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![Page 1: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration
Brandon Puckett and David EgglestonNorth Carolina State University, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology
![Page 2: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Conceptual approach: metapopulations
Discrete populations Spatially dynamic demographics Connected by migration
Two spatial scales:1) Local
2) Regional
Sources (λc > 1) v sinks (λc < 1)
• Growth
• Survival
• Reproduction
Demographics
![Page 3: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Conceptual approach: metapopulations
Discrete populations Spatially dynamic demographics Connected by migration
Two spatial scales:1) Local
2) Regional
Sources (λc > 1) & sinks (λc < 1)
![Page 4: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Conceptual approach: SLOSS
Conserve Single Large Or Several Small areas? Terrestrial systems: single large Marine systems (limited): several small
Single Large Several SmallOR
![Page 5: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Conceptual approach: SLOSS
Conserve Single Large Or Several Small areas? Terrestrial systems: single large Marine systems (limited): several small
baseSeveral Large
Several (more) Small
![Page 6: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
gametes
fertilized egg trochophore veliger pediveliger
spat
~ 2-3 weeks
~ 1-3 years
weak swimmers
adults
Focal species: eastern oyster
Peaks: June & August
![Page 7: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Deep Bay
Ocracoke
Crab Hole
Bluff Point
Mounds of limestone rip-rap
Then: Reserve(s), Now: Reserve networks Must be SELF-SUSTAINING
Reserves contain artificial reefs Distances: 10-125 km Areas: 3-24 ha
Study system: oyster reserves
![Page 8: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1)Reserve network self-sustaining?
2)Optimal network design?
Questions
Stopher Slade Stopher Slade
![Page 9: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stage-based matrix model Time step: 2 mo. Initial population = density x
area 10 reserves and 6 size-classes Parameters
Pij: probability of remaining in size class i in reserve j
Gij: probability of growing into size class i + 1 in reserve j
Fij: per capita number of offspring in stage i in reserve j
mjk: probability of dispersal from reserve k to reserve j
Methods: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
reserve 1
reserve 2
F21
F22
P12 P22 P32
P11 P21 P31
i
1 32
1 32
G12 G22
G11 G21
m22
m11
m21
m12
F32
F31
Larval pool
Larval pool
![Page 10: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Model inputs: growth and survivalJune 2006 cohort Aug 2006 cohort
0
40
80
120
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5Age (yrs)
LVL
(m
m)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5Age (yrs)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5Age (yrs)
Sur
vivo
rshi
p (
%)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Age (yrs)
30% 40%
45%
30%
![Page 11: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Model inputs: growth and survivalJune 2006 cohort Aug 2006 cohort
0
40
80
120
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5Age (yrs)
LVL
(m
m)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5Age (yrs)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5Age (yrs)
Sur
vivo
rshi
p (
%)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Age (yrs)
30% 40%
30%
45%
![Page 12: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Model inputs: reproductive output
0
5
0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75+
0
25
50
75
100
0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75+ 0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75+
Size class Size class
Per
cap
ita la
rval
ou
tput
70%
90%
June 2006 August 2006
![Page 13: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Model inputs: connectivity
2006 2007 2008 2009
Connectivity
< 5% < 25% > 25%
Few consistent connections in space or time Mean larval retention ~ 6%
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6-8/06
N
< 500k< 5 mil
> 5 mil
λc
< 0.7
< 1.0
> 1.0
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 15: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8-10/06
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 16: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
10/06-6/07
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 17: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
6-8/07
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 18: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
8-10/07
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 19: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
10/07-6/08
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 20: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
6-8/08
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 21: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
8-10/08
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 22: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
10/08-6/09
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 23: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
6-8/09
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 24: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8-10/09
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
![Page 25: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
0
25
50
75
100
6/06 6/07 6/08 6/09 6/10
Met
apo
pu
lati
on
siz
e (x
106 )
10/09-6/10
Results: 1) Reserve network self-sustaining?
Metapopulation size declined ~ exponentially (λ = 0.7 ± 0.1)
![Page 26: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Methods: 2) Optimal design?
Simulations Several large: area x2, x4, x6, x8, x10 Several (more) small: number x2, x4, x6, x8, x10
Site selection algorithm Pool of 187 cultch planting sites Maximize connectivity to and from existing network
several large several (more) smallbase
![Page 27: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Connectivity
< 5%< 25%> 25%
10x4x2xBase
Connectivity does not scale up Large connections primarily self-recruitment Connections more consistent
Results: 2) Optimal design?
![Page 28: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Connectivity
< 5%< 25%> 25%
Base
Connectivity scales initially Increased number and magnitude of inter-reserve
connections
1004020
Results: 2) Optimal design?
![Page 29: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Results: 2) Optimal design?
0
5
10
15
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Area (ha)
Lar
val r
eten
tio
n (
%)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
# of reserves
Several largeSeveral (more) small
**
Several (more) small increases larval retention
Law of diminishing returns
SLASS hybrid optimal
![Page 30: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Conclusions
Spatiotemporal variation in demographics w/ (limited) connectivity Proof of metapopulation concept
Current reserve network not capable of persisting Sources, Sinks, and “the metapopulation stoplight”
Several (more) small reserves preferred SLASS—Several Large AND Several Small
![Page 31: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Acknowledgements Funding:
NMFS/Sea Grant Population Dynamics Fellowship
NC Sea Grant American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (NOAA/NCCF) NSA Michael Castagna Student
Grant for Applied Research Raleigh Salt Water Sportfishing Club
Field/Technical Assistance: NC DMF: Stopher Slade and Craig Hardy Ray Mroch Amy Haase Gayle Plaia Ryan Rindone Christina Durham Geoff Bell Erika Millstein Josh Wiggs Michelle Moorman
![Page 32: Several large or several (more) small: designing marine reserve networks for oyster restoration Brandon Puckett and David Eggleston North Carolina State.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ecb5503460f94bd9b4d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
‘Growers’
‘Survivors’
‘Spawners’
‘Connectors’
Demographic and connectivity summary
‘Spawners’
‘Survivors’
‘Growers’