Secular and Cathedral Music in the High Middle Ages

Troubadours

• Aquitaine• William IX, count of Poitiers and duke of

Aquitaine• Provençal, Occitan, langue d’oc– Trobar (Poetry), Trobador (Poet)

Troubadours

• Troubadour verse types– sirventes– emueg– gap– planh– tenso– canso• fin’ amors (“Courtly love”)

Troubadours

• Bernart de Ventadorn (d. ca. 1200)– Can vei la lauzeta mover

[Anthology 1-10]• canso

• Marcabru– L’autrier jost’ una sebissa

[Anthology 1-11]• pastorela

Performance and Oral Culture

• Minstrels• joglars, jongluers (“Jokers”)

• Chansonniers (books of songs)• vidas

Performance and Oral Culture

• Trobaritz– Comtessa de Dia• A chantar [Anthology 1-12]

Music for ElitesTrobar Clus

• “closed” or difficult poetry for connoisseurs• trobar leu: “light” poetry designed for

immediate pleasure

Trouvères

• langue d’oïl• Richard I (Lionheart)– Ja nun hons pris [Anthology 1-13]

• Moniot d’Arras (d. 1239)– Ce fut en mai [Anthology 1-14]

• Jehan Bretel (d. 1272)• Adam de la Halle

Trouvères

• Narrative poetry– chansons de geste “Songs of deeds”• Lai

– chansons de toile “picture song”

Formes Fixes

• Rondeau– AB a A ab AB

• Ballade– Refrain aab Refrain aab, etc.

• Virelai– B aab B aab, etc.

Formes Fixes

• Adam de la Halle– Je muir, je muir d’amorete

[Anthology 1-15a]• Rondeau

– Fines amouretes ai [Anthology 1-15b]

• Ballade

– Le jeu de Robin et de Marion

Geographical Diffusion

• Iberian peninsula: Cantigas de Santa Maria (1250–1280)

• Italian peninsula: lauda spirituale• German song: Minnesang, Minnelieder,

Minnsinger– Lied– Walther von der Volgelweide (d. ca. 1230)– Neidhardt von Reuenthal (d. ca. 1250)

Geographical Diffusion

• German song: Minnesang, Minnelieder, Minnsinger– Lied– Walther von der Volgelweide (d. ca. 1230)– Neidhardt von Reuenthal (d. ca. 1250)

InstrumentsCantigas manuscript

Polyphony in Aquitanian Monastic Centers

• Abbey of St. Martial• “St. Martial” organum• Jubilemus exultemus [Anthology 1-16]– Tenor (tenere “to hold”)– Cantus firmus

• Ad superni regis [Anthology 1-17]– Versus– Ligatures

Notre Dame School

• Notre Dame de Paris• Anonymous IV– Leoninus magister (Master Leonin)– Perotinus magnus (the great Perotin)

Measured Music

• De mensurabili musica (On measured music)• Modus or “Rhythmic mode”– Nota longa, nota brevis

• Organum duplum– Gradual Viderunt omnes [Anthology 1-18]• Discant• copula

Organum with Another Voice

• Organum triplum, quadruplum• Gradual Viderunt omnes [Anthology 1-19]– Perotin– Hocket– Fractio modi

Conductus at Notre Dame

• Homorhythmic (note against note)• Vetus abit littera [Anthology 1-20]– cauda

The Motet

• Johannes de Grocheio, Ars musicae (The Art of Music) (ca. 1300)

• mot (“word”)• [Anthology 1-21]– Double motet

“Franconian” Notation

• Ars cantus mensurabilis (The Art of Measured Song) (ca. 1280)– Franco of Cologne

• Mensural notation

Late 13th Century Motet

• L’autre jour/ Au tens pascour/IN SECULUM [Anthology 1-22]

• Montpellier Codex (ca. 1280–1300)– 300+ motets

• On parole/A Paris/FRESE NOUVELE [Anthology 1-23]

The “Petronian” Motet

• Petrus de Cruce• Puncta divisionis (division points)