Senior Thesis of Querubin Dubois

7/21/2019 Senior Thesis of Querubin Dubois

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Agkulty [I^ [updrviser?

Hr. ^gtri` Bultjdrc, Hdpgrtfdmt ea Dkemefiks gmh Jusimdss

G pgpdr sujfittdh im pgrtigl aulaillfdmt ea tbd rdquirdfdmts aer

tbd hdcrdd ea Jgkbdler ea Grts gt @glgfgzee Kelldcd

Agll :>78

Lekgl Cevdrmfdmt Eutseurkimc?

Gm Gmglysis ea tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Cevdrmfdmt

Jy

Wudrujim Hujeis



Gk`mewldhcdfdmts

Airst, I weulh li`d te tg`d tbd tifd te gk`mewldhcd tbd Jrgmkb Keumty

Cevdrmfdmt aer tbdir bespitglity gmh aer gllewimc fd te gkbidvd g jdttdr umhdrstgmhimc ea

lekgl cevdrmfdmts. Fest ifpertgmtly, I weulh li`d te tbgm` Fikbgdl Merfgm, tbd Jrgmkb

Keumty Ghfimistrgter, aer bis cuihgmkd gmh gssistgmkd em tbis stuhy. G spdkigl tbgm`s

glse ceds te Jdtbgmy Cgrfgm, Qdrmg Simcdr, gmh Hdjjid Xbefpsem aer tbdir tifd im

bdlpimc fd te kelldkt hgtg. Aurtbdrferd, I weulh li`d te tbgm` gll ea tbd hdpgrtfdmts tbgt

gllewdh fd te ejsdrvd gmh pgrtg`d im tbdir hgily epdrgtiems. Lgstly, I weulh li`d te tbgm`

Hr. Bgmmgb Fk@immdy aer tdgkbimc fd dvdrytbimc I `mew gjeut dkemefdtriks. Xbis

stuhy weulh met bgvd jddm pessijld witbeut tbd `mewldhcd gmh suppert ea gll ea yeu.

Xbgm` yeu.

ii



Gjstrgkt

Aer lekgl cevdrmfdmts witb lifitdh juhcdts, eutseurkimc fgy sddf li`d g kest

daadktivd selutiem gcgimst juhcdtgry kemstrgimts gmh aiskgl strdssds. Bewdvdr,

privgtizgtiem eatdm kefds witb tbd adgr tbgt sdrvikd quglity will suaadr im erhdr te kut

kests. Xbis jdkefds g sicmiaikgmt kemsihdrgtiem aer lekgl cevdrmfdmt eaaikigls wbesd

fgim ejodktivd is te previhd tbd bicbdst quglity ea sdrvikds te tbdir kitizdms. Im ghhitiem te

quglity sdrvikds gmh kest sgvimcs, tbdrd grd g mufjdr ea etbdr petdmtigl agkters gaadktimc

tbd hdkisiem prekdss ea lekgl cevdrmfdmt eaaikigls te eutseurkd gwgy aref pujlik

prehuktiem.

Gatdr dxgfimimc tbd ghvgmtgcds gmh hisghvgmtgcds ea eutseurkimc, gm dfpirikgl

gmglysis will jd hemd te gssdss wbdtbdr er met kdrtgim imtdrmgl agkters kerrdlgtd te g

pgrtikulgr hdpgrtfdmt eutseurkimc ferd er ldss tbgm gmetbdr hdpgrtfdmt. Im lee`imc

spdkiaikglly gt tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Cevdrmfdmt im Kelhwgtdr, Fikbicgm, gm dkemefdtrik

fehdl will jd hdvdlepdh witb tbd hdpdmhdmt vgrigjld jdimc tbd mufjdr ea sdrvikds g

hdpgrtfdmt eutseurkds.

iii



Xgjld ea Kemtdmts

Gk`mewldhcdfdmts ……………………………………………………………………...ii

Gjstrgkt …………………………………………………………………………………iii

Xgjld ea Kemtdmts ……………………………………………………………………….iv

I. Imtrehuktiem …………………………………………………………………………...7

II. Litdrgturd Zdvidw ……………………………………………………………………;

:.7 Hisghvgmtgcds ea Eutseurkimc ……………………………………………...;

:.7.7 Xbd Kemtrgktimc ^rekdss ………………………………………….;

:.7.: Keffumity Daadkts ………………………………………………..1

:.: Ghvgmtgcds ea Eutseurkimc …………………………………………………9

:.:.7 Kest Daadktivd ………………………………………………………9

:.:.: Lifitdh Cevdrmfdmt Kgpgjilitids ………………………………7>

III. Jrgmkb Keumty Hdpgrtfdmts ……………………………………………………..7:

;.7 Hdpgrtfdmts tbgt He Met Eutseurkd ……………………………………...7;

;.7.7 Bufgm Zdseurkds/ ̂ gyrell …………………………………....…7;

;.7.: Kldr` ’s Eaaikd …………………………………………………….7;

;.7.; Fikreailf …………………………………………………………78

;.7.8 Qdtdrgms Gaagirs ………………………………………………….78

;.7.4 ^resdkutimc Gttermdy’s Eaaikd …………………………………...74

;.7.1 Qiktif’s Zicbts …………………………………………………...74

;.7.3 Aridmh ea tbd Keurt ………………………………………………71

;.7.2 Zdcistdr ea Hddhs …………………………………………………71

;.7.9 Gmifgl Kemtrel …………………………………………………...73

iv



;.7.7> F[T Dxtdmsiem ………………………………………………….73

;.: Hdpgrtfdmts tbgt He Eutseurkd …………………………………………..73

;.:.7 Kirkuit Keurt ……………………………………………………..73

;.:.: Histrikt Keurt …………………………………………………….72

;.:.; ^rejgtd/ Ouvdmild Keurt …………………………………………79

;.:.8 ^rejgtd Kbilh Kgrd gmh Ouvdmild Hgy Xrdgtfdmt ^recrgf…...:>

;.:.4 Imaerfgtiem Xdkbmelecy …………………………………………:>

;.:.1 Ghfimistrgtiem gmh Keumty Kefpldx …………………………..:7

;.:.3 Dquglizgtiem ………………………………………………………:7

;.:.2 Juilhimc Hdpgrtfdmt……………………………………………..::

;.:.9 Fgrimd ^gtrel …………………………………………………….::

;.:.7> Xrdgsurdr’s Eaaikd ………………………………………………:;

;.:.77 Hrgim Keffissiem ……………………………………………...:;

;.:.7: Hdpgrtfdmt ea ^ujlik Ser`s …………………………………..:8

;.:.7; 977 Kdmtrgl Hispgtkb …………………………………………...:8

;.:.78 Zegh Keffissiem gmh ^gr`s Hdpgrtfdmt ……………………:4

;.:.74 Girpert Keffissiem ……………………………………………:1

;.:.71 Keffissiem em Gcimc …………………………………………..:1

;.:.73 [bdriaa’s Eaaikd gmh [dkemhgry Zegh ^gtrel ………………….:3

;.:.72 Ogil Epdrgtiems ………………………………………………….:2

IQ. Hdpgrtfdmt Evdrvidw ……………………………………………………………..:9

Q. Hgtg ………………………………………………………………………………….;3

QI. Bypetbdsis Xdstimc ………………………………………………………………...8>

v



QII. Zdsults ……………………………………………………………………………..8;

QIII. [dkemh Zdsults …………………………………………………………………...84

IR. Kemklusiem ………………………………………………………………………….83

Zdadrdmkds ………………………………………………………………………………89

Gppdmhikds………………………………………………………………………………47

Gppdmhix I? Airst Zdcrdssiem Zdsults …………………………………………47

Gppdmhix II? [dkemh Zdcrdssiem Zdsults ……………………………………..4;

Gppdmhix III? Eutseurkimc [urvdy …………………………………………...44

vi



I. Imtrehuktiem

“Xehgy’s keumtids grd grcugjly tbd fest aldxijld, lekglly rdspemsivd gmh krdgtivd

cevdrmfdmts im tbd Tmitdh [tgtds‖ (Mgtiemgl Gssekigtiem ea Keumtids, :>78). Eut ea tbd

aeur typds ea lekgl cevdrmfdmts (keumtids, tewmsbips, spdkigl histrikts, gmh fumikipgls),

keumtids grd typikglly tbd lgrcdst pelitikgl sujhivisiem (Imhdpdmhdmkd Bgll Gssekigtiem,

:>78). Xbd prifgry ejodktivd ea g keumty cevdrmfdmt is te ghfimistdr stgtd gmh adhdrgl

lgws witbim tbdir pelitikgl sujhivisiem, usuglly jy previhimc sdrvikds. Jy tbd dmh ea tbd

twdmtidtb kdmtury, tbdsd rdspemsijilitids ea tbd keumty cevdrmfdmt bgh imkrdgsdh

glemcsihd tbesd ea tbd stgtd gmh adhdrgl cevdrmfdmt (Ouhh gmh [wgmstref, 7992, ;-4).

Gltbeucb lifitdh jy tbd gutberity ea bicbdr ldvdls ea cevdrmfdmt, keumtids kemtimud te

bgvd g fgoer imaludmkd em tbd “fgtdrigl wdll-jdimc, sekigl kbgrgktdr, gmh tbd quglity ea

liad‖ ea tbdir keffumitids (Ouhh gmh [wgmstref, 7992, 7). Im bgvimc sukb gm ifpgkt em

tbd utility ea its rdciem, keumtids grd bdgvily kemkdrmdh witb previhimc tbd jdst quglity ea

sdrvikds te its kitizdms. Mdvdrtbdldss, fest keumtids agkd lifitdh juhcdts. Sitb lifitdh

rdvdmuds aref tgxds gmh stgtd cevdrmfdmts, fest keumtids struccld witb wgys te aimgmkd

tbd bicbdst gaaerhgjld quglity ea sdrvikds.

Xbis pgpdr jdcims jy rdkecmizimc tbd fest keffem ghvgmtgcds gmh hisghvgmtgcds

kurrdmtly jdimc agkdh jy lekgl cevdrmfdmts wbdm hdkihimc te eutseurkd. Xe hdtdrfimd

wbikb ea tbdsd agkters grd fest li`dly te imaludmkd lekgl cevdrmfdmt eutseurkimc,

dkemefdtriks will jd gpplidh te hdvdlep g rdcrdssiem. Im erhdr te hiaadrdmtigtd aref gll

etbdr dkemefdtrik eutseurkimc fehdls, wbikb grd hdrivdh aref kress-sdktiemgl stuhids ea

sdvdrgl lekgl cevdrmfdmts, tbis fehdl krdgtds g hgtg sdt aref g simcld lekgl cevdrmfdmt

dmtity? tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Cevdrmfdmt (lekgtdh im Kelhwgtdr, Fikbicgm). [imkd dgkb

hdpgrtfdmt im tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Cevdrmfdmt is sujodktdh te tbd sgfd dxtdrmgl agkters,



sukb gs stgtd lgws, pelitikgl prekdssds, gmh dtk., gm eutseurkimc fehdl kgm jd prehukdh

tbgt aekusds seldly em tbd imtdrmgl agkters ea lekgl cevdrmfdmt eutseurkimc jy bgvimc g

hgtg sdt tbgt is kress-sdktiemgl jy Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts. Xe jdttdr prdhikt tbd

hdtdrfimgmts ea lekgl cevdrmfdmt eutseurkimc aer Jrgmkb Keumty, g sdktiem is hdvetdh te

tbd eutseurkimc kbgrgktdristiks ea dgkb hdpgrtfdmt. Gatdr gssdssimc dgkb hdpgrtfdmt, tbd

agkters tbgt gppdgr te jd tbd fest sicmiaikgmt will jd tdstdh gmh usdh gs tbd imhdpdmhdmt

vgrigjlds aer tbd rdcrdssiem. Im tbd dmh, gm dkemefdtrik fehdl will jd prehukdh tbgt

prdhikts tbd li`dlibeeh ea eutseurkimc jy g Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmt jgsdh em its

imtdrmgl kbgrgktdristiks.

:



II. Litdrgturd Zdvidw

:.7 Hisghvgmtgcds ea Eutseurkimc

:.7.7 Xbd Kemtrgktimc ^rekdss

Xbd kdmtrgl kefpemdmt ea gmy eutseurkdh pujlik sdrvikd is tbd kemtrgktimc

prekdss. Xbd kemtrgktimc prekdss is kefpesdh ea tbrdd stgcds? adgsijility gssdssfdmt,

ifpldfdmtgtiem, gmh dvglugtiem (Jrewm gmh êtesì, :>>;, 7;2). Xbd airst stgcd,

adgsijility gssdssfdmt, is tbd gjility te hdtdrfimd wbdtbdr er met kemtrgktimc is mdkdssgry

gmh gppreprigtd aer g pgrtikulgr sdrvikd.

Gatdr it bgs jddm hdkihdh tbgt g sdrvikd will jd eutseurkdh, lekgl cevdrmfdmts

kemtimud em te tbd ifpldfdmtgtiem stgcd. Xbis sdkemh stgcd kgm jd hivihdh imte twe pgrts?

tbd sdldktiem ea g previhdr gmh tbd kemtrgkt mdcetigtiems witb tbgt sdldktdh previhdr

(Jrewm gmh êtesì, :>>;, 7;2). Im tbd airst pgrt ea tbd ifpldfdmtgtiem stgcd, g prejldf

witb dxpdktdh kefpdtitiem prevds te jd g hisghvgmtgcd aer eutseurkimc, pgrtikulgrly aer

privgtizgtiem. [imkd fgmy lekgl cevdrmfdmts turm te eutseurkimc gt tifds ea aiskgl strdss,

it is dxpdktdh tbgt eutseurkimc kgm rdhukd tbd evdrgll kests ea previhimc g pujlik sdrvikd.

Im erhdr te daadktivdly rdhukd kests, pujlik kbeikd tbdery bdgvily dfpbgsizds kefpdtitiem

gfemc petdmtigl previhdrs im tbd pujlik sdrvikd fgr`dt te hrivd hewm tbd kests ea

prehuktiem gmh hdlivdry. Bewdvdr, kefpdtitiem is met typikgl im tbd fgr`dt ea pujlik

sdrvikds jdkgusd tbd mufjdr ea supplidrs kefpdtimc aer lekgl cevdrmfdmt kemtrgkts grd

lifitdh (Jdl gmh Sgrmdr, :>>2g, :). Ghhitiemglly, imkufjdmky emly tdmhs te aurtbdr

hdkrdgsd kefpdtitiem gatdr g previhdr bgs jddm sdldktdh. Emkd tbd imitigl kemtrgkt bgs jddm

gcrddh upem witb tbd sdldktdh previhdr, tbd li`dlibeeh ea kemtrgkt rdmdwgls hdtdrs etbdr

kefpdtiters te stgy im tbd grdg (Jdl gmh Sgrmdr, :>>2g, :). Kemsdqudmtly witbeut

;



kefpdtitiem, tbd prepdrty ricbts tbdery, wbikb aekusds prifgrily em ewmdrsbip, glse bgs

littld daadkt em lekgl cevdrmfdmt kests (Jdl gmh Sgrmdr, :>>2j, 7;8:). Tltifgtdly, g lgk`

ea kefpdtitiem fgy prevd te jd g hisghvgmtgcd ea eutseurkimc jdkgusd it fgy met previhd

gll tbd kest sgvimcs tbgt grd dxpdktdh.

Im gssufimc tbgt g previhdr bgs jddm pik`dh aref tbd lifitdh eptiems im tbd

fgr`dt, g kemtrgkt kgm jd mdcetigtdh jdtwddm tbd lekgl cevdrmfdmt jehy gmh tbd pujlik

sdrvikd previhdr tbgt tbdy sdldktdh. Emd ea tbd hisghvgmtgcds ea eutseurkimc im tbis

sdkemh pgrt ea tbd ifpldfdmtgtiem stgcd is trgmsgktiem kests. Xrgmsgktiem kests grd tbd

dxkdss kests gssekigtdh witb fg`imc g trgmsgktiem. Aer lekgl cevdrmfdmts kemtrgktimc eut,

trgmsgktiem kests fgy imkluhd ldcgl adds aer lgwydrs wbe bdlp hurimc tbd mdcetigtiem

prekdss jy hrgatimc kemtrgkts, aer dxgfpld. Xbdrdaerd, wbdm gll ea tbdsd trgmsgktiem kests

grd aimglly gkkeumtdh aer, tbdrd is tbd kbgmkd tbgt eutseurkimc fgy jd agr ferd kestly tbgm

wgs imitiglly gmtikipgtdh. Xbis fg`ds it hiaaikult aer lekgl cevdrmfdmts te grcud aer

eutseurkimc wbdm im-beusd previsiems ea sdrvikds previhd lewdr trgmsgktiem kests umhdr

tifd-rdquirdfdmt kemtrgkts aer cevdrmfdmt dfpleydds (Ldvim gmh Xghdlis, :>7>, 4>2).

Gmetbdr hisghvgmtgcd ea eutseurkimc im tbd sdkemh pgrt ea tbd ifpldfdmtgtiem

stgcd is kemtrgkt spdkiaikgtiem. Kefpldtd kemtrgktimc gssufds tbgt gll cegls kgm jd

gkbidvdh tbreucb kgrdaully spdkiaidh kemtrgkts. Gkkerhimc te Elivdr Bgrt, wbild kemtrgkt

spdkiaikgtiem is met g prejldf aer kefpldtd kemtrgkts, imdaaikidmkids kgm still ekkur witb

tbd prdsdmkd ea gsyffdtrik imaerfgtiem er fergl bgzgrh (:>>;, K3>). Gltbeucb, im

tbdery, tbd kemkdpt ea kemtrgkt spdkiaikgtiem sddfs strgicbt-aerwgrh, it kgm jd hiaaikult aer

lekgl cevdrmfdmts te kgrdaully dxprdss gll ea tbdir dxpdktgtiems im werhs witbeut bgvimc

tbdf jd fisumhdrsteeh.

8



Sitb tbd pessijility ea imkefpldtd kemtrgkts jdimc prehukdh, tbd tbirh gmh aimgl

stgcd ea tbd kemtrgktimc prekdss, dvglugtiem, jdkefds ea sicmiaikgmt ifpertgmkd. [imkd

lekgl cevdrmfdmts kgmmet dxprdss gll ea tbdir dxpdktgtiems er bgvd tbdf umhdrsteeh gs

tbdy wdrd imtdmhdh, kemtrgkters bgvd g let ea lddwgy hud te imtdrprdtgtiem. Xbis krdgtds g

mufjdr ea prejldfs aer lekgl cevdrmfdmts. Airst, tbd kemtrgktdh pujlik sdrvikd previhdr

fgy kbeesd te lewdr tbd quglity ea tbd sdrvikd im erhdr te kut kests ia metbimc im tbd

kemtrgkt prdvdmts tbdf aref heimc se. Gs g rdsult, umbgppy kitizdms will krdgtd prdssurd

em tbd lekgl cevdrmfdmt, emly imkrdgsimc te tbd pelitikgl rdglity ea tbd gkkeumtgjility issud

(@ehrzykì, 7992, 84). Xbdrdaerd, witb gkkeumtgjility prejldfs, it jdkefds mdkdssgry aer

lekgl cevdrmfdmts te femiter kemtrgkt pdraerfgmkd (Jrewm gmh êtesì, :>>;, 7;1). Met

emly kgm tbis jd vdry tifd kemsufimc aer lekgl cevdrmfdmts te he, jut it kgm glse jd quitd

kestly.

Tltifgtdly, tbd kemtrgktimc prekdss is `dy te daadktivd eutseurkimc. Xe jdcim tbd

kemtrgktimc prekdss, g sdrvikd previhdr fust jd sdldktdh. Gs g rdsult, tbd gvdrgcd mufjdr

ea kefpdtiters kefpdtimc aer tbd eutseurkimc kemtrgkts ea dgkb hdpgrtfdmt will jd usdh

gs gm imhdpdmhdmt vgrigjld te prdhikt tbd mufjdr ea eutseurkdh sdrvikds im g hdpgrtfdmt.

Aurtbdrferd, simkd tbd kemtrgktimc prekdss bgs tbd gjility te hdtdr hdpgrtfdmts aref

eutseurkimc, it weulh jd dxpdktdh tbgt eutseurkimc hdpgrtfdmts bgvd adwdr hiaaikultids

witb tbis prekdss. Xe tdst tbis, eutseurkimc hdpgrtfdmts im tbd Jrgmkb Keumty

Cevdrmfdmt wdrd survdydh, spdkiaikglly aer tbis stuhy, em tbd hiaaikultids tbdy bgh witb

mdcetigtimc kemtrgkts (ifpldfdmtgtiem stgcd) gmh femiterimc/ fgmgcimc kemtrgkter’s

pdraerfgmkd (dvglugtiem stgcd). Im dvglugtimc kemtrgkter’s pdraerfgmkd, hdpgrtfdmts

wdrd glse gs`dh gjeut tbd evdrgll imkrdgsd er lgk` ea imkrdgsd im daaikidmky witbim tbdir

4



hdpgrtfdmt bgvimc eutseurkdh kdrtgim sdrvikds gs eppesdh te previhimc tbdf im-beusd.

Ferdevdr, tbd daadkts ea imkufjdmky wdrd dvglugtdh jy gs`imc dgkb hdpgrtfdmt gjeut tbd

dresiem im tbd kest sgvimcs ea tbdir sdrvikds. Lgstly, eutseurkimc hdpgrtfdmts wdrd

survdydh em tbdir evdrgll dxpdridmkd witb eutseurkimc jgsdh em tbdir dxpdktgtiems prier te

tbdir kemtrgkt mdcetigtiems.

:.7.: Keffumity Daadkts

Emd ea jiccdst adgrs aer kritiks ea pujlik sdrvikd eutseurkimc is “tbd hgmcdr ea

jdimc lek` imte g rdlgtiemsbip witb g simcld kefpgmy‖ (Kelfgm, 7929, 71:) jdkgusd it kgm

ldgh te mdcgtivd keffumity daadkts. [imkd fest ea tbd eutseurkimc hemd jy lekgl

cevdrmfdmts is privgtizdh, tbdrd is g let ea kemkdrm tewgrhs tbd fetivds ea aer-preait

airfs. Aer dxgfpld, aer-preait kemtrgkters grd ferd willimc te sgkriaikd sdrvikd quglity im

erhdr te kut kests gmh gkbidvd g preait. Xbis is werrisefd jdkgusd witb tbd li`dlibeeh aer

imkufjdmky jdimc bicb, kemtrgkters will kemtimud te try gmh fgxifizd tbdir preait witbeut

tbd adgr ea kefpdtitiem te rdculgtd tbdf. Im ghhitiem, tbdsd aer-preait kemtrgkters tdmh te

bdgvily rdly em fgr`dt kemhitiems (Dmclgmh gmh Fercgm, 7922, 928). G pessijld selutiem

te tbd preait fetivds ea privgtd airfs weulh jd te eutseurkd ferd te mempreait airfs wbe

grd ferd kemkdrmdh witb jglgmkimc preodktdh kests witb dxpdktdh rdvdmuds te previhd

quglity sdrvikds rgtbdr tbgm preaits (Argmkeis, :>>;, K41). Mdvdrtbdldss, privgtizgtiem

kemtimuds te jd tbd fest utilizdh aerf ea eutseurkimc jy lekgl cevdrmfdmts.

Gmetbdr kemkdrm tewgrhs tbd usd ea privgtizgtiem is tbd kbgmkd ea fgr`dt agilurd-

tbd imdaaikidmt gllekgtiem ea rdseurkds. Im tbd fgr`dt aer pujlik sdrvikds tbdrd grd aeur `dy

situgtiems tbgt grd li`dly te kgusd g fgr`dt agilurd? mdcgtivd dxtdrmglitids, gsyffdtrik

imaerfgtiem, gkkdss gmh dquity, gmh gcdmky prejldfs (Jlgm`, :>>>, K;1-K;3). Mdcgtivd

1



dxtdrmglitids grd tbirh-pgrty daadkts tbgt bgvd mdcgtivd kemsdqudmkds. Gm dxgfpld ea g

mdcgtivd dxtdrmglity em tbd keffumity aref privgtizgtiem is tbd pessijld imkrdgsd im

krifimgl jdbgvier aref mdwly rdldgsdh prisemdrs kefimc eut ea peerly rum prisems tbgt

wdrd kuttimc hewm em kests (Jlgm`, :>>>, K;1). Gsyffdtrik imaerfgtiem is wbdm emd

sihd ea g trghd er trgmsgktiem is jdttdr imaerfdh tbgm tbd etbdr. Im tbis situgtiem, sdrvikd

previhdrs kgm tg`d ghvgmtgcd ea sdrvikd rdkipidmts jdkgusd tbdy `mew ferd gjeut tbd

sdrvikd gt bgmh. Ea gll tbd situgtiems te kgusd g fgr`dt agilurd, gkkdss gmh dquity grd

prejgjly tbd fest kemtrevdrsigl. Fgmy adgr tbgt jy eutseurkimc pujlik sdrvikds,

kemtrgkters will lifit tbd gkkdss gmh dquity ea tbd sdrvikd tbgt tbdy grd previhimc im erhdr

te fgxifizd tbdir preaits. Xbis is g fgoer kemkdrm aer pdepld jdkgusd tbdsd sdrvikds grd

kemsihdrdh pujlik0 tbdrdaerd, tbdsd sdrvikds sbeulh jd umivdrsgl gmh dquitgjld gfemc

quglity stgmhgrhs. Lgstly, gm gcdmky prejldf is wbdm sefdemd fg`ds g hdkisiem tbgt is

“jdst‖ aer sefdemd dlsd. [imkd kemtrgkters tdmh te fg`d hdkisiems jgsdh em tbd fgr`dt, it

is umli`dly tbgt tbd rdsult will jd eptifgl aer tbd kitizdms rdkdivimc tbd sdrvikd (Jlgm`,

:>>>, K;3).

Tltifgtdly, tbd fgoer gpprdbdmsiem tewgrhs eutseurkimc pujlik sdrvikds is tbd

hdkdmtrglizgtiem ea sekigl ejodktivds ([bldiadr, 7992, 7;2-7;9). G kdmtrgl rdgsem aer tbd

krdgtiem ea lekgl cevdrmfdmts is te bgvd gm imstitutiem tbgt kgm klesdly rdaldkt tbd

prdadrdmkds gmh mddhs ea g lekglity (^idrrd, 7992, :). Gs ferd pujlik sdrvikds grd jdimc

fevdh gwgy aref tbd im-beusd previsiem ea lekgl cevdrmfdmts, tbdrd tdmhs te jd g

mdcgtivd rdlgtiemsbip jdtwddm tbd histgmkd ea tbd sdrvikd previhdr aref tbd keffumity

gmh tbdir umhdrstgmhimc ea tbd keffumity’s mddhs (Oesdpb gmh ^eymdr, 792:, :13). Xbus,

3



hisdmcgcimc tbd keffumity aref tbd sdrvikds tbgt grd suppesdh te bdlp its kitizdms te

fddt tbdir sekigl cegls.

Gmetbdr mdcgtivd daadkt tbgt eutseurkimc bgs em lekglitids is tbd umdfpleyfdmt ea

pujlik dfpleydds. Gs tbd mufjdr ea sdrvikds tbgt grd kemtrgktdh eut imkrdgsds, tbd

dfpleyfdmt ldvdl im lekgl cevdrmfdmts hdkrdgsds ([tdim, 799>, 821). Aer grdgs im wbikb

umdfpleyfdmt is bicb, lekgl cevdrmfdmts will lee` tewgrh pujlik pgyrell gs g wgy te

selvd umdfpleyfdmt (Lûpdz-hd-[ilgmds, [bldiadr gmh Qisbmy, 7993, 848). Glse hdtdrrimc

aref eutseurkimc is tbd prdsdmkd ea pujlik umiem eppesitiem (Ldvim gmh Xghdlis, :>7>,

4;7). Im wgmtimc te `ddp gs fgmy oejs gs pessijld lekgl, pujlik umiems krdgtd sefd ea tbd

jiccdst eppesitiem te lekgl cevdrmfdmt eutseurkimc. Ghhitiemglly, jy prehukimc ferd

hdfgmhs, imtdrfdhigry creups sukb gs pujlik umiems kgm krdgtd ferd prdssurd em

jurdgukrgkids te dxpgmh gmh ifprevd pujlik sdrvikds (Oemds, 7927, 192).

Sitb tbd vgst fgoerity ea lekgl cevdrmfdmt dfpleydds jdimc fdfjdrs ea tbd

keffumitids tbdy wer` aer, gkbidvimc sekigl cegls is prierity. Gltbeucb it is bgrh te

qugmtiay tbd ldvdl ea hisdmcgcdfdmt tbgt eutseurkimc bgs em keffumitids, dgkb

hdpgrtfdmt, gs fdfjdrs ea tbd keffumity, kgm jd gs`dh wbdtbdr er met tbdy li`d tbd ihdg

ea eutseurkimc gmh wby. It is jd dxpdktdh tbgt tbd fgoerity ea Jrgmkb Keumty dfpleydds

grd g pgrt ea sefd sert ea pujlik umiem0 tbus, previhimc eppesitiem te hdkisiems ea

eutseurkimc. Xbdrdaerd, imhdpdmhdmt vgrigjlds em tbd mufjdr ea dfpleydds gmh tbd

gvdrgcd ydgrs ea sdrvikd ea dfpleydds im dgkb hdpgrtfdmt wdrd usdh te bdlp hdtdrfimd

tbd mufjdr ea hdpgrtfdmt sdrvikds eutseurkdh.

2



:.: Ghvgmtgcds ea Eutseurkimc

:.:.7 Kest Daadktivd

[imkd tbd twdmtidtb kdmtury, cevdrmfdmts gt gll ldvdls im tbd Tmitdh [tgtds bgvd

crdgtly imkrdgsdh tbdir rdspemsijilitids (Ouhh gmh [wgmstref, 7992, 7). Kurrdmtly, ferd

gttdmtiem is jdimc jreucbt te keumty cevdrmfdmts te pessijly tg`d em ferd rdciemgl

rdspemsijilitids im tbd auturd (Jdrfgm, :>>;, 787-78;). Im lgrcd pgrt, tbis is jdkgusd

keumty cevdrmfdmts grd glrdghy wdll-dstgjlisbdh gmh im klesd prexifity te tbd pdepld

(Jdrfgm, :>>;, 48). Mdvdrtbdldss, ghhdh rdspemsijilitids pesd g kbglldmcd aer fgmy lekgl

cevdrmfdmts jdkgusd ea tbdir lifitdh juhcdts. Lekgl cevdrmfdmts bgvd sukb lifitdh

juhcdts jdkgusd ea tbdir hiaaikultids im tbdir rdvdmud-rgisimc gjilitids gmh tbdir lgk` ea

stgtd aimgmkigl suppert (Jdrfgm, :>>;, 29). Sitb sfgll juhcdts, lekgl cevdrmfdmts grd

rdstriktdh im tbdir kgpgjility te previhd gll pujlik sdrvikds im-beusd. Gs g rdsult, lekgl

cevdrmfdmts eatdm turm te eutseurkimc witb tbd usd ea pdraerfgmkd-jgsdh kemtrgkts.

Tmli`d pujlik dfpleydds wbe wer` umhdr tifd-jgsdh kemtrgkts gmh cdt pgih rdcgrhldss ea

tbdir prehuktivity hurimc g civdm sdt ea tifd, sdrvikd previhdrs umhdr pdraerfgmkd-jgsdh

kemtrgkts grd emly pgih wbdm g oej is kefpldtdh te g quglity stgmhgrh rdcgrhldss ea tbd

tifd it tg`ds tbdf (Ldvim gmh Xghdlis, :>7>, 47;-478). Gs g rdsult, kemtrgkters bgvd

imkdmtivd te immevgtd gmh sgvd em kests ([bldiadr, 7992, 7;9).

Xbdrdaerd, lekglitids witb ditbdr bicb hdjt jurhdm er bicb aimgmkigl kemstrgimts grd

ferd li`dly te eutseurkd pujlik sdrvikds rgtbdr tbgm `ddp tbdf gs im-beusd previsiems

(Ldvim gmh Xghdlis, :>7>, 472). Tltifgtdly, eutseurkimc bgs jdkefd gm imtdcrgl pgrt ea

lekgl cevdrmfdmt gaagirs wbdm agkdh witb aiskgl prdssurds (^dkerdllg, 7923, 4:-3:).

9



[imkd aiskgl prdssurds bdgvily imaludmkd lekgl cevdrmfdmts te eutseurkd, gm

imhdpdmhdmt vgrigjld em gpprevdh dxpdmhiturds gktdh gs g prexy aer hdpgrtfdmts’ juhcdts

im tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Eutseurkimc fehdl. Aurtbdrferd, gll eutseurkimc Jrgmkb Keumty

hdpgrtfdmts wdrd gs`dh ia tbdy eutseurkdh jdkgusd ea kest sgvimcs gmh/ er aiskgl strdssds

gmh juhcdt kemstrgimts.

:.:.: Lifitdh Cevdrmfdmt Kgpgjilitids

Sitb pujlik dfpleydds wer`imc umhdr tifd-jgsdh kemtrgkts, tbdrd is me imkdmtivd

aer tbdf te wer` gmy bgrhdr tbgm tbdy mddh te. Xbdrdaerd, it is dgsy aer cevdrmfdmt

fgmgcdfdmt te jdkefd imdaaikidmt gs lekgl cevdrmfdmts me lemcdr previhd bicbdr quglity

ea sdrvikds gmh tbdir kests jdcim te dxkddh tbdir jdmdaits (Jlgm`, :>>>, K84). Emd wgy aer

lekgl cevdrmfdmts te dskgpd tbdsd tifd kemsufimc fgmgcdfdmt kemtrels is jy

eutseurkimc. Jy rdhirdktimc sefd ea tbdir rdspemsijilitids te etbdr airfs tbgt grd ferd

prehuktivd im previhimc pujlik sdrvikds, lekgl cevdrmfdmts kgm imkrdgsd prehuktivity

dlsdwbdrd. Aurtbdrferd, ia g pujlik sdrvikd is met jdimc ghdqugtdly previhdh aer, it tdmhs

te jd dgsidr aer lekgl cevdrmfdmts te kgmkdl g kemtrgkt tbgm it is te aird g hdpgrtfdmt bdgh

(Kelfgm, 7929, 71:). Eutseurkimc kgm glse jd gm ghvgmtgcd gt tifds wbdm tbd

cevdrmfdmt is kerrupt gmh pgtremgcd is prdsdmt (Lûpdz-hd-[ilgmds, [bldiadr gmh Qisbmy,

7993, 84;).

Tltifgtdly, lekgl cevdrmfdmts grd lifitdh jy tbdir lgk` ea rdseurkds. Xe

umhdrstgmh tbd dxtdmt im wbikb Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts grd gaadktdh jy tbis, dgkb

hdpgrtfdmt bdgh wgs gs`dh ia g lgk` ea kgpitgl gmh rdseurkds gmh/ er tbd lgk` ea gm

dfpleydd witb tbd spdkiaik `mewldhcd er s`ill te ghfimistdr g sdrvikd wgs g rdgsem aer

eutseurkimc im tbdir hdpgrtfdmt. Ghhitiemglly, tbd umprdhiktgjility ea tbd mddh gmh usd ea

7>



g sdrvikd wgs glse gs`dh gs g rdgsem aer eutseurkimc jdkgusd tifd is eatdm kemsihdrdh g

vglugjld rdseurkd.

77



III. Jrgmkb Keumty Hdpgrtfdmts

Gatdr rdvidwimc g mufjdr ea dkemefdtrik stuhids em lekgl cevdrmfdmt

eutseurkimc, fgmy sifilgritids wdrd metikdh. Aer imstgmkd, dgkb emd ea tbdf wgs g kress-

sdktiemgl stuhy tbgt imkluhdh g hgtg sdt ea sdvdrgl lekgl cevdrmfdmts tbgt vgridh im

kbgrgktdristiks sukb gs sizd gmh rdciem. Imstdgh ea lee`imc gt g vgridty ea hiaadrdmt lekgl

cevdrmfdmts, tbis stuhy lee`dh spdkiaikglly gt emd? tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Cevdrmfdmt. Im

bgvimc g stuhy tbgt wgs kress-sdktiemgl jy hdpgrtfdmt, dgkb hdpgrtfdmt wgs imaludmkdh

jy tbd sgfd dxtdrmgl agkters. Xbdrdaerd, it wgs dxpdktdh tbgt tbdsd dxtdrmgl agkters weulh

bgvd gm dqugl imaludmkd em gll ea tbd hdpgrtfdmts. [efd ea tbd dxtdrmgl agkters kurrdmtly

gaadktimc Jrgmkb Keumty grd g rurgl grdg gmh g rdlgtivdly sfgll pepulgtiem witb tbd

fgoerity jdimc gaailigtdh witb tbd Zdpujlikgm ^grty. Tltifgtdly jy lee`imc gt oust emd

lekgl cevdrmfdmt jehy, tbd imtdrmgl agkters tbgt imaludmkd tbd eutseurkimc ea g Jrgmkb

Keumty hdpgrtfdmt kgm jd kldgrly gssdssdh witbeut bgvimc te tg`d imte gkkeumt dxtdrmgl

imaludmkds.

Sitbim tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Cevdrmfdmt, tbdrd grd ;7 hdpgrtfdmts. Xbd aellewimc

sdktiem previhds g hdtgildh hdskriptiem ea dgkb hdpgrtfdmt. Aurtbdrferd, tbis sdktiem serts

tbd hdpgrtfdmts imte twe creups? hdpgrtfdmts tbgt he met eutseurkd gmh hdpgrtfdmts tbgt

he eutseurkd. Aer hdpgrtfdmts tbgt he met eutseurkd, tbd hdskriptiems will kemtgim tbd

purpesd ea tbd hdpgrtfdmt, tbd mufjdr ea dfpleydds, tbd rdgsem aer met eutseurkimc, gmh

wbdtbdr er met tbd hdpgrtfdmt agvers tbd usd ea eutseurkimc gt tbd lekgl cevdrmfdmt

ldvdl. [ifilgr te tbd hdpgrtfdmts tbgt he met eutseurkd, tbd hdpgrtfdmts tbgt he eutseurkd

will bgvd g hdskriptiem tbgt glse kemtgims tbd purpesd ea tbd hdpgrtfdmt, tbd mufjdr ea

dfpleydds, gmh wbdtbdr er met tbd hdpgrtfdmt li`ds tbd ihdg ea eutseurkimc. Im ghhitiem,

7:



tbdsd hdskriptiems will glse fdmtiem tbd mufjdr ea eutseurkdh sdrvikds gmh sefd ea tbd

rdgsems aer eutseurkimc.

;.7 Hdpgrtfdmts tbgt He Met Eutseurkd

;.7.7 Bufgm Zdseurkds/ ^gyrell

Xbd Bufgm Zdseurkds/ ^gyrell Hdpgrtfdmt kemsists ea twe dfpleydds. Jdtwddm

tbd twe ea tbdf, tbdy bgmhld tbd pgyrell, jdmdaits, gmh dfpleyfdmt imaerfgtiem ea dvdry

Jrgmkb Keumty dfpleydd. Xbdy grd glse rdspemsijld aer tbd gkkeumts pgygjld aer gll ea

tbd Keumty’s dxpdmsds. Lgst ydgr, tbd Keumty bgh kemsihdrdh petdmtiglly eutseurkimc tbis

dmtird hdpgrtfdmt gs g wgy ea sgvimc kests. Bewdvdr, tbis gktiem hih met ce tbreucb.

Sbdm ceimc tbreucb tbd mufjdrs g sdkemh tifd, tbd Keumty aeumh tbgt eutseurkimc tbd

hdpgrtfdmt hih met prevd te jd kest daadktivd, gmh tbgt it keulh gktuglly kest tbd Keumty

ferd. Gmetbdr `dy hdtdrfimgmt aer `ddpimc tbd Bufgm Zdseurkds/ ^gyrell Hdpgrtfdmt gs

gm im-beusd previsiem wgs tbd kemkdrm aer kemaihdmtiglity hud te tbd sdmsitivd mgturd ea

tbd imaerfgtiem witbim tbis hdpgrtfdmt. Aurtbdrferd, tbd Bufgm Zdseurkd/ ^gyrell

Hdpgrtfdmt bdgh heds met agver eutseurkimc. Im ghhitiem te tbd petdmtigl kemaihdmtiglity

issuds gmh met jdimc kest daadktivd, sbd jdlidvds tbgt eutseurkimc weulh glse rdsult im tbd

less ea cevdrmfdmt oejs gmh klidmt sgtisagktiem (Qdrmg Simcdr, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem,

:>78).

;.7.: Kldr`’s Eaaikd

Xbd Jrgmkb Keumty Kldr`’s Eaaikd is kefpesdh ea six dfpleydds? aeur Hdputy

Kldr`s, tbd Kbida Hdputy Kldr`, gmh tbd Keumty Kldr`. Xbd Keumty Kldr` is tbd kldr` te

tbd Kirkuit Keurt, Keumty Jegrh ea Kgmvgssdrs, Oury Jegrh, Cum Jegrh, gmh tbd Jegrh ea

Keffissiemdrs. Ghhitiemgl hutids imkluhd @ddpdr ea tbd Kirkuit Keurt [dgl, Zdcistrgr ea

7;



Qitgl [tgtistiks, Fdfjdr ea tbd Keumty ^lgt Jegrh gmh Kbida Dldktiem Eaaikdr aer tbd

Keumty. [drvikds umhdr tbis hdpgrtfdmt imkluhd tbd issuimc ea kdrtiaidh kepids ea vitgl

rdkerhs, fgrrigcd likdmsds gmh kemkdgldh wdgpem pdrfits, gmh tbd bgmhlimc ea Kirkuit

Keurt ailimcs, Metgry pujlik gpplikgtiems gmh ^G771 agrflgmh aerfs. Xbd Kldr`’s Eaaikd

glse hdgls witb tbd vetdr rdcistrgtiem aer Jrgmkb Keumty rdsihdmts. Em tbd wbeld, tbis

hdpgrtfdmt heds met eutseurkd gmy ea its sdrvikds te tbd prdadrdmkd ea tbd Keumty Kldr`0

“Ia I gf rdspemsijld aer wbgt kefds eut ea fy hdpgrtfdmt, tbdm I wgmt te jd gjld te

evdrsdd gmh bgvd kemtrel ea it. Glse, witb tbd kemstgmt tbrdgt ea stgaaimc kuts, I prdadr te

`ddp fy stgaa wer`imc gmh met civd wer` te sefdemd dlsd.‖ (Xdrry G. @ujgsig`, pdrsemgl

keffumikgtiem, :>78).

;.7.; Fikreailf

Fikreailf, witb g simcld dfpleydd, is tbd sfglldst hdpgrtfdmt witbim tbd Jrgmkb

Keumty Cevdrmfdmt. Xbd prifgry ejodktivd ea tbis hdpgrtfdmt is te hicitglly rdkerh gll ea

tbd Keumty rdkerhs aer lemc-tdrf stergcd. [imkd fgmy keumtids im tbd [tgtd ea Fikbicgm

he met bgvd g Fikreailf hdpgrtfdmt, it is pessijld te kefpldtdly eutseurkd tbis

hdpgrtfdmt im its dmtirdty. Im rdcgrh te tbis ihdg, tbd hdpgrtfdmt eaaikigl aer Fikreailf is

eppesdh te eutseurkimc jdkgusd it weulh rdsult im tbd less ea cevdrmfdmt oejs sukb gs

bdrs.

;.7.8 Qdtdrgms Gaagirs

Qdtdrgms Gaagirs is kefprisdh ea emd aull-tifd Keumty dfpleydd. G prifgry cegl

ea tbis hdpgrtfdmt is te gssist vdtdrgms gmh tbdir agfilids witb aimgmkigl jurhdms jy

bdlpimc tbdf aild klgifs aer jdmdaits tbdy fgy jd dmtitldh te. Ghhitiemglly, tbis

hdpgrtfdmt bdlps te previhd bemergjld jurigls aer aglldm vdtdrgms. Xbus, witb fest ea its

78



sdrvikds hirdktdh tewgrh gssistimc vdtdrgms gmh tbdir agfilids, tbdrd grd me sdrvikds tbgt

Qdtdrgms Gaagirs keulh rdgsemgjly eutseurkd. Gs g rdsult, tbd hdpgrtfdmt eaaikigl aer

Qdtdrgms Gaagirs heds met agver eutseurkimc gs g peliky teel jdkgusd it is met mdkdssgry

aer bis oej.

;.7.4 ^resdkutimc Gttermdy’s Eaaikd

Im jdimc tbd kbida lgw dmaerkdfdmt eaaikigl im tbd Keumty, tbd ^resdkutimc

Gttermdy’s Eaaikd rdprdsdmts gmh ghvisds tbd Keumty gmh its dfpleydds em ldcgl fgttdrs

witbim tbd [tgtd ea Fikbicgm. Xbd ^resdkutimc Gttermdy’s Eaaikd glse ailds gktiems te

dstgjlisb pgtdrmity gmh erhdrs aer agfily suppert im ghhitiem te gutberizimc gmh

presdkutimc adlemids gmh fishdfdgmers keffittdh imsihd ea tbd Keumty. Glemcsihd

sdvdrgl etbdr ldcgl aumktiems, tbdrd grd me sdrvikds tbgt keulh jd eutseurkdh jy tbd

^resdkutimc Gttermdy hud te tbd bicb ldvdl ea spdkiglizgtiem gmh kemaihdmtiglity rdquirdh

te aulaill tbd hutids ea tbd hdpgrtfdmt. Xbdrdaerd, tbd ^resdkuter, gs hdpgrtfdmt bdgh, heds

met agver tbd usd ea eutseurkimc.

;.7.1 Qiktifs’ Zicbts

Qiktifs’ Zicbts is g hdpgrtfdmt lekgtdh im tbd ^resdkutimc Gttermdy’s Eaaikd tbgt

kemsists ea emd aull-tifd dfpleydd. Xbd hdpgrtfdmt wgs sdt-up te gssist viktifs ceimc

tbreucb tbd krifimgl oustikd systdf0 tbdrdaerd, viktifs kgm jd `dpt imaerfdh gmh bgvd

tbdir qudstiems gmswdrdh. Im bgvimc gkkdss te tbd keurts gmh kgsds spdkiaik te tbd viktifs

gmh previhimc tbdf sdrvikds hirdktly, me eutseurkimc is hemd jy Qiktifs’ Zicbts.

Mdvdrtbdldss, tbd hdpgrtfdmt eaaikigl rdkecmizds tbd gjility aer eutseurkimc te jd bdlpaul

gmh kest-daadktivd aer lekgl cevdrmfdmts.

74



;.7.3 Aridmh ea tbd Keurt

Xbd Jrgmkb Keumty Aridmh ea tbd Keurt wer`s hirdktly aer tbd Jrgmkb Keumty

Kirkuit Keurt (74tb Ouhikigl Kirkuit) te dmaerkd tbd Keurt’s erhdr rdspdktimc fgttdrs ea

kustehy, pgrdmtimc tifd, gmh kbilh suppert. Im ghhitiem, Aridmh ea tbd Keurt fgy kemhukt

bdgrimcs gmh imvdsticgtiems er fg`d rdperts gmh rdkeffdmhgtiems te tbd Kirkuit Keurt

rdcgrhimc tbdsd fgttdrs. Xbdsd rdspemsijilitids grd bgmhldh jy tdm dfpleydds. Hud te tbd

sicmiaikgmt gfeumts ea kemaihdmtigl imaerfgtiem prekdssdh jy tbis hdpgrtfdmt, tbdrd is me

eutseurkimc.

;.7.2 Zdcistdr ea Hddhs

Im tbd Zdcistdr ea Hddhs, tbdrd grd twe aull-tifd dfpleydds gmh g pgrt-tifd

dfpleydd. Xbdsd dfpleydds grd rdspemsijld aer fgimtgimimc g pdrfgmdmt rdkerh ea gll tbd

rdgl dstgtd rdlgtdh trgmsgktiems ea prepdrty lekgtdh witbim Jrgmkb Keumty. Xbdsd

trgmsgktiems imkluhd hddhs, fertcgcds gmh fertcgcd rdlgtdh hekufdmts, hiskbgrcds,

gssicmfdmts gmh sujerhimgtiems, lidms gmh hiskbgrcds, tgx aeraditurds, ouhcfdmts,

gaaihgvits, hdgtb kdrtiaikgtds, agrflgmh rdlgtdh hekufdmts, eil gmh cgs ldgsds, gcrddfdmts

gmh se aertb. Xe fg`d tbdsd trgmsgktiem hekufdmts dgsily gkkdssijld aer gmyemd, tbd

Jrgmkb Keumty Zdcistdr ea Hddhs heds met eutseurkd gmy ea tbis imaerfgtiem. Im `mewimc

etbdr Zdcistdrs tbgt bgvd eutseurkdh tbdir jgk` imhdximc witb berrijld rdsults, tbd Jrgmkb

Keumty Zdcistdr kbeesds te `ddp gll bdr hutids im-beusd prifgrily hud te “tbd ifpertgmkd

ea gkkurgky gmh tbd agkt tbgt tbd ultifgtd rdspemsijility aer tbd rdkerhs is fimd.‖ (Mgmky

Butkbims, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem, :>78).

71



;.7.9 Gmifgl Kemtrel

Lekgtdh im Wuimky, Fikbicgm, Gmifgl Kemtrel is rdspemsijld aer kemtrellimc tbd

gmifgl pepulgtiem im Jrgmkb Keumty. Sitb emd aull-tifd dfpleydd, Gmifgl kemtrel hdgls

witb strgys, femiterimc gmifgl likdmsds, gmifgl gttgk`s, gmh gmy etbdr hisputds rdcgrhimc

gmifgls. [imkd tbdsd hutids rdquird agkd-te-agkd imtdrgktiems te prepdrly gssdss g situgtiem

gmh writd g hdtgildh rdpert, tbd hdpgrtfdmt heds met eutseurkd. Im-beusd previsiem is

ultifgtdly prdadrrdh jy tbd Gmifgl Kemtrel hdpgrtfdmt bdgh gs g wgy ea fgimtgimimc

jdttdr kemtrel ea bis prdaerfdh hutids.

;.7.7> F[T Dxtdmsiem

[uppertdh jy Fikbicgm [tgtd Tmivdrsity, F[T Dxtdmsiem bgs g prdsdmkd im dvdry

keumty im tbd [tgtd ea Fikbicgm. Xbd fissiem ea tbd F[T Dxtdmsiem is te “bdlp pdepld

ifprevd tbdir livds tbreucb gm dhukgtiemgl prekdss tbgt gpplids `mewldhcd te kritikgl

issuds, mddh gmh eppertumitids‖ (F[T Dxtdmsiem, :>78). Im erhdr te gkkefplisb tbis

fissiem, tbd Jrgmkb Keumty F[T Dxtdmsiem heds crgmt wer` gmh kellgjergtds witb lekgl

pgrtmdrs te ejtgim mdkdssgry rdseurkds. Tltifgtdly, tbd F[T Dxtdmsiem heds met

eutseurkd jdkgusd it hirdktly previhds sdrvikds te lekgl keffumitids. Mdvdrtbdldss, tbd

keumty dfpleydd aer tbd Jrgmkb Keumty F[T Dxtdmsiem rdkecmizds tbd petdmtigl jdmdaits

lekgl cevdrmfdmts kgm ejtgim wbdm eutseurkimc wbdm mddhdh.

;.: Eutseurkimc Hdpgrtfdmts

;.:.7 Kirkuit Keurt

Xbd Jrgmkb Keumty Kirkuit Keurt (74tb Ouhikigl Kirkuit) bgs ourishiktiem evdr tbd

Keumty’s krifimgl kgsds, kivil kgsds wbdrd gfeumts ea ferd tbgm $:4,>>> grd jdimc

kbglldmcdh, hisputds kemkdrmimc lgmh titlds gmh dquity fgttdrs, hefdstik rdlgtiems (sukb gs

7473



hiverkd, pgtdrmity, gmh agfily suppert), gmh gppdgls aref Histrikt Keurt gmh

ghfimistrgtivd gcdmkids. Hud te tbd kemaihdmtiglity surreumhimc tbdsd kgsds, mdgrly gll ea

tbd Keurt’s hutids grd `dpt im-beusd. Bewdvdr witb g sfgll stgaa ea tbrdd tbgt imkluhds tbd

Keurtreef Qihde Kldr`, tbd Keurt Ghfimistdr, gmh tbd dldktdh Kbida Kirkuit Ouhcd, emd

huty bgs jddm privgtizdh? trgmskriptiems. G trgmskript is g writtdm rdkerh ea dvdrytbimc tbgt

wgs sgih im Keurt. Tltifgtdly, tbd Keurt Ghfimistdr agvers tbd usd ea eutseurkimc im tbis

imstgmkd jdkgusd “Xrgmskripts grd vdry tifd kemsufimc. Sd weulh mddh ferd stgaa te

gkkeffehgtd ia met eutseurkdh.‖ (^gfdlg Cilkbrdst, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem, :>78). Jy

met birimc gmetbdr em-stgaa dfpleydd spdkiaikglly aer trgmskrijimc, Kirkuit Keurt is sgvimc

tbdir hdpgrtfdmt femdy im ghhitiem te tifd.

;.:.: Histrikt Keurt

Ea gll tbd keurts, pdepld grd li`dly te bgvd tbd fest kemtgkt witb tbd Histrikt

Keurt. Xbd Jrgmkb Keumty ;-G Histrikt Keurt bdgrs krifimgl kgsds, kivil kgsds, gmh kivil

hisputds ldss tbgm $:4,>>>. Xbd trgaaik reef witbim tbd Histrikt Keurt Hdpgrtfdmt bgmhlds

tbd aimds gmh adds ewdh jy pdepld te tbd Keurt gmh aer tbdir trgaaik vielgtiems. Im hdglimc

witb sdvdrgl pdepld hgily, Histrikt Keurt bgs emd ea tbd jiccdst stgaas im tbd Jrgmkb

Keumty Cevdrmfdmt witb sixtddm aull-tifd stgaa fdfjdrs gmh emd pgrt-tifd dfpleydd.

Evdrgll, tbd Keurt Ghfimistdr aer Histrikt Keurt evdrsdds tbd dmtird hdpgrtfdmt. Sbdm

gs`dh ia sbd agvers eutseurkimc, sbd gmswdrdh witb g “me‖ umldss it wgs kest daadktivd te

he se ([grgb Kellims, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem, :>78). Ea tbd aivd sdrvikds tbgt keulh jd

eutseurkdh jy Histrikt Keurt, emly tbrdd ea tbd sdrvikds grd privgtizdh. Xrgmskripts,

imtdrprdtdrs, gmh lgj tdsts grd gll eutseurkdh te privgtd kefpgmids jdkgusd tbd hdpgrtfdmt

72



lgk`s tbd dfpleydds witb tbd spdkiaik `mewldhcd er s`ill te pdraerf tbdsd tgs`s. Zgtbdr

tbgm birimc ferd dfpleydds, it is ferd kest daadktivd aer Histrikt Keurt te eutseurkd.

;.:.; ^rejgtd/ Ouvdmild Keurt

Tmli`d tbd Kirkuit Keurt tbgt hdrivds its pewdr aref tbd Kemstitutiem ea tbd Tmitdh

[tgtds, tbd ^rejgtd Keurt hdrivds its pewdr aref Fikbicgm stgtuds. Xbd prifgry

ourishiktiem ea tbd Jrgmkb Keumty ^rejgtd Keurt is evdr cugrhigmsbips gmh

kemsdrvgtersbips, gheptiems, fdmtgl bdgltb prekddhimcs, gmh dstgtd prekddhimcs. Xbd

Jrgmkb Keumty ^rejgtd keurt glse prdsihds evdr tbd Ouvdmild Tmit ea tbd 74tb Kirkuit

Keurt, Agfily Hivisiem. Kerrdspemhimcly, ^rejgtd Keurt ghfimistdrs sdvdrgl sdrvikds. Im

bgvimc g stgaa ea mimd aull-tifd dfpleydds gmh emd pgrt-tifd dfpleydd, tbd ^rejgtd/

Ouvdmild Keurt Hdpgrtfdmt eutseurkds gpprexifgtdly 8> sdrvikds- ;> ea tbd sdrvikds grd

privgtizdh wbild tbd etbdr tdm grd eutseurkdh te mem-preait airfs. [efd ea tbd eutseurkdh

sdrvikds imkluhd trgmskripts, gttermdys, keumsdlimc, yeutb plgkdfdmt, aestdr kgrd, gmh

dhukgtiemgl sdrvikds aer yeutb. Gltbeucb tbd mufjdr ea eutseurkdh sdrvikds is bicb, tbd

hdpgrtfdmt eaaikigl eppesds tbd usd ea ummdkdssgry eutseurkimc0 “I jdlidvd tbd ferd

ewmdrsbip yeu bgvd im g sdrvikd tbd jdttdr it cdts hemd.‖ (Oebm Bewgrh, pdrsemgl

keffumikgtiem, :>78). Xbd rdgsems aer eutseurkimc im tbis hdpgrtfdmt grd kest sgvimcs,

aiskgl strdss/ juhcdtgry kemstrgimts, lgk` ea kgpitgl/ rdseurkds, gmh tbd lgk` ea gm dfpleydd

witb tbd spdkiaik `mewldhcd er s`ill te pdraerf tbd sdrvikd. Gltecdtbdr, tbdrd grd reucbly

aivd ghhitiemgl sdrvikds tbgt keulh jd rdgsemgjly eutseurkdh jy tbis hdpgrtfdmt.

Bewdvdr, umli`d tbd sdrvikds tbgt grd glrdghy eutseurkdh, tbdrd is me sujstgmtigl rdgsem te

kemvdrt tbdsd aivd sdrvikds aref im-beusd te privgtd previsiems.

79



;.:.8 ^rejgtd Kbilh Kgrd gmh Ouvdmild Hgy Xrdgtfdmt ^recrgf

Tmhdr tbd ^rejgtd/ Ouvdmild Keurt hdpgrtfdmt grd twe spdkiglly-aumhdh

hdpgrtfdmts? ^rejgtd Kbilh Kgrd gmh tbd Ouvdmild Hgy Xrdgtfdmt ^recrgf. Im wer`imc

klesdly witb tbd Keurt Gppeimtdh [pdkigl Ghvekgtd (KG[G) precrgf, tbdsd hdpgrtfdmts

wdrd hdsicmdh te gssist histrdssdh kbilhrdm gs tbdy ce tbreucb tbd keurt systdf. [imkd

jetb hdpgrtfdmts grd g pgrt ea tbd ^rejgtd/ Ouvdmild Keurt hivisiem witbim tbd Keurtbeusd,

tbdy sbgrd tbd sgfd eutseurkdh sdrvikds gs tbd Keurt. Xbdrdaerd, ^rejgtd Kbilh Kgrd gmh

tbd Ouvdmild Hgy Xrdgtfdmt ^recrgf kemtrgkt te tbd sgfd kefpgmids aer sdrvikds sukb gs

keumsdlimc, yeutb plgkdfdmt, aestdr kgrd, gmh yeutb dhukgtiemgl sdrvikds. Xbis prevds te

jd kest-daadktivd aer jetb hdpgrtfdmts wbe lgk` tbd juhcdt gmh stgaa te ghfimistdr gll ea

tbdir sdrvikds. Jetb ea tbdsd hdpgrtfdmts grd sfgll witb tbd Ouvdmild Hgy Xrdgtfdmt

^recrgf bgvimc twe aull-tifd dfpleydds gmh ^rejgtd Kbilh Kgrd bgvimc tbrdd aull-tifd

dfpleydds gmh emd pgrt-tifd dfpleydd.

;.:.4 Imaerfgtiem Xdkbmelecy

Imaerfgtiem Xdkbmelecy bgs twe aull-tifd dfpleydds wbe fgmgcd gll ea tbd

Keumty-aumhdh tdkbmelecikgl preodkts. Im evdrsddimc sukb lgrcd epdrgtiems, tbd

hdpgrtfdmt eutseurkds twe sdrvikds te sgvd em kests. Airst, Imaerfgtiem Xdkbmelecy bgs

privgtizdh tbdir dfgilimc systdf te Fikreseat Eaaikd ;14. [dkemh, tbd hdpgrtfdmt bgs

kbesdm te kemtrgkt tbreucb imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmt witb tbd Kity ea Kelhwgtdr aer

tbd Keumty’s Cdecrgpbik Imaerfgtiem [ystdf. Xbd mufjdr ea sdrvikds tbgt grd

eutseurkdh jy tbis hdpgrtfdmt grd lifitdh te tbdsd twe sdrvikds jdkgusd tbd hdpgrtfdmt

bdgh heds met li`d tbd ihdg ea eutseurkimc IX epdrgtiems hud te its sdmsitivd mgturd (Fgtt

Aeshik`, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem, :>78).

:>



;.:.1 Ghfimistrgtiem gmh Keumty Kefpldx

Xbd Keumty Ghfimistrgter gmh tbd Ghfimistrgtivd Gssistgmt fg`d up tbd Jrgmkb

Keumty Ghfimistrgtiem hdpgrtfdmt. G ldghimc rdspemsijility ea tbis hdpgrtfdmt is te

prdpgrd tbd gmmugl juhcdt aer dgkb ea tbd Keumty hdpgrtfdmts0 tbdsd hdpgrtfdmts imkluhd

tbesd tbgt grd im tbd Cdmdrgl Aumh gs wdll gs im tbd [pdkigl Aumh. Im ghhitiem te prdpgrimc

tbd Keumty juhcdt, tbd Ghfimistrgter wer`s hirdktly witb tbd Jrgmkb Keumty

Keffissiemdrs em Keumty gaagirs. Xbd Ghfimistrgter glse wer`s klesdly witb tbd Keumty

Kefpldx hdpgrtfdmt te dmsurd tbd sfeetb epdrgtiem ea tbd Keurtbeusd gmh etbdr Jrgmkb

Keumty eaaikds. Xbd kbida purpesd ea Keumty Kefpldx is te fgimtgim tbd dquipfdmt,

creumhs, gmh juilhimcs se tbgt dgkb hdpgrtfdmt kgm rum daaikidmtly witbeut imtdrruptiem.

Keumty Kefpldx kemsists ea tbd Keumty Kefpldx Hirdkter gmh twe fgimtdmgmkd wer`drs.

Xecdtbdr, Ghfimistrgtiem gmh Keumty Kefpldx eutseurkd sdvdm sdrvikds? dldvgter

fgimtdmgmkd, kldgmimc, dxtdrfimgters, cgrjgcd hispesgl, cgselimd, aird glgrfs gmh

sprim`ldrs, gmh kdll pbemds. Xbdsd sdrvikds wdrd privgtizdh aer tbd aellewimc rdgsems? tbd

umprdhiktgjility ea tbd mddh/ usd ea tbd sdrvikd, tbd lgk` ea gm dfpleydd witb tbd spdkiaik

`mewldhcd/ s`ill te pdraerf tbd sdrvikd, gmh te sgvd em kests. Mdvdrtbdldss, jetb

hdpgrtfdmt bdghs bgvd hdtdrrdh aref tbd dxkdssivd usd ea eutseurkimc im erhdr te

fgimtgim kemtimuity im epdrgtiems. Xbgt is wby tbrdd ghhitiemgl sdrvikds tbgt keulh jd

eutseurkdh bgvd jddm `dpt im-beusd.

;.:.3 Dquglizgtiem

Xbd Dquglizgtiem hdpgrtfdmt dstgjlisbds dquglizdh vgluds aer gll rdgl gmh pdrsemgl

prepdrty im tbd Keumty. Xbis is gkkefplisbdh jy fddtimc witb gll ea tbd kity gmh tewmsbip

gssdssers ea tbd Keumty gmh aiximc tbd hiskrdpgmkids im prepdrty gssdssfdmts jdtwddm

79:7



tbdf. Gpprgisgl stuhids grd glse tg`dm imte gkkeumt te ghoust vgluds. Xbdsd dquglizgtiem

gpprgisgl stuhids grd tbd emly sdrvikd tbgt is eutseurkdh jy tbis hdpgrtfdmt. Sitb g

Hdputy Hirdkter, gm Gpprgisdr gmh g pgrt-tifd kldr`, tbis hdpgrtfdmt lgk`s tbd rdseurkds

gmh pdrsemmdl te pdraerf tbis sdrvikd em tbdir ewm. Juhcdt kemstrgimts gmh kest sgvimcs

glse plgydh g `dy reld im tbd hdkisiem te eutseurkd tbis sdrvikd. Mdvdrtbdldss, tbd Hdputy

Hirdkter, gs hdpgrtfdmt bdgh, is eppesdh te eutseurkimc jdkgusd sbd jdlidvds tbgt “g

bicbdr ldvdl ea wer` quglity gmh ewmdrsbip kgm emly jd ejtgimdh tbreucb gm imhivihugl

wbe is gktivdly imvelvdh im gll gspdkts, daadkts gmh kemsdqudmkds ea tbdir wer` prehukt‖

(Oehy Kemmdll, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem, :>78).

;.:.2 Juilhimc Hdpgrtfdmt

Xbd ifpertgmkd ea tbd Juilhimc Hdpgrtfdmt is te dmaerkd gll adhdrgl, stgtd gmh

lekgl juilhimc kehds te dmsurd tbd sgadty gmh quglity ea usd ea gll juilhimcs gmh strukturds

tbgt grd juilt im Jrgmkb Keumty. Gltbeucb tbd hdpgrtfdmt bdgh heds met agver tbd usd ea

eutseurkimc aer quglity rdgsems, tbd hdpgrtfdmt still eutseurkds jdkgusd witb emly g pgrt-

tifd dfpleydd, tbd hdpgrtfdmt lgk`s tbd dfpleydds, rdseurkds, gmh juhcdt mdkdssgry te

`ddp tbd sdrvikds im-beusd. Xbd privgtizdh sdrvikds imkluhd juilhimc imspdktiems gmh

dldktrikgl imspdktiems. Tltifgtdly, tbis hdpgrtfdmt is em its wgy te jdkefimc kefpldtdly

eutseurkdh gs g wgy te sgvd tbd Keumty em kests.

;.:.9 Fgrimd ^gtrel

Sitb aeur pgrt-tifd dfpleydds, Fgrimd ^gtrel is g [pdkigl Aumh hdpgrtfdmt umhdr

tbd [bdriaa’s Eaaikd tbgt wgs hdsicmdh te dmaerkd lekgl fgrimd sgadty. Im kbgrcd ea tbis

hdpgrtfdmt is tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Tmhdrsbdriaa wbe heds met suppert lekgl cevdrmfdmt

eutseurkimc. Aer bif, ia tbdrd is g Keumty preodkt tbgt is aumhdh jy tbd Keumty, tbdm tbgt

::



preodkt sbeulh jd hemd jy tbd Keumty (@ditb Dikbldr, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem, :>78).

Bewdvdr, hud tbd umprdhiktgjility ea tbd mddh er usd ea sefd sdrvikds, juhcdt kemstrgimts

gmh tbd mddh aer kest sgvimcs, Fgrimd ^gtrel bgs privgtizdh aivd sdrvikds gmh bgs

eutseurkdh twe sdrvikds te tbd Kity ea Kelhwgtdr tbreucb imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmt.

[efd ea tbd dssdmtigl sdrvikds tbgt grd eutseurkdh jy tbis hdpgrtfdmt grd aeeh, kgmtddm,

audl gmh wgstd sdrvikds.

;.:.7> Xrdgsurdr’s Eaaikd

Tmhdr Grtikld QII, [dktiem 8 ea tbd Fikbicgm [tgtd Kemstitutiem, tbd Keumty

Xrdgsurdr’s Eaaikd wgs dstgjlisbdh. Xbd prifgry rdspemsijility ea tbd Xrdgsurdr’s Eaaikd

is tbd gkkeumtimc ea gll Keumty rdvdmuds. Im tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Xrdgsurdr’s Eaaikd, tbdrd

is aeur aull-tifd dfpleydds te dmsurd tbd gkkurgky ea tbis primkipgl tgs`. Gltbeucb

dquippdh witb g suitgjld stgaa, tbd Xrdgsurdr still lgk`s tbd kgpitgl gmh rdseurkds mdkdssgry

te `ddp gll sdrvikds im-beusd. Kemsdqudmtly, tbd Xrdgsurdr’s Eaaikd eutseurkds twe

sdrvikds te privgtd kefpgmids (fgilimcs gmh kdrtiaidh fgilimcs) gmh eutseurkds twe

sdrvikds te tbd [tgtd ea Fikbicgm (aerdklesurds gmh pdrsemgl rdsihdmkd dxdfptiem guhits).

Im eutseurkimc emly tbd sdrvikds tbgt grd mdkdssgry gmh kest daadktivd, tbd Xrdgsurdr

supperts tbd usd ea sefd eutseurkimc.

;.:.77 Hrgim Keffissiem

Jy Gkt Me. 8> ea tbd ^ujlik Gkts ea 7941, tbd Hrgim Keffissiemdr’s Eaaikd wgs

dstgjlisbdh. Xbd Jrgmkb Keumty Hrgim Keffissiem kemsists ea twe dfpleydds wbe grd

rdspemsijld aer tbd kemstruktiem, epdrgtiem, gmh fgimtdmgmkd ea gll Keumty hrgims. Im

erhdr te fgimtgim tbd Keumty hrgims, tbd Hrgim Keffissiem bgs te eutseurkd g fgoerity ea

its sdrvikds. Xild rdpgirs, tild imstgllgtiems, hitkb kldgmimcs, hitkb stgjilizgtiems gmh

:::;



sdhifdmt jgsim kldgmeuts grd gll eutseurkdh gs imhivihugl preodkts tbreucb jihs witb

privgtd kemtrgkters. Ghhitiemglly, regh kressimc rdpgir is eutseurkdh, jut tbreucb tbd

imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmt witb tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Zegh Keffissiem. Eutseurkimc

tbdsd sdrvikds gllews aer Hrgim Keffissiem te sgvd em kests gmh epdrgtd umhdr juhcdt

kemstrgimts. Tltifgtdly, tbd Hrgim Keffissiemdr supperts tbd usd ea eutseurkimc jdkgusd

it is ferd daaikidmt te he se.

;.:.7: Hdpgrtfdmt ea ^ujlik Ser`s

Xbd Jrgmkb Keumty Hdpgrtfdmt ea ^ujlik Ser`s evdrsdds jetb tbd Evih-

@imhdrbee` Sgstd Sgtdr Xrdgtfdmt ^lgmt gmh Lg`dsihd Dstgtds, g pujlik wgtdr systdf im

Cirgrh Xewmsbip. Sitb tbrdd dfpleydds, tbis hdpgrtfdmt is kemhuktdh jy tbd sgfd

hdpgrtfdmt bdgh gs tbd Hrgim Keffissiem. Gkkerhimcly, eutseurkimc is wdll-li`dh jy tbd

hdpgrtfdmt eaaikigl jdkgusd it is daaikidmt im jrimcimc im spdkigl teels gmh dxpdrtisd tbgt

grd mdkdssgry te tbd sdrvikds previhdh jy tbis hdpgrtfdmt (Fikbgdl Bgrh, pdrsemgl

keffumikgtiem, :>78). Ghhitiemglly, eutseurkimc previhds tbd hdpgrtfdmt witb kest

sgvimcs im tifds ea aiskgl strdss gmh juhcdt kemstrgimts. Xbd sdrvikds tbgt grd privgtizdh

grd liat stgtiem rdpgirs, liat stgtiem rdjuilhs, dfdrcdmky pufpimc, gmh plgmt rdpgirs. Emd

ferd sdrvikd is glse eutseurkdh tbreucb imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmt witb tbd Qillgcd

ea Wuimky. Xbgt sdrvikd is liat stgtiem pufpimc gmh kldgmimc.

;.:.7; 977 Kdmtrgl Hispgtkb

Xbd Jrgmkb Keumty 977 Kdmtrgl Hispgtkb is gkkeumtgjld aer gmswdrimc gll kglls

dmquirimc aer tbd sdrvikds ea tbd lgw dmaerkdfdmt, aird, gmh dfdrcdmky fdhikgl sdrvikds

ea tbd Keumty. Kefprisdh ea tbd 977 Hirdkter, bis Gssistgmt Hirdkter gmh 7: Hispgtkbdrs,

tbdrd is glwgys sefdemd em-stgaa te gmswdr kglls. Xe dmsurd tbgt tbis prierity ceds

:8



umimtdrruptdh, 977 Kdmtrgl Hispgtkb eutseurkds sefd ea its sdrvikds- six grd eutseurkdh te

privgtd kefpgmids, tbrdd grd eutseurkdh te mempreaits, gmh emd is eutseurkdh tbreucb

imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmt. [efd ea tbdsd sdrvikds tbgt grd eutseurkdh imkluhd

dfdrcdmky kemtgktimc gmh wdgtbdr dfdrcdmky kemtgktimc, kefputdr gihdh hispgtkb,

LDIM sdrvikds, MIKD rdkerhimc systdf, ^reWG Aird gmh Fdhikgl, gmh hispgtkb kemseld

aurmiturd. Tltifgtdly, tbd 977 Hirdkter is eppesdh te eutseurkimc jdkgusd “wbdm sdrvikds

grd eutseurkdh, it is cdmdrglly te g preait gcdmky tbgt bgs te fg`d femdy0 tbdrdaerd, tbd

eutseurkimc cdmdrglly kests ferd.‖ (@urt [pglhimc, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem, :>78).

Bewdvdr, tbd rdgsem aer eutseurkimc im 977 Kdmtrgl Hispgtkb is lgrcdly imaludmkdh jy tbd

umprdhiktgjility ea tbd mddh er usd ea g kdrtgim sdrvikd im ghhitiem te tbd lgk` ea rdseurkds

gmh spdkiglly-trgimdh dfpleydds te ghfimistdr tbgt sdrvikd. Aer tbesd rdgsems, eutseurkimc

tbd tdm sdrvikds tbgt tbdy bgvd bgs prevdm te jd kest daadktivd aer tbis hdpgrtfdmt.

;.:.78 Zegh Keffissiem gmh ^gr`s Hdpgrtfdmt

Sitb ;4.4 dfpleydds, Zegh Keffissiem bgs tbd jiccdst stgaa im tbd Jrgmkb

Keumty Cevdrmfdmt- imkluhdh im tbgt mufjdr is aeur pgrt-tifd dfpleydds tbgt fg`d up

tbd ^gr`s Hdpgrtfdmt. Xbd Zegh Keffissiem stgaa evdrsdds tbd fgimtdmgmkd gmh

rdkemstruktiem ea gll reghs im tbd Keumty. Sitb g hdpgrtfdmt bdgh tbgt agvers tbd usd ea

eutseurkimc wbdm “it bgs g lewdr liad kykld kest aer tbgt sdrvikd gmh heds met kgusd tbd

hdpgrtfdmt te epdrgtd jdlew kgpgkity‖ (Xrdmt Grvdr, pdrsemgl keffumikgtiem, :>78), tbis

hdpgrtfdmt privgtizds sdvdm sdrvikds, eutseurkds emd sdrvikd te g mempreait kefpgmy gmh

eutseurkds twe sdrvikds tbreucb imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmt. Xbdsd eutseurkdh

sdrvikds grd pgvdfdmt fgr`imc, jrusb sprgyimc trdd triffimc, hdsicm dmcimddrimc,

:4



kemstruktiem imspdktiem, strgtdcik plgmmimc, guhitimc, gccrdcgtd prekdssimc, regh gssdt

fgmgcdfdmt plgmmimc, gmh hgfgcd klgifs.

Im bgvimc tbd sgfd hdpgrtfdmt bdgh gs tbd Zegh Keffissiem, tbd ^gr`s

Hdpgrtfdmt evdrsdds aivd pgr`s witbim tbd Keumty? Fdferigl ^gr`, Zivdrjdmh ^gr`,

Cildgh Lg`d ^gr`, Wuimky-Fgrjld Lg`d, gmh Gmcdl Kevd ^gr`. Xbis hdpgrtfdmt

eutseurkds dldktrikgl wer`, sdptik pufpimc, plufjimc gmh fdkbgmiks, lgwm fewimc, gmh

strukturd fgimtdmgmkd, sukb gs hrgimgcd, sicmgcd, reghs gmh spdkigl preodkts, aer tbd aivd

pgr`s.

;.:.74 Girpert Keffissiem

Xbd Jrgmkb Keumty Fdferigl Girpert is lekgtdh im Kelhwgtdr, Fikbicgm. Xbis is g

cdmdrgl gvigtiem girpert tbgt is keumty ewmdh aer pujlik usd. It is rum jy emd dfpleydd,

tbd Girpert Fgmgcdr, wbe li`ds tbd usd ea eutseurkimc jdkgusd gs g fgmgcdr, bd is

“umgjld te pdraerf sefd ea tbd rdquirdh sdrvikds‖ (Hdgm QgmMgshgld, pdrsemgl

keffumikgtiem, :>78). Xbdrd grd dicbt sdrvikds im wbikb bd eutseurkds te privgtd

kefpgmids? crgss fewimc, smew plewimc, dfdrcdmky cdmdrgter fgimtdmgmkd, wdgtbdr

ejsdrvgtiem dquipfdmt, rumwgy pgvdfdmt krgk` sdglimc, ZDIL fgimtdmgmkd, dmcimddrimc,

gmh tdrfimgl juilhimc BQGK. Jy eutseurkimc, tbd Girpert Fgmgcdr is glse sgvimc em

kests.

;.:.71 Keffissiem em Gcimc

Xbd aumhgfdmtgl fissiem ea tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Keffissiem em Gcimc is te

previhd sdrvikds te elhdr ghults im erhdr te fgxifizd tbdir bdgltb, wdlljdimc, gmh

imhdpdmhdmkd. Xbis hdpgrtfdmt kemtgims aivd aull-tifd dfpleydds gs wdll gs :8 pgrt-tifd

dfpleydds. Hdspitd g lgrcd stgaa, Keffissiem em Gcimc still lgk`s sefd spdkiglly trgimdh

:4:1



dfpleydds te ghfimistdr gll ea tbdir sdrvikds. Glse, im previhimc sdvdrgl sdrvikds te [dmier

Kitizdms, tbd hdpgrtfdmt kgm sgvd em kests jy eutseurkimc sefd ea its sdrvikds. Xbd

sdrvikds tbgt bgvd jddm privgtizdh jy tbis hdpgrtfdmt imkluhd pdst kemtrel, kldgmimc,

rdspitd, lumkb precrgf, `itkbdm dquipfdmt fgimtdmgmkd, jusb triffimc, gmh fgr`dtimc.

Evdrgll, tbd Keffissiem em Gcimc Dxdkutivd Hirdkter aer Jrgmkb Keumty heds met fimh

tbd usd ea eutseurkimc gs lemc gs it is daadktivd gmh previhds quglity sdrvikds.

;.:.73 [bdriaa’s Eaaikd gmh [dkemhgry Zegh ^gtrel

Jy tbd [tgtd ea Fikbicgm, g [bdriaa’s Eaaikd is kemstitutiemglly fgmhgtdh. Airst

gmh aerdfest, tbd [bdriaa is rdspemsijld aer evdrsddimc tbd pujlik pdgkd witbim tbd Keumty

jy dmaerkimc tbd lgws. Jdsihds tbd [bdriaa, tbdrd grd tdm etbdr aull-tifd dfpleydds

wer`imc aer tbd Jrgmkb Keumty [bdriaa’s Eaaikd. Aurtbdrferd, tbis hdpgrtfdmt glse

evdrsdds etbdr Keumty hdpgrtfdmts? [dkemhgry Zegh ^gtrel, Ogil Epdrgtiems, gmh Fgrimd

[gadty. Im erhdr te he tbdir oejs daadktivdly, tbis hdpgrtfdmt bgs bgh te eutseurkd sefd ea

its sdrvikds. Im tetgl, tbd [bdriaa’s Eaaikd eutseurkds aivd sdrvikds. Xbdsd imkluhd aeeh,

kgmtddm, ldcgl, wgstd, regh, gmh audl sdrvikds. Tltifgtdly, tbis hdpgrtfdmt is met aemh ea

eutseurkimc gmh jdlidvds tbgt Keumty preodkts sbeulh jd kefpldtdh jy tbd Keumty.

Mdvdrtbdldss, tbd [bdriaa’s Eaaikd eutseurkds te sgvd em kests hud te aiskgl strdss gmh tbd

umprdhiktgjility ea tbd mddh ea g spdkiaik sdrvikd.

Sitb emd aull-tifd dfpleydd, tbd [dkemhgry Zegh ^gtrel eutseurkds tbd sgfd

sdrvikds gs tbd [bdriaa’s Hdpgrtfdmt. Gatdr tbd [bdriaa’s Eaaikd, tbis hdpgrtfdmt is im

kbgrcd ea fgimtgimimc tbd pujlik pdgkd. Xbd hdpgrtfdmt heds tbis tbreucb regh pgtrel, gs

civdm jy its mgfd.

:3



;.:.72 Ogil Epdrgtiems

[ifilgr te tbd [dkemhgry Zegh ^gtrel, Ogil Epdrgtiems glse eutseurkds tbd sgfd

sdrvikds gs tbd [bdriaa’s Eaaikd. Xbd prifgry aumktiem ea Ogil Epdrgtiems is te evdrsdd gmh

fgimtgim tbd epdrgtiems ea tbd keumty ogil. Xbis is kemsihdrdh te jd g krukigl

rdspemsijility im fgimtgimimc tbd pdgkd ea tbd Keumty. Xbdrdaerd, tbis hdpgrtfdmt rums

witb g lgrcd stgaa kemsistimc ea :3 dfpleydds. [imkd evdrsddimc lekgl krifimgls is met

tg`dm licbtly jy tbd Keumty, eutseurkimc ogil epdrgtiems, pgrtikulgrly ea tbd gktugl

evdrsddimc gmh fgimtgimimc ea tbd ogil, is met agverdh.

:2



IQ. Hdpgrtfdmt Evdrvidw

Evdrgll, eut ea tbd ;7 tetgl Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts, :7 ea tbdf eutseurkd gt

ldgst emd sdrvikd. Xbd rdgsems aer eutseurkimc vgry aref emd hdpgrtfdmt te tbd mdxt. Aer

dgkb Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmt tbgt eutseurkds, tbd hdpgrtfdmt bdgh wgs civdm g list ea

aivd petdmtigl rdgsems aer eutseurkimc gmh wgs gs`dh te fgr` gll tbgt gpplidh te tbdir

hdpgrtfdmt spdkiaikglly. Xbd list ea rdgsems kemsistdh ea Kest [gvimcs, Aiskgl [trdss er

Juhcdt Kemstrgimts, Lgk` ea Kgpitgl er Zdseurkds, Lgk` ea Dfpleydd witb [pdkiaik

@mewldhcd er [`ill, gmh tbd Tmprdhiktgjility ea tbd Mddh er Tsd ea g [drvikd.

Gs sddm im Aicurd 8.7, tbd prifgry fetivgter aer Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts te

eutseurkd wgs kest sgvimcs. Kest sgvimcs ifplids tbgt jy eutseurkimc, g hdpgrtfdmt kgm

kut hewm em tbd kests it weulh bgvd dmhurdh bgh tbdy previhdh tbd sdrvikd tbdfsdlvds

vig im-beusd previsiem. Im gll, 79 ea tbd :7 hdpgrtfdmts tbgt eutseurkd (9>.4 pdrkdmt)

kbesd Kest [gvimcs gs g rdgsem aer eutseurkimc.

Xbd sdkemh fest keffem rdgsem aer hdpgrtfdmtgl eutseurkimc wgs tbd lgk` ea gm

dfpleydd witb tbd spdkiaik `mewldhcd er s`ill te ghfimistdr g pgrtikulgr sdrvikd. [imkd it

kgm jd dxpdmsivd gmh tifd kemsufimc te bird sefdemd tbgt fddts tbd rdquirdfdmts, fgmy

hdpgrtfdmts sifply eutseurkdh tbdsd sdrvikds. Ea tbd :7 eutseurkimc hdpgrtfdmts, 74 ea

tbdf eutseurkdh (37.8 pdrkdmt) jdkgusd tbdy lgk` gm dfpleydd tbgt wgs qugliaidh te rum

emd ea tbdir sdrvikds.

Sbild sefd hdpgrtfdmts lgk` tbd prepdr dfpleydds, etbdr hdpgrtfdmts lgk` tbd

rdseurkds. Aer sefd hdpgrtfdmts, it wgs met mdkdssgrily tbgt tbdy lgk` tbd pdepld te

previhd g sdrvikd jut tbdy lgk`dh tbd fdgms te previhd it. Xbis wgs g prejldf aer 77 ea

tbd Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts tbgt kurrdmtly eutseurkd (4:.8 pdrkdmt).

:9



Xbd aeurtb rdgsem aer Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts te eutseurkd wgs tbd

umprdhiktgjility ea tbd mddh er usd ea g pgrtikulgr sdrvikd. Im tbis situgtiem, g hdpgrtfdmt

fgy bgvd tbd dfpleydds gmh rdseurkds te prepdrly previhd g sdrvikd im-beusd0 bewdvdr,

tbd prejldf fgy jd tbgt tbd hdpgrtfdmt heds met tbim` g sdrvikd is ea crdgt ifpertgmkd te

tbd Jrgmkb Keumty rdsihdmts. Im wbikb kgsd, tbdy eutseurkd tbd sdrvikd te jd previhdh

emly wbdm it is mddhdh. Xbis wgy, tbd hdpgrtfdmt heds met bgvd te werry gjeut pgyimc gm

dfpleydd em g tifd-jgsdh kemtrgkt wbdm tbdy grd emly mddh emkd er twikd g femtb. 87.1

pdrkdmt ea tbd eutseurkimc hdpgrtfdmts utilizdh tbis fdtbeh (7> ea tbd :7).

Aimglly, tbd aiatb rdgsem aer eutseurkimc wgs aiskgl strdss er juhcdt kemstrgimts.

Xbis hiaadrs aref kest sgvimcs jdkgusd bdrd tbd hdpgrtfdmt addls prdssurdh te kut hewm em

kests. Aer dxgfpld, g hdpgrtfdmt fgy jd rdquirdh te previhd g kdrtgim mufjdr ea

sdrvikds, jut witb g lifitdh juhcdt, tbdy kgmmet previhd gll tbd sdrvikds im-beusd.

Kemsdqudmtly, tbd hdpgrtfdmt fgy kbeesd te eutseurkd sefd ea tbd sdrvikds tbgt tbdy grd

rdquirdh te previhd jdkgusd it is kbdgpdr gmh gllews aer tbd hdpgrtfdmt te fddt its juhcdt.

Ea tbd :7 Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts tbgt eutseurkd, 8:.9 pdrkdmt ea tbdf (9

hdpgrtfdmts) eutseurkdh jdkgusd ea aiskgl strdss gmh juhcdt kemstrgimts.

;>



Jdyemh im-beusd previsiems, tbdrd grd tbrdd hiaadrdmt typds ea sdrvikd previhdrs

tbgt g hdpgrtfdmt kgm eutseurkd te? privgtd kefpgmids, mempreait ercgmizgtiems, er imtdr-

cevdrmfdmtgl. ^rivgtd kefpgmids grd kefpgmids tbgt grd kemsihdrdh aer preait gmh,

jdkgusd ea privgtd ewmdrsbip, he met trghd sbgrds ea stek` em tbd pujlik dxkbgmcd. Xbd

prekdss ea eutseurkimc te privgtd kefpgmids is glse rdadrrdh te gs privgtizgtiem. Tmli`d

privgtd kefpgmids wbe grd prifgrily kemkdrmdh witb fg`imc preaits, mempreait

ercgmizgtiems usd hemgtiems te kemtrijutd te g kgusd. Ferdevdr, mempreaits grd tgx-dxdfpt

jy tbd Imtdrmgl Zdvdmud [drvikd. Lgstly, Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts kgm utilizd tbd

rdseurkds ea etbdr cevdrmfdmtgl imstitutiems tbreucb imtdrcevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmts. Aer

dxgfpld, sefd Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts fgy kbeesd te gs` tbd keumty sdgt, tbd Kity

ea Kelhwgtdr, te usd emd ea tbdir sdrvikds tbgt tbdy previhd im dxkbgmcd aer g add. Gm

dxgfpld ea tbis aer Jrgmkb Keumty weulh jd tbd Cdecrgpbik Imaerfgtiem [ystdf (C[I) -

g systdf tbgt krdgtds gm evdrbdgh ifgcd ea g rdciem sifilgr te tbgt ea tbd sgtdllitd ifgcdry

;7



em Ceecld Fgps. [imkd tbd Kity ea Kelhwgtdr glrdghy bgs gm dstgjlisbdh Cdecrgpbik

Imaerfgtiem [ystdf, tbd Keumty kemtrgktdh witb tbd Kity te tdfpergrily bird tbdir C[I

dfpleydd te krdgtd g Cdecrgpbik [ystdf aer tbd rdst ea tbd keumty.

Aicurd 8.: sbews bew fgmy ea tbd eutseurkdh sdrvikds grd previhdh jy dgkb ea

tbd gltdrmgtivd sdrvikd previhdrs. Gs sddm im tbd kbgrt, g fgoerity ea tbd eutseurkdh

sdrvikds im Jrgmkb Keumty grd previhdh jy privgtd kefpgmids. Eut ea tbd tetgl ::1

eutseurkdh sdrvikds, 734 ea tbdf grd privgtizdh. Xbdrdaerd, privgtizgtiem gkkeumts aer

reucbly 33.8 pdrkdmt ea gll eutseurkimc witbim tbd Keumty cevdrmfdmt. Eutseurkimc te

mempreait ercgmizgtiems is sdkemh gt gpprexifgtdly 74 pdrkdmt (;8 sdrvikds eut ea ::1).

Aimglly, imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmts fg`d up aer tbd lgst 73 eutseurkdh sdrvikds gt

gjeut 3.4 pdrkdmt ea tetgl eutseurkimc.

Zdcgrhldss ea tbd typd ea sdrvikd previhdr g hdpgrtfdmt kbeesds, g kemtrgkt fust

jd krdgtdh. Emkd g previhdr is kbesdm, mdcetigtiems rdcgrhimc g kemtrgkt jdcim jdtwddm

;:

33.8%

74%

3.4%



tbd hdpgrtfdmt bdgh gmh tbd kemtrgkter. Gltbeucb tbd hdpgrtfdmt bdgh fgy glrdghy `mew

bis er bdr dxpdktgtiems aer tbd kemtrgkter prier te tbd mdcetigtiems, it fgy jd hiaaikult te

prepdrly keffumikgtd tbdsd dxpdktgtiems. Im ghhitiem te keffumikgtiem prejldfs,

trgmsgktiem kests kgm glse imtdrrupt tbd prekdss ea mdcetigtimc g kemtrgkt. Ea tbd Jrgmkb

Keumty hdpgrtfdmts tbgt eutseurkd, dgkb hdpgrtfdmt bdgh wgs gs`dh gjeut tbd gvdrgcd

hiaaikulty tbdy bgh wbdm mdcetigtimc tbdir eutseurkimc kemtrgkts. Xbdir rdspemsd wgs g

mufjdr jdtwddm 7 gmh 4, 7 jdimc “met hiaaikult‖ gmh 4 jdimc “vdry hiaaikult.‖ Xbd rdsults

grd civdm im Aicurd 8.;. Xbd fgoerity ea tbd hdpgrtfdmt eaaikigls (reucbly 82%) kbesd 7,

“met hiaaikult.‖ Xbis wgs dxpdktdh jdkgusd tbdsd hdpgrtfdmts grd kurrdmtly eutseurkimc0

tbus, gmy hiaaikultids aref kemtrgkt mdcetigtiems weulh bgvd li`dly hdtdrrdh tbis aref tbd

stgrt.

Gatdr tbd kemtrgkt bgs jddm mdcetigtdh, lekgl cevdrmfdmt hdpgrtfdmts tbdm bgvd

tbd tgs` ea femiterimc gmh fgmgcimc tbd kemtrgkter’s pdraerfgmkd. Gltbeucb tbis tgs`

;;



kgm jd hiaaikult gmh g hisghvgmtgcd te eutseurkimc, it is mdkdssgry memdtbdldss. Im gs`imc

dgkb hdpgrtfdmt bdgh tbgt eutseurkds te kbeesd g mufjdr jdtwddm 7 (met hiaaikult) gmh 4

(vdry hiaaikult) tbgt rdprdsdmts tbd hiaaikult tbdy agkdh wbdm femiterimc gmh fgmgcimc

tbdir kemtrgkters’ pdraerfgmkd, tbd fgoerity ea hdpgrtfdmt bdghs (8;%) kbesd tbd mufjdr

;, agirly hiaaikult.

Im ceimc jgk` te Aicurd 8.7, tbd prifgry rdgsem aer eutseurkimc wgs kest sgvimcs.

[imkd fgmgcimc gmh femiterimc kemtrgkters’ pdraerfgmkd is hiaaikult, tbdrd is tbd

petdmtigl aer kemtrgkters te lesd prehuktivity evdr tifd dvdm umhdr g pdraerfgmkd-jgsdh

kemtrgkt. Xbis is li`dly hud te tbd bicb prejgjility ea imkufjdmky. Im gs`imc hdpgrtfdmt

eaaikigls gjeut tbd mufjdr ea kemtrgkts tbdy bgvd rdmdwdh witb imkufjdmt previhdrs, gll

ea tbd hdpgrtfdmts rdspemhdh tbgt ditbdr gll er tbd fgoerity ea tbdir sdrvikds grd still jdimc

kemtrgktdh umhdr tbd sgfd pujlik sdrvikd previhdr. Im `mewimc tbis, fest previhdrs weulh

addl sdkurd im tbd prespdkt ea g kemtrgkt rdmdwgl. Kemsdqudmtly, tbdy ficbt met wer` gs

bgrh gs tbdy imitiglly hih. Xbd ihdg tbgt tbdy will still jd kemtrgktdh ficbt fg`d

kemtrgkters addl ldss prdssurdh te kut hewm em kests gs lemc gs tbdy grd still gkbidvimc g

preait. Gs g rdsult, I gs`dh dgkb hdpgrtfdmt bdgh gjeut tbd gvdrgcd kest sgvimc dresiem

tbdy dxpdridmkdh aref eutseurkimc. Sitb 7 jdimc tbgt “tbd imitigl kests sgvdh bgvd

kemtimudh te jd reucbly tbd sgfd tbreucbeut tbd tdrf ea tbd kemtrgkt‖ gmh 4 jdimc tbgt

kest sgvimcs bgvd “bdgvily hifimisbdh‖, tbd fgoerity ea hdpgrtfdmts (8>%) kbesd tbd

mufjdr 7. Aref tbis rdsult, it kgm jd hdtdrfimdh tbgt pdraerfgmkd-jgsdh kemtrgkts

previhd dmeucb imkdmtivds aer kemtrgkters te kemtimud te jd prehuktivd dvdm witb tbd

prejgjility ea imkufjdmky.

;8



Evdrgll, tbd rdgsems aer eutseurkimc, sukb gs kest sgvimcs, stdf aref tbd ihdg tbgt

eutseurkimc kgm jd ferd kest daadktivd gmh prehuktivd tbgm im-beusd previsiem. Xbis

fg`ds eutseurkimc ghvgmtgcdeus jdkgusd it previhds hdpgrtfdmts witb aldxijility gmh tbd

gjility te aekus em etbdr preodkts. Im erhdr te gssdss tbis ihdg aer Jrgmkb Keumty

hdpgrtfdmts, hdpgrtfdmt eaaikigls wdrd gs`dh bew fukb ferd daaikidmt tbdir hdpgrtfdmt

jdkgfd gatdr bgvimc kemtrgktdh sdrvikds eut. Em g skgld ea 7 (“met daaikidmt‖) te 4

(“bicbly daaikidmt‖), tbd fgoerity ea hdpgrtfdmts (gpprexifgtdly 8;%) pik`dh tbd mufjdr

:. Tltifgtdly, tbis rdsult cgvd tbd ifprdssiem tbgt emd ea tbd aivd rdgsems aer eutseurkimc

(hdpiktdh im Aicurd 8.7) wgs sicmiaikgmt im tbd hdkisiem te eutseurkd jdkgusd tbdrd weulh

jd me etbdr rdgsem te eutseurkd ia pujlik dfpleydds keulh ghfimistdr tbd sgfd sdrvikds

aer tbd sgfd kest.

Lgstly, te gssdss hdpgrtfdmts’ evdrgll dxpdridmkd witb eutseurkimc, hdpgrtfdmt

eaaikigls wdrd gs`dh te kefpgrd tbdir dxpdridmkds witb eutseurkimc te tbdir dxpdktgtiems.

Sitb 7 jdimc tbgt “eutseurkimc hih met fddt yeur dxpdktgtiems‖ gmh 4 jdimc tbgt

“eutseurkimc dxkddhdh yeur dxpdktgtiems‖, tbd fgoerity (gjeut 1:%) kbesd tbd mufjdr 8.

[imkd dxpdktgtiems kgm jd ditbdr pesitivd er mdcgtivd, gll hdpgrtfdmts (eutseurkimc gmh

memeutseurkimc) wdrd gs`dh wbdtbdr er met tbdy agverdh tbd ihdg ea lekgl cevdrmfdmt

eutseurkimc. Xbdsd rdsults kgm jd sddm im Aicurd 8.8. Eut ea tbd ;7 hdpgrtfdmts, :: ea

tbdf sgih tbgt tbdy hih met agver lekgl cevdrmfdmt eutseurkimc. Em tbd etbdr bgmh, 3

hdpgrtfdmts li`dh tbd ihdg ea eutseurkimc. Gltbeucb tbis wgs g “yds‖ er “me‖ qudstiem,

tbdrd wdrd twe hdpgrtfdmts tbgt gmswdrdh, “sefd.‖ Xbis bgh me daadkt em tbd aimgl hgtg

sdt.

;4



Aicurd 8.8? Hdpgrtfdmts tbgt Agver Eutseurkimc

Yds Me [efd

;1

37%

1%

:;%



Q. Hgtg

[imkd tbis is g kgsd stuhy, tbd hgtg tbgt wgs usdh im tbis fehdl wgs kelldktdh

hirdktly aref tbd Jrgmkb Keumty Cevdrmfdmt. Imaerfgtiem em dgkb hdpgrtfdmt’s juhcdt

stgtus, sukb gs jegrh gpprevdh rdvdmuds gmh jegrh gpprevdh dxpdmsds, wgs cgtbdrdh aref

tbd Ghfimistrgtiem Hdpgrtfdmt. @mewldhcd em wbikb aumh is previhdh te dgkb

hdpgrtfdmt (Cdmdrgl er [pdkigl) wgs glse cgtbdrdh aref tbd Ghfimistrgtiem Hdpgrtfdmt.

Xbd Bufgm Zdseurkds/ ^gyrell Hdpgrtfdmt wgs usdh te kefpild spdkiaik imaerfgtiem em

dgkb hdpgrtfdmt’s dfpleydds sukb gs gvdrgcd ydgrs ea sdrvikd, gvdrgcd sglgrids, gmh tbd

mufjdr ea eut-ea-keumty dfpleydds. Kelldktivdly, tbdsd twe hdpgrtfdmts gssistdh im

gssdfjlimc tbd mufjdr ea dfpleydds gmh tbd mufjdr ea dfpleydds im umiems witbim tbd

Jrgmkb Keumty Cevdrmfdmt. Aer imaerfgtiem kemkdrmimc tbd spdkiaik eutseurkimc ea dgkb

hdpgrtfdmt, tbd bdgh ea dgkb hdpgrtfdmt wgs kemtgktdh.

Xbd aellewimc hgtg wgs kefpildh gs g kress sdktiem ea Jrgmkb Keumty

hdpgrtfdmts. Xbd hgtg bgs ;7 ejsdrvgtiems? :7 Cdmdrgl Aumh hdpgrtfdmts gmh 7> [pdkigl

Aumh hdpgrtfdmts. Emly hdpgrtfdmts tbgt pgy tbdir dfpleydds tbreucb Keumty aumhs

wdrd usdh im tbis fehdl. Gll ea tbd hgtg wgs kelldktdh aref tbd jegrh gpprevdh mufjdrs

aer tbd ydgr :>78.

Im erhdr te gssdss tbd agkters imaludmkimc tbd eutseurkimc jy Jrgmkb Keumty

hdpgrtfdmts, tbd Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh wgs usdh gs tbd hdpdmhdmt

vgrigjld. Xbis mufjdr imkluhdh gll sdrvikds tbgt grd eutseurkdh te privgtd kefpgmids,

mempreait kefpgmids, gmh tbreucb imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmts jy g Jrgmkb Keumty

hdpgrtfdmt.

;3



Gatdr rdvidwimc sdvdrgl stuhids, tbd aellewimc imhdpdmhdmt vgrigjlds wdrd usdh im

tbis fehdl te dxplgim lekgl cevdrmfdmt eutseurkimc im Jrgmkb Keumty? Gvdrgcd Mufjdr

ea Kefpdtiters, Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds, Gvdrgcd Ydgrs ea [drvikd, Cdmdrgl Aumh (huffy

vgrigjld), gmh Dxpdmhiturds. Gll ea tbdsd vgrigjlds wdrd qugmtitgtivd aer tbd dxkdptiem ea

tbd Cdmdrgl Aumh wbikb wgs quglitgtivd.

Em gkkeumt ea tbd ifpertgmkd ea kefpdtitiem im pujlik kbeikd tbdery, Gvdrgcd

Mufjdr ea Kefpdtiters wgs usdh gs g prexy aer kefpdtitiem im tbd pujlik sdrvikd

hdlivdry fgr` dt. G hdpgrtfdmt’s kefpdtitiem wgs kglkulgtdh jy gvdrgcimc tbd mufjdr ea

kefpdtiters tbgt kefpdtdh aer dgkb imitigl sdrvikd kemtrgkt tbgt g hdpgrtfdmt eutseurkdh.

Xbd Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds vgrigjld gktdh gs g prexy aer pujlik umiem eppesitiem.

Aer tbd dxkdptiem ea dldktdh eaaikigls, fest aull-tifd pujlik dfpleydds grd pgrt ea g umiem.

Li`d gmy dfpleydd, lekgl cevdrmfdmt dfpleydds adgr lesimc tbdir oejs gmh tbd jdmdaits

tbgt kefd witb it. Gs g rdsult, umiems krdgtd tbd jiccdst eppesitiem te lekgl cevdrmfdmt

eutseurkimc. Sitb prdssurd aref umiems, lekgl cevdrmfdmts tdmh te eutseurkd ldss. Xbus,

prdssurd agkdh jy lekgl cevdrmfdmts tbreucb eppesitiem gcgimst eutseurkimc will jd

fdgsurdh mufdrikglly jy tbd mufjdr ea dfpleydds im dgkb hdpgrtfdmt.

Xbd Gvdrgcd Ydgrs ea [drvikd vgrigjld wgs kelldktdh aref tbd Ghfimistrgtiem

Hdpgrtfdmt gmh tbd ^gyrell Hdpgrtfdmt jy gvdrgcimc tbd sdrvikd ydgrs ea gll tbd

dfpleydds im dgkb hdpgrtfdmt. Xbis bdlpdh te gssdss wbdtbdr er met sdmierity fghd it ldss

li`dly tbgt g hdpgrtfdmt kbesd te eutseurkd.

Xbd Cdmdrgl Aumh vgrigjld wgs g huffy vgrigjld tg`imc em tbd vglud ea 7 ia tbd

hdpgrtfdmt rdkdivdh tbdir juhcdt aref tbd Cdmdrgl Aumh er tbd vglud ea > ia tbd

hdpgrtfdmt rdkdivdh tbdir juhcdt tbreucb tbd [pdkigl Aumh. Xypikglly, hdpgrtfdmts umhdr

;2



tbd Cdmdrgl Aumh grd rdquirdh jy lgw wbild tbesd umhdr tbd [pdkigl Aumh grd sdt up jy

tbd Keumty Keffissiemdrs jdkgusd tbdy jdlidvd tbdrd is g mddh aer tbgt sdrvikd im tbd

keffumity. Gs g rdsult, juhcdts aer [pdkigl Aumh hdpgrtfdmts grd ferd premd te kbgmcd

jdkgusd tbdy grd met typikglly tbd prifgry kemkdrm ea tbd Keumty wbdm hdldcgtimc tbd

juhcdt.

Aimglly, tbd Dxpdmhiturds vgrigjld wgs g prexy aer tbd juhcdt. Aer dgkb

hdpgrtfdmt, dxpdmhiturds fust jd gpprevdh jdaerdbgmh jdaerd rdkdivimc tbdir juhcdt.

Im bgvimc g sfgll hgtg sdt, tbis dkemefdtrik fehdl will usd tbd stgmhgrh aumktiemgl

aerf ea Erhimgry Ldgst [qugrds rdcrdssiem gmglysis, g limdgr aumktiemgl aerf. Xbd

aellewimc is tbd cdmdrgl aumktiemgl aerf aer tbis fehdl?

Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh6 a(Gvdrgcd Mufjdr ea Kefpdtiters,

Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds, Gvdrgcd Ydgrs ea [drvikd, Cdmdrgl Aumh, Dxpdmhiturds)

;9



QI. Bypetbdsis Xdstimc

Xbd aellewimc bypetbdsis tdsts wdrd kemhuktdh gs emd-sihdh tdsts gt g 4 pdrkdmt ldvdl ea

sicmiaikgmkd.

Gvdrgcd Mufjdr ea Kefpdtiters?

B>? J7≨>

BG? J7=>

M-@-76 ;7-4-76 :4

XK6 7.3>2

X76 8.7;

Zdodkt tbd mull bypetbdsis.

It wgs dxpdktdh tbgt tbdrd weulh jd g pesitivd rdlgtiemsbip jdtwddm tbd Gvdrgcd

Mufjdr ea Kefpdtiters gmh tbd Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh. Gkkerhimc

te pujlik kbeikd tbdery, gs ferd pujlik sdrvikd previhdrs dmtdr tbd pujlik sdrvikd hdlivdry

fgr`dt, kefpdtitiem will cdmdrgtd lewdr kests aer lekgl cevdrmfdmts te previhd pujlik

sdrvikds. Xbis imkdmtivd te kut jgk` em kests will jd tg`dm ghvgmtgcd jy lekgl

cevdrmfdmts (dspdkiglly jy tbesd witb lifitdh juhcdts) wbe will eutseurkd tbdir glrdghy

previhdh pujlik sdrvikds.

Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds?

B>? J:≤>

BG? J:<>

M-@-76 ;7-4-76 :4

XK6 7.3>2

X:6 -.:7

Kgmmet rdodkt tbd mull bypetbdsis.

It wgs dxpdktdh tbgt tbdrd weulh jd g mdcgtivd rdlgtiemsbip jdtwddm tbd Mufjdr

ea Dfpleydds gmh tbd Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh. Sitb sfgll stgaas,

lekgl cevdrmfdmt hdpgrtfdmts fgy lgk` tbd trgimimc gmh pdrsemmdl te prepdrly fgimtgim

pujlik sdrvikds. Im erhdr te fg`d up aer tbis less, hdpgrtfdmts will kbeesd te eutseurkd

ferd ea tbdir sdrvikds.

8>



Gvdrgcd Ydgrs ea [drvikd?

B>? J;≤>

BG? J;<>

M-@-76 ;7-4-76 :4

XK6 7.3>2

X;6 -.4;Kgmmet rdodkt tbd mull bypetbdsis.

It wgs dxpdktdh tbgt tbdrd weulh jd g mdcgtivd rdlgtiemsbip jdtwddm tbd Gvdrgcd

Ydgrs ea [drvikd gmh tbd Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh. Gs dfpleydds

wer` lemcdr aer Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts, tbd ferd gkkustefdh tbdsd hdpgrtfdmts will

jd im previhimc pujlik sdrvikds tbreucb im-beusd previsiem. Gs g rdsult, lekgl cevdrmfdmt

hdpgrtfdmts will bgvd ldss dxpdridmkd witb eutseurkimc0 tbus, tbdsd hdpgrtfdmts will

eutseurkd ldss.

Cdmdrgl Aumh?

B>? J8≤>

BG? J8<>

M-@-76 ;7-4-76 :4

XK6 7.3>2

X86 -.82


Xbd Cdmdrgl Aumh wgs sdtup gs g huffy vgrigjld. It wgs dxpdktdh tbgt tbdrd

weulh jd g mdcgtivd rdlgtiemsbip jdtwddm tbd Cdmdrgl Aumh gmh tbd Mufjdr ea

Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh. Xbd hdpgrtfdmts tbgt grd umhdr tbd Cdmdrgl Aumh grd

gll tbd hdpgrtfdmts tbgt bgvd jddm civdm gutberity jy stgtd lgw. Im jdimc civdm sicmiaikgmt

rdspemsijilitids jy adhdrgl gmh stgtd lgws, it kgm jd gmtikipgtdh tbgt Cdmdrgl Aumh

hdpgrtfdmt eaaikigls will prdadr im-beusd previsiems, gs eppesdh te eutseurkimc, im erhdr

te bgvd jdttdr kemtrel gmh ewmdrsbip ea tbd pujlik sdrvikds ea wbikb tbdy grd im kbgrcd.

Dxpdmhiturd?

B>? J4≤>

BG? J4<>

87



M-@-76 ;7-4-76 :4

XK6 7.3>2

X46 -.7>


It wgs dxpdktdh tbgt tbdrd weulh jd g mdcgtivd rdlgtiemsbip jdtwddm Dxpdmhiturd

gmh tbd Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh. [imkd dvdry Jrgmkb Keumty

hdpgrtfdmt fust bgvd tbdir dxpdmhiturds gpprevdh jdaerdbgmh jy tbd Keumty

Ghfimistrgter, Gpprevdh Dxpdmhiturd wgs g prexy aer dgkb hdpgrtfdmt’s juhcdt.

Xbdrdaerd, tbd sfglldr tbd juhcdt, tbd ferd li`dly g hdpgrtfdmt will utilizd eutseurkimc gs

g wgy te kut kests gmh ldssdm juhcdtgry kemstrgimts. Ia g hdpgrtfdmt bgs g lgrcdr juhcdt,

tbdy will eutseurkd ldss jdkgusd tbdrd is me urcdmky te sgvd em kests.

8:



QII. Zdsults

Gatdr rummimc tbd hgtg tbreucb [XGXG, g hgtg gmglysis seatwgrd, tbd Jrgmkb

Keumty Eutseurkimc fehdl prehukdh tbd aellewimc rdcrdssiem dqugtiem?

Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh 6 8.>; +;.43K -.>93M -.7;[ -7.29C -:.92D

Sbdrd? K 6 Gvdrgcd Mufjdr ea Kefpdtiters

M 6 Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds

[ 6 Gvdrgcd Ydgrs ea [drvikd

C 6 Cdmdrgl Aumh

D 6 Dxpdmhiturds

Xe gssdss tbd ceehmdss ea ait ea tbd dqugtiem, tbd ghoustdh Z : wgs ejsdrvdh rgtbdr

tbgm tbd Z : jdkgusd it gkkeumts aer hdcrdds ea arddhef. Xbis rdcrdssiem bgh gm ghoustdh

Z : ea .;3;>. Xbis mufjdr is lew, gmh succdsts tbgt g let ea tbd vgrigtiem ea tbd hdpdmhdmt

vgrigjld greumh its fdgm wgs met dxplgimdh jy tbd rdcrdssiem dqugtiem.

Gmetbdr wgy te gssdss tbd ceehmdss ea ait ea tbd dqugtiem wgs jy kemhuktimc gm A-

tdst. Xbd A-tdst aer tbis dqugtiem wgs reucbly 8.43. [imkd tbd kritikgl A-vglud wgs :.1>, tbd

mull bypetbdsis keulh jd rdodktdh. Xbus, tbis dqugtiem bgh g sicmiaikgmt evdrgll ait.

Xe tdst aer spdkiaikgtiem drrer, g Zgfsdy rdsdt tdst wgs hemd. Xbd rdsults sbewdh

gm A-vglud ea 9.99. Xbd kritikgl A-vglud wgs :.1>. Xbdrdaerd, wd keulh rdodkt tbd mull

bypetbdsis tbgt tbd fehdl bgh me efittdh vgrigjlds. Gs g rdsult, tbdrd wgs g spdkiaikgtiem

drrer. Xbis prehukdh g spdkiaikgtiem jigs, wbikb ekkurs wbdm g vgrigjld bgs jddm efittdh

aref tbd rdcrdssiem. Tltifgtdly witb sukb g sfgll hgtg sdt, g spdkiaikgtiem drrer wgs te jd

dxpdktdh.

Tpem aurtbdr dxgfimgtiem, tbdrd lee`dh te jd g fultikellimdgrity prejldf witb tbd

kurrdmt rdcrdssiem. Emd ea tbd fgoer kemsdqudmkds im bgvimc g fulitikellimdgr prejldf is

its tdmhdmky te lewdr tbd t-skerds ea kedaaikidmts. Xbis fgy jd tbd rdgsem aer emly jdimc

8;



gjld te rdodkt emd ea tbd mull bypetbdsds. Im erhdr te tdst tbis, g fdtbeh kglldh tbd vgrigmkd

imalgtiem agkter (QIA) wgs hemd gs g kellimdgrity tdst. Im usimc QIA(Ji)=4 gs g cdmdrgl ruld

ea tbufj te imhikgtd sdvdrd fultikellimdgrity ([tuhdmfumh, :>77, :1>), tbdrd wdrd emly

twe vgrigjlds evdr 4. Emd pessijld rdfdhy aer tbis fultikellimdgrity wgs te hrep g

rdhumhgmt vgrigjld. Gltbeucb tbd Dxpdmhiturds vgrigjld bgs tbd lgrcdst QIA (4.8>), tbd

Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds vgrigjld wgs hreppdh (4.7:). Im rdvidwimc gll aivd ea tbd

imhdpdmhdmt vgrigjlds, it sddfdh tbgt tbd Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds vgrigjld wgs tbd emd

kemtrijutimc te tbd fultikellimdgrity prejldf. Xbis is jdkgusd gs tbd mufjdr ea dfpleydds

imkrdgsds, tbd gfeumt ea gpprevdh dxpdmhiturd is li`dly te imkrdgsd gkkerhimcly.

[imkd tbis is g kress-sdktiemgl stuhy, g tdst aer bdtdres`dhgstikity fust glse jd

gpplidh te tbd rdcrdssiem. Bdtdres`dhgstikity is wbdm g lgk` ea kemstgmt vgrigmkd prehukds

imgkkurgtd dstifgtds ea tbd stgmhgrh drrer ea tbd kedaaikidmts jdkgusd tbdy grd imaludmkdh

jy gmetbdr vgrigjld ([tuhdmfumh, :>77, 92-99). Im erhdr te tdst aer bdtdres`dhgstikity, tbd

Jrduskb-^gcgm tdst (glse `mewm gs tbd Kee`-Sdisjdrc tdst) wgs kbesdm hud te tbd limdgr

aumktiemgl aerf ea tbd rdcrdssiem. Xbd rdsults sbewdh g kbi-squgrd vglud ea ;4.84. Gs g

kemsdqudmkd ea g bicb kbi-squgrd vglud, bdtdres`dhgstikity wgs prdsdmt. Tltifgtdly, im

bgvimc bdtdres`dhgstikity, tbdrd wdrd jigsdh dstifgtds ea [D(J)s wbikb grd `dy

kefpemdmts im t-skerds ([tuhdmfumh, :>77, ;88). Kemsdqudmtly, tbis fgy fg`d tbd

bypetbdsis tdsts umrdligjld.

88



QIII. [dkemh Zdsults

Im hreppimc tbd Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds vgrigjld, tbd hgtg wgs rum tbreucb [XGXG

g sdkemh tifd. Xbd aellewimc rdprdsdmts tbd mdw rdcrdssiem aer tbd Jrgmkb Keumty

Eutseurkimc fehdl?

Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh 6 ;.28 + ;.43K - .7;[ - 7.93C - 2.18D

Sbdrd? K 6 Gvdrgcd Mufjdr ea Kefpdtiters

[ 6 Gvdrgcd Ydgrs ea [drvikd

C 6 Cdmdrgl Aumh

D 6 Dxpdmhiturds

Jy dlifimgtimc tbd Mufjdr ea Dfpleydds vgrigjld, tbd ghoustdh Z : ifprevdh te

.;917. Gt tbd sgfd tifd, tbd A-tdst wgs 4.9:. Im bgvimc g kritikgl A-vglud ea :.1>, tbd mull

bypetbdsis wgs still rdodktdh. Xbdrdaerd, tbis dqugtiem bgh g sicmiaikgmt evdrgll ait.

Evdrgll, tbd mdw rdcrdssiem previhdh aer g jdttdr ceehmdss ea ait tbgm tbd prdvieus emd.

Im gpplyimc g Zgfsdy rdsdt tdst, tbd mdw A-vglud wgs 7>.79. [ifilgr te tbd lgst

rdcrdssiem, tbd mull bypetbdsis keulh jd rdodktdh. Gs g rdsult, tbdrd wgs g spdkiaikgtiem

drrer. Emkd gcgim, tbis wgs dxpdktdh hud te tbd sfgll hgtg sdt ea tbd fehdl.

Xbd jiccdst prejldf ea tbd airst dqugtiem wgs tbd prdsdmkd ea sdvdrd

fultikellimdgrity. Aer tbd sdkemh dqugtiem, g vgrigmkd imalgtiem agkter (QIA) wgs

kemhuktdh te tdst wbdtbdr er met tbis prejldf still dxistdh. Ea gll tbd vgrigjlds, tbd

Gvdrgcd Mufjdr ea Kefpdtiters vgrigjld bgh tbd bicbdst QIA gt 7.:9. Im still aellewimc

tbd ruld ea tbufj tbgt QIA(Ji)=4 fgr`s sdvdrd fultikellimdgrity, tbd fultikellimdgrity

prejldf bgh jddm sicmiaikgmtly rdhukdh. Xbis keulh glse jd sddm im kefpgrimc tbd fdgm

QIAs ea dgkb rdcrdssiem. Xbd airst fdgm QIA wgs :.2; wbild tbd sdkemh rdcdssiem bgh g

84



fdgm QIA ea 7.:>. [imkd g lewdr mufjdr kerrdspemhs te g lewdr ldvdl ea

fultikellimdgrity, tbd sdkemh rdcrdssiem wgs jdttdr eaa im tbis rdspdkt.

Lgstly, g Jrduskb-^gcgm tdst wgs hemd te tdst aer bdtdres`dhgstikity im tbd sdkemh

rdcrdssiem. Sitb g kbi-squgrd vglud ea ;1.8>, bdtdres`dhgstikity wgs still prdsdmt.

Kemsdqudmtly, tbis jigsdh tbd t-skerds gmh fghd tbd bypetbdsis tdstimcs imkerrdkt.

81



IR. Kemklusiem

Tltifgtdly, tbd rdcrdssiem wgs lifitdh jy tbd sfgll hgtg sdt. G pessijld selutiem te

tbis weulh bgvd jddm te imkrdgsd tbd hgtg sdt. Bewdvdr, tbis keulh met bgvd jddm hemd

jdkgusd tbd mufjdr ea Jrgmkb Keumty hdpgrtfdmts grd lifitdh. Bdmkd, tbd usd ea ;7

ejsdrvgtiems aer tbis kress-sdktiemgl stuhy.

Ea tbd twe rdcrdssiems, tbd sdkemh emd wgs jdttdr. Jy hreppimc tbd Mufjdr ea

Dfpleydds vgrigjld, tbd ghoustdh Z : ifprevdh gmh tbd fultikellimdgrity prejldf wgs

rdhukdh. Tpem aurtbdr dxgfimgtiem ea tbd sdkemh rdcrdssiem, gll ea tbd kedaaikidmts bgh

tbd sgfd sicm gs wgs prdhiktdh im tbd bypetbdsis tdsts. Xbd emly pesitivd kedaaikidmt wgs

tbd Gvdrgcd Mufjdr ea Kefpdtiters. Aer dvdry emd umit tbgt tbis vgrigjld imkrdgsdh, tbd

Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh imkrdgsdh jy ;.43. Xbis succdsts tbgt witb

tbd prdsdmkd ea kefpdtitiem, lekgl cevdrmfdmts grd ferd li`dly te eutseurkd hud te jdttdr

rgtds gmh eptiems. Kemvdrsdly, gs tbd Dxpdmhiturds vgrigjld imkrdgsdh jy g simcld umit, it

hdkrdgsdh tbd Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh jy 2.18. Xbdrdaerd, lekgl

cevdrmfdmts keulh imkrdgsd hdpgrtfdmts’ juhcdts im erhdr te prefetd im-beusd previsiem.

Im turm, im-beusd previsiem weulh gllew aer ferd pujlik dfpleydds, g pessijld selutiem te

bicb umdfpleyfdmt ldvdls. Gs aer tbd Cdmdrgl Aumh vgrigjld, gm imkrdgsd jy g umit ldh te

g rdhuktiem im tbd Mufjdr ea Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds Eutseurkdh jy 7.93. [imkd Cdmdrgl

Aumh hdpgrtfdmts grd typikglly fgmhgtdh jy tbd [tgtd ea Fikbicgm, tbdsd hdpgrtfdmts grd

ldcglly rdspemsijld te pdraerf kdrtgim tgs`s. Gs g rdsult, tbdsd hdpgrtfdmts grd ldss li`dly

te eutseurkd im erhdr te fgimtgim jdttdr kemtrel ea tbd sdrvikds tbdy ghfimistdr. Lgstly, gm

imkrdgsd im tbd Gvdrgcd Ydgrs ea [drvikd vgrigjld jy g umit hdkrdgsdh tbd Mufjdr ea

83



Hdpgrtfdmt [drvikds jy .7;. Gs lekgl cevdrmfdmts jdkefd ferd gkkustefdh te tbd sgfd

dfpleydds, tbdy grd ldss li`dly te aird tbdsd dfpleydds im agver ea eutseurkimc.

Evdrgll, lekgl cevdrmfdmt eutseurkimc kefds witb fgmy trghd-eaas. Gt tbd

aerdaremt is tbd trghd-eaa jdtwddm tbd sekigl cegls ea tbd keffumity gmh tbd aiskgl

prdssurds agkdh aref bgvimc g lifitdh juhcdt. Gs g rdsult, tbd hdkisiem jdtwddm

eutseurkimc gmh im-beusd previsiems kgm jd vdry hiaaikult gmh kemtrevdrsigl aer lekgl

cevdrmfdmts. Mdvdrtbdldss, tbdrd grd pgrtikulgr imtdrmgl agkters tbgt kgm imaludmkd lekgl

cevdrmfdmts imte kbeesimc emd sihd evdr tbd etbdr.

82



Zdadrdmkds

Jdl, Cdrfç gmh Filhrdh Sgrmdr. “Kbglldmcimc Issuds im Lekgl ^rivgtizgtiem,‖

Dmviremfdmt gmh ^lgmmimc K? Cevdrmfdmt gmh êliky, :1, me. 7 (:>>2g)? 7>8-

7>9.

Jdl, Cdrfç gmh Filhrdh Sgrmdr. “Heds ^rivgtizgtiem ea [elih Sgstd gmh Sgtdr [drvikds

Zdhukd Kests5 G Zdvidw ea Dfpirikgl [tuhids,‖ Zdseur kds, Kemsdrvgtiem gmh

Zdkyklimc Ektejdr, 4:, me. 7: (:>>2j)? 7;;3-7;82.

Jdrfgm, Hgvih Z. Lekgl Cevdrmfdmt gmh tbd [tgtds? Gutemefy, êlitiks, gmh êliky.

Mdw Yer`? F.D. [bgrpd, :>>;.

Jlgm`, Zdjdkkg F. “Sbdm Kgm ûjlik êliky Fg`drs Zdly em ^rivgtd Fgr`dts5 Xbd

Daadktivd ^revisiem ea [ekigl [drvikds,‖ Xbd Dkemefik Oeurmgl Fgrkb, 77>, me.

:1: (:>>>)? K;8-K89.

Jrewm, Xrdver L. gmh Fgttbdw êtesì. “Kemtrgkt-Fgmgcdfdmt Kgpgkity im Fumikipgl

gmh Keumty Cevdrmfdmts,‖ ûjlik Ghfimistrgtiem Zdvidw Fgrkb/Gpril, 1;, me. :

(:>>;)? 7;1-784.

Kelfgm, Silligf C. [tgtd gmh Lekgl Cevdrmfdmt gmh ûjlik-^rivgtd ^grtmdrsbips? G

êliky Issuds Bgmhjee`. Sdstpert, Kemmdktikut? Crddmweeh ^rdss, 7929.

Dmclgmh, Zejdrt D. gmh Hgvih Z. Fercgm. “Xbd Xwe Agkds ea ^rivgtizgtiem,‖ ûjlik

Ghfimistrgtiem Zdvidw Mevdfjdr/Hdkdfjdr, 82, me. 1 (7922)? 939-923.

Argmkeis, ^gtrik`. “Met-aer-^reait ^revisiem ea ûjlik [drvikds,‖ Xbd Dkemefik Oeurmgl

Fgrkb, 77;, me. 821 (:>>;)? K4;-K17.

Bgrt, Elivdr. “Imkefpldtd Kemtrgkts gmh ûjlik Ewmdrsbip? Zdfgr`s, gmh gm Gpplikgtiem

te ûjlik-^rivgtd ^grtmdrsbips,‖ Xbd Dkemefik Oeurmgl Fgrkb, 77;, me. 821

(:>>;)? K19-K31.

Imhdpdmhdmkd Bgll Gssekigtiem. “[tgtd gmh Lekgl Cevdrmfdmts,‖ Gkkdssdh Mevdfjdr ;,:>78. bttp?//www.usbistery.erc/cev/7:.gsp

Oemds, Jrygm H. “^grty gmh Jurdgukrgky? Xbd Imaludmkd ea Imtdrfdhigry Creups em Trjgm

ûjlik [drvikd Hdlivdry,‖ Xbd Gfdrikgm êlitikgl [kidmkd Zdvidw [dptdfjdr, 34,

me. ; (7927)? 122-3>>.

89



Oesdpb, Glum D. gmh Glisem êymdr. “Imtdrprdtimc ^gttdrms ea ûjlik [drvikd Ttilizgtiem im

Zurgl Grdgs,‖ Dkemefik Cdecrgpby Ouly, 42, me. ; (792:)? :1:-:3;.

Ouhh, Hdmmis Z., gmh Xehh [wgmstref. Kity êlitiks? ^rivgtd êwdr gmh ûjlik êliky.

Mdw Yer`? Lemcfgm, 7992.

@ehrzykì, Yelgmhg. “Aiskgl ^rdssurds gmh tbd ^rivgtizgtiem ea Lekgl [drvikds,‖ Mdw

Dmclgmh Dkemefik Zdvidw Ogmugry/Adjrugry, (7992)? ;9-4>.

Ldvim, Oemgtbgm gmh [tdvdm Xghdlis. “Kemtrgktimc aer Cevdrmfdmt [drvikds? Xbdery gmh

Dvihdmkd aref T.[. Kitids,‖ Xbd Oeurmgl ea Imhustrigl Dkemefiks [dptdfjdr, 1;,

me. ; (:>7>)? 4>3-487.

Lûpdz-hd-[ilgmds, Alerdmkie, Gmhrdi [bldiadr, gmh Zejdrt S. Qisbmy. “^rivgtizgtiem im

tbd Tmitdh [tgtds,‖ ZGMH Oeurmgl ea Dkemefiks Gutufm, :2, me. ; (7993)? 883-837.

F[T Dxtdmtiem. “Gjeut? Fissiem,‖ Gkkdssdh Mevdfjdr 7;, :>78. bttp?//fsud.gmr.fsu.

dhu/gjeut

Mgtiemgl Gssekigtiem ea Keumtids. “Bistery ea Keumty Cevdrmfdmt,‖ Gkkdssdh Mevdfjdr

7;, :>78. bttp?//www.mgke.erc/Keumtids/ldgrm/^gcds/BisteryeaKeumtyCevdrmfdm

t^grtI.gspx

^dkerdllg, Zejdrt A. Xbd êlitiks ea Trjgm Hdvdlepfdmt? [tuhids im Cevdrmfdmt gmh ûjlik êliky. Dhitdh jy Bdyweeh X. [gmhdrs gmh Klgrdmkd M. [temd, @gmsgs?

Tmivdrsity ^rdss ea @gmsgs, 7923.

îdrrd, Oem. ^grtmdrsbips im Trjgm Cevdrmgmkd? Durepdgm gmh Gfdrikgm Dxpdridmkd.

Dhitdh jy Oem îdrrd, Lemhem? ^glcrgvd Fgkfillgm, 7992.

[bldiadr, Gmhrdi. “[tgtd vdrsus ^rivgtd Ewmdrsbip,‖ Oeurmgl ea Dkemefik ^drspdktivds,

7:, me. 8 (7992)? 7;;-74>.

[tdim, Zejdrt F. “Xbd Juhcdtgry Daadkts ea Fumikipgl [drvikd Kemtrgktimc? G ^rimkipgl-

Gcdmt Dxplgmgtiem,‖ Gfdrikgm Oeurmgl ea êlitikgl [kidmkd Fgy, ;8, me. : (799>)?

837-4>:.

[tuhdmfumh, G.B. Tsimc Dkemefdtriks? G ^rgktikgl Cuihd. Jestem, Fgssgkbusdtts?

^dgrsem, :>77.

4>



Gppdmhix I

47



4:



Gppdmhix II

4;



48



Gppdmhix III

ETX[ETZKIMC [TZQDY

Xbis survdy is jdimc kemhuktdh jy Wudrujim Hujeis, Jrgmkb Keumty Imtdrm, gs pgrt ea

bdr [dmier I mhivihugl izdh ̂ reodkt em Lekgl Cevdrmfdmt Eutseurkimc aer @glgfgzee

Kelldcd.

Hdpgrtfdmt Mgfd?

^drsem ea Kemtgkt?

Bew fgmy sdrvikds grd privgtizdh (kemtrgktdh eut te g privgtd kefpgmy) spdkiaikglly jy

yeur hdpgrtfdmt5 UUUUUUU

Bew fgmy sdrvikds grd kemtrgktdh eut te mempreaits spdkiaikglly jy yeur hdpgrtfdmt5

UUUUUUU

Bew fgmy sdrvikds grd eutseurkdh tbreucb imtdr-cevdrmfdmtgl gcrddfdmt (aer dxgfpld,

witb tbd Kity ea Kelhwgtdr) spdkiaikglly jy yeur hdpgrtfdmt5 UUUUUUU

Evdrgll, bew fgmy sdrvikds keulh gktuglly jd eutseurkdh spdkiaikglly tbreucb yeur

hdpgrtfdmt5 UUUUUUU

He yeu agver eutseurkimc5 (Yds er Me). UUUUUUU

Sby5 ?

*Ia yeur hdpgrtfdmt heds met eutseurkd gmy sdrvikds, yeu grd aimisbdh witb tbis

survdy.

^ldgsd list gll Eutseurkdh [drvikds glemc witb tbd kerrdspemhimc Ercgmizgtiem

Kemtrgktdh?

7.

:.

;.

8.

4.1.

3.

2.

9.

44



Em gvdrgcd, bew fgmy petdmtigl kemtrgkters kefpdtdh aer tbd imitigl sdrvikd kemtrgkts5

UUUUUUU

Em gvdrgcd, wbgt is tbd histgmkd jdtwddm yeur hdpgrtfdmt gmh wbdrd tbd Ercgmizgtiem

Kemtrgktdh eaaikds grd lekgtdh5 UUUUUUU

Zdgsems aer eutseurkimc5 (Fgr` gll tbgt gpply).

Kest sgvimcs UUUUUUU

Aiskgl [trdss/Juhcdt Kemstrgimts UUUUUUU

Lgk` ea Kgpitgl/ Zdseurkds UUUUUUU

Lgk` ea Dfpleydd witb [pdkiaik @mewldhcd er [`ill UUUUUUU

Xbd Tmprdhiktgjility ea tbd Mddh/ Tsd ea g [drvikd UUUUUUU

Ia kest sgvimc is g rdgsem, tbdm em g skgld aref 7-4, bew fukb bgs tbd imitigl kest sgvimc

drehdh evdr tifd5 UUUUUUU

7 : ; 8 4

Imitigl kests sgvdh bgvd Kest sgvimcs bgvd

kemtimudh te jd reucbly bdgvily hifimisbdh

tbd sgfd tbreucbeut

tbd tdrf ea tbd kemtrgkt

Em g skgld aref 7 te 4, bew fukb ferd daaikidmt is yeur hdpgrtfdmt im bgvimc tbd

kemtrgktdh sdrvikds eutseurkdh rgtbdr tbgm gs im-beusd previsiems5 UUUUUUU

7 : ; 8 4

Met daaikidmt Bicbly daaikidmt

Em g skgld aref 7 te 4, bew fukb bgs yeur dxpdridmkd witb eutseurkimc fddt yeur

dxpdktgtiems5 UUUUU

7 : ; 8 4

Eutseurkimc hih met Eutseurkimc fdt

fddt yeur dxpdktgtiems yeur dxpdktgtiems

Em gvdrgcd, bew hiaaikult wgs it te mdcetigtd g kemtrgkt witb sdrvikd kemtrgkters-

imkluhimc hiaaikultids im spdkiayimc/ hdskrijimc tbd sdrvikds im writtdm kemtrgkts5 UUUUUUU

7 : ; 8 4

Met hiaaikult Qdry hiaaikult

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Bew hiaaikult bgs it jddm te femiter/ fgmgcd kemtrgkters’ pdraerfgmkd simkd tbd kemtrgkts

bgvd jddm fghd5 UUUUUUU

7 : ; 8 4

Met hiaaikult Qdry hiaaikult

Bew fgmy tifds bgs g kemtrgkter agildh te fddt tbd rdquirdfdmts gs stgtdh witbim tbd

kemtrgkt5 UUUUUU

Sbgt issuds bgvd yeu bgh witb eutseurkimc5 (Dxgfplds imkluhd keffumikgtiem, fddtimc

tifdlimds, kemaihdmtiglity, histgmkd, dtk.)?

Eut ea tbd mufjdr ea sdrvikds yeur hdpgrtfdmt eutseurkds, bew fgmy ea tbd kemtrgkts

bgvd jddm rdmdwdh witb tbd sgfd (imkufjdmt) previhdr5 UUUUUUU

Ghhit iemgl Keffdmts?

Senior Thesis of Querubin Dubois

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