Sewer & Sewage

8/2/2019 Sewer & Sewage

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ContentsWhat is sewer

Types of sewers on the basis of working

Types of sewers on the basis of material used


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Sewers

Under ground Conduit or drain

Conveyance of sewage

Started from point of production of sewage

Terminates at the point of disposal


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Types of sewer Sanitary sewer

Storm sewer

Lateral sewer House sewer

Branch sewer

Main sewer

Outfall sewer

overflow sewer


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Materials used for sewer Asbestos cement

Plain or reinforced cement concrete

Vitrified clay or stoneware Bricks

Cast iron

Steel

Plastic


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Selection of material Hydraulic efficiency

Resistance to abrasion

Resistance to corrosion

Strength Durability

Cost

Weight Imperviousness


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Asbestos cement sewer

Mixture of asbestos fibre, cement and silica

Asbestos fibre as a reinforcing material

Other constituents converts it into a dense

homogeneous material under pressure Diameter vary from 75mm to 500mm

Length 3 to 4 m

Used only as verticals


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Asbestos cement Advantages

Considerable strength against internal pressure

Easy handling

Easy cutting and joining

Resistive to salts and other corrosive materials

Relatively smooth

Disadvantages

Brittle and need careful handling

Low structural strength

Susceptible to sulphide corrosion


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P.C.C. & R.C.C. sewers P.C.C. pipes diameter vary from 80 mm to 450 mm

Thickness vary from 25 to 30 mm

For bigger diameters r.c.c. pipes are used

Usual mix 1 : 1.5 : 3 Maximum size of aggregates limited to 6mm

Water cement ratio

varies b/w 0.5 to 0.7


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P.C.C. & R.C.C. sewers Advantages

Strong under internal pressure as well as externalpressure

Can be made of any desired strength

Easily manufactured even at the sight

Used for main sewers and branch sewers

Disadvantages Get easily corroded and pitted due to corrosive action of

the contents of the sewers


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Vitrified clay or stoneware sewers

Manufactured from clay and shales

Ingredients are taken in desired proportionate

Formed in pipe press at about 0.85 N/mm2

Vitrification achieved at 1200c

NaCl added to place the surface of pipe


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Vitrified clay sewer Advantages

Highly resistant to sulphide corrosion

Resistive to erosion

Hydraulically efficient Highly imperious

High compressive strength

Cheap and easy availablity

Disadvantages

Weak in tension

Brittle in nature

Bulky and heavy


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Brick sewers

Used since olden days Plastered from outside

Purpose-made bricks are used

Preferred for large sized Combined sewer

Lined inside with stoneware or ceramic blocks

Resistive against sulphide corrosion


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Cast Iron Sewers

Can withstand in tensile, compression as well as bendingstresses

Coated with paint or cement concrete

Diameter from 150 mm to 750 mm Length up to 3-3.5 m

High strength

Costlier


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Steel sewers Light in weight

Perfectly impervious

Can absorb vibrations and shock loads Used in high external and internal pressure

Used for mains outfall and trunk sewers having largediameters

Corrosion resistive either due to heavy galvanizationor bituminous coatings

Easily welded

Costlier comparison to others


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Plastic sewers Still in experimental stage

High hydraulic efficiency

Corrosion resistant

Available in longer lengths

Easy joining and bending

Taken in use,in Netherlands,

Scandinavia, France etc.

In India, recently started as domestic sewers


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Reference.. http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/components/pipe_a

sb.html

http://www.butkus.org/sewers/sewer_repair.htm http://www.inspectapedia.com/septic/SepticPumps.ht

m

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer

http://www.askmehelpdesk.com/plumbing/can-replace-part-cast-iron-sewer-stack-75877.html
http://www.butkus.org/sewers/sewer_repair.htmhttp://www.inspectapedia.com/septic/SepticPumps.htmhttp://www.inspectapedia.com/septic/SepticPumps.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewerhttp://www.inspectapedia.com/septic/SepticPumps.htmhttp://www.inspectapedia.com/septic/SepticPumps.htmhttp://www.butkus.org/sewers/sewer_repair.htm


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