure

Gel flow from aggregate to pores and cracks

pwater pwater

pASR

pASR pASR

Solid ASR gel (10-20%)

Liquid ASR gel (80-90%)

Gel flow from rebar to pores and cracks

pcor

pcor pcor

Solid corrosion gel (80%)

Liquid corrosion gel (20%)

Unfrozen water flow into cracks or air, then freeze

pice

pice

pice

Entrained air

Crack open in water

Disintegrated concrete after fatigue + stagnant water

Crack closure with expelled waterDischarged ASR gel throughcracks: macroscopic motion

ASR gel ring and cracks

Injected and migrant of corrosion gel through cracks

Injected gels into crack gaps

S=steel CL=corrosion solidified gel, A=injected corrosion gel

Freeze-thaw damage

Ice formation inside entrained air space

複数の物理化学事象を同一のプラットフォームで扱うことで、データ同化が容易に

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アルカリシリカ反応とゲルの生成・移動

RC bridge deck deteriorated by ASR

AggregationExposed rebars

Punching shear test

Central displacement (mm)

Load

(kN

)

SoundASR-1ASR-2ASR-3

Punching shear strength is reduced by 50% due to ASR

Sawn specimens

Loading

Horizontal cracks

Sound

ASR

60

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08

活荷

重た

わみ

(m

m)

等価繰返し走行回数

床版Ⅰ

床版Ⅱ

床版Ⅲ(水張り)

健全供試体(参考)

Live

load

def

lect

ion

(mm

)

Number of load cycle

No reactive aggregateASR + water

ASRNo acceleration

ASR

ASR + Water

No ASR

Page 62: Shear Stiffness(No Shrinkage) · 2017. 12. 8. · Seismic Performance (Chapter 11), Infrastructure Systems for Nuclear Energy, John Wiley & Sons. z x ... Sectional Damages are moderated

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

100

200

300

400

500

600 Experiment S2-C2 ; Analysis S2-C2 Experiment S2-C3 ; Analysis S2-C3 Experiment S2-C4 ; Analysis S2-C4 Experiment S2-C5 ; Analysis S2-C5

Stra

in, M

icron

Corrosion %

S2-C5 S2-C4

S2-C3

鋼材に酸化還元反応と腐食ゲルの生成移動

Experiment by Oh et al. 2008

Esayas, Maekawa ACT 2015

61

腐食ひび割れ幅と腐食量の関係に現れる時間依存性

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0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.005 0.01 0.015

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

0FTC50FTC150FTC

CRTICE=0.6w/c=0.6

Concrete Mortar

Concrete Mortar

Concrete Mortar

ASR expansion generated

More micro-cracks by ice at

mortar level

Empty remaining micro-cracks after

thawing

pice

pice

62

Gong, Takahashi, Maekawa (2017) Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology

水の相転換による氷生成と水の移動

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63相間物質のミクロ挙動とRC構造のマクロ挙動が連結

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64Integral of Civil Discipline on ICT Platform for Urban Eng.

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