Science مدرسه الكرمه.doc

7/25/2019 Science .doc

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1


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It is the ability to do work or to make a change.

(Light energy - Electric energy - Heat energy - Sound energy

Magnetic energy - Kinetic energy -Potential energy.

It is an energy !orm which can be seen. ("isible s#ectrum

$. %he sun

&. %he moon

'. %he lightened lam#s.

It is the main source o! light on the earths sur!ace.

It is the re!lection o! the sunlight that !alls on its

sur!ace.

2

EnergyEnergy

)orms o! energy)orms o! energy

Light energyLight energy

Sources o! lightSources o! light

%he Sun

%he moonlight

*nit $Energy Lesson $


3/45

Light tra+els in straight lines

E,#eriment bser+ation onclusion

$. /et three

ardboards each

contains a hole in its

center0 a candle.

&. Put them on a

straight line.

1e can see the

candles light.

Light tra+els in

straight lines.

%he idea o! #hotogra#hic camera2


$. Place a lightened

candle in !ront o! a bo,

containing a hole.

&. Look at the other side

o! the bo, which containsa trans#arent #a#er.

3 minimi4ed0

in+erted image o!

the candle is

!ormed.

Light tra+els in

straight lines.

3

3cti+ity ($23cti+ity ($2

3cti+ity (&23cti+ity (&2

ShadShad


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It is the darkened area which is !ormed as a result o! light !alling on

an o#a5ue ob6ect.


$. Place your hand

between a light

source0 the wall.

3 shadow is !ormed. Light tra+els in

straight lines.

%he nearer the ob6ectto the light source is the bigger the ob6ect

shadow becomes.

4

3cti+ity23cti+ity2

%y#es o! materials2%y#es o! materials2


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Materials can be classi!ied according to the amount o! light

that transmit through them into2

%rans#arent Semi- trans#arent #a5ue %he material which

things can be

clearlyseen behind.

E,am#le2 glass sheet

%he material which

things can be less

clearlyseen behind

than the trans#arent

one.

E,am#le2 #a#er tissue

%he material which

doesn7t allowthe

light to tra+el trough

them0 things behind

can7t be seen.

E,am#le2 cartoon #a#er

$-Light re!lection.

&-Light re!raction.

'-Light se#aration.

5

Pro#erties o! light2

Light re!lectionLight re!lection


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It is the returning back (bouncing o! light when it !alls on a #lane

mirror.


Stand !acing a

#lane0 smooth

mirror.

8ou can see your

image.

1hen light !alls on the mirror

it will be re!lected back.

%his re!lection is known as

(regular re!lection


Stand !acing a

#iece o! white

#a#er.

8ou can7t see your

image.

1hen light !alls on the #a#er7s

sur!ace9 it re!lects0 scatters

light in di!!erent directions

%his re!lection is known as

(Irregular re!lection

%he changing o! the direction o! light ray when

#asses through two di!!erent trans#arent

medium.

6

3cti+ity

($2

3cti+ity

($2

3cti+ity

(&2

3cti+ity

(&2

ight re!ractionight re!raction


7/45


Look at a #encil

inside a glass o!

water.

%he #encil looks

broken.

Light re!racts when they

trans!er through

di!!erent medium.

/i+e reasons !or2

$-%he bottom o! the swimming #ool a##ears in a higher #osition

than its real one.

: %he !ish under water a##ears nearer than its normal #osition.

Due to the light refraction

2)-Light re!racts when it trans!er through di!!erent medium.

Because light speed in air is faster than in water, so light

refracts (bends or changes its direction)


Hold a #rism 0 let the %he +isible %he +isible s#ectrum is

7

3cti+ity3cti+ity

;

3cti+ity3cti+ity


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sunlight shine through

it on a white #a#er.

white light can

be se#arated

into se+en

colors2

(:ed- range #a5ue ob6ects ha+e the same color o! light they re!lected on it.

>some ob6ects seem to be black because they absorb the se+en

colors

10

@ote

that

3cti+ity '3cti+ity '


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$ Look at the red

a##le through the red

glass sheet.

$ Look at the red

a##le through the

green glass sheet.

%he red a##le

seen red.

%he red a##le

seen black

%he red a##le is seen red

because it absorbs all the

colors o! light that strike itand re!lects the red one only.

%he re!lected red light

bouncing back !rom the a##le it

strikes the red sheetA the red

light transmits through the

glass and reaches the eyes so

you see the a##le in red.

%he red a##le is seen red

because it absorbs all the

colors o! light that strike it

and re!lects the red one only.

%he re!lected red light.

bouncing back !rom the a##le itstrikes the green sheet 9 the

red light doesnt transmit

through the green glass and

doesnt reach the eyes so you

see the a##le in black

11

Primary colors

%y#es o! colors


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(:ed < /reen - =lue

=y mi,ing the colored lights by using ' colored #ro6ector sets :ed9/reen and =lue we !ind that2

Mi,ing the three #rimary colors

Red + Green + Blue Lights give a White

clr!

Mi,ing two #rimary colored lights gi+es secondary color.

$. Mi,ing gi+es

&. Mi,ing gi+es

'. Mi,ing gi+es

12

Secondary colors

:emember

%hat


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%rans#arent 0 translucentob!ects ha"e the sa#e colors as

light transmitsthrough.

Such as green glass bottle9 it seems to be green

because it absorbs all the s#ectrum colors e,ce#t

the green color which transmits it.

(/reen glass bottle is trans#arent material

#a5ue ob6ectsha+e the same color o! light they re!lectit.

Such as banana !ruit9 it seems to be yellow because

it absorbs all the s#ectrum colors e,ce#t the yellow

color which re!lects it.

(=anana !ruit is o#a5ue ob6ect

1hite

ob6ect re!lectsall the colors o! the white light.13

,am#le,am#le

,am#le,am#le


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Bark ob6ect absorbs all the light 0 don7t re!lect any color.

1hat ha##ens when0 1hyC

$. You loo$ at a red a##le through a red glass sheet

%he red apple is seen red

Because it absorbsall the colors of light & re!lects the red one

onl'.

&. You loo$ at a red a##lethrough agreen glass sheet.

%he red apple appears black

Because the green glass sheet doesn7t transmitthe reflected red

color fro# the apple.

14

,am#les

*nit $ Lesson '%he Magnet

MagnetMagnet


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It is a ty#e o! rock has natural !orce to attract the materials

made o! iron.

$. =ar magnet.

&. Horse-shoe magnet.

'. :ound magnet.

D. Magnetic needle.

Materials can be classi!ied according to the attraction to the

magnet into2

Magnetic materials @on- magnetic materials

%he materials that are attracted %he materials that are not

15

Sha#es o! magnetSha#es o! magnet

lassi!ication o! materials


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to the magnet. attracted to the magnet.

E,am#les2

Iron nails < Pa#er cli#s< #ins.E,am#les2

/lass - wood - aluminum

8ou ha+e the !ollowing ob6ects2

(Pins - nails < Pa#er cli#s - glass - chalk #ieces - aluminum < co##er

lassi!y them into magnetic or non- magnetic materials according to

their attraction to the magnet2

Magnetic materials @on- magnetic materials

$-%he magnet has two #oles.

&-%he !reely sus#ended magnet always take one direction.

'-Like #oles re#el each other and dislike #oles attract each other.

16

3cti+ity

Pro erties o! ma net


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%hey are the area o! the magnet which attracts a greater number o!

#a#er cli#s.

South Pole @orth Pole

Ste#s bser+ation onclusion

3##roach some #a#er

cli#s to a bar

magnet.

%he two ends o! the

magnet attract a

greater number o!

#a#er cli#s.

E+ery magnet has two

#oles.


Hold a magnet at its %he magnet mo+es %he !reely sus#ended

17

$-%he magnet has two #oles

Magnetic #olesMagnetic #oles

E,#erimentE,#eriment

&-%he !reely sus#ended magnet always take one direction



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centre by a !ine

string !i,ed in the

stand9 lea+e the

magnet until it getshori4ontally stabili4ed

and try to mo+e it

se+eral times.

again to one

direction.

magnet takes one

direction and always

this direction is the

@orth direction.

%he @orth Pole o! the magnet re!ers to the @orth direction.

%he South Pole o! the magnet re!ers to the South direction.


18

'-Like #oles re#el each other and dislike #oles attract each other



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$. Hang one magnet and make

it mo+e !reely.

&. 3##roach the north

#ole o! a magnet to the north

#ole o! the hung one.

'. 3##roach the north #ole o!

a magnet to the South #ole

o! the hung one.

%he two like #oles

re#el each other.

%he two dislike

#oles attract each

other.

%he like

magnetic #oles

re#el each

other.

%he dislike

magnetic #oles

attract each

other.

3ttract

:e#el

It is the s#ace around the magnet in which the e!!ect o! magnetic !orce

a##ears.

19

Magnetic !ieldMagnetic !ield

Magnetic !orceMagnetic !orce


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It is the magnet ability to attract the magnetic materials.

)%he magnetic !orce is an in+isible !orce(

3 magneti4ed needle which is:

3 light and small magnet that can s#in !reely. $

2.Its north #ole #oints to the north geogra#hical direction!

Identi!y the !our geogra#hical directions

.

& years ago9 3ncient /reeks !ound a ty#e o! rocks in

the area o! magnesia.

20

Structure

*ses


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%he rock has a natural !orceto attract the materials

made o! iron.

%his black rock is called natural magnet.

@owadays9 it is known that the natural magnet is one o!the iron ores which is known as Magnetite.

21


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Put a com#ass beside

electric circuit and

switch on it.

%he com#ass needle will

mo+e suddenly.

%he electricity

has a magnetic

e!!ect.

22


%he electricity has a magnetic e!!ect

=y using electricity can make arti!icial magnet

nit $Magnetism 0 electricity Lesson D

nit $


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=ring 'm insulated co##er

wire9 then s#ring it around a

wrought iron bar then connect

the wire with a battery and

a##roach it to iron cli#s.

%he #a#er cli#s

attracted to the iron

nail.

%he iron nail

becomes an

(Electromagnet

1hen the electric current #asses through a twisted wire in

the !orm o! a coil around a wrought iron bar9 the wrought iron bar

becomes a magnet and it is known as (Electromagnet.

1hen an electric current #asses through a twistedwire (coil around a wrought iron bar the iron bar becomes a magnet!

23


Electromagnet

*ses


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In many de+ices such as:

Electric bell < Electric mi,er --- %ele+ision --- %he disc dri+e

2.In )actories:

%he electromagnet attracts iron #ieces9 by cutting the current9 it

loses its magnetic !orce0 iron #ieces !all. (1inches

%he magnetic !orce o! the electromagnet increases by increasing:

1!%he number o! coils turns.

2.%he intensity o! electric current #assing through the coil by using

two batteries.

24

=y using magnet #roduce electric current


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3s in !igure.

Mo+e the magnet

towards the inside0

outside.

1e can change the

mechanical energy into an

electric energy.

%he light bulb

lights u#.


3n electric current isgenerated by mo+ing the

coil in the electric !ield

between the & #oles o!

the magnet.

%he #ointer o! thea##aratus de!lects.

3s in !igure.

1hen you mo+e

the wire between

the & #oles o!

the magnet.

25


%he idea o! dynamo


BynamoBynamo


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de"ice that changes the Kinetic energyinto electric energy.

It consists o!2

$.3 small cylinder which touches the wheel tire.

&.%he cylinder is connected with a *- sha#ed magnet which is surrounded

by a coil.

How does it workC

$.1hen the bicycle mo+es9 the small cylinder turns so the magnet

turns.

&.%hen an electric current is generated in the coil.

It consists o!2

Many coils which turn between two #oles o! a huge magnet.

*ses2

/enerate electricity !or lightning cities0 !actories!

26

E,am#les

Small dynamo in bicycle2

Huge dynamo


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1e can organi4e substance into two basic grou#s2

$-Pure substances2 are made only o! one ty#e o! #articles.

&-Mi,tures2 are made o! more than one ty#e o! #articles.

3iris a mi,ture o! gases such as o,ygen9

nitrogen9 carbon dio,ide0 water +a#or (#ure

substances.

Mineral wateris a mi,ture o! minerals such ascalcium9 magnesium0 water (#ure substances.

$. Shaking.

&. /rinding.

'. Stirring!

27

E,am#le2E,am#le2

How can matter be mi,edC

%y#es o! mi,tures

Lesson $Lesson $Mi,turesMi,tures

*nit &*nit &


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Solid- solid

materials

Solid- li5uid

materials

Li5uid- li5uid

materialsSalt0 #e##er

can be mi,ed by

shaking or grinding.

Salt0 water

can be mi,ed by

shaking or stirring.

=anana0 strawberry

can be mi,ed by

shaking or stirring.

$. Magnetic attraction. &. )iltration.

28

How can mi,ture be se#aratedC


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&. E+a#oration. D. *sing the se#arating !unnel.

$.How can you se#arate a mi,ture o! sand0 iron !illingsC

=y using magnetic attraction.

&. How can you se#arate a mi,ture o! sand9 salt0 waterC

a-=y stirring (the salt dissol+es in water

b-=y !iltration (to se#arate the sand

c-=y e+a#oration o! water (the salt remains

'.How can you se#arate a mi,ture o! water0 oilC

=y using the se#arating !unnel ta# to se#arate the heterogonoussolution.

29

E,am#les


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It is the #rocess which is res#onsible !or making solutions.

$-Sol+ent.

&-Solute.

F

It is the substance in which the solute dissol+es such as water.

It is the substance which dissol+es in a sol+ent such as salt0 sugar.

30

Solubility #rocess

Solubility #rocess consists o!2

Solubility #rocess

%he sol+ent

%he solute

SolutionSolution

SolutionsLesson &nit &


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It is a mi,ture in which the solute breaks down 0 s#read through

the sol+ent.

%he solution is made when two or more substances combine to !orm a

mi,ture.

I! solute #articles dissol+e in a sol+ent9 we say that it is soluble

(homogeneous mi,turesuch as salty or sugary solution. I! solute #articles do not dissol+e in a sol+ent9 we say that it is

insoluble (heterogeneous mi,turesuch as natural orange6uice or mud in water.

I! some o! solute #articles do not dissol+e and be sus#ended

through a sol+ent9 we say that it is a sus#ended solution.

$-%he 5uantity o! sol+ent0 solute.

&-%em#erature.

'-Stirring.

D-%he kind o! the solute.

31

)actors a!!ecting the solubility #rocess

%he 5uantity o! sol+ent0 solute


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3cti+ity bser+ation onclusion

$. Bissol+e an amount o!

sugar in Gml water0

e5ual amount o!

sugar in 'ml water.

&. :ecord the time o!

solubility #rocess.

%he sugar in 'ml

water dissol+es

!aster.

%he dissol+ing time

increases when the

5uantity o! sol+ent

increases.


$. Bissol+e two e5ual

amounts o! sugar in the

same amount o! water.

&.Heat one o! them0 lea+e

the other without heating.

'. :ecord the time o!solubility #rocess.

%he heated

solution dissol+es

!aster.

%he solubility

#rocess increases

when the

tem#erature

increases.

32

E,#eriment $E,#eriment $

&. %he tem#erature

E,#eriment &E,#eriment &

'. %he kind o! solute


33/45


$. Put an amount o! sodium chloride

table salt in water0 #ut the same

amount o! sodium carbonate in water.

&. Heat both gently with stirring.

%he time needed

to dissol+e

sodium chloride

di!!ers !rom

that needed to

dissol+e sodiumcarbonate.

%he solubility

#rocess de#ends

on the kind o!

matter.

%he solubility #rocess increases by stirring.

1ater is called a common sol+ent as thousands o! substances

dissol+e in water (salt dissol+es in water to !orm salty solution9

sugar dissol+es in water to !orm sugary solution.

3lthough some substances dont dissol+e in water.

33

E,#eriment 'E,#eriment '

D. %he stirring


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3s we know be!ore that the li+ing organisms di+ide into2

$-/reen #lants.

&-3nimals.

an make their own !ood !rom sunlight as a source o! energy by

#hotosynthesis #rocess.

Be#end on #lants to !eed 0 to get energy in a direct or an indirect

way.

)ood relationshi#s among li+ing organisms2

%here are many ways to get !ood between li+ing organisms and these

are called relationshi#s.

$. Predation &.ommensalism.

'. Sa#ro#hytism D.Parasitism

34

Lesson $Lesson $En+ironmental balanceEn+ironmental balance*nit '*nit '

reen #lants

nimals

y#es o! relationshi#s


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Is a !ood relationshi# among li+ing organisms in which one li+ing organism

de+ours (kills another one.

Predation consists o!2

$-Predator2It is the animal which de+ours other animals.

&-Prey2 It is the de+oured animal.

Lion and Beer

Predator Prey

3lthough some #lants #er!orm the #rocess o! #hotosynthesis to make

carbohydrates substance9 they cannot absorb other com#ounds !rom the

soil to make their #rotein.

So9

%hey ha+e to #rey some other tiny animals such as insects to get the

elements to !orm #roteins9 they are known as insect eaters

(Insecti+orous #lants Such as (Brosera and Hyacinth #lants.

Insecti+orous #lants

Predators

Insects Preys

35

redation

,am#l,am#l

redation in #lants


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Many li+ing organisms use di!!erent ways to de!end themsel+es againsttheir enemies such as2

$. amou!lage. &. Mimicry.

It is a #henomena in which a li+ing organism can change its color to stimulatethe colors o! the en+ironment where it li+es.

)ish < hameleon < =utter !lies < =irds


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It is a !ood relationshi# between two di!!erent li+ing organisms9

one o! them bene!its !rom the other and does not harm it and the

other one may or may not bene!it !rom the !irst.

$-Mutualism.

&-Symbiosis.

3 !ood relationshi# in which both o! the two organisms get bene!it !rom

the other and is not harmed.

%he bird has a delicious meal !rom the ticks hidden in !olds o! the

Hi##o#otamus skin.

%he Hi##o#otamus gets rid o! the horrible bites o! those ticks.

37

. ommensalism

y#es o! commensalism

utualismutualism

,am#les,am#les

=irds0 Hi##o#otamus


38/45

%he bee !eeds on the nectar o! !lowers.

%he bee hel#s #lants to trans!er #ollen grains !rom one !lower toanother !or #ollination.

%he bacteria !i, nitrogen in an inorganic !orm to #ro+ide the #lant with it.

%he bacteria bene!its !rom the sugar made by #lants in #hotosynthesis.

3 !ood relationshi# between two li+ing organisms in which one o! them

bene!its !rom the other9 while the other neither gets bene!it nor is

harmed.

rocodiles o#en their mouths0 let those birds to #ick u# the remains o!!ood between their teeth with no !ear.

38

Symbiosis Symbiosis

,am#les,am#les

=ees0 !lowers

@odular bacteria0 Leguminous #lants (=ean.

=irds0 rocodile


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%iny a5uatic li+ing organisms get shelter0 !ood !rom canals0 !issures o! as#onge which neither bene!its nor harmed them.

Is a !ood relationshi# in which the decom#osers (Sa#ro#hytes get their

!ood by decom#osing !ood remains or the bodies o! dead organisms.


$. S#lash some water dro#s on a

slice o! bread in a #lastic sac

and close it !irmly. Lea+e it

on dark #lace

2! Bont o#en the sac or inhale

the air inside it

/reen s#ots will be

!ormed on the bread

sur!ace

%he bread mold gets

its !ood by

decom#osing bread

(moist bread

Some !ungi such as2

(Mushroom < Penecillium - bread mold"

39

S#onge0 tiny a5uatic li+ing organisms

'. Sa#ro#hytism

,am#les,am#les



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It is a !ood relationshi# between two di!!erent kinds o! li+ing organisms2one bene!its !rom the other and is known as the#arasite9 while the other

one is harmed and known as the host.

Internal #arasitismE,ternal #arasitism

%hey li+e internally inside the

host7s body !eeding on his

digested !ood9 its tissues0

cells

%hey li+e e,ternally on the host7s body

!eeding by sucking its blood.

E,am#les2

Li+er worm 9 %a#e worm

3scaris worm 9 =ilhar4ia worm

)laria worm.

E,am#les2

Lice 9 =ugs9 Mos5uitoes 9 )leas 9 %icks

Jawless lam#rey which sucks the !ish

blood.

40

D. Parasitism

y#es o! #arasitism


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%he disease%he #arasitism

auses Ele#hantiasis to man.$.)ilaria

auses malaria disease.2!Mos5uitoes

on+ey small #o, to man.'. )leas

auses =ilhar4ias diseases.D. =ilhar4ia worm

auses 3naemia.G. 3scaris worm

41

arms o! #arasitism

Food

Relationsh

ips

Food

Relationsh

ips


42/45

42

Lesson &Lesson &En+ironmental balanceEn+ironmental balance*nit '*nit '

Predat

CommensSaphroph

Parasiti

MutualSymbio

%he #redator

de"ours the #rey

#redators 2as

lions and

insecti"orousplants(Brocera 0

Hyacinth

-#reys defend

the#sel"es b'

camou!lage&

mimicry

Both organis#s get

benefit fro# the other

and not har#ed as

*-nodular bacteria 0

lugemenous #lants

2-insects 0 !lowers

+- hi##o#otamus 0

birds

One li"ing organis# gets

benefit and the other

neither gets benefit nor

har# as

*-birds 0 crocodiles

2-a5uatic li+ing organisms

0 s#onge

i"ing organis#s get

their food b'deco#posing food

re#ains or dead bodies

as so#e fungi

(mushroom9

#enicilillium and bread

mold

%he parasite

is benefit

while the host

is har#ed

%'pes ofparasitis#

*- internally

(inside the

hosts bod' as

li+er worm 0

ta# worm

2- e,ternally

(on the hosts

bod') as

lice9 bugs and

mos5uitoes


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It is a natural area including the li+ing0 the non- li+ing things.

$. 3 #iece o! land Small area

&. 1ater #ond.

'. %he !orest.

D. %he desert. Large area

G. %he ocean.

$- Li+ing organisms such as animals 9#lants 9 !ungi 0 algae.

&-@on-Li+ing organisms such as water 9 air 0 soil!%here are di!!erent relations between li+ing organisms in

the en+ironmental such as

*)- %he relation between the #lant and the soil.

&-%he relation between #lants and animals.

'-%he relation among di!!erent animals.

1hat is meant by en+ironmental balanceC

43

cosystem

,am#les,am#les

he com#onents o! ecosystem

;

n+ironmental balance


44/45

It is the balance among the com#onents o! the Ecosystem.

%he interaction among the en+ironmental com#onents is a continuous #rocess

that leads to kee# the balance on unless a disturbance arises as a result o!

changing the natural things or the inter!erence o! man

%he changing o! the natural conditions in the en+ironment which

leads to2

%he disa##earance o! some organisms or the a##earance o!

others.

%he imbalance o! the en+ironment.

%he dinosaurs.

Such as the en+ironmental #ollution9 cutting the trees.

44

atural chan es

,am#les,am#les

Man inter!erence

%he e!!ect o! #redation on en+ironmental balance


45/45

$-Predation organi4es the numbers o! #rey7s #o#ulations.

Because the predators help pre's to get rid of wea$ or sic$ #e#bers&

let the strong ones reproduce& increase in nu#bers.

1hat ha##ens i! there are no #redators in the ecosystemC

%he number o! #reys will increase so the !ood will not be enough

!or them0 they will die.

Sa#ro#hytic organisms such as =acteria0 )ungi2

$. 1ork on decom#osing the bodies o! dead organisms.

&. :ecycle the chemical elements !ound in the bodies o! dead

organisms such as 2

arbon9 @itrogen0 Phos#horus.

%o make other li+ing organisms bene!it !rom them.

;;

%he e!!ect o! sa#ro#hytes on en+ironmental balance

Science مدرسه الكرمه.doc

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