See the atom, touch the atom

See the atom, touch the atom. [email protected] Leiden, TEMI konference, 15. 4. – 17. 4. 2016

See the atom, touch the atom.

Workshop on nanotechnology and microscopy

Eva Stratilová UrválkováZdeňka Hájková

Petr Šmejkal

Faculty of ScienceCharles University in PragueAlbertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2



1. How big is nanoworld

2. Nanomaterials – properties; how to prepare

3. Seeing the nanoworld - microscopy

How small is nano? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQzFpP4FSN4 www.sciencenter.org, New York 2009

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQzFpP4FSN4




Order the cards with sizes 1–100 nm to make an axis.Match pictures to objects, order it from the least to the biggest.

Activity 1: How big is nanoworld?

molecule of water dog flea protein hemoglobin human hair

red blood cell virus influenza bacteria E.coli chloroplast

nanofibres nanoparticles of silver DNA (width) ribosome


Fill in the table. Order the objects in each column from the least to the biggest.


Objects under the range of nanoworld

Objects of nanoworld(1–100 nm)

Objects above the range of nanoworld

Molecule of water (0,3 nm)

DNA (width cca 2 nm)protein hemoglobin (7 nm)ribosom (20–30 nm)Nanoparticles of silver (10–100 nm;Fig. 40 nm)virus influenza(cca 60 nm)nanofibres (diameter 50–500 nm; Fig. 200 nm)

nanofibres (50–500 nm;Fig. 200 nm)chloroplast (length cca 4 μm)bacterie E. coli (length 2–6 μm)Red blood cell (diameter 7 μm; one of the least eukaryotes)Human hair (width 40–90 μm) Dog flea (1–3 mm)


If 1 nm was 1 cm (nanoworld = 1-100 cm), find appropriate objects in macroworld to objects that were in previous activity.


Molecule of water

DNA

protein hemoglobin

ribosom

Nanoparticles of silver

virus influenza

nanofibres

chloroplast

bacterie E. coli

Red blood cell

Human hair

Dog flea

0,3 cm line of a marker

2 cm width of big toe

7 cm tangerine

20-30 cm A4 paper

40 cm chair

60 cm step

cca 2 m men hight

40 m Statue of Liberty (46 m)

20-60 m length of building

70 m Red blood cell

800 m 2x athletic oval

10 000 m ½ Amsterdam-Leiden


Put the right names from the frame to left grey spaces under.


10 µm1 nm 10 nm 1 µm0,1 µm

(100 nm)

0,1 nm(100 pm)

0,1 mm(100 µm)

ATOMS

ATOMS, ORGANELLES, MOLECULES, EUKARYOTE, VIRUSES, BACTERIA

MOLECULES

VIRUSES EUKARYOTES

BACTERIA

ORGANELLES


Nanoparticles, nanostructures nanomaterials

Created by nature or artificially

Nanosize unique properties

Nanoscience – studies material properties and phenomena

Nanotechnology – application, produce systems with unique properties

Changes in properties of nanomaterials:

mechanical: strength, hardness, tensibility

magnetic, electric, optic

melting point decreases with lesser size of metals

Nanostructures too small – influenced by atomic forces, character of chemical bond and quantum effects. (wave behaviour)

2. Nanoworld, nanomaterials: PROPERTIES


Activity 2: Nanomaterials - properties


1. Tyndall effect:

Solution of salt and white egg: what happens to laser beam?


solution colloid

scattering of light


1. Tyndall effect: scattering of light

Find out wheather the material is solution or colloid:common salt, raw egg white, sugar, vinegar, milk, tea, starch, laundry detergent, juice


Solutions ColloidsCommon salt (solution)

Solution of sugar

vinegar

Raw egg white

Starch in water

laundry detergent

milk in water

tea


2. Nanocheese

Reduce the size of a cube of cheese two times and fill in the table.

Activity 2: How to prepare nano?

Division Number of cubes

A length of edge

(one cube)cm

Surface of one cube

cm2

Surface of all cubes

cm2

Volume of one cube

cm3

Volume of all cubes

cm3

0. 1 21.2.


Activity 2: How to prepare nano?

Division Number of cubes

A length of edge

(one cube)cm

Surface of one cube

cm2

Surface of all cubes

cm2

Volume of one cube

cm3

Volume of all cubes

cm3

0. 1 2 24 24 8 81. 8 1 6 48 1 82. 64 0,5 1,5 96 0,125 8

2. Nanocheese

Reduce the size of a cube of cheese two times and fill in the table.

Changes?Surface – reactivity

Physical procedure, decomposing TOP-DOWN technique ≈ woodcarver, carpenter


Activity 2: How to prepare nano (2)?

chemical procedure, synthesis BOTTOM-UP technique imitating nature: starts with basic particles – atoms, molecules assembling to more complex units: e.g. ribosome SELFASSEMBLING non-covalent interaction, weak bonds

Pelesko, J.A. Self Assembly: The Science of Things That Put Themselves Together


3. SelfassemblingCut the straws into pieces about 1.5 cm.Pour water into glass and sink at least ten pieces of straw below the surface, so that there is no air inside of them.

Activity 2: How to prepare nano (2)?

a) before shaking b) after shaking


1. Eye x optical microscopy x electron microscopy?

protein hemoglobin, hydrogen atom, dog flea, bacterium Escherichia coli, amino acid glycine, flu virus, human hair (diameter), lysosome

3. Seeing the nanoworld


1. Eye x optical microscopy x electron microscopy?

What is the resolution of optical/light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM)?


EM

LM

eye

hemoglobin

hydrogen

dog flea

bakteriumE. coli

AC glycine

flu virus lysosome

human hair

The resolution relates to half of wavelength of particle/object that mediates the interaction.



Electrone microscopy (EM)

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)


Electrone microscopy

Object mediating the interaction with sample:ELECTRONE

Electrone microscopy(EM)

Transmission electrone microscopy

TEM

Scanning electrone microscopy

SEM



TEMtransmission electrone microscopy

Fluorescent screen

Electrone source (gun)

Sample

Objective lens

Projector lens

Condenser lens

X-ray detector

Condenser lens

Electrone source (gun)

Objective lens

Deflection coil

Sample

Secondary electrone detector

SEMscanning electrone microscopy



TEMtransmission electrone microscopy

SEMscanning electrone microscopy

- Vacuum- Electromagnetic lens

- Similar to LM- Electrones transmisse the sample- Thin sample (up 100 nm) KEY POINT

- resolution: 0.2 nm

- Vacuum- Electromagnetic lens

- Focused electrone beam scan the surface of the sample- Sample is covered with thin layer of heavy metal - resolution: 1 nm- 3D pictures


Seeing the nanoworld – activity 2

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

http://cellimagelibrary.org/images/10452

Saccharomyces cerevisiae http://image.rakuten.co.jp/homemade/cabinet/img56168851.jpg

chloroplast

Flu virus

2a. Decide which type of electron microscopy was used for these figures

Butterfly in SEM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LE2v3sUzTH4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LE2v3sUzTH4

Work in pairs: one takes the coin and put it under paper, but the second does not see which. The second in pair draw the crayon over the surface (not with the tip, but with site.)


Seeing the nanoworld – activity 2

2c. Demonstrate SEM


Seeing the nanoworld: Scanning Probe Microscopy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aydmT_EGsWk




Seeing the nanoworld: Scanning Probe Microscopy

Techniques used for studying and 3D projection of surfaces, up to atomic resolution.


SPM: the probe


SPM techniques

SPM

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

STM

Atomic Force Microscopy

AFM

Sequential measuring the interaction between surface of the sample and the tip of the microscope probe.

! The probe usually does not touch the surface !


SPM techniques

STM - scanning tunelling m.- Tunnelling current between tip of the probe and the sample on distance max 1 nm- Current depends on the distance- (semi)conductive sample- resolution: 0.1 nm-0.001 nm

AFM – atomic force m.- Studying fundamental interactions between tip of the probe and the sample- Flexible cantilever reacts on van der Waals and Pauli forces- non-conductive sample- resolution: 1-2 nm


SPM demonstration: STM (3a activity)

a) b)

d) e)

g) h)

c)

f)


SPM demonstration: AFM (3b activity)

What is the shape of magnetic fields?

Back of the magnetic film

?


SPM as a manipulator

1990 demonstrated the ability to manipulate 35 individual xenon atoms using a STM


SPM as a manipulator: activity 3c

Create an object: a house, a starUse staples without touching them.


SPM as a manipulator: The smallest movie

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0





Thank you for attention

See the atom, touch the atom

Education

Transcript of See the atom, touch the atom