SERTIFIKASI BENIH KENTANG DI BELANDA
Transcript of SERTIFIKASI BENIH KENTANG DI BELANDA
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SERTIFIKASI BENIH KENTANG DI BELANDA
Henk van de Haar
Dutch General Inspection Service for
Agricultural Seed and Seed Potatoes
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• Iklim sedang – air cukup tersedia
• Biasanya sedikit gangguan aphid (kutu)
• Tanah yang cocok (tidak berbatu)
• Infrastruktur perbenihan (petani, pemulia, pedagang)
• 37,400 Ha benih (2010)
Produksi Benih Kentang
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The start
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Kasus: Groningen
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Potato production 2010
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No seed on PCN infested land
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NAK
• Lembaga yang sah di dalam Undang_undang Perbenihan Belanda
• Pengawasan dan sertifikasi
• Benih Kentang
• Benih pertanian lainnya
Benih rumput-rumputanSerealiaFlaxKacang-kacangan (peas dan bean)Lainnya (mustard, hemp, sugar beet, clover)
• Management skim sertifikasi
• Dibiayai dari dana pengawasan
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Peraturan Uni Eropa sebagai landasan
Aturan Phytosanitary (2000/29/EC)- Aturan pengawasan (e.g. Cms, Rs)- referensi IPPC (ISPM’s) and EPPO
Aturan perdagangan (2002/56/EC)- untuk perdagangan di Uni Eropa- hanya diperbolehkan memperdagangan
benih bersertifikat- tidak untuk ekspor ke negara lain- bukan benih yang disimpan petani
unt lahannya sendiri (Farm Saved Seed)- Pengawasan dan label yg resmi
+ atutan nasional
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NAK
210 Staf permanen + 80 tenaga kontrak
87 pengawas benih (full time) + 15 tenaga kontrak
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Struktur NAK
Kementrian
STAFF NAK Tenaga ahli
PEMULIA PETANI
PENANGKAR PEDAGANG
BENIH BENIH
KomiteKomite
TeknisTeknis−−Benih Benih
−−Benih kentangBenih kentang
BOARDBOARD
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Skema Klasifikasi
Seleksi klonalSeleksi klonal MinituberMinituber
PB
S PB
SE
E1,2
Klon tahun pertama (G1)
Klon tahun kedua (G2)
Klon tahun ketiga (G3)
Klon tahun keempat (G4)
S
A
C
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• Pendaftaran/Pengajuan
• Pemeriksaan Lapang
• Haulmkilling dates
• Pengujian Pasca Panen - virus, Ralst.s, Clavibact.ms
• PemeriksaanLot
Sistim Pengawasan
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Pendaftaran untuk Pengawasan (berdasarkan data)
- 28,000 unit lahan
- menggunakan web thn 2011
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Pemeriksaan Lapang
- minimal 2; biasanya 3
- Penyakit terbawa umbi
(fokus Pada virus dan blackleg)
- kebenaran varietas
- Kemurnian varietas
- Penyakit karantina
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Kelas Benih S SE E A C
Severe mosaic/ 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.25 2leafroll
Mild mosaic 0.025 0.05 0.1 2 10
Total max. 0.025 0.05 0.1 2 10
Blackleg 0 0 0 0.03 0.1(Erwinia spp)
Toleransi penyakit pd pemeriksaan lapang (%)
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Standar tanaman – perbandingancontoh Prebasic seed
EU present UNECE EU NL
PB = Prebasic (2002/56/EC) Proposal
virus not specified 0,1 0,1 0,1
blackleg not specified 0 0 0
other varieties/ not specified 0,01 0,01 0
off-types
Tolerances growing crop (%)
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Roging sebelum pemeriksaan
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Campuran varietas lain, off-types
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Blackleg
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Erwinia – nama baru
Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca)
= ‘blackleg’ =Pectobacterium atrosepticum
Erwinia chrysanthemi (Ech)
= ‘stem softrot’ = Dickeya spp.
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc)
= Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum
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Dickeya - Pectobacterium
• Shift in species
• Perlu diperbaiki – bagaimana?- cara budidaya!- generasi keberapa ?- toleransi ?- pengujian ?- varietas ?
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Potato leafroll virus (PLRV)
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Mosaic (90% PVY)
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Y-virus strains
PVYc
PVY PVYo
PVYn
PVYntn (tuber necrosis)
PVYn x PVYo
PVYnW (less visible?)
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Yn-W severe
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Yntn mild
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PVY-defects
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Aphid monitoring
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Aphids 2010 - web application
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Haulmkilling
Haulm killing dates, didasarkan pada:
- Tekanan aphid
- Tekanan infeksi (virus di lapang)
- Ketahanan varietas terhadap PVY
- Kematangan tanaman
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NAK-online for growers
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………..and for trade companies
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Harvest:- remove rots
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Pengujian Lab Pasca panen
Untuk:
• Virus (Elisa on Y, PLRV, X/S, A)
• Brownrot (Ralstonia s.) / Ringrot (Clavibacter m.s.)
Metoda:
• Virus: ELISA / PCR (multiplex – 4 viruses)
• Brownrot / ringrot: IF + verification tests
• Blackleg (voluntary):
- PCR (‘Bioplex’ - enrichment)
- Pectobacterium (pathogenic) + Dickeya spp.
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Test ringrot / brownrot
- 200 umbi / lot(max. 6 ha)
- EU protocol
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Pengujian virus pasca panen
- Basic seed: 200 umbi (max. 6 ha)
- Certified seed: 100 umbi (max. 6 ha)
- Combined sampling for virus and Brr/Rs (90%)
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Statistics and detection
Probability of detection (%)
Sample size disease incidence (%)1.0 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.01
100 63.2 39.3 9.5 4.9 1.0200 86.5 68.2 18.1 9.5 2.0300 95.0 77.7 25.9 13.3 3.0400 98.2 86.5 32.9 18.1 3.9
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Chance of approval, tolerance 4%effect of sample size
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9 9,5 10
% infected
%
100 200 400
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Pemeriksaan Lot (umbi)
• Pemeriksaan saat grading:- Standar NAK - kebutuhan negara pengimpor
• Sample tanah yg terbawa (NSK)(hanya bila diperlukan unt ekspor)
• Sertifikasi :- Label NAK- Sertifikat Phytosanitary - diluar Uni Eropa
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Toleransi pada Pemeriksaan Lot
NAK EU
Wet rot Practically free 1% of weight
Dry rot 1 or 2 tubers/50 kg 1% of weight
Phytophthora 1 per 100 kg 1% of weight
Common scab max. 1/8 surface max. 1/3 of surface and 5% above
Rhizoctonia S/SE max 10% light not specified
E/A/B max 25% light not specified
External defects 4-12 per 50 kg 3% of weight
Adhering soil 1% of weight 2% of weight
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Nature’s surprises
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Inspection
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Pemeriksaan
Pemeriksaan Visual
• Field inspection: 37,500 ha
• Lot inspection: 915,000 tonnes
• 3rd country insp.: 11,000 lots
Lab tests
• PCN soil tests: 37,500 ha
• Brown- ringrot: 22,000 samples
• Virus: 17,500 samples
• €2,500,000
• €4,400,000
• € 500,000€7,400,000
• €1,800,000
• €1,700,000
• €2,400,000
€5,900,000
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Biaya Pemeriksaan (2010)
NSK soil test: € 41.00 /ha
Field inspection: € 63.55 /ha
Virus test Elisa: € 103.80 (200 tubers)
Virus test PCR: € 200.00 (100 tubers)
Brown-/ringrot: € 75.00 /sample
Lot inspection: € 3.80 /ton
(labels and documents excluded)
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Harmonisasi dg Uni Eropa
Sistim Nasional tidak sepenuhnya harmoni, contoh:- peng kelasan dan jumlah generasi di lapang,- label- produksi dan sertifikasi bahan kultur jringan- Pemeriksaan lapang, ukuran, dll
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Harmonisasi Uni Eropa mempengaruhi sistim sertifikasi nasional
Usulan (sementara):
• Max. 9 generasi:
- max. 4 generasi PB- basic classes: S, SE, E- certified classes: A, B.
• Jumlah tanaman yg ditoleran unt off-types dan virus(aturan saat ini hanya toleransi progeny )
• Toleransi kombinasi untuk severe and mild mosaic
• Stricter tolerances for crop and progeny
• Pengujian virus pada pasca panen: berdasarkan evaluasi resiko
• Toleransi termasuk untuk powdery scab dan black scurf
• Standar lebih sesuai dengan UNECE
• Stricter national tolerances possible.